Solar panels for an apartment on the balcony. Pros and cons of solar panels

Alternative energy sources are actively capturing the consumer market. About ten years ago, most people did not imagine the possibility of acquiring such engineering developments, as wind power plant or a solar station. Now it becomes possible. Solar panels for the home: the cost of the kit, installation costs and Maintenance– economically profitable solution today.

If we talk about solar panels in technical terms, you need to understand that we are talking about photovoltaic power supply systems (PVS). The main purpose of such devices is to convert the energy of sunlight into electrical energy based on the physical law of the photoelectric effect. About two hundred years the process of improvement has been going on solar installations for electricity generation. At present, engineering thought has achieved significant results in the development of photovoltaic equipment, especially in terms of efficiency - from 1 to 46% (share of converted solar energy).

Converts sunlight energy into electrical energy

The modern market for solar power supply systems can be considered in sufficient formed, as it allows you to make a choice of goods from a considerable number of offers, from a very large market segment. To answer the most frequently asked question, how much solar panels cost for a private house, you need to understand the technological and design features FSE. The structuring of the equipment offered by the market assumes three main categories of solar systems, based on their functional, design and technical features.

The first category of FSE includes autonomous systems that are not connected to the main power supply network. Such systems operate in their own network loop to directly power the connected equipment. The maximum efficiency of work is achieved by the presence of a storage device (batteries) in the set, which allows using the accumulated electricity in the event of a fall in the intensity of sunlight (i.e. reduced generated power) and in the event of moments when the consumed power exceeds the generated one.

The second category includes open FSE. In their configuration, these systems do not have batteries and are connected to the main power supply network through a special inverter. If the power consumed does not exceed the value generated, the main network is disabled. Otherwise, the FSS is turned off and consumption is made from the main network. Such systems are very reliable, cheaper, but if there is no power supply from the main network, then the solar station does not work.

The third category is represented by combined FSE. They are a combined format of the first and second categories. This allows you to have an additional quality in its functionality - excess generated or accumulated electricity can be transferred to the main network and have commercial value.

Helpful advice! For an uninterrupted power supply in cases of simultaneous shutdown of the general network and the impact of adverse weather conditions, it is necessary to have a backup power supply. A small (2-5 kW) electric generator running on gasoline or diesel fuel can be used as such a source.

The price of solar panels for the home: the cost of the kit

It is necessary to solve the issues of saving energy costs by installing solar power plants in the conditions of full information about the prices for the entire set and the upcoming costs for their installation and operation. FAQ, how much does a solar battery for a home cost, does not have a clear answer, since so many factors affect pricing.

The established price of the main element of the PSE (solar battery) is, on average, at a minimum (but also at a minimum in quality) of the order of 50-60 rubles. for the generated 1W of power. Consequently, the price of solar panels for a private house with a capacity of 100 and 200 W will be in the amount of 6000 and 12000 rubles. respectively.

The composition of the station set depends on its category and power. It may include a charge controller, a battery station, an inverter and connecting equipment. When choosing, for example, a set of the first category and a rated power of about 2 kW (2000 W), the price of a set of solar panels for a house will be from 120 thousand rubles. and higher.

And it is necessary to compare all the capital expended with the economic effect obtained from the difference in the cost of 1 kWh centralized network and the value created by the FSE.

The most "fresh" statistics of the solar battery market shows that the ratio of prices per unit of electricity is 8.8 times. This means that electricity generated by a solar station is 8.8 times cheaper than electricity provided through common network taken in equal equivalent.

An important criterion for choosing in the direction of using the FSE is also the factor of the ability to ensure the uninterrupted operation of automation in heating systems, security monitoring and fire warning. The list includes computer home network and groups of electronic control and measuring sensors.

Application and price of solar panels for home

A large selection of solar panels provides an opportunity to use them in a variety of qualities and applications, since if you want to buy solar panels for your home, the price today already allows you to do this for the general population. Knowing their main characteristics, such as the output voltage standard (12, 24V and higher), as well as the parameters of the generated rated power, you can use them locally without purchasing the entire set. On the market average cost solar panels for a private house ranges from 60 rubles. for the generated 1 kW of electrical power.

If you want to use a light bulb in a dark room with a voltage of 12V and a power of 25 W, then it is enough to buy and connect a solar battery of similar parameters to it directly, and this will cost no more than 2000 rubles. and you won’t have to spend electricity on a 60-75 W light bulb in some closet. You can connect a small well pump for daytime watering of any landscape area with a power of 200 W and a power supply of 24V. At a cost of 11,000-12,000 rubles. it is possible during the entire spring-summer period and more than 10 years to have independent system glaze.

The necessary set of solar panels for giving

If we consider the question of the feasibility of using solar systems for suburban area, one should take into account the factors of stability in the supply of electricity to the village, the level of its insolation (the time spent in direct sunlight), the required power of electrification and the risk factor of theft in the empty season from the owners. The best way- this is a stationary installation of the FSE of the first category.

Considering the low power consumption of the dacha, it is possible to organize a 100% replacement of the centralized power supply with an autonomous and cheap one. In another case, when the stationary installation of a solar station is not justified by some criteria, a quick assembly moving kit can be used.

Note! Experts in the field of the use of FSE have calculated and found that solar panels are strategically and economically feasible for use in the summer in private homes and country houses area from 50 to 300 m², designed for a family of up to four people.

Using solar energy to generate heat

Along with the use of solar energy for the production electric current there are no less common devices for converting the energy of sunlight into thermal energy. Such installations are called solar collectors and serve as heating elements for heating systems and receiving hot water. Regardless of the installed boilers in heating systems and hot water circuits, their combination with high-efficiency solar collectors can save up to 36% on heating and hot water costs.

AT design solar collector from discharge hot commodity is a rectangular panel with dimensions of approximately 1x2 m and with a thickness of up to 100 mm. The main difference between the collectors of these standard sizes is the thermal power flow, i.e. the amount of heat that can be transferred to any heat transfer fluid through the contact surface. In another way, this parameter is called the heat loss coefficient and which has the dimension of W / m² × ° K, i.e. heat transferred across the area to raise the temperature of the receiving fluid. Modern designs solar collectors have indicators (one panel) for thermal power from 1.2 to 5 W/m²×°K.

Prices of solar collectors for home heating

The main element of the system (heating station) is the solar collector panel. Depending on the required power, it can be purchased on the market at a price of 18-20 thousand rubles. per 1 m² of usable area and an average heat loss coefficient of 2.5-2.7 W/m²×°K.

For example, a panel of European quality with dimensions of 1.9x1.8 m (area 3.5 m²) and with a coefficient of 2.7 will cost about 70 thousand rubles.

Taking into account competition analogue Chinese made can be cheaper by 30-55%, and the domestic prototype by 10-25%.

If we talk about the required set, which includes: a tank, a battery, a pump and automation, then the average market price of such a station will be 160-170 thousand rubles. Set domestic production with similar parameters will cost 100-120 thousand rubles.

Installation on the roof of the house

Helpful advice! Sharing solar collectors with solar panels right choice parameters allows to reduce the cost of thermal energy for hot water production up to 61%.

Manufacturers overview. Solar panels for the home: the cost of a kit and one panel

Solar technologies as alternative energy sources have confidently taken the leading positions in the market. A large number of manufacturers are actively competing, offering more and more innovations. The leading place in the sales volumes of the TOP-15 countries of solar power plants and their components is occupied by China, with more than 50%.

The most popular brands are Exmork, RENE SOLA, LDK, Helios House, Suntech, JA Solar, etc.

European manufacturers with a market volume of about 25% are represented by such companies as the German AXITEC GmbH, Solarworld and Viessmann Group and the Norwegian Renewable Energy Corporation, etc.

Japan, Korea and Taiwan (15%) are represented by Kyocera, Sharp, Sanyo, Hanwha Solar One and Motech.

Domestic products are represented by such companies as Hevel Solar and TCM. The American manufacturer is First Solar.

Buying solar panels for your home can be relatively inexpensive. If we take a 200 W solar panel as a consumer sample, then the price range will be within:

To see the difference in pricing policy, which mainly depends on the power rating, let's take for example a solar power plant for a 5 kW home, the price of which is Chinese version will be:

• about 300 thousand rubles. (solar battery);
• about 420 thousand rubles. (whole set).

Quality of sales and prospects for the development of solar technologies

The modern market and its sales technologies do not leave the buyer with an unambiguous assessment. Especially high-tech equipment and devices. This also applies to the market for the sale of solar power supply systems. Since the production technologies themselves are very energy-intensive, if you want to purchase solar panels or buy a solar power plant for your home, the price in both cases will call for detailed analysis not only technical and technological features but also for economic reasons.

Recently, the topic of searching for natural energy sources has become more and more relevant. It's not just about saving environment but also in significant savings. Among the most accessible and effective means, allowing you to get electricity literally from nothing, includes solar panels. Home kit cost, reviews and details of the top 8 budget models- in this material.

Read in the article

Principles of operation and types of solar panels for a private house

First of all, in order not to look like an amateur in the eyes of professional consultants, you need to understand that the correct name for solar panels is “photovoltaic converters”. A person who is at least a little familiar with a school physics course knows that light is converted into electricity through p-n junction. It is on this principle that the operation of solar panels is based.

Note! The efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is influenced by manufacturing techniques. Manufacturers offer latest materials, able to extract energy even on overcast and cloudy days.

It is necessary to dwell in more detail on the types of solar panels.

Amorphous photovoltaic converters

Made of silicon with a thin film structure. They are considered inefficient, as they produce almost a widow less energy compared to other species. But they have their own advantage - they are very thin elements that can be installed on any roof. In addition, they are more sensitive than other types of batteries and tolerate overheating better. It makes sense to buy such solar panels for a private house in order to obtain not the main, but an additional energy source.

Micromorphic silicon

The material of a new generation of photoelectric converters. They confidently outperform their predecessors in terms of price and efficiency. Such solar drives are not so capricious in terms of orientation relative to the cardinal points and the angle of inclination.

These converters are leaders in sales. They can be called the most successful ratio of quality, efficiency and price. Such converters look like bluish squares. They extract electricity even in high cloud cover and cloudy weather. Their only drawback is their relatively short lifespan. Due to the natural oxidation of the surface, the efficiency will gradually decrease from the fourth year of operation.

Single crystal converters

Highly efficient appliances suitable for small roof. They are resistant to adverse weather conditions and oxidation. The black squares of these elements are covered with a natural protective film under the influence of air. The exceptional characteristics of these elements are matched by their price. The cost of a set of such solar panels for home and summer cottages starts from 500 thousand rubles.

What is the price of a solar panel kit for a home?

A home power plant on photovoltaic segments consists of a set of devices:

• panels - solar energy converters;
• accumulators - drives;
• inverter and controller.

It is important to correctly calculate solar panels for a private house, they optimal amount and power.

Note! When calculating the required number of converters, it should be taken into account that storage devices also take part in the energy output. The higher the capacity of these devices, the work more efficiently the entire system.

The controller in the home solar power system is an important device. Many prefer to save money and not buy it, and as a result incur additional costs due to the failure of the batteries. The fact is that with an excess supply of energy to the battery, its service life decreases.

So it turns out that the cost of a home station consists of three parts - panels (from 6,000 rubles), batteries (from 6,500 rubles) and a controller (from 3,500 rubles).

How to assemble a do-it-yourself solar panel home kit in the video below:

Solar panels for the home: kit cost, reviews, specifications

The demand for photovoltaic converters is growing and, accordingly, there is an increasing number of companies offering their services for the supply of home solar power plants. How much does a solar battery cost for a private house and are there kits that have already proven themselves in our climate?

So, the effectiveness of the device will depend on several factors:

• power indicators (average daily, peak, seasonal);
• duration of autonomous functioning;
• intensity solar lighting area at different times.

Let's look at the most popular solar panels for the home, the cost of the kit, customer reviews. For analysis, stations with a “budget” cost were selected:

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Feedback: Grigory, Saratov
SE Sunset (set)	Panel module FSM 100M 12V – 1 pc.	Battery capacity, Ah	55	Great option for small dacha! We go there on the weekends, the energy is just enough for evening lighting and a couple of small appliances. The wife is very pleased, so far the task of conducting a power line to the dacha is not worth it.
	Connectors MC 4 – 1 pc.	Installed power, W	100
	EP RC-EC controller - 1 pc	Rated power, W	300
	Inverter S 300 COTEK 12 V – 1 pc.	Peak power, W	400
	Battery H RL Delta 55 – 1 pc.	Country of origin	China
		Price, rub	43 420

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Feedback: Artur, Tver
SE (set) FES		System output, W per day	800-1000	In winter, underfloor heating works from the station, in summer - a pump with filters in the pool and lighting in the garden. The system works flawlessly, gives energy even on cloudy days.
	Inverter IS 2 12-300 - 1 pc.	Power of solar modules, W	100
	EP Solar Tracer (controller) MP PT 10A – 1 pc.	Accumulated power, W	1200
	Battery GX 12 V DELTA 100 Ah (GEL) – 1 pc.	Nom. inverter power, W	300
	MC4 connector - 2 pcs.	Country of origin	Russia
	FSM module 100 W mono – 1 pc.	Price	44 720

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Feedback: Yuri, Petrozavodsk
Solar station (set) Economy Sunshines	Module FSM-150P 150W/12V – 1 pc.	Battery capacity, Ah	100	We bought several systems for houses in the forest base. For two houses - one set. Enough with a vengeance. It is clear that few consumers are connected, but there is light, refrigerators work. The fishermen don't need more.
	Controller 10A - 1 pc.	Rated power, W	150
	Battery Delta 100A*h/12V – 1 pc.	Peak power, W	600
	Inverter 300 W - 1 pc.	Rated voltage, V	12
		Country of origin	Russia
		Price, rub	53 260

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Feedback: Alexey, Smolensk
Solar station (set) Sanforce PROMO	Sunways FSM 200P module – 2 pcs.	Battery capacity, Ah	75	It has not yet been possible to completely abandon wired electricity, but with the help of this station it turns out to save a lot. We have a large energy consumption: in addition to the house, there are two greenhouses. Heating and lighting of greenhouses is just the task of this installation. Handles "excellent".
	Connectors MC4 - 1 pc.	Installed power, W	400
	Inverter/charge controller Sunways UMA 1K-24 MPPT – 1 pc.	Peak power, W	1600
	Delta HRL 75 Ah - 2 pcs.	Country of origin	China
		Price, rub	103 460

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Feedback: Eugene, Ufa
Solar station (set) Comfort Sunshines	Module FSM-250P (250W/24V) - 2 pcs.	Battery capacity, Ah	400	We live outside the city. The wife did not agree to the purchase for a long time, all the same, a decent amount. And now he recommends neighbors to follow our example. We calculated that the device would pay for itself in three years. Enough for all needs, very satisfied.
	Battery (GEL 200А*h/12V) – 2 pcs.	Rated power, W	480
	Controller MP PT 2210 RN 12/24V 20A – 1 pc.	Peak power, W	3000
	inverter (sinusoidal, 1500 W) - 1 pc.	Rated voltage, V	24
		Country of origin	Russia
		Price, rub	181 120

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Review: Victor, Kursk
Solar station (set) Dacha Standard	OSD 255 panel – 4 pcs.	Battery capacity, Ah	400	I changed all the lamps in the house to and in principle I do not pay for electricity. Fully autonomous system, for particularly cloudy days, I keep a diesel generator in reserve, and this is enough for all the necessary electrical appliances.
	Inverter EP 3200 - 35 00-24 2 kW with charger - 1 pc.	Installed capacity	1020
	Batteries 200 Ah AGM – 2 pcs.	Rated power, W	2000
	Connector for parallel connection - 3 pcs.	Open circuit voltage, V	37,1
	Controller Tracer MP PT 4215 BN 40A 12/24 V – 1 pc.	Country of origin	Russia
	Cable 4 mm square - 2 pcs.	Price, rub	195 950

Model	Equipment	Technical data and price		Feedback: Vlad, Tula
Solar-SE500 Mini	Inverter 12 Volt 450 Watt with built-in MP PT controller	Power, W	450	Installed in the country. It is quite enough to illuminate the house with a veranda and. AT sunny days there is enough energy for lighting, the operation of the kettle, charging the phone and other little things.
	Solar panel BLD Solar BLD100	Peak power, W	900
	Battery Ventura GPL 12	Battery voltage, V	12
		Battery energy reserve, Wh	900
		Country of origin
		Price, rub	42 800

1. Photovoltaic converters must be installed in places that have the longest possible contact with sunlight. It can be either the side of the roof or the wall.
2. When installing solar panels, you need to remember that in winter time they will have to be cleared of snow daily. It is worth considering right away how to make this process convenient and safe.
3. Converters need to prevent overheating. This must be taken into account during installation.

See the video below for more details on the module installation process:

Summarizing

We reviewed the reviews, the cost of solar panels kits for the home. The conclusions are:

1. Photovoltaic converters are indispensable in the absence of wired electricity or in places where it is supplied intermittently.
2. Solar home power plants will make private house autonomous and independent.
3. Among other things, with the help of an environmentally friendly energy source, you will contribute to the conservation of nature.

For ease of maintenance of the panels, it is preferable to place them on the wall or on special stands in the area.

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The idea of ​​using solar energy for heating a house or for other needs is not new, devices have been developed that allow anyone to do this. In many countries, rooftop solar panels are the rule rather than the exception. Our country does not yet belong to them, but in our country such installations can already be seen more and more often. Solar systems for the home can be of two types. First - solar collectors, which heat the coolant flowing in them. The second is solar panels that generate electricity. We will talk about them below.

Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy. The battery consists of a number of photoelectric converters, which are more commonly referred to as photovoltaic cells. The number of converters in the battery is arbitrary, the connection is series-parallel. How is the number of photocells determined? Required current and voltage. The transducers are placed on some flat surface one next to the other. Because of appearance such designs are often referred to as "solar panels".

Solar panels for a private home in some countries - a common occurrence

It is inconvenient to use solar batteries that are too large in area in everyday life, and if there is not enough power of the largest one, several devices are connected in a cascade. If more power is required, a significant area may be needed: the entire roof may be occupied, sometimes the walls of the house and part adjoining territory. Therefore, solar panels are more often used for a private house: there is where to place a large number of them. Apartment owners can only occupy windows and balconies.

Possibilities of use

How can solar panels be used to heat a house? Only to reduce energy bills, and also as a backup source in case of a power outage. This will help achieve the same energy independence, and not freeze the heating system in the absence of a centralized power supply.

How realistic is a solar battery can meet the needs for electricity? If we talk about water heating, then this is real: a maximum of 200-300 W / h will be required to maintain the system's performance. So much on average "pull" boiler electronics + circulation pump+ possible control devices and controllers. If you have a larger system, take passports and calculate the required power. For 300 Wh, two will be enough solar panels medium power (their total performance should slightly exceed the need).

And do not think that in the absence of the sun there will be no electricity. The system includes batteries and an inverter. Correctly select the power of the batteries, and their charge even under the worst weather conditions you will have enough for a few days of system operation.

By the way, many European manufacturers heating equipment provide joint work its technology with solar converters (for example, gas boilers and ). But they work with solar collectors (heat water) or with solar panels, you need to look at each type of equipment.

If everything is more serious. The power of most of these heaters is calculated in kilowatts. To generate this amount of energy would require a lot of panels to process solar energy. The device of a solar panel system for heating a private house electric floors, can result in a very decent amount. But the system is good because its power can be increased gradually. You will, if possible, increase the number of panels and the amount of electricity generated.

If you wish, you can save: . Such homemade options will cost many times cheaper than the factory ones. And this is despite the fact that you will have to buy ready-made photoconverters: their manufacture in artisanal conditions is an unrealistic task. Therefore - only ready. The efficiency of homemade solar panels will be lower than factory ones, but the price is several times lower.

Calculation of solar panels for the house

Insolation (the amount of solar energy) varies greatly in different months. Therefore, you first need to decide what part of the electricity and for what period you are going to generate. If you want to work out all 100% at any time of the year on your own, you will have to count on the worst month with a minimum number of sunny days. But then the question arises: what to do with the excess amount of electricity that will be generated in other months. If you plan to stay only during the garden season, consider the lowest insolation during this period. In general, the principle is clear.

Then you need to calculate how much power your solar system should produce for your home. To do this, enter all electrical appliances in the table, and from their passports enter data on power, current consumption and watt load. By knocking out the speakers, you will find out how much electricity per hour all your equipment and appliances need. It is clear that all of them are unlikely to turn on at the same time. You can try to calculate which of them work at the same time, and select solar panels according to this figure.

How to count the number of solar panels, let's look at an example. Let the need for electricity be 10 kW/h, insolation in the billing month 2 kW/h. The power of the battery that they were going to buy is 250 W (0.25 kW). Now we consider 10 / 2 / 0.25 = 20 pcs. That is, you need 20 solar panels.

To reduce electricity consumption, you need to replace all incandescent lamps with LED ones, and all old uneconomical equipment with energy-saving ones - then you will need something different a large number of solar panels.

Types of solar panels

There are different types of photovoltaic converters. Moreover, the material from which they are made and the technology differ. All these factors directly affect the performance of these converters. Some solar cells have an efficiency of 5-7%, and the most successful recent developments show 44% or more. It is clear that from development to domestic use the distance is huge, both in time and money. But you can imagine what awaits us in the near future. To receive the best performance other rare earth metals are used, but with improved performance, we have a decent price increase. The average performance of relatively inexpensive solar converters is 20-25%.

The most common silicon solar cells. This semiconductor is inexpensive, its production has been mastered for a long time. But they don't have the most high efficiency- those same 20-25%. Therefore, with all the diversity, three types of solar converters are mainly used today:

• The cheapest are thin film batteries. They are a thin coating of silicon on the carrier material. The silicon layer is coated protective film. The advantage of these elements is that they work even in diffused light, and, therefore, it is possible to install them even on the walls of buildings. Cons - low efficiency of 7-10%, and also, despite protective layer, gradual degradation of the silicon layer. Nevertheless, taking large area, you can get electricity even in cloudy weather.
• Polycrystalline solar cells are made from molten silicon, slowly cooling it. These elements can be distinguished by their bright blue color. These solar panels have the best productivity: efficiency is 17-20%, but they are inefficient in diffused light.
• The most expensive of the whole trinity, but at the same time quite widespread, are single-crystal solar panels. They are obtained by splitting a single silicon crystal into wafers and have a characteristic geometry with beveled corners. These elements have an efficiency of 20% to 25%.

Now, when you see the inscriptions “mono solar panel” or “polycrystalline solar panel”, you will understand that we are talking about a method for the production of silicon crystals. You will also know how effective you can expect from them.

Battery with monocrystalline converters

Solar panel efficiency in winter

You will probably be surprised, but on a winter day only 1.5-2 times less energy falls on a vertical surface than in summer. This is data for middle lane Russia. During the day, the picture is worse: during this period in the summer we get 4 times more energy. But pay attention: on a vertical surface. That is, on the wall. If speak about horizontal surface, here the difference is already 15 times.

The saddest picture of solar power generation awaits you not in winter, but in autumn: in cloudy weather, their efficiency is 20-40 times lower, depending on the density of cloud cover. In winter, after snow fell, insolation (the amount of light falling on batteries) on sunny days can approach summer values. Therefore, in winter, solar systems for the home produce more electricity than in autumn.

It turns out that in winter to achieve close to maximum efficiency, you need to place the solar panels vertically or almost vertically. And, if you hang them on the walls, then preferably in the southeast: in the morning, according to statistics, there is more often clear weather. If there is no southeast wall, or it is impossible to install anything on it, you can get out of the situation by making special stands. Then they put solar panels on the roof. Since the angle of incidence of sunlight varies depending on the season, it is advisable to make a stand with an adjustable tilt angle. There is an opportunity - turn the solar panels "face" to the southeast, there is no such possibility, let them "look" to the south.

Installation rules

The efficiency of silicon solar cells depends on the amount of solar energy falling on them (the entire radiation spectrum). Factors that we can somehow influence are:

The performance of many types of converters is affected by temperature indicators: the range of use of silicon elements is from -40 o C to +50 o C. Both lower and more high temperatures. If you have an active sun in the summer, it is important to prevent overheating. To do this, you can put a white cloth or foil under the panel (more effective). If this does not help and the panel overheats, rotate it, or reposition it. It will be necessary to choose a position in which the thermal regime will be observed, and the performance will remain quite high.

These devices show their maximum productivity if the sun's rays fall at an angle of 90 o. Unfortunately, this is not possible all day, but only short span time. There is special systems tracking, which changes the angle of the panel so that the light falls constantly at the desired angle, but these are expensive installations.

And yet, you can find the optimal angle for installing solar panels. Just with a slight deviation from the ideal (less than 50 o), the performance drops a little, by about 5%. You can see the actual confirmation of this in the video.

For each region, the angle of installation of solar panels is different. It can be determined experimentally (as you saw), or it can be set based on geographical latitude- this slope is considered to be the best. Much depends on the orientation of the panel: if you turned it to the north or east, the optimal angle will be less.

Solar panels on the roof

First of all, you need to find out if the roof will withstand the additional load. One or two modules will withstand any, and for more will have to count.

For reliable fixation, they must be fastened at least at four points. Moreover, if you mount prefabricated panels, do not be too lazy to study the installation instructions: if at least one of the points is violated, the equipment is removed from the warranty. In most cases, the requirements are:

Mounting systems for solar panels can be different. There are ready-made ones (sold in the same place as the panels themselves), but it is quite possible to use those made with your own hands. It is only important to use reliable, corrosion-resistant materials. The thickness of the rails and fasteners must be large: they must withstand and wind loads, and the mass of panels with the thickest snow cover.

One of the methods of mounting solar panels on the roof of a private house can be seen in the video.

Now a little about electrical assembly. The solar battery connection diagram, in addition to the converters themselves, provides for the following:

• charge controller with connected batteries;
• a converter (inverter) that converts direct current into alternating current;
• fuses for protection against short circuit(will increase the security of both yours and the system).

The controller and converter have current and voltage limits. Total plug-in parameters for your home solar system should not exceed them. For the electrical connection of the batteries into a single system, you need to use only those wires that are brought out.

Used to connect panels copper conductor in UV resistant insulation. If the wires in suitable insulation are not found, hide it in a corrugated outdoor hose. The thickness of the wire cores depends on the expected current strength in the system and on the length of the line, but the minimum cross section is 4 mm 2. The connection of conductors is desirable to be done using connectors, and not on twists. The MC4 is recommended because the conductors coming out of most solar arrays are terminated in just such connectors. These connectors are good because they provide a tight connection, which is important on roofs. But not all firms install connectors of this standard. In cheap models (especially Chinese ones) there may be something else, so check when buying.

Now about the sequence of connecting equipment to the system. For a secure connection, follow the sequence as follows:

1. Batteries are connected to the controller with correct polarity. Wires - copper, the section is selected depending on the power of the controller.
2. Solar panels are connected to the controller. Polarity must also be observed.
3. 12 V consumers are connected to the controller through a fuse.
4. An inverter is connected to the batteries (through a fuse), and 220 V consumers are already connected to its output. Connecting the inverter directly to the controller is impossible: you will have to buy new devices. And this is approximately $ 600-1000, depending on the company and capacity.

Do not neglect the connection sequence - this is the most secure algorithm that guarantees (with respect to polarity) the working condition of the system.

Finally, another option for installation on the roof of a summer house with an adjustable tilt angle. Perhaps the video will be useful to you.

• Recommendations for correct installation
• Economic feasibility

Successfully used by many people in their private homes. The transition to alternative energy supply is a responsible step and requires careful preparation and miscalculations of efficiency and payback. But not everyone is lucky to have a private home, and a sufficient number of residents want to take advantage of the achievements in modern alternative energy. For those who, in the absence of their home, have an irresistible desire to use free energy, an apartment can be offered.

Immediately you need to warn against the idea that after that they will be able to fully provide electricity to the entire living space. This will not happen, because in our apartments there are very energy-intensive devices, for example: an electric stove, an iron, a TV, a heater, which will not have enough charge of the modules. Therefore, before installing solar modules in an apartment building, it is better to think and calculate several times economic efficiency the entire event.

If, after calculations, a decision was made on an imminent installation, you should buy the main parts of the circuit:

• solar panels,
• inverter,
• accumulators,
• controller.

The main problems causing the most difficulties is the location of batteries and accumulators. For correct operation solar panels should be exposed to sunlight for the maximum amount of time. In an apartment, there are very few such places for installation. Therefore, the choice is not great. For this, balcony glazing and the walls closest to the balcony are suitable.

Most often, installation is carried out on the balcony glass. Of course this affects daylight in the apartment. But there is in this positive points, such as UV delay. The light panels are mounted directly on the glass or instead of it, in the balcony frame.

Moreover, the condition for finding a balcony on sunny side. Otherwise, there is no point in installing solar panels.

After competent installation panels, the next problem arises, which also cannot be avoided. By such a problem is meant the search for a place for the location of accumulating elements. The average set for an apartment can include up to 20-30 batteries. The area, to put it mildly, is not small for an apartment in panel house. Placing so many batteries can be a real challenge.

This issue was resolved by many by placing similar elements in the upper part of the balcony ceiling. As a rule, this is an extremely rarely used place. Having built a special shelf, all batteries can be installed so that they not only do not interfere, but are not particularly visible. Don't Forget the Weight batteries. Since the weight of each can reach 15-20kg, the shelf must be reliable so as not to collapse under the influence of a couple of dozen batteries.

It is also worth paying attention to the thermal insulation of the shelf and the batteries located on it. The fact is that in the cold season, the battery capacity can be significantly reduced if you do not protect them from frost. Therefore, in order for the solar panels not to work in vain, the thermal insulation of the batteries must be of sufficient quality.

The influence of solar sources on the device of life

Correct installation alternative sources will not bring any results, except for unnecessary costs, if you do not reconsider your view on the use of certain electrical appliances. It is clear that the transition to solar panels dictates its mandatory conditions.

Before installing the battery, it is necessary to refuse, if possible, all powerful consumers and replace them with less energy-intensive ones. For example, a TV, especially plasma panels, is better to change to a computer or laptop. They are less energy intensive and will save precious kilowatts every day. Also prerequisite the use of energy-saving light bulbs, and ideal option using LED lighting fixtures.

Solar panels make it impossible to use such consumers as: electric furnace, washing machine, heating boiler, heater. Therefore, it is better to leave such electrical appliances on the central power supply.

Economic feasibility

Solar panels help out well in areas where there is no central power supply or the cost of electricity is quite high. The use of such sources is justified in private houses, since they have a significant area for installing modules. In an apartment building where there is a significant shortage of installation space, solar panels will not bring desired result due to low output power.

To date the performance of light panels barely reaches 20-25%. This figure was obtained in ideal conditions, and the apartment or balcony is not. In addition, batteries in an apartment building will be in the shade for at least 40% of the time, which will significantly reduce the efficiency of the entire installation, and increasing it by increasing the modules themselves will not work due to lack of free space.

All these features, together with the cost and payback period of solar panels, lead to the quite logical conclusion that the installation of such power sources in an apartment building is not advisable, and will lead to significant costs and loss of free space, rather than to tangible energy savings.

The use of free solar energy is of interest to many people. Some of them install solar power systems on rooftops, others on vacant plots of private land. But not everyone has such an opportunity due to the lack of an individual separately standing house Therefore, more and more apartment owners are installing energy-generating solar panels on the balcony.

Installation of balcony panels

Solar batteries operated on the balcony, due to the limited area of ​​​​their installation site, must have high energy efficiency with fairly compact overall dimensions. To achieve this goal, balcony panels are equipped with high-capacity inverters that have a high electrical output and remain operational at maximum peak loads.

The following elements are included in the standard package of solar panels for an apartment:

• battery;
• inverter;
• semiconductor wafers;
• modular control system.

Semiconductor wafers convert solar energy directed at them into electrical energy. The generated current charges the battery, in which the stock of generated electricity accumulates. An inverter is needed to convert the DC voltage of the battery into AC, that is, the same as in a conventional outlet.

Most modern solar installations also include additional devices, such as controllers and USB outputs, to which flashlights, portable lamps, mobile phones, laptops and small household appliances can be connected for recharging.

The nuances of installing batteries

The entire solar energy conversion system is placed on the balcony of the apartment, it does not need special care and constant attention. The only factor that is very important to consider is the presence of a positive temperature at the location of the batteries is mandatory. In winter, batteries can lose a significant portion of their charge due to exposure to frost.

It is desirable to install semiconductor wafers on a balcony glass, although mounting in place of the lower ones is also possible. plastic panels window frame structure. In the first option, the energy plates will prevent the passage of sunlight into the room, but this is very beneficial on clear and hot summer days. In addition, protection from UV radiation will be provided.

The most voluminous elements of the entire system, batteries, are recommended to be placed under the ceiling, so that they do not occupy usable space and maintain the aesthetic appearance of the balcony. The inverter and control box are best placed slightly below the batteries.

Application practice

In Russian climatic conditions, experts recommend using polycrystalline modules highly sensitive to weak sunlight. Such modules are laminated durable material, protecting the plates from snow, rain and other weather influences.

For a standard balcony, people most often choose four polycrystalline panels, directing them to the south side. The module should not fall into the shading zone of neighboring houses or trees. In summer time such a system is capable of generating up to 2 kWh of electricity per day, which is enough for energy-saving lighting of the entire apartment, charging mobile phone and a laptop, or to operate a small refrigerator or TV. In winter, the insolation of sunlight is significantly reduced, so the module plays the role backup power during power outages.

Cons of solar power systems

The main disadvantage of installing a solar panel on a balcony is its low energy efficiency in terms of providing electricity to all electrical appliances in the apartment. Such systems cannot generate enough current to power a water heater, electric stove, powerful washing machine or refrigerator, etc.

Usually the design of the so-called " solar houses” is produced long before their construction. This selects the most appropriate for the job. energy systems the location of the building, infrastructural features are taken into account. Thanks to the correct design of the project, such solar complexes are able to ensure the operation of the entire lighting system. apartment building and adjacent territories, power supply of communication and security systems.

An apartment solar power system is a rather expensive thing, so the cost of installing it pays off in a relatively long time. Additional costs also include the cost of re-equipment of lighting, installation of economical LED lamps.

Before deciding to install a solar panel in an apartment, it is important to evaluate all the pros and cons. We need to weigh the required investment Money and return in the form of profit. A solar energy system on a balcony is only worth using if it pays for the cost of its installation in a short time.