What material for building a house is more durable. Materials for building a country house: expert advice

It is believed that the stone best material for building country house. Due to its durability, durability, adaptability to almost any geographic area, the stone is very popular in the construction industry. However, is stone really the best material?

Despite the fact that everything seems to be in order with oil and gas production in Russia, the price of energy resources in our country is steadily growing. And now, following the countries of Europe, the Russian Federation adopted in 2003 new norms for the thermal resistance of enclosing and load-bearing structures (SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings").

But even before the adoption of new SNiPs, new effective building materials and technologies came to us (and continue to come).

What should be the walls (enclosing structures) of the house in order to comply with the norms of building heat engineering? The answer to this question is not entirely clear.

If we carry out calculations, it turns out that, for example, a brick wall should be 2.3 m thick, and a concrete wall should be 6 m thick. Therefore, the wall structure should be combined, that is, multi-layered. Moreover, one "layer" in this case will perform a bearing function, and the other - to ensure heat conservation.

A certain difficulty lies in the fact that the parts of this "layer cake" are too different in their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, in order to combine them, one has to come up with ingenious construction technologies.

A bit of physics

What parameters seem to be the most important when choosing a material for the construction of an energy-efficient warm home? This is, first of all, the bearing capacity of the material, as well as its heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Let's dwell on the latter.

The heat capacity unit - kJ / (kg ° C) - indicates how much thermal energy is contained in 1 kg of material with a temperature of 1 degree Celsius. For example, consider two well-known building materials - wood and concrete. The heat capacity of the first is 2.3, and the second is 0.84 kJ / (kg ° C) (according to SNiPam II-3-79).

It turns out that wood is a much more heat-intensive material, and it will require more thermal energy to heat it, and when it cools, it will release more joules into the environment. Concrete heats up faster and cools down faster. However, these figures can only be obtained in theory if we compare 1 kg of absolutely dry wood and 1 kg of concrete.

For construction practice, these conventional values ​​​​are practically useless, because if you recalculate to square meter real wooden or concrete wall, for example, 20 cm, then the picture changes. Here is a small table in which, for comparison, 1 m² of a wall 20 cm thick is taken from different materials (at a temperature of 20 ° C).

From the above figures, it can be seen that for heating 1 m² of a concrete wall by 1 degree, it will be necessary to generate almost 20 times more thermal energy than for heating a wooden one. That is, a wooden or frame house can be heated to the desired temperature much faster than a concrete or brick house, because the weight (mass) of brick and concrete is greater.

Let us also recall that in addition to specific heat capacity, there is also thermal conductivity of building materials. This property characterizes the intensity of heat transfer in the material. With an increase in temperature, humidity and density of a substance, the thermal conductivity coefficient increases.

The thermal resistance of a homogeneous enclosing structure, defined as the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the wall material to the wall thickness in meters, must not be less than the required heat transfer resistance (depends on the temperature of the coldest five-day period in the region and other climatic parameters).

For the Moscow region, the resistance to heat transfer is in the range of 3.1–3.2 m·°С/W. And in Novosibirsk, where winter frosts reach an average of 42 ° C, this figure is much higher. It should also be borne in mind that not only walls take part in the heating processes, but in general everything that is inside the house - ceiling structures, floors, windows, furniture, as well as air. An important role is played architectural features enclosing structures and the presence of "cold bridges".

Wood as a building material

For comfort in the house, a combination of sufficient heat capacity and low thermal conductivity of the wall material is important. In this regard, the tree has no equal. it's the same good material for seasonal residences, in which the owners come only occasionally in winter.

Wooden house, long time not heated, better perceives a sharp change in temperature.

The condensate formed when the heating is turned on is partially absorbed by the wood. Then the walls gradually release the accumulated moisture to the heated air, thereby helping to maintain a favorable microclimate in the living quarters.

Coniferous species are used in construction: spruce, pine, larch, fir, and cedar. In terms of price / quality ratio, pine is the most in demand. Its heat capacity is 2.3–2.7 kJ/(kg K). Along with old technology manual felling houses built from rounded logs, profiled and ordinary timber, gun carriage, glued laminated timber.

Whatever you choose, consider the common wooden walls The rule is the thicker the better. And here you will have to proceed from the capabilities of your wallet, since with an increase in the thickness of the log, the cost of the material and the price of work increase.

In order to meet the required heat engineering standard, a log (rounded or hand-cut) must be at least 28 cm in diameter, and a profiled beam must be at least 24 cm thick. Then the house can not be insulated from the outside.

Meanwhile, the most common size of profiled timber is 20 × 20 cm, length up to 6 m. So the developer will have to immediately calculate and decide how thick the walls to build: 20 × 20 cm, followed by insulation mineral wool and sheathing (siding, clapboard, facade panels) or thicker ones without insulation and sheathing.

Separately, let's say about the usual (not profiled) timber measuring 15 × 15 cm. It is very popular in cottage construction, but nevertheless, it is better not to build a house for year-round use from such material. It is only suitable for a small summer garden house. but appearance such a house is unlikely to please you.

No matter how hard you try to caulk the gaps between the crowns, they still appear due to warping and uneven shrinkage of the wood. Birds take away caulking for nesting. Under the slanting summer rain, the wall gets wet through, and there is no need to talk about freezing in winter.

If you nevertheless chose this type of construction, then first wait for the new log house to settle (six months or a year) and proceed to its external insulation and cladding. The hinged insulation system (ventilated facade) will be optimal. Note that it is undesirable and even harmful to insulate wooden walls from the inside.

Glued beam...

Somewhat superior to massive timber and rounded logs in terms of strength and hardness. Due to its layered structure, the product is not subject to cracking and warping, and is resistant to decay. However, the thermal performance of laminated veneer lumber is only slightly better than that of a conventional pine log.

In a house made of timber, where the walls are 20 cm thick, you can live in winter. However, heating will be expensive. Such housing also does not meet the requirements of SNiP 23.02–2003 "Thermal protection of buildings" (for the middle band Ro = 3.49 m² °C / W).

Meanwhile, the cost of houses made of glued laminated timber varies between 40-80 thousand rubles. per m². The question arises, is it worth spending first on walls 20 cm thick, and then on insulation and cladding?

Yes, and it's a pity to cover a very decorative surface of glued laminated timber with a hinged facade. So this is where you need to think hard. For comparison, a house made of hand-cut logs will cost 40–70 thousand rubles. per m², the average cost of a house made of logs and profiled timber will be about 20-25 thousand rubles. for 1 m².

Competent insulation of wooden walls

With the help of special dowels, heat-insulating basalt wool slabs are attached to the walls. To prevent atmospheric moisture from penetrating into the insulation, the plates are tightened with a superdiffusion hydro-windproof membrane (film).

Such membranes protect the facade from rain, snow, condensation and wind. At the same time, they pass well the steam coming from inside the house. Further, guide rails are nailed to the walls with a certain step for attaching the finishing material.

Finishing can be vinyl siding, wooden lining different widths and thickness, block house (planed board, made in the form of a rounded log segment) and other materials. It is important to leave air at the top and bottom to ensure air circulation in the ventilation ducts formed by the wooden guide rails.

Frame construction technologies

Perhaps not everyone knows, but the frame structure is one of the oldest. An example of this is half-timbered houses having a rigid supporting frame of racks, beams and braces. Our ancestors filled the space between the frame elements with a kind of insulation - reeds or straw mixed with clay, or more reliable material - raw bricks.

The frame was covered with tar so that it would not rot, and the clay filling was plastered and whitewashed. Part of the frame was usually left in plain sight, so half-timbered houses have a distinctive black and white appearance. The thermal performance of such a house is excellent, it is cool in summer and warm in winter. To date, there are a lot of options for frame technology.

Many countries, primarily northern ones, have contributed to their creation and development: these are Canada, the USA, Germany, Scandinavian countries. However, the principle is still the same: wooden or metal racks, united by horizontal strapping, are sheathed on the outside with sheet materials (oriented strand board, cement-bonded particle board, waterproof plywood, etc.). The interior space is filled effective insulation- mineral basalt wool.

Mounted on the inside vapor barrier film, a hydro-windproof membrane is pulled from the outside. This is followed by decorative wall decoration.

A frame or frame-panel house built in accordance with all the rules will serve you faithfully for decades. Frame and frame-panel houses can be partially or completely made from prefabricated elements, brought to the construction site and quickly assembled on site. They do not need powerful foundations; pile and bored structures are suitable.

A frame house can take on any appearance and look like wood, brick, stone, plastered. The same can be said about the interior decoration. The choice is huge: fiberboard, plaster, drywall, wallpaper, painting, wooden lining, panels and other materials. In the bowels frame walls it is convenient to place communications, electrical wires, heating pipes, which has a positive effect on interior design.

After the installation of the equipment and the completion of the finishing, the frame house is completely ready for living. If you visit your country house on short visits, on weekends and holidays, there is practically no alternative to a frame structure. It can be quickly, literally in the evening, warmed up.

But if the heating is turned off, the "ice age" will come just as quickly. This is because, unlike concrete and brick, there is practically nowhere for a frame wall to retain heat. Even wood paneling cannot cope with this function due to its small mass.

And mineral wool has a different vocation: it plays the role of a reliable boundary between two temperature environments - cold external and warm internal. So it will not work to heat the frame house for the future. As for the price, general rule"Cheap is not good" works here too.

Excessive savings on the construction site is inappropriate. The price per square meter strongly depends on the manufacturer of building elements, on the distance to the construction site, and on the wages of workers. On average, a turnkey house will cost about 19-24 thousand rubles. per 1 m² of total area.

Brick

Clay brick has always been a symbol of something stable and indestructible. Indeed, the brick is durable, frost-resistant, immune to atmospheric influences. But the thermal performance of the material leaves much to be desired.

Brick products can be divided into three groups:

1. Full body products:

• ordinary brick (density 1700–1800 kg / m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.6–0.7 W / m ° С);
• conventionally effective brick (density 1400–1600 kg/m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.35–0.5 W/m °C);
• effective brick (density less than 1100 kg / m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.18–0.25 W / m ° C).

2. Hollow bricks with voids from 5 to 40%. This can also include facing products.

3. Porous bricks, including large-format stone bricks. The low coefficient of thermal conductivity of the latter is achieved due to closed air pores, as well as the special structure of the material with voids in the form of honeycombs.

If we take into account walls with a thickness of 510 mm or 640 mm, covered with the necessary layer of "warm" plaster, then only effective ceramic products reach the norm. Walls made of solid and conditionally efficient bricks need additional insulation.

To solve this problem, three options are proposed: the installation of a plaster heat-insulating system, the installation of a hinged facade insulation system (ventilated facade) and the construction of three-layer walls with a heat-insulating layer. A brick house is good for permanent residence. Brick structures "breathe", that is, they are able to provide air exchange in the thickness of the walls, and have a solid thermal inertia.

Having warmed up, such a wall keeps heat for a long time even with minimal heating, gradually giving it to the surrounding space. That is, if the heating unit suddenly breaks down, then it will be possible to hold out for a long time until the arrival of repairmen in a more or less comfortable atmosphere.

Cellular concrete

Aerated concrete is a collective term that combines finely porous building materials based on a mineral binder (lime, cement). This includes large-format blocks made of aerated concrete, gas silicate, foam concrete and foam silicate. Expanded polystyrene concrete is distinguished into an independent category.

The structure of the listed materials is formed by small air pores (cells). It is they that give products made of cellular concrete a high thermal insulation capacity and a relatively small volumetric mass.

Walls built using the technology of single-row block masonry do not require additional insulation. They also do not need a strong foundation. In terms of its environmental and other characteristics, this material is close to wood, but compares favorably with it in that it does not burn and does not deform when humidity changes. At the same time, in terms of its thermal performance, a wall made of cellular concrete is superior to a brick one.

Cellular concretes are subdivided into heat-insulating (density up to 400 kg/m³, porosity 92%), structural and heat-insulating (density 400–800 kg/m³, porosity 82%) and structural (density 800–1400 kg/m³, porosity up to 66%) .

That is, the higher the density of the material, the lower its thermal insulation ability. It is the finely porous structure that provides the material with a relatively small weight good warmth and soundproofing ability, as well as vapor permeability (which is generally not characteristic of monolithic concrete structures).

If we talk about high-quality aerated concrete products, then for the construction of a country house, blocks with a density of at least 500 kg / m³ should be used. Such aerated concrete is produced at large high-tech industries. Blocks are distinguished by geometric accuracy and compliance real characteristics material to the indicators declared by the manufacturer.

In order for the walls of aerated concrete to be of the desired quality, the masonry is carried out on a special mineral glue. This ensures the thickness of the joints is only 1–3 mm (for comparison, masonry on a cement-sand mortar gives joints of 12–15 mm).

At the same time, heat losses are significantly reduced, because thick seams are real "cold bridges" through which heat leaves the house. Foam concrete is more affordable than aerated concrete (for comparison, the first one will cost 1300 rubles / m³, and the second - 2800 rubles / m³), ​​so many developers turn their eyes to it.

But the point is that the foam concrete blocks can be produced on special mobile installations in a rather artisanal way. Therefore, small businesses are often engaged in their manufacture. To obtain a finely porous structure, special substances are used - foaming agents.

For the most part, these are tanning extracts from the leather industry, various lyes, etc., that is, organic compounds that have a limited shelf life and different foaming abilities.

To reduce the cost of production, instead of quartz sand, manufacturers use substitutes in the form of industrial waste: fly ash, slag, etc. Blocks are hardened in vivo. The process proceeds unevenly, causing shrinkage deformations.

All this leads to, to put it mildly, vague technical specifications final product. The material has sufficient strength and retains heat well, but subject to manufacturing in accordance with all the rules.

Expanded polystyrene concrete (from 3500 rubles / m³) has a cellular structure, which is formed due to specially processed polystyrene granules. Polymer "grains", consisting of 90% of air, provide expanded polystyrene concrete with the highest heat saving rates among cellular concrete.

Its thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.055–0.175 W/m² °C. In addition, this filling has a water-repellent ability, which increases the water resistance of the material as a whole. In this review, we examined the main, most common building materials and technologies.

In principle, each material for building a house has its undeniable advantages and disadvantages. The abundance of choice complicates the question of which house to build for permanent residence. One thing is for sure: for heavy and light materials, the main thing is skillful hands of the builder. An error in the calculations will come back to haunt you in any case and will surface the next day or 10 years later, when it will be very difficult to correct.

What material to choose, what is better and cheaper to build a house from? We will conduct a brief review, as well as materials for their construction.

What are heavy and light materials?

Heavy materials for construction include, as the name suggests, stones, various blocks, bricks, slabs. For houses made of heavy materials, an appropriate foundation is also needed. The most commonly used tape, but if the ground is not the best, it can be combined with a pile-screw.

When it comes to lightweight materials, it means wood, frames. Of course, these are only conditional names for such houses, which does not mean that the house will be really easy in the end. for wooden houses it is better to choose the best possible one. stand for several hundred years and the foundation should not fail.

For frame builders, you can save a little, simply choosing pile version . The “shelf life” of the skeleton is up to 100 years, therefore, if the soil allows you to save money, this is quite realistic.

Brick - expensive, but for centuries

As they say, a brick can handle everything: hurricanes, frosts, unbearable heat - the natural mood is changeable.

However, this material is able to withstand not so much.

According to statistics, "shelf life" brick house reaches 200 years.

Due to the fact that the material has been used by builders for a very long time, usually there are no problems with hiring craftsmen.

The range of types of bricks is also for every taste:

1. Ceramic bricks are made from clay, molded and fired in special kilns. Possesses high level of strength, refers to environmentally friendly materials for construction. Of course, if it is made with high quality and production standards are observed. It happens solid and hollow (inside up to 50% of voids). For construction, the second subspecies is in priority, since the more voids in the body of the material, the higher its heat-retaining property.
2. Silicate brick is made from lime and sand. It is white in color and looks great, especially the whole subspecies. Lightweight silicate brick - looks very messy, but has higher thermal insulation property.
3. Ordinary and facial subspecies of bricks will also find application in construction. capital house. Ordinary - in the inner masonry, facial - will decorate the house from the outside.

Be sure to pay attention to the labeling before ordering a batch of material. It is done in order to know whether the masonry of a particular brick will withstand the weight of the structure and natural phenomena. Usually the material is marked with the letter "M" with two or three digits. The minimum strength value per square centimeter is 75, the maximum is 200.

Important: During the construction of the basement, the minimum strength is 150; when building a two-story house, batches with a strength of M125 should be purchased. The more floors, the heavier the attic, the higher the coefficient should be, respectively, the brick will be heavier, and the cost per cubic meter of material will be higher.

For construction in Russia, especially in the outback, it is very important to take into account the fact that frosts in winter can disperse in earnest. The marking “F” is responsible for frost resistance, and the indicator varies from 15 to 100.

For house cladding temperate climate F50 marking is used, F25 masonry can be done inside. The higher the marking index, the more times the brick will survive freezing without damage to the structure.

Brief summary and characteristics of the material:

• you get an expensive box of a house and a foundation;
• very expensive, presentable appearance of the final work;
• phenomenal durability;
• precipitation, temperature fluctuations are unimportant;
• excellent fire resistance;
• difficult to lay out the box;
• rather "dirty" construction, you need a lot of extra space around.

Output: brick building is a costly and time-consuming process.

However, all costs, including financial ones, will be more than repaid for the long life of the building. Properly selected brick and competent builders prolong the life of the house up to 100-200 years without changing the original characteristics.

concrete blocks

The second most popular display material bearing walls compared to brick. Strong material, more profitable financially and much easier to build. In summer - the house is kept cool, in winter - warm and cozy, precipitation and other natural phenomena are not terrible quality concrete block.

Advantages of building from concrete blocks:

1. The first thing I want to note is the fire resistance of the material. Concrete does not burn, so, unlike building with wood, the house is safe from external fires and will withstand direct fire for several hours.
2. The material tolerates frost well.
3. For those who care good sound insulation in the house, the construction of concrete blocks is suitable. Due to the structure of the concrete itself, extraneous noise will not be heard in the house.
4. At proper construction, thermal insulation is quite good. Together with an external, well-built heating circuit, you can achieve good savings on home heating.
5. It is possible to operate a building from blocks, as well as from bricks, for a long time. On average, without overhaul the house will please 80-120 years.
6. Concrete blocks do not rot, are not covered with mold and fungus.
7. The versatility of the material allows you to build residential buildings, and garages, and multi-storey buildings of any type.

The disadvantages include unpresentable appearance of the house without finishing. Therefore, when calculating the budget for construction, one should take into account the external “marafet”. In addition, construction should only be done in dry weather and takes a considerable amount of time, due in part to the changeable weather. Because of high level groundwater in some areas of the country, waterproofing may be required.

What you need to know about concrete blocks?

Concrete blocks are of several types and differ from each other:

• brand (from 50 to 100) - this is an indicator of the strength of the product;
• frost resistance - from 15 to 200.

Strength marking must correspond to the total mass of the building. That is, for the base - the most high value, for a house of 2 floors - approximately M75 (it also depends on the size of the attic). Frost resistance, as already discussed, depends on the location of the future building.

Very important for quality construction explore the soil under the place for the house. To do this, it is better to play it safe and hire specialists, which will also be very costly. But, if you choose the wrong type of foundation and the building starts to drive, the costs will be even greater. For "restless" lands, a monolithic type of foundation is suitable (if the house is not large), as well as pile and tape.

Output: concrete blocks are only slightly inferior to brick in their qualities.

but price and ease of construction are more attractive, if you choose between these two materials. Additional costs for waterproofing may be required, as well as for external insulation and finishing.

Construction from natural stones

People have been using natural stones for a very long time. Many old-timers remember the times when the construction of this material cost a penny, as the stone was not highly valued and was simply mined. Natural stone was especially available in areas close to the place of extraction.

Now the situation has changed radically and allow yourself construction of sandstone, shell rock, granite, basalt is sometimes more expensive than you would like. Things are more or less good with the construction of natural stone near the mountains, that is, near the place of extraction.

Advantages use of natural stone for building a house:

• for non-remote areas, this material will be inexpensive, the farther from the extraction sites, the more expensive the quality material will be;
• the material is the cleanest in the ecological concept of all heavy building materials;
• the blocks are quite large, so the construction will not be delayed;
• depending on the deposit, the porosity of the shell rock is different, which means that the thermal conductivity also changes;
• good sound insulation;
• perfectly survives all weather changes, does not rot, is not covered with bacteria with proper construction.

Like any other material, natural stones have their limitations:

• heavy: you need a good, expensive foundation and additional costs for the construction of the box;
• different shapes of each block create additional difficulties when docking, more cement will be required;
• very serious waterproofing is required: the material absorbs moisture;
• the facade of the wall made of shell rock is trimmed according to reinforced mesh, otherwise everything will quickly fly around.

Output: minor difficulties associated with the construction are more than paid off, due to the fact that the material is environmentally friendly, the house will last a long time.

Having chosen the correct density (all natural stones are also marked) stone, it is possible to equip both the basement and the upper floors with it. And the cost per cube will depend on the location of the customer.

Construction from thermal panels

Thermal panels or panels from - a relatively new product for construction. If the material for construction is selected on the basis of savings, in the first place, then you can take a closer look at this option. Frame thermal panels declare themselves as the most heat-saving material. In addition, the construction of a house from a new material is quite fast.

The panel consists of clinker tiles and thermal insulation in the form of expanded polystyrene. The main disadvantage of frame thermal panels is that they 100% synthetic material. That is, for connoisseurs of environmentally friendly buildings, panels will not work under any pretext. The material does not absorb moisture, is not subject to destruction, withstands compression very well, pressure from all sides, does not burn, perfectly withstands any natural changes.

Other dignity panels:

• excellent appearance;
• in tandem with thermal panels outside, heat losses are immediately reduced by 30-35%;
• very tight joining of panels, thanks to their precise cutting.

TO shortcomings already attributed that they are not environmentally friendly. In addition, you can supplement this list with the fact that additional corner shape panels are needed to decorate the shape of the house. These building materials have passed all known tests and meet modern requirements.

Output: the use of frame thermal panels is an economical option that provides a very solid look to the finished building.

The outside of the house without exterior finish will look like brickwork. The clinker board is bonded to the expanded polystyrene with a special building adhesive of high quality under high pressure, which ensures high strength of the final work.

Which house is better?

Wooden houses

Most environmentally friendly clean look the buildings. Since ancient times, wood has been used for construction. Best Trees for building a house pine, cedar and larch. Coniferous trees are less affected by fungi, have good indicators of resistance to weather conditions. Larch material does not rot, does not fade. Natural resin has a bactericidal property.

Since time immemorial, mankind has built its homes from clean, breathable natural material - wood. A huge number of surviving architectural monuments are built of wood. The durability of such buildings is estimated in hundreds of years and is amazing.

Larch wooden houses

No wonder this tree is called "iron", those who have dealt with this material know that this wood very thick and heavy. It has an amazing quality for wood - increased fire resistance. Over time, larch only becomes denser, this is the only tree that doesn't rot at all.

In addition, for people with respiratory problems, doctors strongly recommend visiting the larch forest more often. It turns out that it is three times better for health to live in a house made of this material. Great house for living with family, children.

cedar houses

One of the most expensive building materials is oak. It is close to larch trees in density, withstands phenomenal loads. A house built from this material can withstand an earthquake of up to 7 points. In addition, cedar has the property of thermal insulation, more than other trees.

Pine timber house

Most popular stuff in construction, due to the lower cost per cubic meter of material. This material has good thermal insulation, allows you to build a house in 2-3 floors. A properly assembled house will last at least 150 years with timely care, replacement of the lower rims.

log house

This construction technology has been perfected for centuries and has come down to us in the most refined form. The trunk is cleaned of bark and dried for a long time in natural conditions.

Professional builders know that the material that is dried under a roof or a canopy on the street retains its properties much longer than those dried in the dryers of timber processing enterprises.

Log houses are unique, each house can be completely different from the others. A well-built wooden house perfectly retains heat.

In room there will always be a healthy microclimate, clean air. The disadvantages include the cost of construction and its duration.

First, a bar is purchased and dried under the flooring for at least 3-4 months, then a box is assembled. The work of the masters also flies a pretty penny. Then the log house (read:) should stand for a year or two, otherwise it will be driven and cracks will go. After shrinkage, you can do the finishing, conduct water, connect to electricity, install windows and the like. All this takes a lot of money and time.

How log houses are made:

1. The largest, resinous and thick logs are placed in the first rows - the crown of the log house. Waterproofing must be provided before laying. You can use roofing material, waterproofing, etc.
2. In each subsequent log, a longitudinal recess is made for closer contact between the rows of logs. Thus, all rows are collected.
3. After the initial shrinkage (about 3 months), the logs are marked, disassembled and assembled again, laying all the longitudinal grooves with moss, tow or modern materials.
4. After complete shrinkage (1.5 years), the logs are caulked using a heater. Caulking is done only after the roof and windows are ready.
5. Sometimes after 5-7 years, when complete shrinkage occurs, you have to caulk again, as new gaps appear and heat blows out.

Of course, these steps are described only in in general terms, but this will allow for a better visualization of the stages of construction of a log house.

Output: building a log house is a way to show imagination in full program. The design of such a house can be absolutely anything. wall thickness, lower crown make the building not only warm, but also the most durable from all other wooden buildings.

Round timber construction

The construction of rounded logs is the use of even logs of the same size and diameter, which manufactured industrially. Of course, you can use your golden hands to prepare the material, but, as practice shows, this is a long and laborious task.

After the purchase, according to the construction plan, the customer receives a ready-made, impregnated special formulations a log that only needs to be assembled into a log house. The larger the house is planned, the larger the diameter of the log should be. Thanks to high-quality processing, the logs fit well together and each crown fits well on the previous one.

The method of building from round logs is similar to the chopped method. The advantage of this type of construction can be considered environmental friendliness and beautiful appearance, even without exterior decoration. By the way, it is not at all obligatory for most regions of the country.

Output: ordering and buying a rounded log will cost more than buying unprocessed wood and peeling off the bark, processing and turning the log yourself. But, in any case, houses made of such material look very nice, respectable. The house will be warm, breathable, environmentally friendly.

frame houses

Another subspecies of construction, which is considered very new and seductive for its speed of construction.

A rigid frame is assembled from a bar, the main material is installed between the supporting beams.

Rarely is a frame made of metal beams, they will be discussed below.

1. Frame-panel. A frame is built from beams, sheathed on the inside and outside with slabs of large chips or other, between board material heater is installed. The main advantage is the speed of construction. Of the shortcomings - the need to use special equipment.
2. SIP panels. These panels consist of insulation (expanded polystyrene), glued on both sides with OSB boards. Walls, ceilings, floors are built from this material. These panels are smaller than in the case of frame-panel house, so the crane is not needed and you can build a building with your own hands. Of all the wireframes, this method is the easiest for novice builders.
3. Frame houses. Compared to the rest, such a building will be the cheapest. The frame is assembled from thick boards, stuffed onto a foundation box. You can use glued laminated timber, not a board (half-timbered method of frame-frame building). Finished frame filled with bricks, stones, double-glazed windows, wood.
4. Metal frame houses. The principle of construction is similar to the previous ones, with the exception of the frame material. Are used metal bases , in combination with slabs with insulation. Such houses are light, the service life is about 80 years (according to the guarantee from the manufacturers of such frames, which is not possible to verify). Despite the thermal profile used, more money will definitely be spent on heating such a house than on a wooden “brother”.

Output: construction wireframe method– clean, inexpensive.

In addition, little space is needed, construction can be carried out “from the body”, without unloading panels and material, if the space on the site does not allow or is occupied by plantings. To increase the lifespan frame house, it is important to correctly calculate and design the frame itself, take the foundation seriously.

What is the cheapest way to build a capital house?

As already noted, a house that will stand for centuries - it is a priori expensive for its owner at the time of construction. However, for budget construction there is an innovation of the last decades - carcasses.

The lighter the walls, the cheaper it will cost. If you use inexpensive SIP panels, the price will be even lower. However, many are skeptical of the walls of the house, which can be pierced with a large knife with great effort.

Of heavy materials, construction will be the cheapest from cellular concrete or thermal panels. Construction will be expensive brick and ceramic blocks. For these buildings, the cost of work will be higher, since the blocks themselves are not easy to lift.

The same conditions will apply to the foundation: the more durable, stronger, the more expensive it will be both in terms of materials and costs for workers. Optimal for small house put pile foundation if there is an idea to attach a 2nd floor or nice attic- it's better to play it safe.

What to build a house on a small plot?

To organize the construction of heavy materials, you need a scope for the area. The site will need to be divided into zones for the foundation, for placing a warehouse with material (at least - a canopy), for mixing concrete. It is also worth thinking about the heap of garbage, which will certainly be collected.

Scraps, packages, empty boxes, defective materials, and similar working moments. Workers need a place to at least have lunch or have a smoke break.

Pay attention to construction from frame thermal panels. Despite the fact that this material is more of a heavy one, you can build from it directly from the machine. In terms of timing, finances and costs on the ground, this is a profitable material.

As for light materials, the work will require a much smaller area. Most of all - to work with beam, log, takes the least frame, especially from SIP panels. If the site is extremely small, there are already plantings or there is only space for the house, it is better to give preference to wood, carcasses.

What is the final cost of construction?

Evaluating and comparing materials, the question involuntarily arises: what, besides the main raw materials, will money still be spent on?

Not every site owner can immediately put on the table in front of the builders the amount that will be required for turnkey development.

Usually, especially for young families, it is customary to divide the work into parts and build it in stages.

So the total will be:

• the complexity of the shape of the house, its number of storeys (complication of the work of the team);
• internal layout;
• insulation;
• exterior finish;
• roofing costs;
• building materials;
• foundation - almost 40% of all costs;
• interior decoration;
• the severity of the base material;
• additional fittings;
• conducting communications;
• waterproofing;
• heating system installation;
• other minor expenses.

The list is pretty impressive. Depending on the choice of material, it can both grow and decrease. However, building your own home is a real way to create really cozy house dreams about which everyone fantasizes in one way or another.

The abundance of building materials in our time is growing every year. Search ideal material will probably continue for another hundred years. However, in order to build a solid house in which it will not be cold, scary or expensive to live, it is worth turning to materials that have been tested for centuries.

Out of competition will always be brick and wood. These are the most reliable, long-lived houses that are inexpensive to operate and are good in terms of environmental friendliness. If the question is financial, it is better to choose modern methods: frame houses, thermal panels.

Average by money investment at home - from sand blocks, sand-cement blocks, concrete blocks etc. Block buildings retain heat well in winter, as they cool down for a rather long time, and in summer a pleasant coolness remains indoors.

An individual developer is necessarily faced with the question of choice optimal material for the construction of a residential building. The choice of building materials for walls takes into account climatic features, relief nuances, financial capabilities, etc. There is no single formula for this. All building materials have different strengths, require the use of a unique construction technology, and have different levels of thermal conductivity.

Starting the construction of your own home, you want to choose the most cheap material for building a house - in order to maximize savings. But the pursuit of a low price of building materials can result in both expensive maintenance in the future, and an increase in the cost of the entire construction as a whole. How to build a cheap house?

What determines the value of a house?

The final price tag for construction depends on several factors. Materials play an important, but not the only, role here. So, construction estimate will include:

If doing monolithic filling, would need a large number of timber for formwork. And working alone on weekends, construction is delayed indefinitely, which is also not always economically profitable.

The cheapest materials for building a house - handmade?

There is an opinion that materials made by one's own hands will be much cheaper than those purchased from the manufacturer. Of course, there are recipes for different brands of concrete, you can fold straw walls yourself or even fill the frame with sawdust.

This is economically justified in the following cases:

• the availability of free assistants - it is difficult to interfere, fall asleep and press alone, which can lead to poor-quality work;
• no need to go to work five days a week - otherwise construction will often have to be postponed due to weather conditions;
• the opportunity to obtain equipment and raw materials for building materials at very low prices - the delivery of sawdust from another region will not be cheap.

So, the cheapest construction options:

1. Thatched walls with clay plastering. They are distinguished by good thermal insulation, but require repair due to rodents that settle in the thickness of the wall.



2. Abrolite or sawdust concrete. You can make your own or purchase ready-made blocks. In the first case, you will have to wait a long time for sawdust concrete to dry, in the second - to build walls as quickly as possible and do exterior finish, since wood concrete is hygroscopic.



3. Clay or cordwood. Dry logs and chocks, peeled from bark, are used. They are laid across the wall on a clay mortar. The ends of the wood must be impregnated with antiseptics or burned, otherwise they strongly absorb moisture.



4. Backfilling with sawdust or expanded clay. To do this, on the frame is done fixed formwork from the edged board, into which the insulation is poured.

The appearance of the house of these materials is rather unsightly. And if it is quite simple to beat straw walls or peeking logs, you will also have to make a screed on top of the wood concrete. Another significant disadvantage of homemade materials is that they are not strong enough. But this is a problem of all frame houses. To hang shelves or install kitchen set, it is necessary to provide for mortgage boards at the construction stage.

Economical building materials - what are they?

If, on reflection, self-produced It was decided to refuse, it is worth taking a closer look at the prices on the market. What is the cheapest building material? Paradoxically, almost any:

• tree - can be purchased extremely cheaply in the forest belt, but in steppe zone it costs expensive;
• brick - build next to brick factory, it will turn out to buy red brick at manufacturer's prices;
• aerated concrete and foam concrete - lightweight and relatively simple material to build, has good thermal insulation;
• frame construction is the most budget option, suitable for any climate, but requiring the organization of forced ventilation.

Not every carpenter can assemble a log house with high quality, so you will also have to take into account the cost of the work of builders. The same applies to a brick house - the skew of the masonry will result in a large-scale alignment of the walls.

So when choosing materials, you need to take into account the cost of working with them. For example, aerated concrete is laid on a special glue, due to which the gaps between the blocks are minimal.

This saves on fine finish, but requires care from builders. Foam concrete does not differ in the quality of geometry - the blocks can be skewed and differ in size. It is unpleasant to work with such material, it is difficult to level the walls.

As a result, the cost of work is higher.

How to globally save on construction?

Not only building materials can reduce the cost of building your own home. To save as much as possible:

1. Think over the plan of the future building. The simpler the layout, the cheaper it is to equip it. You should not plant bathrooms at different ends of the building - laying pipes will cost a pretty penny. Placing the kitchen next to the bathroom will also save on pipes. The even geometry of the walls, the absence of non-functional niches and differences in floor heights, although they look simple, do not require extra costs. Together, this will give up to 20% savings on the total cost.



2. Refuse architectural excesses. Balconies, terraces and a tiered roof can increase the value of a home by 10-15%. It is much more rational in the future to build a small gazebo or attach an open terrace.



3. Use building materials produced in your region, abandoning the popular and advertised ones. This will allow not only to buy them cheaper, but also not to overpay for delivery. So, shell rock houses in the Altai Territory are among the most budgetary, but Moscow cannot boast of a low price for this material.



4. Lighten the truss system as much as possible using light roofing materials. Then, instead of a 10x10 cm beam, it will be possible to use a 5x10 cm board laid on the end, while not reducing the pitch of the rafters.



5. Get rid of the basement. Filling, waterproofing and roughing out the basement will add another 20% to the estimate.

The choice of building materials

If the building materials market offers several types to choose from, that's great. Indeed, in this case, you can compare all the advantages and disadvantages and purchase materials that combine low price and good quality.

General features to look out for:

• durability - if the house is idle for a maximum of 10 years, saving on materials is rather doubtful;
• ease and accessibility of installation - the need to use heavy equipment at a construction site can negate all the savings;
• environmental friendliness - maintenance natural humidity in the house it is achieved due to "breathing" materials, otherwise you will have to take care of forced ventilation;
• heat capacity and thermal insulation are two parameters responsible for future efficiency, because the house should not only be cheap during construction, but also during operation.

Having considered the most popular of building materials, you can choose the most suitable option for yourself.

Wooden houses

Timber houses are considered the most environmentally friendly and one of the best in maintaining optimal microclimate. wooden building has the following advantages:

But such a structure also has disadvantages. So, the quality of literally every log is very important - an undried tree will begin to twist, longitudinal cracks may appear, the ends must be “plugged” with an ax to prevent waterlogging of the tree due to precipitation. If, however, to deviate from the classical processing of logs in favor of the use of modern antiseptic and flame retardant solutions, the house ceases to be environmentally friendly.

Ready-made kits are expensive, but only professionals can assemble an inexpensive log house from round timber. After all, you have to customize every log! In addition, in regions with cold winters, the thickness of the walls of a wooden hut should be at least 50 cm to ensure minimal heat loss in heating season. Finding logs of this diameter will also cost a pretty penny.

To let the house "breathe", it cannot be insulated with polystyrene foam, only with vapor-permeable mineral wool. And so that the insulation does not get wet, be sure to arrange a ventilated facade. There are also certain limitations for interior decoration - it is better to use modern vapor-permeable membranes if you plan to cover the house with plasterboard or clapboard.

But the log house is beautiful in its original form. To get a cozy and windproof house, you need to regularly check and caulk the cracks in the walls. Particular attention is paid to the corner lock system - simply cutting into half a tree will not provide the necessary insulation and will lead to the formation of cold spots.

brick houses

Brick has excellent heat capacity. This means that when the heating is started, the house will warm up for a long time, but then cool down just as long. For permanent residence - a great option. But for country house visited on the weekend, it will be a waste of money on heating. After all, while the house warms up, it is already necessary to leave back to the city.

For one-story buildings there will be enough walls in 1.5 bricks. But such a thickness of the walls is completely unsuitable for winters, where the temperature drops to -20 degrees.

In order not to increase the cost of brickwork, the house will have to be insulated from the outside. What is especially pleasant when building brick buildings- you can use any heater! So, by choosing foam plastic with a thickness of only 5 cm, you can reduce the heat loss of the house from 125 kWh per square meter to 53 kWh per heating season. In other words, you can halve your heating bills.

The disadvantages of brick houses include:

• large weight of the building - you will need a recessed strip foundation, which will significantly increase the cost of construction;
• construction time - a team of five people can raise a box of a house in three weeks, provided continuous work, alone, the terms increase many times;
• finishing work - if you can live in a log house immediately after construction, brick house requires a mandatory screed of walls and floors, followed by a fine finish.

Houses from a gas block or foam block

These buildings have all the advantages and disadvantages of brick houses. At the same time, they also have their own characteristics:

At the same time, the price of cubic meter brick and gas block is almost the same. And given the need for insulation along the facade, the advantages of aerated concrete over ceramic bricks are rather illusory. But due to the large size of the blocks, building a house is quite simple, which determines the low cost of the work.

frame houses

For those who are really on a tight budget, frame construction is a real salvation. house on wooden frame with mineral insulation it turns out many times cheaper than all previous options. And that's why:

But despite clear benefits frame construction, preference is still given to brickwork. All because of no less significant shortcomings:

On the other hand, approaching the construction of a frame house wisely and without saving on building materials, you can get a good and reliable structure that will last for decades. And in the future, the frame is just as easy to disassemble and put in its place a capital brick house.

Build the same small and cozy house it is possible in a few months, and this is confirmation of this video:

To perform outdoor and internal walls at home, you can use different materials. All of them differ in technical and operational characteristics. Since not only the strength and durability of the home depends on the choice of material for the walls, but also the degree of its sound and heat insulation, the ease of finishing and the cost of maintaining the house, it is very important to know what materials it is better to build a house from. It should be noted right away that no universal material for mounting walls, which can definitely be called the best. Each of them has pros and cons, and they are good in certain conditions for buildings of different price ranges and purposes. Our article will help you choose the best building material for your home.

Factors to Consider

Since the cost of arranging the walls of a house takes up ¼ of all construction costs, it is very important to correctly decide what is the best way to build a house. If you choose the wrong material for building a house, then in the future you can get serious expenses. That is why, when deciding which material to choose for construction, it is worth considering the following factors:

1. Price aspect. Wall installation costs can be reduced by using lightweight building materials. By choosing such products, you reduce the weight of the entire house, so you can build a lightweight foundation.
2. Thermal insulation properties. Heating a building with cold walls will be too expensive. That is why, having decided to build a country house, it is worth performing the calculation of the wall structure, taking into account local climatic conditions. In some cases, a good thermal insulation effect can be obtained by using a heater, but this entails additional costs. If you make a country house from a material with good thermal insulation qualities, then you can do without additional insulation.
3. A house built with small materials for building walls (bricks) will cost more and take longer to build. Masonry of large blocks is faster (3-4 times) and cheaper. The fastest way to build a house using frame-panel technology.
4. When deciding what it is better to build a house with, it is worth considering the cost of finishing the walls. Modern materials allow you to get a beautiful smooth wall surface that does not need additional finishing. This can save you a lot of money.

Material selection

• traditional brick most often used for the home. Moreover, the whole brick can be divided into certain types: silicate, ceramic, ordinary and facing.
• In Europe, they believe that the best material for building a house is ceramic block. This material also appeared on our market, but they are not built from it so often.
• Most warm house made from gas blocks. This modern material appreciated by private developers.
• House built of wood, is popular in our time. In many regions of our country, when deciding how to build a house, the owners opt for wood.

Consider the features, advantages and disadvantages of each material.

Brick

If you ask what material it is better to build a house from, then many people will answer that it is made of brick. This traditional building material is divided into two varieties:

• ceramic brick red color is made from red baked clay. It is very durable environmentally pure material which is not afraid of frost and moisture. Ceramic brick is divided into hollow and solid. The thermal insulation characteristics of hollow products are higher.
• White silicate brick made from a mixture of sand, lime and special additives. It also happens to be hollow and solid. The thermal insulation characteristics of a silicate product are lower than those of its ceramic counterpart, but its soundproofing properties are higher.

For masonry walls, it is cheapest to use ordinary bricks. Outwardly, such products do not look very good, because they may have chips, cracks and small irregularities, but this does not affect the strength of the elements. But the exterior wall decoration is best done from facing brick. The front products have an impeccable appearance, the correct geometric shape, there are no defects and cracks on the surface. Exists big choice colors and textures of the surface of the front brick.

Specifications

When choosing what material to build a house from, it is worth considering its strength. For a brick, strength is indicated by its brand, which can be in the range of 75-300. The brand characterizes the load that a square centimeter of the product is able to withstand. The greater the brand and strength of the brick, the higher its specific gravity.

Important: to build a two- or three-story residential building, it is better to use brick grade 100 or 125. For laying the base or plinth, it is worth taking more durable products with grade 150 or 175.

It is equally important when choosing a material to take into account its frost resistance. This is the ability of a product to withstand alternating cycles of freezing and thawing without reducing strength by more than 20% and obtaining visible defects. The frost resistance of a brick is indicated by the letter F and can be in the range of 15-100 cycles. For the construction of houses in warm regions, you can use products with frost resistance 15, for cold regions brick F 25 is suitable. For cladding, it is better to use products with frost resistance 50.

Advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the following advantages, you can make a choice in favor of a brick:

1. The material has an attractive appearance.
2. The durability of the structure is an additional plus in its favor.
3. This material is suitable for the implementation of the most complex architectural projects.
4. The brick is not subject to damage by mold, fungi, insects. It does not corrode and does not burn.
5. Brick walls well protect the premises from noise from the street.

The disadvantages of bricks include the following:

1. The product has a large specific weight, which makes it difficult to transport and install.
2. Bricklaying is quite slow due to the small size of the bricks and is relatively expensive.
3. Under brick walls you need to equip a capital buried foundation.
4. Brick retains heat relatively well in the room, but in most cases the walls need to be additionally insulated.

Keramoblock

The choice of material for building a house in Europe often falls on the ceramic block. These products are made from a mixture of clay and sawdust and fired in a kiln. After the combustion of sawdust, isolated voids are formed, which increase the thermal insulation properties of the material. The dimensions of the ceramic block make it possible to accelerate the pace of construction, and a house built from this material will last a century and a half. In addition, multi-storey buildings can be built from blocks. On the side surface of the blocks there are grooves and ridges for hermetic joining of elements without mortar. Inside, each block has voids that reduce its thermal conductivity.

Specifications

The height of the ceramic block is designed so that it can easily dock with brickwork, so the construction of this material can be carried out according to standard project, calculated on a brick. The remaining sizes of ceramic blocks may be different, but in any case, their weight is much less than that of a brick. For example: one block measuring 500x238x248 mm weighs only 25 kg. It is equal to a laying of 15 bricks, each weighing 3.3 kg (15x3.3 = 49.5 kg). In addition, laying one block is faster and easier, and much less mortar is needed for this.

Dimensions of ceramic blocks:

• long side with a lock - from 250 to 510 mm;
• width is 230 mm, 240 mm, 250 mm.

For masonry of load-bearing walls, a block with a long side of at least 300 mm is used. At the same time, a wall with a thickness of 380 mm or more from a ceramic block does not need to be insulated. The thermal conductivity of the ceramic block can be in the range of 0.14-0.29. Thick blocks with a long side within 380-500 mm have a strength grade of at least 100. If you need to make thinner walls with high strength, then you can take a block with a grade of 150.

Advantages and disadvantages

If you decide what is better to build a house with, then you should pay attention to the ceramic block, which has many advantages:

1. Since one element has a small weight and sufficiently high strength with significant dimensions, even a multi-storey building can be erected from this material in a short time.
2. Vertical seams with grooves are joined without mortar, so when performing masonry, it saves a lot cement mortar compared to traditional brickwork.
3. A high degree of frost resistance significantly expands the scope of this material.
4. Good fire resistance - the block is able to resist burning for 4 hours.
5. The porous structure contributes to high heat and soundproof characteristics material.
6. Walls made of ceramic blocks create a comfortable microclimate in the room.
7. The thermal insulation qualities of the house do not decrease throughout the entire service life, which can reach up to 150 years.

Despite such a large list of advantages, ceramic blocks have their drawbacks:

1. Since this material is relatively new in our country, it is quite difficult to find a specialist who can perform high-quality masonry.
2. By themselves, these products are quite fragile, so they must be handled very carefully during storage and transportation.

aerated concrete

If you are looking for materials for building a private house that retain heat well in the house, then aerated concrete is exactly what you need. A wall with a thickness of 30-40 cm from gas blocks does not need to be insulated. In addition, the material resists rot, humidity and temperature fluctuations in the room. It's pretty durable.

The block is easily cut with a hacksaw and mounted without the use of special equipment. Thanks to flat surface block walls do not need to be leveled before finishing. The significant dimensions of the material and its lightness significantly speed up the construction process.

Specifications

• The density of aerated concrete is in the range of 350-1200 kg / m³.
• Single block weight standard sizes(60x25x20 cm) - 18 kg.
• For the construction of walls, products of the brand from D 500 to D are suitable

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of gas blocks:

1. Laying speed is 9 times faster than brick.
2. Smooth wall surfaces that do not need leveling.
3. Good compressive strength.
4. Low thermal conductivity.
5. Burn resistant.
6. High frost resistance and good vapor permeability.

Disadvantages of aerated concrete:

1. Low bending strength.
2. The material is prone to cracking.
3. Products are hygroscopic, so they must be well protected from moisture.

Wood

Since ancient times, people have associated wooden houses with comfort and coziness. And this is no coincidence, because in wooden house a special optimal microclimate for people is created. This house is comfortable in summer and winter. For heating wooden house you will spend less money than on a brick house.

Important: for construction wooden house you can use glued beams or logs.

Advantages of wood:

1. Ecological purity of the material.
2. Price wooden structure lower than that of a brick building.
3. The thermal conductivity of wood walls is lower than that of bricks.
4. A house made of timber does not need exterior and interior decoration.
5. You can equip a lightweight inexpensive foundation.
6. Impressive service life.

Disadvantages:

1. Susceptibility to rot, insect damage and combustibility of the material.
2. Prolonged shrinkage.
3. Chance of cracking.