Water well drilling process. Technology of drilling artesian wells for water

Having your own well allows the homeowner to be less dependent on central water supply(to the extent possible), in addition, to prepare food and drinks based on natural clean water. Consider how to start the process of planning and drilling water wells.

Well type selection

Drilling water wells is a process that requires technical savvy and some preparatory stages. First of all, it is necessary to determine what type of well to drill, and also to analyze whether the produced water is usable.

The wellbore can be:

• Filter - sandy well;
• Filterless - artesian well;
• Tubular well.

Artesian

It implies drilling to a depth of up to two hundred meters - porous limestone lies at this depth. advantage artesian wells for water is an uninterrupted supply of water, regardless of the time of year, since at such a depth of the face the water will not freeze. The life of the well reaches fifty years.

Drilling principle

Sandy

They drill to a depth of thirty meters. Such a well consists of a buried pipe, at the end of which a filter is installed that traps large mechanical impurities and sand. A sandy well can provide water to a summer cottage or a small country house.

The advantage of a sand well is the ease of drilling and the relatively low cost of arranging and maintaining the well. The disadvantage is:

• poor performance;
• the likelihood of silting;
• ingress of ground or surface water into the well.

In addition, a sand well usually lasts no more than ten years.

Well

Scheme and installation of the Abyssinian well

A well installed for the extraction of clean water is called an Abyssinian or tubular well. It is drilled to a depth of up to fifteen meters, and the face is built by factory concrete rings. If there is a good spring on the site, the well quickly accumulates water.

When deciding on the type of well, consider the amount of water you need for consumption and the regularity of consumption. water resources. For example, a sandy well will fully provide a summer cottage, where they live only in the spring and summer.

If it is necessary to provide water to the house in which they live all year round, an artesian well is suitable, as the most acceptable option for autonomous water supply.

To approach well drilling technology reasonably and without disastrous consequences, you should pay attention to several important nuances.

Intensity. With uncontrolled and massive water intake, the so-called soil suffusion can begin, as a result of which it falls deep enough, which is especially deplorable for areas with residential buildings.

Depth. When drilling independently on a plain in Russia, twenty meters is considered a critical depth. If you want to drill deeper, ask the experts how much such work costs, and you will be pleasantly surprised, since drilling a deep well on your own will cost much more.

Term of use. The period of operation of any well depends heavily on how often and how much water will be taken from it. If it is rational to use a sand well, it can last 15 years, and an artesian one will wither in five years, if water is pumped out of it uncontrollably.

Exploration drilling and water analysis

Exploratory drilling is carried out to determine the quality of the water source at the site, as well as to analyze the produced water. Sometimes it serves as a temporary source until a decision on a capital well is finally made. The reconnaissance table is called a needle.

To do this, you need a drill rod, drill string and casing, which will be one. The drill remains in the ground. Such a well is performed by impact technology. No special drilling tools are required for this. The penetration is up to three meters per hour, and the maximum depth is up to fifty meters.

The simplest filter will have a spear-shaped tip at its end, a hole in the middle, and a ball valve at the top.

The water obtained in this way is given to any research laboratory. natural resources to test for minerals, hydrogen ion activity, metal content, alkalis, dissolved acids.

Drilling methods

Drilling methods are classified according to two parameters.

Depending on the mechanism used, drilling can be:

• mechanical;
• Manual.

Depending on the principle of operation of the drill:

• Shock-rotational method;
• Shock;
• Rotational.

Consider what is remarkable about each water well drilling technology and how it is performed.

Manual way

It is quite suitable for independent implementation of the process with all the necessary tools. Such a well will be no more than thirty meters, the soil is pierced until the water layer is reached.

To do this, you will need casing pipes, rods, a winch and drill heads. different parameters. When creating a deeper well, a drilling rig is needed to raise and lower the drill.

If the rod was not found, you can make it by connecting the pipes with veneer or thread. A drill head is attached to the end of the lower rod. The process looks like this:

1. Above the site of the proposed well, a tower is placed so that it is slightly higher than the length of the rod.
2. Dig a small hole for the drill with a shovel.
3. Insert the drill into the recess and rotate it. You may need help, because as you go deeper, the movement of the drill will be more difficult.
4. Having broken half a meter, stop, take out the drill and clean it from the adhering earth.
5. When you reach the water layer, pump out three to four buckets of ground water.

The last action is necessary to eliminate dirty water and can be done with a submersible pump.

rotary method

This is the rotary method most commonly used in deep hole drilling. To do this, you need a special installation equipped with a pipe. This pipe has a rotating shaft and a chisel. The impact on the bit is performed by hydraulic installation. The soil from the drilled well is washed out with a special solution.

Thus, the pipe is located above the drilling site and, when the shaft and the chisel rotate, it breaks through the soil. The liquid can be fed down the wellbore from top to bottom, then the solution, washing out the earth, goes out through the annulus. This method is called direct flushing.

Backwashing can also be used, in which the solution flows by gravity into the annulus and, after punching, is pumped out by a submersible pump.

Shock-rope method

The method is based on dropping the heaviest tool, usually a driving glass, from a derrick at the location of the proposed well. If desired, apply percussion rope technology, would need:

• Durable rope;
• Downhole glass - usually strong metal pipe suspended on a rope;
• Soil cleaning tools.

Technology and sequence of actions:

1. They make a tower in the form of a tripod from steel pipes or strong logs. The height depends on the length of the downhole glass and must exceed it by 1.5 meters.
2. The downhole glass is made from steel pipe, at the end of which is a cutting device.
3. A cable is attached to the top of the glass.
4. By adjusting the cable, the glass is quickly released to the breakdown site.
5. The earth is removed from the glass every half a meter drilled.

To create a deep well, installations of the UGB-1VS type are involved.

screw method

The method takes its name from the main tool used - the auger or Archimedean screw. It looks like a drill rod, to which the blades are welded helically. Rotating such an auger, the earth is brought to the surface and collected.

For a deeper well, you will need a rental, since a self-made auger drills no more than ten meters deep.

It should be noted that it is only suitable if the soil is rich in sandy rock. In addition, if the auger collides with a stone on its way, you will have to look for another place to break through the soil and stop work.

column method

It is used less and less these days for drilling wells under water. It is often used for hydrogeological studies. For this, equipment of the ZiF-650 type is used, which extracts a column of soil, creating a so-called column.

Scheme of a core bit for drilling a well under water

The destruction of the soil is carried out in a ring way, then it is washed out. The speed of such an arrangement is quite high, in addition, it allows you to break through hard rocks, but requires high costs for rent of serious geological equipment.

The most efficient and economical design for the extraction of groundwater is a borehole. This is a great alternative centralized water supply for agriculture, horticulture or country house.

There are many ways to build a well for water. Let's consider the main drilling technologies and dwell on general recommendations for creating your own autonomous source drinking water.

Choosing the type of well for water

Drilling a well for water is a rather laborious process that requires certain knowledge and skills from the performer. Depending on the geological features of the soil and the estimated water needs, it is necessary to select optimal type wells and technology of its arrangement.

Trunks for wells are of several types:

1. filterless (artesian);
2. filter (sand wells);
3. wells.

Drilling artesian wells the water is carried out to porous limestone, the depth of which is more than 150 meters. An artesian well can provide several country houses uninterrupted water supply all year round (water does not freeze in such faces). The period of operation of a filterless artesian well reaches 50 years.

Water well drilling depth filter type(on sand) is - 15-30 meters. The device of a sand well is a buried pipe, at the end of which there is a filter that screens out large fractions of sand. Such a well is enough for a small country house or summer cottage.

The advantages of sand wells include:

• ease of drilling;
• low cost of well construction.

disadvantages filter wells on sand:

• low productivity (about 1 m3 per hour);
• service life - up to 10 years;
• high probability of silting;
• ingress of surface and groundwater into the face.

Tubular (Abyssinian) well has a depth of 8-12 meters, is constructed using concrete factory rings. If there is a good spring on the site, the well quickly fills up and accumulates water (average capacity is 2 m3 of water).

When choosing a wellbore design, it is necessary to take into account the expected water needs and the regularity of its consumption. For a summer cottage with a seasonal stay, a filter shaft is suitable, and to provide water to a large private house, it is necessary to equip an artesian well - the most reliable option for autonomous water supply.

Drilling wells for water: reviews and tips for choosing the type of well

Water well drilling methods: technology, advantages and disadvantages of the method

Drilling methods can be classified according to two main criteria.

1. According to the mechanisms used:
   • manual drilling;
   • mechanical drilling.
2. According to the principle of operation of the drilling tool:
   • shock method;
   • rotational method;
   • shock-rotary.

Consider the most popular methods of drilling wells for water.

Manual well drilling

You can drill a well manually, the depth of which will not exceed 25 meters. Drilling is carried out until a water-resistant layer is reached.

For manual drilling water wells use the following equipment:

If the depth of the well is small, then the drill string can be controlled manually. Drill rods can be made from pipes by connecting them with threads or veneer. The drill head is attached to the end of the lower rod.

The entire technological process of manual drilling of a well can be divided into several stages:

For complete water purification, it is usually enough to pump out 2-3 buckets of dirty groundwater. You can use a submersible pump for this.

Manual drilling has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the method include:

• low cost of work;
• immutability of the structure of the passable soil.

The disadvantages of the method:

• limited drilling depth;
• small debit of the well, due to the small diameter of the structure;
• the service life of a “manual” well is from 2 to 10 years (depending on operating conditions).

Rotary method: backwash and forward flush

Rotary (rotary) drilling method is the most common way of arranging deep wells for water.

The rotational method involves the use of special installations. Drilling wells for water is carried out using equipment:

Drilling rigs are equipped with special pipe, in the cavities of which there is a rotating shaft with a chisel. Due to the hydraulic installation, an impact is created on the bit. The soil is washed out of the well with drilling mud.

There are two technologies for drilling wells with water:

direct flush. Fluid is fed down the wellbore from top to bottom. The solution, washing out the rock, exits through the annulus to the outside.

The advantages of the rotary direct flushing method include:

• universality of the method (you can create a well of any depth);
• large flow rate of the well, due to the large diameter of drilling.

The disadvantage of direct flushing is the erosion of the aquifer.

Backwash. The drilling fluid flows by gravity into the annulus. Subsequently, the solution is pumped out using a pump.

The advantage of drilling a well with water pressure with backwashing is that the maximum opening of the aquifer ensures the maximum flow rate of the well.

Main disadvantage this method- its cost. For work it is necessary to attract sophisticated equipment and qualified specialists.

Well drilling with water: video

Percussion drilling

With the shock-rope method of drilling a well for water, the breakdown of the soil is achieved by dropping a heavy tool (driven glass) from the tower.

With self-drilling, you can use a home-made drilling rig and additional tools (bottom hole, rope, soil extraction equipment).

Sequence of percussion drilling:

For deep well drilling percussion method it is necessary to involve special installations: UKS-22M2, UGB-1VS, UGB-50.

Screw method of well construction

The main working tool for auger drilling is the classic Archimedean screw (auger). Blades are welded to the drill rod, which carry the rock to the surface with rotational movements.

The auger method is suitable for drilling shallow wells (no more than 10 meters)

To implement this method, small-sized, easily transportable drilling rigs are used.

Advantages of auger drilling method:

• cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the method when drilling small wells (up to 50 meters) on sandy-clay soils;
• accessibility of the method;
• soil layers are not eroded.

disadvantages screw method arrangement of wells for water:

• only suitable for sandy soil;
• if during the work the auger rests against a stone, then the process will have to be stopped and drilling started elsewhere.

Core drilling method

The core method is rarely used for drilling water wells. More often it is used as a method of engineering-geological and hydrogeological research.

When drilling, equipment (ZiF 650, ZiF 1200) with an annular carbide or diamond crown is used. In the process of drilling, through the cavity of the crown, it is possible to extract a column of rock and determine the presence of certain natural resources.

When drilling by the core method, ring destruction occurs and the subsequent washing out of the soil

Advantages of the column method:

• high speed of well construction;
• the ability to drill very hard rocks of the soil;
• drilling rigs are compact and can be used in hard-to-reach places.

Disadvantages of the column method:

• quick grinding of the working crown;
• a small cross section (about 150 mm) does not allow the use of powerful submersible pumps.

Regardless of the drilling method, a water well must meet certain requirements:

• the aquifer must be opened qualitatively with a minimum resistance of the filter zones;
• the content of metal elements in the structure is minimal;
• if different aquifers are not operated jointly, then they must be isolated from each other;
• the possibility of carrying out repairs;
• well reliability.

Drilling a well for water is a complex technological process, the competent implementation of which will be the key to uninterrupted supply quality water throughout the life of the well.

A well for water is a complex hydraulic structure, and how well the design is chosen and the technology for drilling a well for water is followed determines its service life, productivity, water quality, etc.

Choosing a place to drill a well for water

Before starting drilling work, it is necessary to correctly select the location of the well, determine the location of the drilling and auxiliary machines, determine working area, drain area technical water, storage of drilling equipment, etc.

In the general case, according to the technology of drilling artesian wells, a flat area of ​​4x12 meters is required for the passage of a drilling rig and a water carrier entrance gate not less than 3 m (if it is possible to drive into them in a straight line), the absence of wires within a radius of 2 meters above the drilling point.

The location of an artesian well is chosen mainly for economic reasons - the closer to the injection site, the fewer trenches to dig and the shorter the pipes to lay. But at the same time, it must be taken into account that, according to the drilling technology, a water well can be located no closer than 3 meters from the house, it is necessary to leave the possibility of a permanent access to drilling equipment and in no case build any buildings above it.

Well drilling technology

There are many various technologies well drilling, but three main operations are invariably performed: the destruction of the rock, its rise to the surface, and the fixation of the walls of the drilled well.

rock destruction

It is usually produced mechanically using various rock cutting devices. There are also many other methods: thermal, electrical, explosive, etc., but these technologies are less commonly used when drilling water wells.

Rise of the rock to the surface

There are several ways:

• Hydraulic (rise to the surface is carried out with the help of a flushing liquid (water, clay solution),
• Mechanical (using special equipment for drilling (auger, bailer, various special drills, etc.)),
• Pneumatic (using compressed air),
• Combined.

Wall fixing

For most types of water wells, their walls are attached with metal casing pipes. The most commonly used pipes are made of black steel, electric-welded or solid-drawn, on threaded or welded joints. The use of galvanized pipes is not recommended for drinking purposes, but stainless steel too expensive and unprofitable.

Currently, most artesian water wells use modern technology double casing. The main steel column is complemented by a plastic liner made of HDPE or PVC pipe. With such a design, the service life, in comparison with a single-pipe one, increases significantly, consumer and operational properties increase.

Technology of drilling artesian wells for water

In our country, when arranging artesian wells for water, they mainly use URB 2A-2 well drilling rigs based on ZIL, as well as KAMAZ or URAL. The technology when using this installation involves the destruction of the rock mechanically, as a rock cutting tool, a cone bit is used, which is attached to the end of the drill rods and is driven by the engine of the machine for drilling the well.

Rise of the destroyed rock to the surface is carried out hydraulically, and water or a special clay solution is used as a flushing liquid. This technology of drilling wells for water is called "drilling with flushing". Its essence lies in the fact that the flushing fluid is fed through the rods to the bottom with the help of a pump, and then rises back up together with the destroyed rock. On the surface, it is poured into a special sump, from which it is pumped back. By controlling which rocks come to the surface along with the flushing fluid, drillers make up a geological section of the well.

When passing through non-solid layers (sand, loam, clay), a clay solution is used as a flushing fluid. If the cut begins with clay layers, then such a solution is obtained naturally with the addition of water, otherwise it is made using specially brought bentonite clay. In addition to lifting the destroyed rock to the surface, the clay solution fixes the walls of the well and prevents them from collapsing.

When passing through hard layers, for example limestone, as a flushing liquid, plain water. It also has a second purpose, when drillers pass through aquiferous limestone, water absorption begins, i.e. water starts flowing into the well. The rate of absorption is determined by the flow rate, when it reaches the required values, drilling stops.

The technology of drilling artesian wells for water involves sequential casing with pipes. After the well has been drilled to limestone, steel casing pipes are installed in it. Next, limestone is developed with a chisel of a smaller diameter and, if necessary, cased plastic pipes. Undoubtedly, this is the simplest variant of an artesian well device, when there are no geological complications, great depths, low flow rate, etc. In fact, there are many different designs of artesian wells.

The final stage of work is pumping the well to clean (clear) water. Also, during pumping, the necessary parameters (debit, dynamic and static levels) are measured for the selection and installation of water-lifting equipment.

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Do-it-yourself water well is real way provide water plot within a private house, thereby building a reliable water supply for the future suburban area where there is no centralized water supply.

Arrangement of such a water source requires significant financial and labor costs. Drilling will require special devices and equipment, but proper organization all work can be done independently and reliably.

In order to equip your own well for water, you need find the right body of water, determine the depth of its occurrence and drill a channel (wellbore) in the ground, which is included in this productive layer. The main drilling methods are discussed below.

screw method

For such drilling, drill (auger) in the form of a rod with a cutter at the end and blades located along a helical line. Garden or fishing drills can be considered elementary augers.

The essence of the technology is in screwing the tool into the ground by rotating it and extracting the earth as it rises. The process can be carried out manually or mechanically way. You can drill a well manually using auger up to a depth of 8-10 m.

This technique is considered the most simple and affordable, but it can only be used if there is a sufficiently soft or loose soil. You can not use it in the presence of quicksand and rocky outcrops. In the presence of harder soil or deeper drilling, it is necessary to tool rotation mechanization. As the hole deepens, the auger is screwed to the drill pipe (string) section.

Hydrodrilling (hydrodynamic drilling)

Technology based on the combination of traditional drill and hydraulic action.

At the same time, flushing fluid is constantly supplied to the drilling zone under pressure, which:

• helps destroy the earth;
• washes out the drilled soil, bringing it to the surface;
• cools the drilling tool;
• aligns the walls of the entire trunk as it moves.

It is water weighted with clay, and is fed into the well with a pump. Wells are usually made with the help of hydrodrilling. depth 30-50 m, but in principle, it is possible to drill a trunk even deeper than 200 m. To increase the drilling depth, a drill string is assembled from rods - pipes 1.3-2 m long, 45-75 mm in diameter.

Pneumatic drilling (pneumatic percussion drilling)

Refers to shock-rotational technology. With this technique, the destruction of the rock occurs by impact with a pneumatic tool (pneumatic hammer), while the entire drill string is given a rotational motion.

For pneumatic drilling not afraid of hard rocks, and problems arise with clayey, viscous soils that quickly clog the tool. The depth of the drilled wells is small - up to 50 m (usually 15-25 m). An important advantage is the high penetration rate.

diamond tool

The most effective, but very expensive way to drill wells is considered to be core drilling using diamond core bits. Such drilling rigs are capable of drilling at a very high speed in soil of any hardness. The main disadvantages are the small diameter of the trunk (up to 15-17 cm) and the cost of driving up to 500-700 rubles per 1 m.

Turbine technology

The method is based on the longitudinal advance of the drill bit, the rotational movement of which is provided by a turbodrill. All this is located on a submersible column, which is increased by rods as the wellbore deepens.

The main element - a turbodrill is an engine that plunges into the bottomhole zone, i.e. does not rotate the entire drill string. Drilling can be provided by low-speed (120-300 rpm) and high-speed (450-600 rpm) engines, while they are driven by the hydrodynamic force created by the fluid flow acting on the engine blades.

electric drill

This technology is not fundamentally different from turbine drilling. In this case, instead of a turbodrill with blades into the bottomhole zone immersed asynchronous type electric motor. Usage electric drive allows you to abandon the drill string in the form of pipes and lower the electric drill on a cable-rope.

The main disadvantage is reduced performance cable in downhole conditions with frequent tripping operations.

Screw motors

These are modern, improved drives lowered into the bottomhole zone. They are voluminous rotary type hydraulic units. Their rotation is provided by the drilling fluid, and efficiency is increased by the use of low and high pressure chambers.

Important. The choice of drilling method depends on the depth of the productive, water reservoir, soil characteristics and the presence of difficult areas in the drilling zone, as well as the planned well flow rate and the availability of equipment and financial capabilities.

How are water wells drilled?

Any well designed to lift water from deep water to the surface. Its principle of operation is based on the arrangement of the wellbore in the form of a pipeline by installing a casing string (pipe) so that the bottomhole with a filter coarse cleaning was inside the water source, while the rise of the liquid is provided by a submersible or surface type pump.

Thus, water enters through the holes in the bottom of the string and is forced up the wellbore to the surface.

Kinds

With considering design features and depth, the following types of water wells are distinguished:

1. Abyssinian well(pipe well). It is constructed by driving a pipe into the ground, and therefore the depth is no more than 6-10 m. Water rises from the top layer ( ground water) and is highly contaminated. It can be used for technical purposes or for drinking, but only after boiling.
2. Well on the sand. She drills deep 14-25 m, which allows you to use any method of drilling. Usually it is cased with a pipe with a diameter of 12-20 cm. The flow rate of such a well is small and it is intended for small farms. The work uses centrifugal pump surface mounted.
3. Artesian well is drilled to the lower, productive water reservoir at a depth over 50 m. The water in it is absolutely clean and used for drinking. Lifting from it can only be carried out using a submersible pump.

Functional nodes

Any well, regardless of depth and variety, has the following functional zones and nodes:

1. Downhole zone or water intake. This is Bottom part well, which is located in the water reservoir. Here, through the perforation, water enters the casing string. Mandatory element - filter.
2. Casing string (pipe) or suction line. Its task is to provide a sealed channel for water from the bottomhole zone to the pump inlet (pump intake), which must be supplied check valve to prevent backflow.
3. Pump. It provides the rise of water, for which it creates a certain pressure.
4. Hydraulic accumulator or storage tank . This node is responsible for protecting the equipment from water hammer, providing a water reserve and creating the necessary pressure in the water pipeline.
5. Pressure switch and control equipment.
6. Well head. This is the upper, ground part of the well, which protects it from contamination from above, freezing and distribution of raised water.

Equipment

To equip a well for water, you need the following inventory and equipment:

1. Pump. It is selected taking into account the depth and productivity of the well, the size of the casing, the length of the water main. With a shaft depth of up to 10-12 m, a surface, centrifugal pump is most often used. required power. For deep wells, a submersible type pump is used. It requires a carrier, safety cable and a submersible electrical cable.
2. Pumping station with the system automatic control process. It must have monitoring devices and overload protection devices.
3. Hydropneumatic tank. It is designed to maintain a stable pressure in the system and optimize pump performance. A constant water level in it is maintained by a level switch. The dimensions of the reservoir depend on the capacity of the equipment and the flow rate of the well. The volume can vary widely from 20-30 to 1000 liters. Containers with a volume of about 100-150 liters are considered optimal.
4. Caisson. The well head can be equipped in different ways, but the most popular is the caisson, which is a metal box (tank) that seals the wellhead. It is mounted with a small depth (up to 1-1.2 m) and has dimensions sufficient to accommodate connecting equipment and a serving person.
5. Communications. Cable, wire to ensure reliable power supply and water pipes from the caisson to the points of water consumption.

note

The upper part of the well and the water supply are in the zone of soil freezing, and therefore they must be reliably insulated.

Mounting sequence

The submersible pump is mounted in the following sequence:

• installation of a check valve (if it is not included in the pump kit);
• fastening on a cable and connecting a cable;
• immersion of the pump to the desired depth;
• installation and connection of a hydraulic accumulator (hydropneumatic tank);
• connection and adjustment of the control and monitoring system;
• installation and connection of fine filters;
• connection to consumption points (heating equipment, mixers, etc.).

Downhole device scheme

A standard deep well device with a submersible pump has such basic design:

• perforated water intake of the casing pipe with a sump;
• coarse water filter;
• submersible pump with check valve and water intake;
• conduit or pipe (hose) for lifting water connected to a pump;
• waterproof cable for pump power supply;
• borehole or expanded upper part of the wellbore;
• cap, caisson;
• shut-off equipment (ball type valve);
• control devices, pressure gauge (up to 8-10 bar);
• pumping mechanism with a ball valve.

The scheme of the well is quite standard:

1. Water under the pressure of the formation seeps into the sump and accumulates in it.
2. When the pump is turned on, water rises along the casing string, enters the pumping water intake and goes up the conduit.
3. In the caisson, water is sent to a hydraulic accumulator, where a certain supply of it is created, after which it enters the water supply system.

How is a well set up?

When a productive reservoir, a water carrier, is reached in the process of drilling, the stage of arranging a well for water begins. First, the lower filter column is lowered into the shaft, which is a pipe with a perforated tip, a settling chamber and a filter of several meshes, which prevent the penetration of large fractions of impurities.

Next, the entire casing string is mounted, and the gap between it and the ground is filled with sand and fine gravel. Simultaneously with backfilling of the mixture, the well is pumped by supplying water with sealing of the wellhead.

After cleaning the bottomhole, a submersible pump is lowered on a cable with a connected conduit with a diameter of 25-50 mm, depending on the flow rate of the well. The casing string and wellhead protection are fixed on the head. A shut-off valve is installed in the outlet system. In the caisson, a water conduit and a water pipeline are connected.

Well is enough complex hydraulic structure, but with its proper arrangement, a reliable own water supply appears. All operations, starting with drilling the well, can be done by hand, but for this you must follow all the recommendations of specialists and use standard equipment.

Useful videos

The cheapest and easiest to manufacture hydraulic drill and its test when drilling an aquifer:

How to drill with your own hands from sheet metal, look:

The same well, purpose and device:

Do-it-yourself methods and options for cleaning a household well from silting:

Before drilling, it is important to make sure that the water reservoir is sufficiently productive, for which professional geological surveys are required.

Drilling a well for water is a completely feasible task, and everything can be done with your own hands. The only thing is that it may not work to make an artesian well.

This work is quite labor intensive. The cost of drilling a well for water depends entirely on the depth of the source.

So how much it costs to drill a well for water will depend entirely on your site. In the video in this article, you can see the entire procedure for performing the work. And see the photo in more detail.

Criteria by which the quality of drinking water from a well is determined

The main goal pursued by drilling in the well section is the extraction of water for irrigation and drinking.

• Transparency at least 30 cm.
• Nitrates should not be more than 10 mg/l.
• One liter of water cannot contain more than 10 Escherichia coli.
• At least three points should be an assessment of smell and taste.

Tip: To make sure the quality of drinking water, its sample must be handed over to the sanitary and epidemiological service for examination.

Drilling methods

There are several ways to build wells for water, the depth of which is more than 20 meters.

It could be:

• Auger drilling.
• Core drilling.
• Shock rope method.
• Shock-rotational.
• Use of an ice ax.

Instruments

Water well drilling technology includes correct selection the right tool and equipment.

Needed to drill a well the following tools and equipment:

• You must have a drilling tower or make a fixture yourself;
• Gur, which will correspond to the diameter of the well;
• winch;
• Steel pipe, which is designed for fastening the walls, and rods.

Attention: If you have a large depth of the well, then you need a drilling rig, it is suitable for drilling a well to a greater depth. This design allows you to load and raise the drill with rods.

Determine the type of well

This issue is quite important and will completely affect not only the cost of work, but also the quality of water:

• Before starting drilling, the site area must be examined for the depth at which groundwater occurs, since this parameter will determine the amount of work required to be performed, which will lead to the fact that the well becomes aquifer.

Attention: The choice of the type of well is directly affected by the depth at which the water-bearing formation occurs.

• If the occurrence of the aquifer is shallow and can be found at a depth of 3 to 12 meters, you should choose a well of the "" type.
• A sand well is used at a depth of up to 50 meters.
• An artesian-type well will be used when water depth is up to 200 meters in the ground.

The first and second types of wells can be performed manually, but an artesian type well will require professional drillers and a drilling rig. Instructions for making other types will be below.

Sand hole execution by hand

pumping out water given type provides from a depth not exceeding 50 meters. The well is called so because it gives water from the sandy soil layer containing it, usually located at a depth of fifty meters.

Such a depth at which the aquifer lies requires periodic checks of the water content in the sanitation station, since it does not guarantee its purity.

Sand well is organized according to classical pattern using a pump. Purification of water from debris and suspensions is carried out using a filter installed at a depth that requires regular cleaning. This type has a service life of about 15 years.

Well device according to the "Abyssinian well" type

This one is the easiest to do. Since it is not deep, a careful approach is required when choosing a place for its device.

There should not be sewage and cesspools, septic tanks and garbage heaps near such a structure, since the shallow depth increases the risk of contamination of the source with harmful substances.

Attention: In the absence of pebbles or other hard rocks in the soil, the well can be drilled on adjoining territory or directly in the basement of the house.
This design makes it easy to use sub-zero temperatures. In order to use water in the absence of electricity, in addition to the pump, the home well is also equipped with a manual column.

Drilling an artesian well

If artesian-type wells are available in neighboring areas, then the occurrence of water in this area most likely occurs in a limestone layer. In other cases, an experimental well performed by drillers is used to determine the depth at which water occurs.

Able to provide more than one site with water, therefore, in order to obtain the desired result and save money, drilling is often ordered in pool.

The choice of one or another type of well is determined by the type of soil and the amount of water planned for consumption. sand well and abyssinian well provide a small amount of water consumption.

If the flow rate exceeds 10 cubic meters per hour, then an artesian well is needed. In order to avoid problems with laying the water supply in the future, it is better to drill any type of well near the house.

Tools and equipment for drilling

The drilling of an artesian well by professionals is carried out using a drilling rig. For drilling shallower wells, a tripod with a winch is used, which will lower and raise the drilling tool - a drill, a drilling column, drill rods, a core barrel.

Manual drilling of a well is carried out with a metal auger, in the role of which an ice drill can be used for over-ice fishing. In this case, the drill must be made of high-strength steel.
This drilling option is the most economical. In addition, you will also need a pump for the well, filters, a caisson, valves, pipes of various diameters (casing, water) and hoses.

Stages of drilling

So:

• To begin with, a pit or pit breaks out one and a half meters by one and a half meters. To prevent shedding, the recess is lined with pieces of chipboard, boards or plywood.
  For more stability in vertical position pipes, an ordinary drill breaks through a trunk 1 meter deep and 15-20 centimeters in diameter.
• A solid wooden or metal tripod, called a drilling rig, is installed above the recess and a winch is fixed on it. Very often towers are built from logs. Also, a drill column with rods 150 centimeters long is suspended on a tripod (subject to self-drilling).
• The rods are fastened with a threaded connection and fixed with a clamp. This design is used for lowering and lifting equipment.
• The pump is purchased in advance and determines the future diameter of the core barrel and well. For free passage of the pump into the pipe, the difference between the diameters of the pump and the pipe from the inside must be at least 5 millimeters.
• The lowering and retrieval of drilling equipment is considered to be drilling a well. During operation, the rod is rotated in the ground, and blows are simultaneously applied from above with a chisel.

Attention: It is much more convenient to do this work in pairs. One scrolls the rod with a gas wrench, and the other breaks through the rock, striking the rod from above.
The winch facilitates lowering and retrieval of equipment into the well, greatly simplifying the workflow. In order to determine the time to remove the rod for cleaning the drill, it is marked and cleaned every half a meter.

To facilitate the overcoming of various layers of soil for drilling, various drills are used:

• For clay soils, a spiral drill (serpentine) is used;
• For loosening hard soils, a drill bit is used;
• For sandy soil a drill spoon is used;
• A bailer is used to bring soil to the surface.

Let's now see how the work is done directly:

• The drill-spoon is used to pass the sandy layer, with the addition of water during drilling. In the case of hard ground, chisel drills are used, which have a flat and cross shape.
  These drills are designed for loosening hard soil. Overcoming quicksands occurs using the impact method.
• The bailer, serpentine and drill-spoon are used on clay soils. Since helical drills (coils) have a spiral-like design, they do an excellent job with clay soils. The pitch of the spiral in such drills will be equal to the diameter of the drill itself. The base of the drill has dimensions from 45 to 85 millimeters, and the blade is from 285 to 290 millimeters.
  Gravel-bearing pebble formations are punched using casing pipes, while alternating between a bit and a bailer. In some cases, pouring water into the holes is indispensable, since this greatly simplifies drilling the well. with a pump also deserves attention.
• The proximity of the aquifer will be evidenced by the wet rock extracted to the surface. Drilling will be noticeably easier, but you should not stop, because it is necessary to find a water-resistant layer with a drill.

The buildup and improvement of the well

When the desired depth is reached, you can proceed to the next stage of well improvement:

• A filter column consisting of a filter, a sump and a pipe is lowered into the finished well. The filter can be purchased at the store or made on your own from casing pipe, perforation and filter mesh.
• The pipe is strengthened by filling the space behind it with coarse sand or gravel with a fraction of up to 5 millimeters. Backfilling must be carried out above the level of the filter.
  Since the function of the filter is to protect the well from large impurities and sand, it is the main element designs. In parallel with backfilling, water is pumped into a pipe with a sealed top end.
  This operation flushes the filter and the annulus. With the help of this operation, a natural barrier is formed from large impurities.
• Next, a gelling operation is carried out, which ensures that water is pumped out with a screw pump or a special nozzle-bailer until clear and clean water appears from a fresh well. This is the swing stage. Most often, a centrifugal electric pump is used.

Attention: The advantage of this mechanism lies in its ability to pump liquid media with increased density. Let's say a regular pump household type but unfortunately it will take more time and effort. In the event of a power outage, a hand pump can also be used.

• At the end of pumping, using a safety cable to a depth, the pump is lowered, to which a hose is connected or water pipe with a diameter of 25 to 50 millimeters. The choice of the required diameter depends on how much water it will be possible to pump out of the well in a certain period of time.
• In the case of using a steel pipe, it is not necessary to fix the pump, but a waterproof cable that feeds the pump is attached to its body.

Choosing a pump

The price of this mechanism will depend on its power and manufacturer. It is better, of course, to give preference to proven brands, because they significantly better quality production.
When choosing, the following parameters should also be applied:

• The main indicator in this matter will be;
• The diameter of the casing pipe will also affect, it must be taken into account, otherwise the pump simply will not work;
• Power will also be needed, and this, in turn, will be affected by the remoteness of water delivery.

Attention: With a water depth of up to 9 meters, it is perfect surface pump self-priming. For deeper depths, use borehole pump submersible.

• First, the wellhead should be equipped with a caisson. There is a detailed article on this topic on our website;
• We remove the pipe and at the same time weld it to the head. Now we lower the pump there;

Attention: Do not forget that a valve must be fixed on the neck. With it, you can always turn off the water if necessary. This is needed in case of problems.

Now you have an idea how this work is done. The most important thing is not to rush and correctly determine the type of well. After that, when working, make high-quality sealing of the seams and everything will turn out to be of high quality and repairs will not often bother.