Water resources of Chuvashia. Chuvashia resources

Multimedia methodological support of the interactive lesson "Geography of Chuvashia" Author: Midakova L.P. MOU "Kukshumskaya OOSh" When the high vault of spring, Rays of life generously pours, In a good way, ending fate, The soul sings about the native land. I.S. Tuktash Theme of the lesson: Purpose of the lesson: Creation of a holistic image of the territory of the Chuvash Republic Lesson objectives: Familiarization with Chuvashia Generalization and systematization of knowledge about Chuvashia. Development of teamwork skills. Expanding horizons through acquaintance with the toponymy of Chuvashia. It is necessary to prepare for the lesson: 1. Textbook "Geography of Chuvashia". 2. Notebook. 3. map of Chuvashia. Today at the lesson: 1. Modern Chuvashia. Minilecture. 2. Generalization of knowledge based on the results of 6 lessons on Chuvashia. Self control. Acquaintance with the physical and geographical regions of Chuvashia. Teamwork. Toponymy of Chuvashia. Creative task. General information about Chuvashia It was formed on June 24, 1920 as the Chuvash Autonomous Region, on April 21, 1925 it was transformed into the Chuvash ASSR, on October 24, 1990 it was renamed the Chuvash Soviet Socialist Republic, on February 13, 1992 - into the Chuvash Republic as part of the Russian Federation . The Republic was awarded the Orders of Lenin (1935), the October Revolution (1970), Friendship of Peoples (1972). Territory - 18.3 thousand square meters. km. Population - 1305.0 thousand people (as of January 1, 2004). The capital is Cheboksary. 21 administrative districts, 9 cities, 8 urban-type settlements, 1723 rural settlements. Population density - 71.3 people. per 1 sq. km (on average in the Russian Federation - 8.5, in the Volga Federal District - 30). About 40% of the population lives in rural areas. The distance from Cheboksary to Moscow is 650 km. Time zone - Moscow. Cities of republican significance: Cheboksary (442.0 thousand people), Novocheboksarsk (125.3 thousand people), Kanash (49.9 thousand people), Alatyr (42.9 thousand people), Shumerlya ( 35.7 thousand people). Cities of regional significance: Kozlovka (12.6 thousand people), Tsivilsk (13.0 thousand people), Mariinsky Posad (10.2 thousand people), Yadrin (10.4 thousand people). Sights of Cheboksary Sights of Cheboksary Symbols of Chuvashia The state emblem of the Chuvash Republic is a heraldic shield of yellow-gold color, in the center of which is depicted a purple "Tree of Life". It symbolizes not only the Renaissance, but stylized depicts the peoples of the Chuvash land. From the purple "field of the earth" grows the "trunk" and "branches" of ethnic Chuvash living in their native land. From a line parallel to this "field" grow "branches" of ethnic Chuvash living outside the republic. Branches of peoples-nations living on the territory of modern Chuvashia are also woven into the crown of the "Tree of Life". The heraldic shield is crowned with the ancient Chuvash emblem "Three Suns", meaning the trinity of time - Past, Present and Future, and framed by a purple bordered gold ribbon with the inscription in gold letters "Chavash Republic - Chuvash Republic", ending with a stylized image of hop leaves and cones. The national flag of the Chuvash Republic is a rectangular yellow-gold cloth, in the lower part of which the Chuvash land is depicted in purple, and in the center there are emblems - The current Constitution of the Chuvash Republic was adopted on November 30, 2000. State power in the republic is exercised by the President, the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers. The President is the highest official and head of the executive branch. Its elections are carried out by citizens on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. N. V. Fedorov was elected the first President of the Chuvash Republic in December 1993, re-elected in December 1997 and in December 2001 and 2005. Nikolai Fedorov is a Chuvash, was born in the republic in 1958, graduated from Kazan State University, postgraduate studies at the Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the field of constitutional law, Doctor of Law, has the highest rank of the State Counselor of Justice of the Russian Federation. This is a well-known young politician in Russia, who began his career teaching at the Chuvash State University. In 1989 he was elected to the Parliament of the USSR, one of the leaders of the Legislation Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Physical and geographical position Chuvashia is located on the right bank of the Volga in the interfluve of the Sura and Sviyaga. In the west, the republic borders on the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north - on the Republic of Mari El, in the east - on the Republic of Tatarstan, in the south - on the Ulyanovsk region, in the southwest - on the Republic of Mordovia. Chuvashia is part of the Volga Federal District, and is also an integral part of the Volga-Vyatka economic region Geological structure Geological structure. The territory of the Chuvash Republic is located within the Eastern European platform. The structure is "two-story". The lower floor is a crystalline foundation. The upper floor is represented by marine and land-based sediments. Relief. In the relief of Chuvashia, there are numerous elevated areas and depressions, river valleys, deep ravines, dune soils and swampy lowlands. rocks, 1 glass sand, 1 tripoli, 1 gypsum and anhydrite, 5 peat and 1 sapropel 33% of the forests in the republic are occupied, of which 94% is owned by state forest management bodies, and the rest (6%) is owned by agricultural enterprises and organizations. Forests perform mainly water protection, sanitary-hygienic and protective functions, but they are also of great importance as a source of timber. Climate The climate is temperate continental, the softening effect of the Atlantic Ocean is weakened. The average annual air temperature is from 3.0° to 3.7°С; winter minimum - 46°С, summer maximum 39°С. Winter is moderately severe, moderately snowy. In the northern part, the depth of soil freezing reaches 1 m or more, in the middle and southern - 80-90 cm. The snow cover lasts for five months. The average height of the snow cover is 35-45 cm, sometimes it reaches 90 cm, but may not exceed 15-20 cm. From 450 to 700 mm of precipitation falls annually, but it is extremely uneven. Winter precipitation is about 39%, spring - 16%, summer 31%, autumn - 14% (Cheboksary). Over the past 250 years, 32 dry years and 21 severe floods have been recorded. The value of relative humidity in December-January is 80-90%, and in May-June - about 60%. The winds of the southern and western quarters prevail. The average monthly wind speed is about 5 m/s. Winds with a speed of more than 8 m/s and snowstorms are observed 6-12 days a month. The main river flowing through the Volga Republic (the length in the territory of Chuvashia is 127 km), into which many large and small rivers flow (2356). There are 754 lakes in Chuvashia, of which about 600 are floodplain, the rest are karst, and in the Trans-Volga region are interdune lakes. Chuvashia has a unique natural environment, there are specially protected natural areas - the Prisursky State Reserve, the Chavash Varmane National Park, 8 natural and 5 hunting reserves - objects of ecological and hunting tourism, vast ecologically clean territories. The presence of hydrogen sulfide sources, medicinal and table mineral waters and therapeutic mud creates conditions for the treatment of many diseases. The national composition of the population 1.20% 2.70% 1.90% 26.50% 67.70% The national composition of the population of the republic is as follows: Chuvash - 67.7%, Russians - 26.5%, Tatars - 2.7 %, Mordovians - 1.2%, other nationalities - 1.9%. In total, citizens of more than 50 nationalities live together in Chuvashia. Industry structure of Chuvashia Industry structure of Chuvashia 10% 6.90% 2% 43.40% 14.10% 13.10% The leading place in the economy of Chuvashia is occupied by industry, which provides a third of the gross regional product created, about 55% of tax revenues, 61.6% profit. More than 30% of the employed population work at industrial enterprises and more than half of the fixed production assets are concentrated. The modern industrial complex of the republic - 307 large and medium-sized enterprises of various forms of ownership. In the sectoral structure, the largest share is occupied by enterprises of mechanical engineering and metalworking (43.4%), food industry (13.1%), electric power industry (14.1%), chemical industry (10.0%), light industry (6.9%). %), timber industry complex (2.0%). Large enterprises of Chuvashia JSC "Promtractor" JSC "Textilmash" JSC "Cheboksary Aggregate Plant" JSC "Plant of Electronics and Mechanics" JSC "Cheboksary Electric Apparatus Plant" JSC "Electropribor" JSC "Plant "Chuvashkabel" JSC "Cheboksary Research and Production Instrument-Making Enterprise" Elara » Federal State Unitary Enterprise «ChPO im. Chapaev JSC Kontur JSC Corporation Cheboksary Cotton Mill JSC Cheboksary Knitwear JSC Lenta JSC Khimprom JSC Novocheboksarskaya Pike Factory JSC Elektroavtomat FSUE Alatyr Mechanical Plant FSUE Kanash Car Repair Plant OJSC Kanashsky Avtoaggregatny Zavod OJSC Kombinat Avtovanov OJSC Shumerlinsky Plant of Special Vehicles Agricultural regions of Chuvashia Structure of sown areas in Chuvashia 10.70% 35.70% 0.30% 53.30% Cereals and legumes - 53.3% Forage crops - 35.7% Potatoes and vegetables - 10.7% Industrial crops - 0.3% Most of the territory (54%) is represented by agricultural land, of which 80% are under arable land, others - under meadows and pastures. The name of Chuvashia is one of the minor planets of the solar system. The people of Chuvashia are proud that three Russian cosmonauts, Andriyan Nikolaev, Nikolai Budarin and Musa Makarov, were born and raised on their land. 9 Olympic medals were brought to the treasury of the country by Chuvash athletes. 40 times they became champions of world and European competitions. Legendary names of Pyotr Egorov - architect, author and builder of the fence of the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg and a number of other structures, I. Bichurin - orientalist, Pushkin's friend, Alexei Krylov - an outstanding shipbuilder, Nikolai Ashmarin - Turkologist and Chuvash scholar, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Maxim Mikhailov and Nikolai Mordvinov, outstanding artists, Nadezhda Pavlova, a talented ballerina, a hero of the Civil War - Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev, and many, many others forever entered the history of the Russian state. The area of ​​Chuvashia is 18 thousand square meters. km. Most of Chuvashia is located on the left bank of the Volga. The largest deposit of gypsum is located in the Alatyr region. The climate of Chuvashia is continental, the softening influence of the Atlantic Ocean is weakened. The Sviyaga River flows through the Batyrevsky district. Chuvashia has small reserves of fresh water. Chuvashia has 1 reserve, 4 national parks. In Chuvashia, a negative SP has been observed since 1997. The population density in Chuvashia is 74 people per sq. km. The most important branch of specialization of Chuvashia is mechanical engineering. OJSC "Lakokraska" is located in the city of Shumerlya. Task for the teams: 1 team - to prepare a report on the Zavolzhsky physiographic region of Chuvashia. Team 2 - prepare a report on the Central physiographic region of Chuvashia. Team 3 - prepare a report on the South-Eastern physiographic region of Chuvashia. Team 4 - prepare a report on the Volga physiographic region of Chuvashia. Team 5 - prepare a report on the Prisursky physiographic region of Chuvashia. Team 6 - to prepare a report on the Zasura physiographic region of Chuvashia. 1. Geographical location of the physical geographical area. 2. Features of the geological structure. 3. Minerals. 4. Relief. 5.Climatic features of the territory. 6. Organic world of the territory. 7. Economic activity and nature protection. 1. Ask your parents, acquaintances, about the origin of the names of the places and write a short essay "Toponymy of native places." 2. Try, by comparing old Soviet maps with new Russian ones, to find changed toponyms on the Russian Plain, in Chuvashia. Make a table. 3. Find place names on the map of Chuvashia that reflect the features of its nature, draw up a map with original conventional signs.

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Minerals of the Republic of Chuvashia

In the structure of the mineral resource base of the Chuvash Republic, the leading position is occupied by common minerals (OPI); building materials, as well as industrial and mining raw materials. As of January 1, 2005, the state balance of reserves included 155 deposits of solid minerals, of which 40% are involved in development. This ratio is optimal for the balanced development of the industry.

Carbonate rocks
The balance of reserves of carbonate rocks as of January 1, 2005 in the republic included 18 deposits of carbonate rocks with total reserves of A + B + C1 categories of 71.7 million tons. Carbonate rocks are mainly used for liming acidic soils. The industry has mastered 13 deposits, from which in 2004 199 thousand tons of raw materials were produced. A significant part of the production of carbonate raw materials falls on the Bakhmutovskoye (Poretsky district), Lysogorskoye, Karlinskoye (Yalchiksky district) deposits.

Clay
Clay rocks are being developed on a significant scale. As of January 1, 2005, 55 deposits of brick clay with total reserves of categories A + B + C1 of 65.5 million m³ and 12 deposits of lean sands of category A + B + C1 of 2.0 million m³ were recorded in the republic. In 2004, 20 deposits were developed with total reserves of clays and loams of A+B+C1 categories of 28.5 million m³. During the year, 375 thousand m³ was produced.
Clays suitable for obtaining expanded clay gravel are widespread in the republic. The balance accounted for five deposits of expanded clay with industrial reserves A + B + C1 of 9.7 million m³. The industry has developed three deposits with A + B + C1 reserves of 5.2 million m³. In 2004, a total of 115.3 thousand m³ of expanded clay was mined and 274 thousand m³ of expanded clay gravel of grades 300-500 were produced.

Sands
As a result of research, prospecting and exploration work, a large mineral resource base of sands has been created in the republic. As of January 1, 2005, 20 deposits and 23 manifestations of sands for various purposes (construction, silicate, etc.) have been identified. There is a noticeable tendency to increase the production of building sands: in 1994, 488.0 thousand m³ of sand were mined at the deposits, in 1999 - 511.0 thousand m³, and in 2004 - 691.2 thousand m³. There are 9 deposits in operation with B+C1 category reserves of 48.9 million m³.
In order to increase the volume of construction in the republic in 2004, 4 building sand deposits were involved in the development of the Volga River (Pokrovskoye, Sidelnikovskoye, Sheshkarskoye and Nizhne-Syukterskoye) with a production volume of at least 175 thousand m³ per year and one in the Alatyrsky district (Yavleyskoye sand deposit), and in 2005 - 2 new deposits of building sands (II Urakovskoye (Mariinsko-Posadsky district) and Kudeikhinskoye (Poretsky district)).
An active search is underway for investors to develop the Baevsky glass sand deposit in the Alatyrsky district (reserves of 2.64 million tons). The natural resources of the molding sands of the republic are administratively located in the Cheboksary (Sosnovskoye, Kugesinskoye, Kuvshinka), Tsivilsky (Verkhne-Shorsirminskoye), Poretsky (Kudeikhinskoye, Kozhevennoye, Siyavskoye) and Alatyrsky (Orlikovskoye) districts.

Tripoli
To date, a number of Late Cretaceous opok and tripoli deposits have been explored on the territory of Chuvashia. In accordance with the TrepelV program, exploration of the Shumsky deposit of opalcristobalite rocks (Alatyrsky district) was carried out, the reserves amount to 52.7 million m³. The raw materials have a multi-purpose purpose - they can be used as adsorbents, feed additives for animals and birds, lime and slurry binders, as fertilizers, etc. Significant reserves of the following explored areas and deposits of tripoli: Russko-Chukalinskoye field (reserves in category C2 4.3 million m³ (Shemurshinsky district), Northern section of the Alatyrskoye deposit (reserves in category C1 1.4 million m³ (Alatyrsky district), Novo -Chukalinsky site (forecast resources in category P1 27 million m³ (Shemurshinsky district), Yablonovsky site (forecast resources in category P1 48.7 million m³ (Alatyrsky district).
Russko-Chukalinskoye (Shemurshinsky district) and Shumskoye (Alatyrsky district) tripoli deposits are included in the Program list of subsoil plots offered for use. The annual productivity of a quarry at the Shumskoye deposit can be up to 800 thousand tons, at the Russko-Chukalinsky deposit - 80 thousand tons. With the expected demand of the national economy of 600 thousand tons/year, the Chuvash Republic is provided with zeolite-containing raw materials for 90 years.

Phosphorites
On the territory of Chuvashia, a number of areas of development of phosphorites have been identified, territorially covering the southern regions of the republic. According to TsNIIGeolnerud (Kazan), the most promising for discovering phosphorite deposits available for open pit mining are 6 areas Poretskoye, Surskoye, Krasnochetaiskoye, Komsomolskoye, Vurnarskoye and Dolgoostrovskoye.
The total predicted resources of phosphorites occurring at depths of up to 20 m in 13 promising areas are 183 million tons. The main part of the reserves of phosphorites due to difficult mining and geological conditions is classified as off-balance. In terms of reserves, the deposits are assessed as small, less often medium. The thickness of the productive strata is most often only 0.3-0.5 m. Phosphorites occur mainly at depths of 30-40 m. The P2O5 content in the phosphorite-bearing horizon ranges from 6 to 27%.
On the instructions of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Chuvashia, in 2003-2004. OAO TatneftV (Kazan) on the most promising Vurnarskaya area in the Vurnarsky district has completed prospecting and appraisal work for phosphorite raw materials. Reserves are estimated under category C2 in the amount of 385 thousand tons.

oil shale
Oil shales are widespread in the southern and southwestern parts of the Chuvash Republic. There are 6 manifestations of oil shale (Vurnarskoe, Oraushsko-Apnerskoe, Ibresinskoe, Buinskoe, Lipovskoe and Shigalinskoe) with total resources of 199.1 million tons. None of them is taken into account in the balance of reserves. The average thickness of oil shale ranges from 0.5 to 1.9 m. The depth of occurrence is mainly from 10 to 50 m.
Oil shale is a valuable energy-chemical raw material suitable for the production of solid fuel, medical, veterinary, industrial and household goods.

Peat and sapropel
The balance of reserves as of January 1, 2005 for peat deposits with an area of ​​more than 10 hectares included 37 peat deposits with a total area within the boundary of industrial depth: the original 3656 hectares, with 2805 hectares remaining after peat extraction. The total geological reserves of peat are 9967 thousand tons, including balance reserves of 5503 thousand tons.
The group currently being developed includes three peat deposits with balance reserves in category A - 1373 thousand tons: Belaya Lipsha, Dryanoye and Lelechikha. In 2004, peat was mined only at one deposit, "Dryanoe", in the amount of 20 thousand tons.
Now peat in the republic is used mainly in its unprocessed form as an ameliorant and bedding on livestock farms. Peat ameliorants improve the physicochemical properties of podzolic soils. Extraction of peat for agricultural needs accounts for 1020% of potential demand.
A digital inventory of sapropel deposits has been compiled. According to the Innovative Geological Center of the FGUGP V "Volgageologia" (Nizhny Novgorod), 12 lake deposits of sapropel (Svetloe, Moiseevo, Teni, Dark, Pustynnoe, Polgash, etc.) with a total area of ​​155 hectares and a total resource of 1204 thousand tons
The balance of sapropel reserves takes into account only one deposit, Lake Kogoyar, located in the Cheboksary region (Zavolzhye). The reserves of sapropel in the Chuvash part of the deposit are 557.7 thousand m³ in category A. The deposit is being developed by OJSC Sanatorium V "ChuvashiyakurortV" (Cheboksary). Production in 2004 amounted to 0.2 thousand m³. Sapropel is used for medicinal purposes by the Cheboksary balneo-mud treatment center.

Gypsum
A new mining industry has been created in the Chuvash Republic. At the expense of the investor's funds, the Poretsk deposit of gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite, the largest in Europe, is involved in the development. Reserves of mineral raw materials are approved in categories A + B + C1 in the following quantity: gypsum 120.065 million tons, dolomite 12.235 million tons. Anhydrite reserves of 50.948 million tons are classified as off-balance. Gypsum stone is mined at the gypsum deposit of JSC VGiPorV. In 2004, 26.9 thousand tons of gypsum were extracted along the way, and the construction of the Poretsk gypsum anhydrite plant is currently being completed.

Oil
In recent years, comprehensive work has been carried out on the geological study of the subsoil and the assessment of the prospects for oil and gas content. According to KamNIIKIGS (Perm), the estimated oil resources are approximately 148 million tons (recoverable

30 million tons); the most promising is the eastern part of the republic (Marposad Karlinsky site) with predicted resources of 60 million tons (recoverable 13.5 million tons).
At present, in the territory of the Chuvash Republic, OAO V"Tatneft" (Almetyevsk) at its own expense performs work in order to search for oil and gas deposits within the Ibresinsky block. A set of works was carried out on seismic profiles using the common depth point method (CDP), as well as geophysical survey at a scale of 1:25,000 using magnetic, electrical, and geochemistry methods. For the performance of the specified works by OAO V"Tatneft" in 2001-2005. 45 million rubles were spent.
According to the results of the commission meeting at the Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Moscow) on September 30, 2005, the right to use subsoil for the purposes of geological exploration for hydrocarbons in 2006-2010. for the Karlinsky, Batyrevsky and Shemurshinsky blocks in the territory of the Chuvash Republic, it was provided by OJSC VKondurchaneftV (Nurlat, the Republic of Tatarstan). The Subsoil User's Program for the Geological Study of the Subsoil provides for seismic surveys (2006-2008) in the amount of 720-970 linear km, geochemical surveys over an area of ​​100 km2 (2007-2008) and drilling of two exploratory wells (2009-2010 gg.). The expected increase in oil reserves should be 3-5 million tons.
In the republic there is a tendency to increase the volume of production of solid minerals. If from 1992 (extracted 1841 thousand m³) to 1996 there is a noticeable reduction (1026 thousand m³) of production, then from the mid-90s to the present there has been a stable increase in the production of solid minerals (in 2000 1232 thousand m³, in 2002 1375 thousand m³, in 2004 1349 thousand m³).

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In the structure of the mineral resource potential, the first place is occupied by sands (24.4%), the second - gypsum and anhydrite (17.2%), the third - clays (17.17%)

In Chuvashia, in recent years, there has been an increase in the extraction of solid minerals. In 2014, 3.3 million cubic meters were produced and 37.3 million rubles were transferred to the regional budget, in 2013 - 2.5 million cubic meters for 28.9 million rubles. Of the total volume of mined minerals, 62.5% are sands. This is stated in the report on the environmental situation in Chuvashia following the results of 2014, the correspondent reports. IA REGNUM with a link to the document.

In connection with the start of the implementation of the investment project by GiPor-M LLC, the volumes of gypsum and anhydrite production at the Anastasovo-Poretskoye field increased. If in 2010 the volume of gypsum production amounted to 48 thousand tons, then in 2014 - 2.25 million tons (deposit reserves - 138 million tons).

In terms of building sand production, Tus CJSC is the leader, which produced 505 thousand cubic meters last year (deposit reserves - 9.6 million cubic meters). Next come Cheboksary River Port OJSC, which sold 502.6 thousand cubic meters last year (reserves - 30.4 million cubic meters), and Nonmetallic Construction Materials LLC with a volume of 393 thousand cubic meters (reserves - 22.5 million cubic meters). LLC "Zarya Altyshevo" produced 25 thousand tons of glass sand (reserves - about 2.6 million tons).

In addition to sand, last year Tus received almost 15 thousand cubic meters of tripoli, 146.4 thousand cubic meters of brick clay and 96 thousand cubic meters of light-burning clay. JSC "Cheboksary Plant of Building Materials" last year produced 156 thousand cubic meters of brick and tile raw materials, JSC "Yamanchurinskaya Selkhozkhimiya" - 33 thousand cubic meters / m of carbonate raw materials, CJSC "SSK" Cheboksarsky" - 30.8 thousand cubic meters / m of clay raw materials.

Researchers pay attention to the fact that in recent years, deposits of tripoli, whose deposits are mainly located in the Alatyr and Shemurshinsky districts, have attracted great interest. “Due to its unique properties, tripoli is a promising raw material for the mass production of lightweight heat-insulating self-supporting wall blocks using modern technologies. Tripoli can also be used in the agro-industrial complex as complex mineral fertilizers and feed additives for livestock and poultry,” the report says.

Licenses for the exploration and production of tripoli from the Shumskoye deposit are held by TrePes LLC, Alatyrskoye and Novo-Aybesinskoye deposits by Stroykera-ika LLC, and Russko-Chukalinskoye deposit by Tus CJSC.

In 2010-2013, subsoil users at their own expense explored and approved the reserves of 15 common mineral deposits, including 11 deposits of building sands, one each of tripoli, brick raw materials, and lean sands. In 2014, work was carried out on the geological study and approval of construction sand reserves at six subsoil plots of local importance in the amount of more than 14,405 million cubic meters.

In total, in Chuvashia, as of January 1, 2015, the consolidated state territorial balance of solid mineral reserves accounted for 181 deposits for 11 types of raw materials. Of these, about 36% are being developed. In the structure of the mineral resource potential, the first place is occupied by sands (24.4%), the second - by gypsum and anhydrite (17.2%), the third - by clays (17.17%). Next in importance are oil shales (14.6%), carbonate rocks (12.5%), opal-cristobalite rocks (10.2%), phosphorites (5.9%) and sapropel (0.4%).

Geological structure. Relief. Mineral resources

The geological features of the territory of Chuvashia led to the formation of mineral deposits of sedimentary origin in its depths. Among them are combustible and non-metallic minerals. In total, 95 mineral deposits were taken into account in the republic, of which: 47 deposits of brick clay, 5 - expanded clay raw materials, 15 - building sands, 19 - carbonate rocks, 1 - glass sands, 1 - tripoli, 1 - gypsum and anhydrite, 5 - peat and 1 - sapropel. In Chuvashia, combustible minerals of strategic importance, such as oil, gas, coal, are not mined. Explored minerals are confined to sedimentary deposits of the Quaternary, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Permian ages

Chuvashia is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain. But the word "plain" defines only the general character of the republic's surface. In fact, the relief of Chuvashia is complex and varied. On the plain there are numerous elevated areas and depressions, river valleys, deep ravines, dune hills and marshy lowlands.

The main factor in the formation of the modern relief of Chuvashia are erosion processes resulting from the activity of water. On slopes and watersheds, it constantly washes away material and carries it to lower places. The geological structure of the territory of the republic enhances the washout of the material. Rocks formed in the Permian period and coming to the surface are crumpled, contain aquifers and feed watercourses. In depressions, flowing water merges into streams, eroding the soil. Ravines are born, growing into ravines, and then into the valleys of streams and rivers. And in the conditions of the general uplift of the territory, the activity of flowing waters intensifies and significantly changes the appearance of the region. It was the activity of the rivers that basically shaped the modern relief of Chuvashia.

The Volga divides the territory of the republic into two parts, differing in size and nature of the relief: the low left bank and the elevated right bank.

Terraces have formed on the left bank of the Volga, which makes up 3% of the republic's territory. In the relief, they are represented by a lowland with a height of 80-100 m. Hilly sands are found on the terraces. The mounds were created by the action of the wind and are dunes that are now covered with forest. The low altitude and weak slope of the terrain against the background of significant precipitation led to the formation of many peat bogs and lakes.

The modern relief of the right bank of Chuvashia is represented by the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The hill was formed as a result of tectonic movements of the earth's crust in the Paleogene period. The highest point, within Chuvashia, is located in its southern part and reaches 286 m. In the rest of the upland, the relative height ranges from 150 to 250 m.

On the entire surface of the upland, wide interfluves, cut by ravines and gullies, alternate with deeply incised valleys. In the eastern part of Chuvashia there are 2.3 times more gullies and 1.4 times more ravines than in the western part. But the northeastern part of Chuvashia has the greatest density of ravines, since there are few forests and the land is heavily plowed. The density of the river network in the northern half of the republic is higher than in the southern. In the southwestern part of Chuvashia, the girder network is denser and exceeds the ravine network by five times.

The ravines and gullies have an asymmetrical shape: the northern and eastern slopes are elongated and gentle, while the southern and western slopes are steep. This is due to uneven heating by the sun and uneven accumulation of snow on the surface, so the material is washed off the slopes at different rates. Due to the extremely dense network of ravines and gullies characteristic of the republic, it is often called the country of ravines. Most of the lands of the right-bank part of the republic are plowed up and occupied by cultivated plants. But the ravines cause great harm to the fields, and they have to be constantly fought.

Landslides can be observed on the steep slopes of river valleys and large ravines of the republic. Such slopes are characterized by stepped ledges. The trees on these slopes are tilted in different directions. Landslides can be found on the right bank of the Volga, on the steep left bank of the Sura near Alatyr, and in the valleys of other rivers of Chuvashia. They develop because the slopes are composed of layered strata, where waterproof layers alternate with permeable ones. With prolonged moisture, for example, in spring or rainy autumn, the layers become unstable and huge masses of soil slide down the slope. Landslides, like ravines, cause great harm to the economy of the republic. They destroy buildings and structures located on the slopes, destroy arable land.

Watersheds in Chuvashia are most often very even. But in some areas, where the heights exceed 200 m, there are low hills. These are remnants of an older surface, preserved in the form of islands. They are found in Alatyrsky, Vurnarsky, Kozlovsky, Morgaushsky, Urmarsky, Poretsky and Yalchiksky districts.

In the southwestern part of the republic, especially in the Sura basin, the interfluves are represented by sand dunes overgrown with forests. The depressions between the dunes are swampy.

The leading position in the structure of the mineral resource base of the republic is occupied by building and glass sands, as well as tripoli, gypsum, clay for the production of building ceramics and expanded clay, carbonate rocks for liming acidic soils, sapropel deposits are known in the lakes of the Trans-Volga region and the Sura valley. The most common fossil fuel is peat. According to the results of prospecting for oil and gas, a number of promising territories have been identified in the republic.

The mineral resource base of groundwater in Chuvashia is characterized by the presence of 12 explored deposits of fresh groundwater. In addition, there are own medicinal and drinking medical-table mineral waters, including hydrogen sulfide. Resources of mineral waters are practically unlimited, including their species composition. There are a significant number of mineral springs, the raw materials of which are used by a large balneo-mud treatment center and a sanatorium.

It is known that the reserves of fresh water on land are small. In Chuvashia, they are represented by surface and ground waters. The resources of rivers have played an important role in people's lives since ancient times. Small rivers were used for locking hemp, bast, mills were built on them. On large rivers (Volga, Sura, Tsivil) small boats went. River fish played a significant role in the diet of the Chuvash. At the same time, the inhabitants of the villages adjacent to the large rivers suffered from severe floods.

The main river flowing in the north of the republic for 120 km is the Volga, into which numerous large and small tributaries flow.

Before the construction of the dam of the Cheboksary HPP, the width of the Volga channel near Cheboksary was more than 1 km, and the depth in the reaches was 10-12 m. /with. The annual water flow varies by season. In winter, the river was fed only by groundwater. In spring, during high water, the rise of water in the Volga reached 14 m. The maximum rise was observed in April and in the first half of May. In summer, during low water, the water level of the Volga decreased and the flow of the river was almost compared with the winter value. In autumn there was a slight rise in water. The river within the republic had rifts.

With the completion of the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power plants on the Volga, the regime of the river has changed. The created reservoirs regulated the flow. The water level in the river has become almost unchanged.

At present, the working water level in the Cheboksary reservoir has been brought only to the level of 63 m. Even at this level, the floodplain of the left bank and the low floodplain terraces are flooded. Since the water level did not reach the design level, a vast shallow water was formed with dozens of islands. The area of ​​shallow water is about 40% of the entire surface of the reservoir. The deep-water zone coincides only with the old channel of the Volga. Shallow water and formed islands are the main cause of high water turbidity. The reservoir is fed by the flow of the main river Volga and its tributaries. The Sura, Vetluga, Yunga, Water Lily, Parat and other rivers flow directly into the reservoir. The water level in the reservoir during the spring flood can rise by 0.5 m, and in winter the water level can drop by 1 meter.

In connection with the filling of the reservoir, industrial and municipal water supply and navigation conditions have improved. The climate of the coastal zone has changed; sanatoriums, rest houses, children's camps operate along the banks of the reservoir. The Cheboksary HPP generates almost half of the electricity produced in the republic.

At the same time, the public of Chuvashia and neighboring regions had a negative opinion about the reservoir. This is due to the fact that floodplains with valuable pastures and hayfields were flooded, and some parts of the forest were not cut down and remained under water. In conditions of shallow water, water blooms began, the death of fish. In addition, waves destroy unprotected shores, which leads to the development of landslides.

The negative consequences of creating a reservoir can be significantly reduced if the reservoir is properly operated and the discharge of production waste into the reservoir is stopped. Pollution of water and areas of land adjacent to the reservoir is caused by mismanagement and a bad attitude towards nature and is completely eliminated.

Numerous tributaries flow into the Volga within the republic. The number of small rivers in Chuvashia is 2356, there are 133 rivers and streams per 1000 km 2 of the territory. Some rivers have tributaries of the eighth order (Big Tsivil). The total length of the rivers of Chuvashia is 8650 km.

The regime of the rivers of Chuvashia is extremely uneven. The bulk of the water on small rivers passes during the spring flood (50-70% of the annual norm). The lowest water level in spring is observed in the southwestern part of the republic, where sandy soils are widespread, where melt water seeps. In areas where the underlying rocks are clays and loams, the maximum water level is observed (tributaries of the Big and Small Tsivil). The winter water level is even lower, but in the rivers flowing through forest areas, the winter decrease in runoff is insignificant. Summer floods are very rare. The rivers usually freeze in the first half of November. Freeze lasts 140-150 days. The rivers are fed mainly by snow, partly by groundwater.

The turbidity of small rivers flowing in the forest regions of the Surye and Trans-Volga regions is insignificant, in contrast to the rivers of the steppe regions. The tributaries of the Volga, in addition to fine-clastic material of natural origin, carry a significant amount of organic and mineral substances into the reservoir, which pollutes the water.

The left tributaries of the Volga, flowing through sparsely populated areas, carry relatively clean water into the reservoir. The largest left tributary of the Volga within the republic is the Parat River, 48 km long.

The largest tributary of the Volga in Chuvashia is the Sura, whose length is 864 km, the basin area is 68 thousand km 2. In Chuvashia, it flows in a meridional direction, along the western border of the republic for 250 km. The channel of the Sura is winding, 110-250 m wide. The average slope of the river is large (29 cm per 1 km), so the Sura has a high flow rate (0.75 m / s) and is the most muddy of the major tributaries of the Volga. In high water, the river floods the floodplain by 1.5-3.5 m for 15-30 days. Sura is a unique river. To the mouth of the Algashka River, the Sura flows along a high and steep left bank, while almost all rivers in the northern hemisphere have a high right bank.

On the territory of the republic, the Abyss, Kirya, Vyla, Alatyr, Menya, Algashka and other rivers flow into Sura. Of these, Kirya has waterfalls in the upper reaches that attract the attention of tourists.

The second largest tributary of the Volga in the republic is the Tsivil, whose length is 172 km. Its sources are located in the vicinity of the village of Lesnye Tuvany, Shumerlinsky district. In the lower reaches, the width of the river valley reaches 1-1.5 km. During high water, the floodplain of the river is flooded by 1.5-2 m for 10 days.

In the eastern part of Chuvashia, the tributaries of the Sviyaga flow, the largest of them are the Kubnya, Bula, Karla, Uta, Arya.

In the north-east of the republic, Anish flows into the Volga, the length of which is 61 km. Its source is located in the Tsivilsky district.

Rivers are used by many sectors of the economy: energy, transport, agriculture, animal husbandry, as well as for the organization of recreation areas.

The rivers of Chuvashia have significant energy resources. In pre-revolutionary and pre-war times, up to 500 water mills operated in Chuvashia. But later they were abandoned and by now almost nowhere have been preserved. This had a negative impact on the state of small rivers. To improve the water supply of the rural population in the republic in the 80s, many ponds and reservoirs (more than 300) were built. Artificial reservoirs have solved the problem of full-flowing small rivers, especially in summer. But in the 90s, the ponds were no longer looked after, so half of them are in an abandoned state.

In modern economic conditions, it is possible to build local power plants on small rivers, the operation of which would be more efficient for individual farms. Ponds and reservoirs could also serve for breeding valuable varieties of fish. But these opportunities are not being used enough.

On the territory of Chuvashia, according to data for 1995, there are 754 lakes with an area of ​​more than 1 ha. Most of them are floodplains. Lakes located outside the river floodplains, by the origin of the basins are usually karst, suffusion, there are interdunes.

Karst lakes are found where water-soluble rocks lie in the upper part of the earth's crust. In Chuvashia, the origin of karst lakes is associated with gypsum deposits, interlayers of dolomites and limestones. Underground waters, dissolving rocks, form voids underground, which leads to failures. Lakes appear on the site of failures. Typical karst lakes include Syutkul, Kulhiri, Al, Beloe, Bottomless, Svetloe, Izyar.

Suffusion lakes are formed as a result of subsidence of soils due to the dissolution and removal of small mineral particles by groundwater and seeping water or the occurrence of underground voids. These lakes are small and shallow (1.5-2 m). A typical suffusion lake in the republic is Shikhazanskoe, located in the Komsomolsk region.

Interdune lakes are located in the Trans-Volga region, 2 lakes are known - Big Swan and Small Swan. Their bottom is covered with a thick layer of sapropel.

From a height, floodplain lakes look like silver horseshoes scattered along river valleys. The older the river, the richer it is in oxbow lakes. In the republic, such lakes are located mainly in the Sura (about 500) and Tsivil (121) basins. The most famous floodplain lakes are Shiblevo, Izerki, Staritsa, Bazarnoye, Dolgoye.

Most of the republic's lakes do not exceed 5 hectares in area. The largest lakes of Chuvashia are Bolshoe Swan (30 ha), Beloe (17.5 ha), Kulhiri (14 ha), Svetloe (11 ha), Teni (8.9 ha), Shikhazanskoe (8 ha). All floodplain lakes are small, only 6 of them exceed 2.5 hectares in area.

Erosion processes lead to siltation of lakes due to high planar washout from the slopes. It is believed that over the past 20-25 years, about 50 lakes have ceased to exist.

The republic is located in a zone favorable for the formation of swamps. In total there are about 400 of various sizes and areas. The most swampy areas are located in the Trans-Volga region and in the Sura valley. Since most of the swamps are located in the floodplains of the rivers, ground and river waters predominate in their nutrition. Basically, they belong to the low-lying type of swamps.

Groundwater resources of Chuvashia are enormous, since they occur throughout the sedimentary strata, i.e. to depths of 1400 - 1800 m.

The aquifers of the Quaternary deposits of the Volga and Sura valleys have sufficient water quality, they are plentiful and suitable for household and drinking needs. They supply water to the cities of Shumerlya, Yadrin, Cheboksary, Mariinsky Posad and other settlements.

Aquifers of pre-Quaternary deposits are mainly concentrated in the deposits of the Permian period and occur in fractured limestones, dolomites, and marls. The thickness of aquifers reaches 50 m and more. Cities such as Kanash, Tsivilsk and other settlements are supplied with groundwater from Permian deposits.

Groundwater, concentrated in the Carboniferous and Devonian strata, is characterized by high pressure and high salinity; they are unsuitable for economic needs.

In Chuvashia, 87.8% of the rivers are small, less than 5 km long. Rivers with a length of 25 to 100 km - 2%, and more than 100 km - 0.2%. The density of the river network ranges from 0.4 to 1 km per km 2. In some areas of the north-eastern part of the republic, this figure is higher than 1 km per km 2. The total area of ​​the basins of the large tributaries of the Volga within Chuvashia is 6815 km2, and their average annual runoff is more than 940 million m3.

The sources of Sura are located in the so-called Surskaya Shishka (Ulyanovsk region).

In the early 50s. of the last century, 80 local hydroelectric power stations operated in the republic. On Bolshoy Tsivil - 19, on Kubna - 15, on Uta - 15, on Bule - 14.

Lakes with a depth of 2.5 m prevail in the republic. Only 4 lakes have a depth of more than 10 m - Al, Kulhiri and lakes with the same name Syutkul (one in the Krasnoarmeysky district, the other in Morgaushsky).

The formation of climate depends on a group of factors: geographical location, solar radiation, the nature of the movement of air masses and the relief of the underlying surface.

The main features of the climate are determined, first of all, by the geographical position of the territory. Finding the territory of the republic between 54 ° with. sh. and 56° N. sh. determined its position in the temperate climate zone with distinct seasons. The remoteness of Chuvashia from the ocean contributed to the formation of a temperate continental climate. The flat terrain favors the movement of warm air masses from the Atlantic and cold air from the north.

The territory of Chuvashia is characterized by a positive radiation balance. During the year, the duration of sunshine varies from 42 hours in December to 256-317 hours in the summer months. In winter, scattered solar radiation prevails in the republic, and in summer - direct. At the same time, in winter, cloudiness weakens not only direct radiation, but also reduces reflected radiation, as a result, heat loss and cooling of the earth's surface slow down.

Within the republic, air masses move mainly from west to east and cyclonic activity prevails. The frequent change of cyclones and anticyclones is the cause of unstable weather in the republic. Cyclones come to us from the Atlantic and are accompanied by inclement weather. Anticyclones bring us cold arctic, and sometimes, mainly in summer, warm tropical air. In winter, clear frosty weather is associated with anticyclones, while in summer and spring it is dry and hot.

The natural conditions of the region were significantly affected by the change in the nature of the underlying surface. It is known that several centuries ago the territory of Chuvashia was almost completely covered with forests. Over the past century, forests have been cut down on 2/3 of the territory of the republic.

The northern part of the Volga Upland was especially affected. Without forest cover, the earth's surface heats up more than under forest cover. This leads to a decrease in relative humidity and to a decrease in the amount of precipitation. As a result, in the 20th century the climate in the republic became drier.

The construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station and the filling of the reservoir to some extent changed the climate of the surrounding areas. An increase in heat consumption for evaporation reduces the temperature of the earth and water surfaces and leads to an increase in the relative humidity of the lower air layer. Therefore, in the coastal zone of the reservoir in the warm season, the air temperature is 2-3°C lower than in areas remote from the reservoir. As a result, a breeze arises here at a speed of 3-4 m / s. With the construction of hydroelectric power stations in the coastal zone, the number of industrial enterprises increased, which, in turn, led to air pollution. Air pollution also reduces solar radiation.

The climatic conditions of the territory are usually characterized by the distribution of air temperature, pressure, humidity and precipitation.

The small size of the republic and the flat nature of the relief contributed to the insignificant diversity of air temperature distribution in Chuvashia. Average annual temperatures from north to south vary from 3.3°С to 3.8°С. In the same direction, the average July temperatures change from +16.5°C to +19.5°C, the maximum temperature was recorded at +39.2°C in the area of ​​Batyrevo and Poretsky in 1971. The average January temperatures drop eastward from -12°С to -13.4°С, the minimum air temperature was recorded in the Batyrevo region - 47.2°С in 1979.

On the territory of the republic, there is a close relationship between atmospheric pressure and the annual course of air temperature. The pressure minimum (755 mmHg) occurs in July, and the maximum (766 mmHg) occurs in January. Summer isobars in the republic extend from north to south, while winter ones are directed from southwest to northeast. Depending on the pressure, the winds during the year have predominantly western and southwestern directions. The average annual wind speed in Chuvashia is 4-5 m/s.

The main "supplier" of precipitation are sea air masses coming from the west. But on the territory of the republic they are distributed unevenly. The zone with the maximum amount of precipitation in Chuvashia extends along its middle part from north to south. The minimum amount of precipitation falls on the northwestern and northeastern parts of the republic. During the year, precipitation in Chuvashia falls mainly in summer, and the minimum amount is observed in winter. The daily course of precipitation is not correct. They can fall at any time of the day, but in summer it usually rains in the afternoon, when the heated air masses receive ascending currents. For the year in Chuvashia falls from 450 to 750 mm of precipitation. In the republic, the number of days with precipitation of 1 mm or more reaches 100 in places, and with precipitation of more than 5 mm - 30. Precipitation falls extremely unevenly over the years. For example, in 1932, only 280 mm of precipitation fell, and in 1962 - more than 700 mm.

The annual course of air humidity depends on the temperature regime. The absolute air humidity in Chuvashia reaches its maximum in July and its minimum in January. In the summer, water vapor enters the territory of Chuvashia mainly from the Atlantic. The value of absolute humidity in summer ranges from 10-15 mm, and in winter - 2.5-3.0 mm. Relative humidity has the highest value in December-January (80-90%), and the lowest value - in May-June (about 60%).

Let us consider seasonal changes in air temperature and humidity within the republic.

usually begins in late October - early November. It is at this time that the first snow appears, and on November 16-21 a stable snow cover is established. Ice often forms at the beginning of winter. The frosts are most stable from mid-January to mid-February. At this time, the republic is under the influence of anticyclones with their windless frosty weather, when the temperature drops to - 30. - 35°C. The soil freezes up to a meter, and in winters with little snow - up to 2 m. The number of days with snowstorms during the winter ranges from 5 to 65. The duration of winter is 150-160 days.

Spring begins in March, but at this time the weather conditions still have a lot in common with winter ones. The air temperature is negative, the thickness of the snow cover in March even increases. But an increase in solar radiation leads to frequent thaws. In late March - early April, there is a transition of the average daily air temperature from negative to positive. It is this time that should be considered the beginning of spring. The amount of spring precipitation is 70-80 mm. By the end of May - beginning of June, the spring flood on the Volga and Sura subsides, the average daily temperature reaches 15 ° C above zero and the spring ends, which lasts 50-58 days.

Summer is characterized by warm weather. The soil and surface layers of air are intensively warmed up. The average monthly temperatures of the summer months range from +16.5°С to +19.5°С. In summer, cyclonic activity is activated. Arctic air at this time of the year comes warm, and sea air coming from the west brings precipitation. Thunderstorms are common, accompanied by heavy rainfall, sometimes with hail. Cloudiness in summer is low, cumulus clouds prevail, usually appearing in the middle of the day. The total amount of summer precipitation reaches 220 mm, which is a significant part of the annual amount. The average duration of summer in the republic is 85-100 days.

Autumn comes into its own in early September. The average monthly temperature is +10. +12°C, and in October it drops to +3. +4°С. Frosts are possible in early autumn. There is an increase in cloudiness, an increase in the number of days with cloudy weather. Frequent drizzling rain. Precipitation for the autumn period falls 100-125 mm. The average duration of autumn in the republic is 60-65 days.

The territory of Chuvashia has sufficient climatic resources necessary for the growth of zoned agricultural crops: rye, barley, wheat, oats, potatoes, peas. Hops, berry and horticultural crops ripen well in the republic.

There are three agro-climatic regions in the republic: northern cool, central moderately warm and southern warm.

Northern is provided with heat less than other regions. The sum of air temperatures for the period with temperatures above +10°С is less than 2100° here. Rainfall is about 700 mm. This is more than in other places of Chuvashia. The duration of the frost-free period is less than 150 days. The territory is covered with snow for the same number of days. The northern cool agro-climatic region covers only the Trans-Volga region, where the number of agricultural enterprises is small, mainly suburban individual and summer cottages.

The central moderately warm agro-climatic region is the main base of agricultural production in the republic. The average annual air temperature here is +3.0. +3.5°С. In some years, the winter air temperature can drop to -46°C for several days, which leads to the death of garden trees and even oaks. Precipitation in the central region is about 600 mm, there are significant fluctuations over the years. The sum of air temperatures for the period with temperatures above +10°C reaches 2200-2250°C, which is sufficient for the maturation of the main grain, vegetable and horticultural crops. The snow cover reaches a height of 40-50 cm, which fully ensures the preservation of crops from freezing and soil moisture.

The southern warm agro-climatic region is the most favorable in terms of agriculture. The average annual air temperature is +3.6. +3.7°С. The duration of the frost-free period is at least 140 days. The sum of air temperatures for the period with temperatures above +10°С is more than 2600°. However, dry winds are quite often observed here (up to 30 days per season). Precipitation falls over 500 mm per year. The number of days with stable snow cover is 145-150.

Wind energy has long been used in Chuvashia, many windmills have been operating everywhere. However, over the past decades, they have mostly been destroyed, with the exception of individual structures that do not work and remain as ancient monuments. Meanwhile, westerly winds prevail in all seasons of the year, and wind turbines can operate year-round. In view of the energy crisis, newly created farms and individual villages could well use wind turbines not only for lighting, but also for production needs.

There are practically no virgin landscapes left in Chuvashia at the present time. Most of the territory is represented by agricultural land - fields, cultivated meadows or forest plantations. Part of the territory was occupied by settlements, industrial complexes, roads, construction sites, recreation areas. Moreover, the landscapes of rural settlements began to change dramatically. In some they became scarce (abandoned villages), in others they were renewed. The boundaries of cities have expanded significantly.

Of the agricultural landscapes in the republic, the field type prevails. It is determined by the annual plowing of the soil layer with the application of fertilizers. At the same time, old arable soils acquire new properties. There is also a meadow-pasture type of agricultural landscape, which is supported by systematic haymaking and grazing. Plants and animals are essential components of nature. They determine the general appearance of the territory, its appearance, affect other components and play a big role in human life. Plants and animals do not exist on earth in isolation, but in the form of regular combinations of natural components characteristic of a certain geographical area. The composition of plants and animals is determined by the ratio of heat and moisture in different periods of the year. Therefore, we see a significant diversity of plant and animal communities on the territory of our republic.

Before the settlement of the territory, our region was almost entirely covered with forests, only in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the republic there were steppe areas. Subsequently, the main forests were cut down, and at present many areas in the Ibresinsky, Poretsky, Shumerlinsky districts are covered with secondary birch and aspen forests. The development of forests in Chuvashia is facilitated by satisfactory climatic, soil and hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, here the forests are more widespread than on the monotonous plains.

Currently, forests have been preserved in less than one third of the republic and are unevenly distributed. In some areas (Shumerlinsky, Ibresinsky, Alatyrsky), forests occupy more than 50% of the territory, and in Yalchiksky, Alikovsky, Urmarsky and Tsivilsky regions - only 4-9%. The forests of the republic are represented by coniferous and deciduous trees.

Coniferous forests occupy 32.1% of the total forest area of ​​the republic. They are pine and spruce.

Pine forests are located in the Trans-Volga region, the Surye region and in the southern part of the republic. In these forests, in addition to pines, there are birch and aspen; rose hips, viburnum and other shrubs grow in the undergrowth, among which there are many berries. The grass cover is diverse, in some places there are lingonberries, blueberries, and oxalis. Ferns, mosses and lichens grow. Of the coniferous species in Chuvashia, Siberian larch and cedar are also cultivated.

Spruce forests with an admixture of linden and birch grow in the Vurnarsky, Ibresinsky districts, in the north-eastern part of the Poretsky district and in the Trans-Volga region. Spruce is a shade-tolerant breed and forms a natural community "spruce-green moss" with green mosses.

Broad-leaved species are represented by oak, linden, maple, elm, ash and other trees. Oak forests are located in separate isolated islands along the right bank of the Volga. The largest massifs are located in the Mariinsko-Posadsky, Cheboksary, Yadrinsky, Krasnochetaysky and Shumerlinsky districts. Modern oak forests of Chuvashia are represented by middle-aged (60.9%) and young (28.3%) stands. Oak has a very durable wood with a beautiful sectional pattern. Since the settlement of the territory, it has been cut down for various economic needs. Therefore, the remaining oak forests of Chuvashia are classified as especially valuable forests. Linden, maple, elm grow as an admixture in oak groves. Less common are ash, apple forest, mountain ash. And black alder grows in damp places. Shrubs in them are represented by hazel, euonymus, viburnum. In the Surye, in oak forests, larch, cedar and even Amur velvet are cultivated. In Yantikovsky, Mariinsko-Posadsky, Cheboksary regions, larch and cedar are cultivated.

Over the past decades, there has been a widespread drying of oak tops. The reason for this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated, the most probable is atmospheric pollution. After clearings and forest fires, the forest regenerates mostly with birch and aspen, less often with linden and pine.

In almost the entire northern and central right-bank part of the republic, forests have been cleared and land has been converted into agricultural land. Forest cover here ranges from 4 to 14%. Oak forests and linden forests (in the south of the Volga region) have survived only in separate isolated areas. Therefore, this region can be characterized as oak-forest-steppe. Forests need special protection, reconstruction and restoration. Pine and oak are planted mainly. In addition, protective afforestation occupies a significant place in the republic, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich in Chuvashia is more than 6000 hectares. On average in the republic, the annual growth of wood is 3.4 m 3 per 1 ha of forest. The total increase is about 2 million m 3 .

The forest plays a huge role in human life. The most important species used for construction, chemical processing and other household needs are conifers, as well as oak and willow. More than 100 thousand tons of oak wood are spent annually on chemical processing alone, up to 2.5 thousand tons of willow bark, etc. In coniferous forests, up to 2 thousand tons of resin are extracted. A lot of linden is cut down for the manufacture of handicrafts. In Chuvashia, more than 1000 m 3 of moss is annually selected, which is used in construction as an insulating material.

Cowberries, cranberries, mountain ash, currants, cumin, wild rose, birch buds, lily of the valley, coltsfoot, plantain, chamomile, yarrow, horsetail and many other plants are used in medical, confectionery and alcoholic beverage industries. Procurement organizations of Chuvashia collect edible mushrooms: white mushrooms, mushrooms, honey mushrooms, butter and others. Nuts are harvested from oilseeds by the residents of the republic.

Steppe vegetation has been preserved in the southeastern part of Chuvashia and in Zasurye. This includes mainly the territories of the Komsomolsk, Yalchik, Batyrevsk and Alatyr districts. Under the meadow steppes, chernozem soils were formed, which were plowed up earlier than others. Before turning into agricultural land, steppe cereals and herbs grew here. Abundant vegetation during the summer experienced a change of species from early spring to late autumn. Typical representatives of steppe vegetation are fescue, sage, bluegrass, feather grass.

Meadow vegetation covers the unplowed floodplains of the small rivers of Chuvashia. Floodplain meadows are used as hayfields and pastures. More than 1000 species of plants grow in the meadows, which are mainly included in the composition of cereals, legumes, and sedge plant groups.

Insignificant areas of the republic (0.5% of the entire territory) are occupied by marsh and aquatic vegetation. The coastal zone of most lakes is occupied by sedge, horsetail, arrowhead, chastuha, foxtail. Further grow cattails, reeds, reeds. There are few purely aquatic plants, the most famous are the yellow capsule, the white water lily. In the Sura valley there is a very rare water chestnut (chilim), listed in the Red Book.

In accordance with the soil and plant conditions, the animal world of Chuvashia was also formed. The position of the republic at the junction of different vegetation zones, the heterogeneity of the relief determine the diversity of animals. Over 60 species of mammals, 44 species of fish, 16 species of amphibians and reptiles live on its territory. Here you can meet more than 260 species of birds, various invertebrates.

In general, the republic is characterized by a mixture of animals from the southern taiga and typical steppe forms. Human activity has had a significant impact on the fauna. Some animals spread to the republics as a result of artificial resettlement. At the same time, some species of fauna have been destroyed by man. For example, in the cultural layer of the X-XIV centuries. bones of reindeer were found. Back in 1917, they were in the neighboring Nizhny Novgorod region.

Most representatives of the fauna of Chuvashia live in deciduous forests. There they find reliable shelters and are provided with stable food. The largest ungulate animal of deciduous forests is the elk, whose weight reaches 400 kg. In recent years, due to the ban on shooting, the number of moose has increased significantly. Their number exceeds 1000 heads. In the republic, they live mainly in the prisura forests. There is also a noticeable increase in the number of wild boars. Mole, hedgehog, fox, shrew, bat, badger, raccoon dog, lynx, marten, ermine, weasel, squirrel, white hare, mouse, chipmunk live in the forests. Deciduous forests are especially rich in birds. There are black grouse, hazel grouse, capercaillie, woodcock, jay, magpie, cuckoo, swift, woodpecker, warbler, warbler, blackbird, owl, sparrowhawk.

In coniferous forests, the animal world is poorer. They are inhabited by squirrels, hare, chipmunk, mink, otter, marten, lynx. There are few birds in coniferous forests. Most often there are bullfinch, woodpecker, jay, chaffinch, crossbill, owl, eagle owl, owl, black grouse, capercaillie, black stork, which is included in the Red Book. On clear sunny days, lizards and snakes can be found on the trunks of fallen trees, on stumps. Mostly there are copperfish. The only venomous snake is the viper.

In the steppe areas, the animal world is noticeably poorer. There are a fox, a hare, a light polecat, a hamster. Speckled ground squirrel, jerboa, ground marmot, lark, quail, gray partridge, lapwing, kite live in the southern regions of the republic, eagles and falcons are less common.

There are noticeably more animals near water bodies. In the reservoirs themselves there is a variety of fish - pike, perch, bream, crucian carp, tench, silver bream, carp, ide, roach, crucian carp, ruff, gudgeon. Stocks of the most valuable fish - sterlet, bream, pike perch, unfortunately, began to decrease.

Along the small rivers and forested channels of the Volga and Sura, there are otters, minks, and the North American musky rat, the muskrat, which has acclimatized in our country. The floodplain of the Sura is inhabited by the oldest mammal found in the territory of Chuvashia - the Russian muskrat, which is listed in the Red Book.

As game animals in Chuvashia, one can name an elk, a wild boar, a beaver, a fox, a hare and a squirrel. They also hunt birds.

In total, there are about 570 thousand hectares of forest in the republic. Young growth occupies more than 45% of the total area, a quarter of the area - middle-aged trees, ripe and maturing species about 23%. Only 8% of the area is overmature trees.

The low-value gudgeon common in rivers is interesting because it is very sensitive to water pollution. It is considered an indicator of water pollution. If there is a gudgeon in the river, it is completely clean.

In the process of economic activity, a person greatly changes the natural vegetation and fauna. The expansion of arable land leads to the replacement of natural vegetation by agricultural crops. Simultaneously with the vegetation cover, the animal world is changing: the species composition and number of animals. Clear cutting of forests, plowing of meadows and land reclamation, construction of roads and industrial facilities have changed the ecological situation in Chuvashia. Some species of animals and plants are under the threat of complete extinction. All this forces us to take measures to preserve and restore the resources of the organic world. Species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book need special attention and protection. Not only individual species, but also entire communities of plants and animals are protected in special places. There are the Prisursky nature reserve, the Chgvash vgrmane national park, the Zavolzhye natural park, 6 state nature reserves, 7 state hunting reserves, and more than 100 natural monuments in the republic.

For residents of the Cheboksary urban agglomeration, the republican natural park "Zavolzhye", located on the left bank of the Volga, has a special attraction. 1358 species of animals live on the territory of the natural park. Of these, 55 species of animals are rare: brown bear, wild boar, lynx, ermine, European mink, marten, forest dormouse, chipmunk, flying squirrel. In the reservoirs of the park, many of which are declared natural monuments, there are about 40 species of fish, and some of them, such as grayling, carp, brook trout, need protection. The species composition of the plant world of the Trans-Volga region is rich and diverse. The park has beautiful forest lakes and small rivers, among them Lake Svetloe, the rivers Lipsha, Travyanka, Parat. Small swamps are scattered throughout the park.

Centuries-old oak forests can be distinguished among natural monuments. So, in the Sotnikovsky forestry of the Mariinsky Posad region there are plantations of oak planted in 1798. Of great interest are the oak forests of the Ilyinsky forestry enterprise, the planting of which was led by B. I. Guzovsky. Near the village of Zasurskoye (Yadrinsky district), the remains of a park with valuable trees have been preserved. In the village of Sovetskoye in the same district, residents admire the planting park of Professor V.K. Magnitsky. A poplar grove has been preserved as a natural monument near the village of Akhmatovo (Alatyrsky district).

Of the water bodies, natural monuments of Chuvashia are more than 40 springs and 350 lakes. Especially picturesque and attractive lakes are Big Swan, White, Dalnee, Svetloe, Shikhazanskoye, Syutkul and others.

About 40 peat deposits are registered as unique natural formations in the republic.

At present, the work on certification and protection of natural objects continues. The specially protected natural territories of Chuvashia, together with field-protective forest belts and water protection zones, form a kind of ecological frame of the territory, which is designed to preserve the environment for future generations.

The Prisursky reserve is located in the Sura river basin, in the Alatyrsky district of Chuvashia. Founded in December 1995. Area 9.0 tons ha. Pine and spruce forests predominate. On the lakes there are nesting sites for a huge number of waterfowl and near-water birds. A total of 143 plant species, 31 animal species and 102 bird species have been noted. The main protected species is the muskrat.

The reserve was originally created to protect the southern taiga valley forests and wetlands with their inherent flora and fauna, especially for the protection of desman, seasonal concentrations of waterfowl. New sites are intended for the protection of fragments of steppe vegetation with marmot settlements.

The reserve actively conducts environmental education work, in particular, it is the initiator of the celebration in a number of reserves of "Groundhog Day" - the awakening of spring (February 26).

Chavash Varmane (Ch. N.), a national park (NP), organized in the Chuvash Republic to preserve, in a relatively small area, biocenoses from the southern taiga to the forest-steppe, including the entire ecological range of habitats from dry forests to swamps (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 20, 1993 No. 588). The total area is 25.2 thousand hectares, forest lands occupy 23.7 thousand, covered with forest vegetation - 23.5 thousand hectares.

Ch. V. is located in the northern part of the Volga Upland. The soil cover is represented by soddy-podzolic sandy (rarely sandy) soils of varying degrees of podzolization, formed on sands of great thickness. A significant part of the NP is located in the basin of the river. The Abyss (a tributary of the Sura). Many small (up to 25 km) rivers and streams flow here. There are more than 20 lakes on the territory of the park, mostly floodplain, ranging in size from 0.3 to 3.0 hectares, there are artificial reservoirs.

The NP is located in the southern zone of broad-leaved forests. On lands covered with forest vegetation, plantations of softwood species occupy 53% of the area, coniferous species - 45% and hardwood species - about 2%.

The flora and fauna of the park are extremely rich and varied. There are about 800 species of higher vascular plants alone, among them there are rare and endangered ones included in the Red Book of the RSFSR (Venus slipper, red pollenhead); in the Red Book of Chuvashia (common wolfberry, common ash, beech telipteris, European bathing suit, open lumbago, yellow capsule, common podelnik, winter-loving umbrella, lunar resurrecting, common marsh myrtle, blue cyanosis, medicinal valerian, peach-leaved bell, marsh dremlik, buzz- creeping era, night violet (double-leaved love), spotted palmate, five-leaved tooth, ovoid cache (oval), round-leaved wintergreen, water iris).

185 species of terrestrial vertebrates have been identified in the C.V. About 40 species live here near the boundaries of their ranges. The core of the fauna is made up of species of the European faunal complex, associated mainly with broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests. It is home to 107 species of birds, 16 species of amphibians and reptiles, 19 species of fish and about 40 species of mammals. 51 families of beetles, 97 species of cycads were found. 183 species of terrestrial and 11 species of aquatic hemipterans from 21 families have been identified. Found 140 species of butterflies.

Rare and endangered species of animals have been found in the park (Asian chipmunk, large jerboa, baby mouse, flying squirrel, hazel dormouse, brown bear, lynx, river otter, common water shrew, common quail, gray crane, eagle owl, common shovel or splyuska, copperhead, spadefoot, golden-pitted ground beetle), as well as species listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR (European bobak, golden eagle, imperial eagle, serpent eagle, steppe bumblebee, Apollo, podalirium, wax hermit).

There are 108 monuments of history, archeology, spiritual and material culture in C.V. and on the adjacent territory. Of great interest are places of sacrifice to pagan gods and spirits, places for prayers. Automobile, pedestrian and horse trails are organized on the territory of the National Park, and an educational ecological trail is functioning.