Centralized hot water systems. What are hot water systems

Pipeline for hot centralized water supply cannot be done according to the cold water supply scheme. These pipelines are dead ends, that is, they end at last point drawdown. If you make a hot water supply in an apartment building according to the same scheme, then the water at night, when it is little used, will cool down in the pipeline. In addition, there may be such a situation, for example, residents of a five-story building located on the same riser went to work during the day, the water in the riser cools down and suddenly one of the residents on the fifth floor needed hot water. After turning on the tap, you will first have to drain all the cold water from the riser, wait for warm, and then hot water - this is an excessively high consumption. Therefore, hot water pipelines are made looped: water is heated in the boiler room, heating unit or boiler room and is supplied through the supply pipeline to consumers and returned back to the boiler room through another pipeline, which in this case is called circulation.

In a centralized hot water supply system, piping in the house is carried out with two-pipe and one-pipe risers (Fig. 111).

Rice. 111. Schemes of hot water distribution in centralized systems

A two-pipe hot water supply system consists of two risers, one of which supplies water, the other drains. Heating devices - heated towel rails are placed on the outlet circulation riser. The water was heated anyway and served to consumers, but it is not known whether they will use it or not and at what time, so why waste it, let this water heat the heated towel rails and the air in, by definition, damp bathrooms. In addition, heated towel rails serve as a U-shaped compensator for thermal expansion of pipes.

A single-pipe hot water supply system differs from a two-pipe one in that in it all circulation risers (within one section of the house) were combined into one and this riser was called “idle” (it has no consumers). For better water distribution to individual points of water consumption, as well as in order to maintain the same diameters over the entire height of the building in single-pipe hot water supply systems, risers are looped. At ring pattern for buildings with a height of up to 5 floors, inclusive, the diameters of the risers are 25 mm, and for buildings from 6 floors and above - with a diameter of 32 mm. Heated towel rails in single-pipe wiring are placed on supply risers, which means that with weak heating of water in boiler rooms, it can reach distant consumers cooled down. Hot water will not only be disassembled by nearby consumers, but it will also cool down in their heated towel rails. In order for the water not to cool down and reach hot to remote consumers, a bypass is cut into the heated towel rails.

Double and single pipe systems hot water supply can be made without heated towel rails, but then these devices must be connected to the heating system. At the same time, in summer period heated towel rails will not work, and in winter - total costs for hot water supply and heating will increase.

To ensure air removal from the system, pipes are laid with a slope of at least 0.002 to the pipeline entry. In systems with lower wiring, air is removed through the upper tap. In the case of top wiring, air is removed through automatic air vents installed at the highest points of the systems.

In order for any residential building to function normally, it is necessary to install a water supply system. Its competent device will ensure timely supply and sufficient water pressure. This article will discuss in detail the hot water supply scheme, connection types and its features in an apartment building.

What is the peculiarity of the water supply of an apartment building?

Providing water to a building with a large number of storeys is very difficult. After all, the house consists of many apartments with separate bathrooms and plumbing fixtures. In other words, water supply schemes in apartment buildings are a kind of complex with separate piping, pressure regulators, filters and metering equipment.

Most often, residents of high-rise buildings use water from the central water supply. With the help of a water pipe, it is supplied to individual plumbing fixtures under a certain pressure. Water is often treated with chlorination.

The composition of the central water supply system

Centralized water supply schemes in high-rise buildings consist of a distribution network, water intake facilities and treatment plants. Before getting into the apartment, the water goes a long way from the pumping station to the reservoir. Only after cleaning and disinfection, the water is sent to distribution network. With the help of the latter, water is supplied to appliances and equipment. Pipes of the central scheme of hot water supply high-rise building can be made of copper, metal-plastic and steel.

The latter type of material is practically not used in modern buildings.

Types of water supply schemes

The water supply system is of three types:

• collector;
• consistent;
• combined (mixed).

AT recent times when more and more common in apartments a large number of sanitary equipment, use collector wiring diagram . It is the best option for the normal functioning of all devices. The collector-type hot water supply circuit eliminates pressure drops at different connection points. This is the main advantage of this system.

If we consider the scheme in more detail, we can conclude that there will be no problems using plumbing equipment for its intended purpose at the same time. The essence of the connection is such that each individual water consumer is connected to the collectors of the cold and hot water supply riser in isolation. Pipes do not have many branches, so the likelihood of leakage is very small. Such water supply schemes in multi-storey buildings are easy to maintain, but the cost of equipment is quite high.

According to experts, the hot water collector scheme requires the installation of a more complex installation of plumbing fixtures. However, these negative sides are not so critical, especially considering the fact that the collector circuit has many advantages, for example, hidden pipe installation and accounting individual features equipment.

Sequential scheme of hot water supply multi-storey building - this is the easiest way to wire. Such a system has been tested by time, it was put into operation in the days of the USSR. The essence of its device is that the pipeline of cold and hot water supply is carried out parallel to each other. Engineers advise using this system in apartments with one bathroom and not large quantity sanitary equipment.

In the people, such a hot water supply scheme for a multi-storey building is called a tee. That is, branches come from the main highways, which are connected to each other by tees. Despite the ease of installation and saving consumables, this scheme has several main disadvantages:

1. In the event of a leak, it is difficult to find damaged areas.
2. The impossibility of supplying water to a separate plumbing fixture.
3. Difficulty of access to pipes in case of breakage.

Hot water supply of an apartment building. Scheme

Pipe layouts are divided into two types: to the riser of hot and cold water supply. Briefly they are called HVS and DHW. The hot water system deserves special attention. apartment building. Scheme DHW networks consists of two types of postings - lower and upper. Looped wires are often used to maintain high temperature in the pipeline. The gravitational pressure forces the water to circulate in the ring, despite the lack of water intake. In the riser, it cools and enters the heater. Water with a higher temperature is supplied to the pipes. So there is a continuous circulation of the coolant.

Dead-end highways are also not uncommon, but most often they can be found in the utility rooms of industrial facilities and in small residential buildings with low floors. If the water intake is planned intermittently, then a circulation pipeline is used. Engineers advise using hot water supply in apartment buildings (the diagram was discussed above) with a number of floors no more than 4. A pipeline with a dead-end riser is also found in hostels, sanatoriums and hotels. Pipes of a dead-end network have a lower metal consumption, therefore they cool down faster.

DHW networks include a horizontal main pipeline and distribution risers. The latter provide piping for individual objects - apartments. Hot water supply is mounted as close as possible to the plumbing equipment.

For long buildings main pipes schemes with circulation and looped supply pipelines are used. A prerequisite is the installation of a pump to maintain circulation and constant water exchange.

Two-pipe DHW scheme - Photo 07

Modern builders and engineers are increasingly resorting to the use two-pipe systems DHW. The principle of operation is that the pump takes water from the return line and supplies it to the heater. Such a pipeline has a higher metal content and is considered the most reliable for consumers.

Whoever gets up first, that ... has to drain hot water for a long time to wash. We learned this simple truth thanks to the houses built in the middle of the 20th century.

Towel warmers cooling down in the absence of water intake and, as a result, a damp and cool bathroom complete the dull picture. Not everyone knows that both problems have long been solved by engineers. Meet: hot water with recirculation!

Traditional DHW distribution

The device of the hot water supply system in stalinkas and early Khrushchevs is no different from the distribution of cold water. The only bottling ends with dead-end risers, from which the apartment wiring departs. AT elevator node, bottling branches into two tie-ins - into the supply and return threads.

Switching DHW from supply to return is carried out manually in accordance with temperature graph heating:

• When the temperature of service water at the outlet of the CHP is up to 80-90 degrees, DHW is supplied from the supply;
• When 90°C is exceeded, the water supply switches to reverse water supply.

Why is it bad

The advantages of such a scheme are the low cost of implementation and extremely simple maintenance. There are also downsides.

We have already mentioned two of them:

1. Without water intake, the water in the risers and piping cools down. To wash or take a shower, it has to be drained into the sewer for a long time (up to several minutes). For apartment residents, this means not only a loss of time, but also significant costs: in fact, you drain cold water, but if you have a water meter, you pay for it as if it were hot;

Reference: the cost of a cubic meter of hot water in mid-2017 for residents of Moscow is 163 rubles. It is estimated that during the year a family of 3-4 people drains at least 10-12 cubic meters into the sewer in anticipation of heating water.

1. Towel dryers that open the domestic hot water supply lines are heated only from the water intake in your apartment. Pro quality heating you can forget the bathroom.

Let's throw a handful of little things into the common treasury of the shortcomings of the solution:

• Cold and dampness in the bathroom contribute to the appearance of the fungus;

• Towels hung on a cold dryer quickly become musty;
• Cyclic heating and cooling of DHW risers are accompanied by cycles of their elongation and reduction in size. As a result, the sealing of the risers in the ceiling with cement mortar is gradually destroyed.

Note: the elongation of pipes during heating in the event that they touch the ceiling reinforcement can be accompanied by rather loud sounds. In the author's memory, the friction of the riser against the reinforcement led to a comical situation: the tenants accused their neighbors in the riser of .. clandestine money printing.

All in white and on a white horse

How does a hot water system with recirculation differ from the one described above? It's easy to guess. In it, hot water continuously circulates through spills and (in the case of a multi-storey building) hot water risers.

As a result:

• Provides instantaneous supply of hot water to the draw-off point in any part of the circuit;
• Towel dryers are transferred from the intra-apartment supply to the riser (or, in the case of a private house, bottling) of hot water. Thanks to continuous circulation, they remain hot around the clock, provide heating for bathrooms and toilets, and at the same time quick drying towels

• The temperature regime of the DHW system remains stable, without cyclic cooling and heating.

Implementation

What schemes of hot water supply with recirculation are possible in multi-apartment and private houses?

apartment buildings

To create a continuous circulation of water, the DHW system must be looped.

In apartment buildings, this is achieved as follows:

It is curious: in some houses built in the late 80s, the author observed jumpers between the hot water risers, placed on cold attic. The decision raises doubts about the adequacy of the authors: at a street temperature of -30 ° C and below, they freeze within an hour after stopping the circulation in the DHW system (for example, for emergency repair of a valve in an elevator unit).

It is clear that the described water supply scheme with recirculation will not work without a pressure drop.

How it is provided:

• Outside the heating season, DHW is switched on between the supply and return threads;

• During heating operation with such a connection, the hot water supply system will be a bypass for the heating system, catastrophically reducing the drop in the water jet elevator. Therefore, DHW is connected depending on the temperature of the water from supply to supply or from return to return, and the difference is provided by retaining washers installed on the flanges between the tie-ins.

Reference: retaining washer - steel pancake with a hole in the middle. The hole diameter is usually 1 mm larger than the elevator nozzle diameter. When water moves through the washer, a difference of 0.1 - 0.3 kgf / cm is created on it, which is quite sufficient for circulation in the DHW system.

If the risers are airy

What should I do if, after the hot water system has been reset, the air plug remaining in the risers prevents circulation and the heated towel rails remain cold?

To bleed air, a Mayevsky crane is used at the upper point of the jumper. However, to access it, you need to get into the upper apartment along the riser, which is not always possible.

Here is a simple step-by-step guide to help you fix the problem yourself:

1. We block any of the DHW risers connected by a jumper;
2. We open one, or better, two hot water taps in any apartment along this riser to the stop. The air lock flies out through the mixer at the front of the water flow;

1. We start the risers in the normal mode.

Private houses

What hot water recirculation schemes can be implemented in a private house with autonomous hot water preparation? For the creation of a circulation pressure in such a system, it is quite predictable that a circulation pump of minimum power (from 25 watts) will be responsible.

The DHW circuit must be looped along its entire length: after the plumbing fixture farthest from the water heater, the filling returns to the starting point. But the connection diagram of the water heater depends on whether it has an additional outlet for recirculation.

Boiler with additional outlet for recirculation

The closed circuit is supplied only circulation pump: since the temperature of the water in the circuit after it is started is constant, problems thermal expansion water does not have to be solved, and if so - a safety valve and expansion tank not required.

Is it possible to use a conventional boiler with two outlets (for hot water and cold water) in such a scheme? Yes, but in this case, the wiring will be much more complicated.

• A three-way thermostatic mixer is responsible for a constant water temperature in the recirculation circuit. As it cools, he mixes hot water from the boiler;

• To compensate for the flow of hot water, cold water is supplied to the three-way mixer;
• Check valves limit the movement of water in the circuit in one direction, regardless of its flow.

Useful: at the top of the DHW circuit, it makes sense to install an automatic air vent. Air locks in the presence of a pump will not interfere with circulation, but they can become a source of annoying hydraulic noise.

Conclusion

As you can see, hot water recirculation systems for a private house have quite convincing advantages over the usual dead-end circuits and are quite easy to install. The video in this article will help you learn more about them. Good luck!

For the normal functioning of any construction projects, including an apartment building, it is very important to have a good water supply. Water supply in an apartment building is a central water supply line, as well as intra-house and apartment piping.

Issues covered in the article:

• What are the features of the water supply system in an apartment building.
• What water supply schemes are used in an apartment building.
• What types of pipes are suitable for supplying water to apartments.
• Whose competence is the replacement of water supply risers in the MKD.
• How is the hot water supply scheme built.
• How to increase the pressure in the water supply system.

What are the features of the water supply system in an apartment building

It is quite difficult to establish cold and hot water supply in an apartment building, since there are many consumers. Each apartment is a separate object of an apartment building, which must be provided with water supply. At the same time, pipes of different diameters are a single structure with a rather complex wiring system.

The water supply system in an apartment building is a large and unified complex of pumping equipment with filters and meters (meters) installed in it, also with shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Mandatory elements in the water supply scheme of an apartment building are pressure regulators. Incoming in MKD apartments water must go through several preliminary stages of purification from any impurities of mechanical origin. In addition, chlorination is often carried out to disinfect water.

Most convenient system water supply in an apartment building is recognized as central water supply. I.e quality water supplied for central water supply under the influence high pressure. At the same time, water circulation is provided with the help of a water supply system located on the territory of all cities and settlements. Most often, water is supplied from surface water bodies located far enough from sources of pollution. Such a water supply system in an apartment building consists of three components:

• water intake facilities;
• cleaning stations;
• distribution network.

Thanks to the elements described above, water from the pumping station first enters a body of water, where it is purified, and then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities. Such a water supply system will function well only if there is a high-quality and correct piping, as well as if there is good pressure.

Since the water supply in an apartment building must provide water to a sufficiently large number of users, the central water supply can be carried out using a well arranged thanks to a special water intake tower. Most good option the well is artesian, when water is taken from a great depth and therefore is of very high quality and clean. However this method water intake is quite expensive and is more often used to provide water supply not in an apartment building, but in a club house (cottage house with a small number of apartments).

The water supply system in an apartment building using a water tower consists of several elements:

• caisson;
• main tank for water intake;
• pumping station.

A caisson is a metal container located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is installed in the caisson, which brings water out of the well. The concrete ring caisson is considered the worst in terms of tightness. Violation of tightness leads to frequent flooding from the rising groundwater.

With the help of a pumping station and a caisson, water is transported to a storage tank, in which an automatic valve on a float is installed, which turns on the pump when the water in the tank drops and does not reach a certain level.

The level of total pressure in such a water supply system in an apartment building depends on the volume storage capacity or tank. Even if the electrical energy is turned off, water still continues to flow into the apartments until the pressure in the tank decreases due to the lowering of the water level.

Cold water supply scheme in an apartment building: 3 main types

The operation of any household appliance in an apartment that is connected to water depends on the competent installation of the water supply system in an apartment building. Thanks to a competent water supply scheme, all apartments should be provided with water using a central water supply system, while water should flow to all necessary points of supply.

On the this moment there are several ways to provide cold water supply in an apartment building.

Scheme 1.Scheme of consistent water supply of the apartment.

The simplest and practical way apartment water supply in an apartment building - a serial connection diagram. This option is affordable and affordable for engineering communications. This scheme is common in residential buildings.

With this scheme, main pipelines with hot and cold water are mounted in parallel, and any equipment is connected using tees, and therefore this scheme is sometimes called a "tee connection".

Such a water supply scheme in an apartment building implies the presence of a common line for a large number of users, from which wiring is done using the same tees. The main pipe of large diameter is like an elongated collector.

This water supply scheme is not only very common, but also ideal for water supply. ordinary apartment, in which there is one bathroom and there is not a large number household appliances working by getting water resources. Such a water supply scheme in an apartment building has its strengths and weaknesses.

Strengths:

• saving pipes to a large extent;
• the project is quite simple and easy;
• plumbing costs are reduced.

Weak sides:

• in the case of the simultaneous use of several open devices, a sharp drop in pressure is possible at the end points of the water supply;
• there is no way to selectively turn off the system, that is, if one pipe breaks, it will be necessary to turn off the water supply in the entire apartment;
• it is quite difficult to determine the place of the leak;
• no free access to tees;
• if an accident occurs, it will be necessary to violate the finishing layer of the wall or floor.

Only qualified specialists should carry out the distribution of pipes in accordance with the sequential water supply scheme in an apartment building. Only in this case the pipe will not immediately leak, and the pressure will be normal.

Scheme 2.Collector scheme.

The operation of household appliances that depend on water may be impaired due to a decrease in pressure in general scheme water supply of an apartment building. To avoid this situation, a collector circuit is sometimes chosen.

Installing this system is quite expensive and difficult. Due to the fact that the pressure drop in the collector circuit is excluded, all points of the plumbing equipment can be used simultaneously. This possibility is achieved by the fact that a separate pipe is laid to each such point of water supply. If there is an urgent need, then each separate pipe you can just cover it. In this case, no branches will depart from the main pipe, which makes the collector circuit as safe as possible for providing water supply in an apartment building. In addition, the likelihood of leakage is reduced due to the fact that the collector pipe is connected to the main one in only one place, and in general the main and collector pipes are located in parallel.

The figure of this scheme clearly shows its main principle - each water consumer is connected through a separate pipe directly to the collectors of cold and hot water supply. At the same time, the pipe itself does not have additional branches and unnecessary connections along its entire length. These circumstances exclude the possibility of leakage. Both connections (collector-pipe and pipe-water consumer) are always easily accessible for repair.

Strengths:

• system reliability due to a small number of connections;
• adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
• ease of maintenance and repair of the water supply system in an apartment building;
• the interior does not deteriorate due to the hidden installation of pipes.

Scheme 3.Mixed scheme.

Quite often, such a water supply scheme is used in an apartment building. Installation work in this case, they are cheaper, but only specialists can correctly design such a circuit, because the wrong device simply will not give the proper result.

Suppose that a collector water pipe runs through the basement, from which risers rise, while on each floor collectors are connected to the risers, feeding the sanitary appliances. So it turns out that the lower wiring and risers are equipped with a tee system, and a collector water supply system in an apartment building runs through the floors. In its purest form, a collector circuit is one or more collectors installed directly in the basement of an apartment building. From there, power is supplied to the rest of the devices.

Types of pipes used for water supply in an apartment building

There are several types of pipes that are used to organize water supply in apartment buildings.

1. Steel pipes.

Today this species pipes are practically not used in the organization of water supply in an apartment building. The fact is that at the moment this material has already used up its resource. Plus, these pipes are not cheap. And the installation itself is a rather expensive and labor-intensive pleasure. The main disadvantage of this type of pipe is the collection of condensate, which destroys the pipeline material. The volume of the pipe decreases due to the formation of rust and plaque inside it, which means that the throughput decreases.

1. Copper pipes.

The main advantage of copper pipes is a long service life (about 50 years). Such a service life is achieved by the absence of rusty formations, plus copper has bactericidal properties. All this causes high cost this type of pipe.

1. Metal pipes.

Metal-plastic pipes are quite popular today. Pipes made of this material are practical and reliable, and they are easy to install. To carry out the installation, you will need a special tool, and the joints are carried out by fittings. Metal-plastic pipe able to withstand high loads (both physical and mechanical).

Water supply in an apartment building and sewerage

To provide comfortable life a water supply system in an apartment building is simply necessary. At the same time, only specialists can competently mount such a system. For the installation of equipment, a special scheme must be drawn up, in accordance with which the installation will be carried out. If you mount the system correctly, it will be protected from leaks and deformations of drainage systems. Quite often, when installing a water supply system in an apartment building, the water supply through the riser is turned off.

If the installation of sewer pipes is carried out in the apartment for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures, that is, you should use old scheme. For competent installation you should measure the exact distance between the sink, toilet, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply and sketch out an appropriate plan for future work. In addition, you need to correctly determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. It is believed that a slope is required when creating a sewer system. You should also use only high quality materials.

Before installing a new one or replacing an old one sewer equipment in an apartment building, the general sewer riser and its condition should be assessed. In case of absence external signs rust, you can do without replacement. In cases where replacement is necessary, it is worthwhile to carry out this procedure carefully, since a damaged pipe is subject to deformation and, if handled carelessly, it may be necessary to replace the entire riser.

Sometimes it happens that it becomes necessary to lay new pipes due to the appearance of new equipment powered by water supply ( washing machine, Dishwasher etc). Also, a similar need may arise due to the connection of additional plumbing equipment.

To carry out a quality installation of sewage, you need:

• pipes;
• accessories;
• compositions for fixing and sealing;
• instruments;
• fitting;
• appliances.

Water supply in an apartment building and heating

Today there are many options for heating and water supply systems in an apartment building. However, they are all relatively interdependent. This is especially true for heating. The fact is that heating in an apartment cannot be independent of the hot water supply.

Of course, you can carry out the heating system in the apartment yourself, but all your actions must be coordinated with the utilities. Often there is a need to replace old heating pipes for new ones. Previously, heating pipes were made of cast iron. However, cast-iron structures are prone to plaque formation and reduced permeability, which leads to the need to arrange annual pipe blowing. Modern analogues of heating systems do not require such care.

To replace old heating pipes, they must first be carefully dismantled. In this case, dismantling should begin with the central riser. Even in modern rooms such pipes are located in the corner, since it is not customary to hide them in the walls. It is important to know what to dismantle heating equipment and replacement can be made only in the absence of hot water in the system, that is, after the end of the heating season.

The water supply system in an apartment building can be installed different methods. The main difference is always the method of cold water intake, its purification and supply. Particular attention should be paid to the distribution of pipes for supplying water in the apartment, and before that it is worth determining the amount of equipment powered by water supply.

How are the water supply risers located in an apartment building

The risers are vertical arrangement pipes in the water supply system. They are divided into three types:

• heating;
• water supply risers;
• sewer.

Maintenance of such installations is carried out by special organizations (for example, ZhEK, ZhES, and so on).

It is important to know certain legal aspects of this issue:

1. Serviceable communications, including water supply in an apartment building, must be provided by the management company. That is, the replacement of risers and pipes, the service life of which has ended, should also be carried out at the expense of the management company.
2. In a municipal building, risers should be replaced by the city or district administration.
3. If communication systems are privatized, then repair work paid by the tenants themselves.

Sometimes the people who are responsible for replacing communications try to avoid their duties or charge for their services. In this scenario, residents have the right to issue an official application demanding repair or replacement of pipes. In the absence of any feedback people living in an apartment building can write a complaint to the housing authority. Most often, such steps on the part of the tenants lead to the restoration of justice.

By whom and in what order is the replacement of water supply risers in an apartment building

Overhaul of water supply in an apartment building or overhaul of the entire worn-out housing stock is a rather costly business. Therefore, in cases where the management company skillfully evades fulfilling its obligations, the tenants are forced to chip in for repair work. However, in addition to financial and technical problems, there are a large number of organizational issues. It is important to understand that it can be effective for residents to replace entire risers. For example, replacing steel with propylene will improve the quality of your water supply. In addition, due to lower pressure losses in plastic pipes, the consumption of electricity for pumping to the upper floors will decrease (the pumping pumps are powered through a separate meter and payment for it is distributed to the apartments of the pumped floors). Also, an impressive plus will be the fact that the prices for heating network services with such a replacement of pipes will be reduced by 10-20%.

In order to make the right decision regarding the emerging organizational issues for the repair and maintenance of water supply systems in an apartment building, it is necessary to know and understand certain technical features.

1. Replacing the riser in the apartment itself will not give any result. If you change the riser, then completely, from the basement to the exit to the ventilation pipe, top plug, inspection hatch or drainage.
2. Risers are vital important elements engineering communications systems, an accident on which may entail, incl. and human sacrifice.
3. Housing legislation regarding risers (Article 36 and Clause 5 of Article 155 of the LC RF, Articles 290, 292 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is clear: risers are not the property of residents, even if the apartment is privatized. Their owner is the UK (municipal housing office, departmental DEZ, private operating company).
4. The risers are replaced as part of a major overhaul, while the overhaul fees are paid as utility bills. If there are many pensioners, beneficiaries, students, the unemployed, and so on among those living in a particular apartment building, then most likely there will be no free funds in the account of a completely honest management company. On the one hand, this is bad for residents (you need to make cash), but on the other hand, it’s good (there is an opportunity to dictate your own terms).
5. Major repairs in a residential building are done every 25 years. The operational period can be extended based on the audit, however, the period between repairs cannot be increased.
6. It is not the responsibility of the management company to carry out a scheduled overhaul every 25 years. This fact also provides tenants with sufficient flexibility regarding organizational issues for repairing risers.
7. The riser where any emergency repair work was carried out during this 25-year period will be considered emergency until the next major repair is carried out. This rule applies even if the malfunction was a small fistula through which a drop of water flowed out per day.
8. The priority signs of an accident in determining its degree are always external manifestations: patches, collars, weld seams, traces of caulking.

The regulation states that early repairs of engineering systems in a building can be made only in the event of a proven danger to the life and health of residents. To organize such repairs, representatives of the HOA or the management company must draw up an application and send it to the appropriate executive authority.

A decision to carry out a major overhaul, including the water supply system in an apartment building, will be able to be made only after several necessary checks, as well as examinations. The application is drawn up in free form, but in accordance with the generally accepted model.

At the beginning of the application, a header is drawn up, where the addressee (position, company name) is indicated, after which the surname, name and patronymic of the head, the applicant's data, address and contact phone number are written. The main text of the statement should reflect the essence of the problem, as well as reflect the latest date of the inspection. A description of the state of all engineering systems should be added. The conclusion must be dated and signed by the applicant.

If, after submitting such an application, a refusal was given, then the tenants must require its written execution, then they will be able to apply with this written refusal to the court. However, the decision of the court will have to wait a long time, perhaps even more than one year. So in this case there are 2 possible options actions:

1. You can wait for a serious accident, which will entail the flooding of the entire entrance. In this case, the workers will simply be forced to carry out repair work. However, sometimes it happens that the housing office employees simply make a patch on trouble spot rather than replacing the entire riser entirely.
2. You can hold a general meeting of homeowners and raise the issue of carrying out a quality replacement of pipes at your own expense. In this case, the payment from one apartment will be 3-5 thousand rubles.

Risers are installed in each house:

• heating system;
• sewer;
• for supplying cold and hot water to the apartment.

Replacing any of the above risers for repairing the water supply system in an apartment building is carried out in the following sequence:

1. Overlapping of the repaired riser.

If we are talking about hot water and cold water, then it is worth waiting some time after the overlap, as the remaining liquid will still drain. If it is intended to replace sewer riser, then none of the residents should drain the water (should turn off its supply).

1. Elimination of old pipes.

Need to invite locksmiths through management company, since this type of work is quite complicated, especially if the pipes are cast iron.

1. Installation of new pipes.

Now you should open the water and make sure there are no leaks. The best option there will be a simultaneous replacement of communications throughout the house. This reduces the likelihood of leaks and emergencies.

Despite the fact that the basic principle of work on replacing communication systems is the same everywhere, there are still some features.

During the replacement of the heating riser:

• draw up a statement about the need to turn off the heat supply and send it to the management company, since it will not work to turn off the riser on your own without special knowledge;
• consider installing shut-off valves while connecting the batteries, this will eliminate the need to shut off the heat throughout the house if a leak is detected;
• do not resort to an excessively narrow diameter when installing pipes, otherwise the pipe will burst due to high pressure in the central heating system.

To replace the water riser, you need to choose the right type of pipe. Cold water and hot water systems are different, since when supplying hot water, plastic reinforced pipes are used that do not deform from high temperatures.

It is better to replace pipes in the whole house at once. However, sometimes it happens that some neighbors are against it, then the master simply cuts off old pipe in the apartment in front of the ceilings (upper and lower) and installs special fittings. It is necessary to carry out dismantling from the upper floors, but you need to mount a new riser from the first floor.

Expert opinion

How to share responsibility for water supply with RSO

Elena Sholomova,

lawyer, auditor, chairman of the board of TSN "green, 22"

1. Where is the border between cold water and hot water networks.

The common property of an apartment building includes cold water systems and DHW, which consist of:

• risers, branches from risers to the first disconnecting device located on branches from risers, disconnecting devices;
• ODPU cold and hot water;
• the first shut-off and control valves on the outlets of the intra-apartment wiring from the risers;
• mechanical, electrical, sanitary and other equipment located on these networks.

The main reason why you need to know who is responsible for what is finances. Responsible person must maintain its property and pay for losses on the networks, as well as deal with emergency situations. Even the smallest accident on the network "in the ground" will be quite expensive, as it will be necessary to organize excavations, and then new landscaping. And if a parking lot or some other object is found on the network, then the task may not be feasible at all.

The person in charge of the network section is also responsible for all the consequences of the accident. This person will also respond to consumer complaints.

Owners should not bear the cost of maintaining property that does not belong to them. It cannot be argued that the disputed area belongs to the common property only because it is not on the balance sheet of the North Ossetia. This position was defended by the HOA from Khabarovsk (determination of the Judicial Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2016 No. 303-ES16-917).

1. Where is the border on thermal networks.

According to the law, the common property included:

• risers;
• heating elements;
• regulatory and shut-off valves;
• ODPU thermal energy;
• other equipment located on these networks.

Place of performance heat supply organization- a point of delivery located on the border of the balance belonging of a heat-consuming installation or a heat network of a consumer and a heat network of a heat supply organization, or at a point of connection to an ownerless heat network.

It is necessary to defend the position that the equipment or the disputed section of the network is not part of the common house property. It is worth referring to the lack of minutes of the general meeting and the absence of references to the disputed object in the apartment building management agreement. And to transfer the place of delimitation of balance sheet ownership, the words of the RSO that the network site does not belong to it are not enough, the will of the owners of the premises in the MKD is necessary.

Such conclusions are contained in the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2015 in case No. 305-ES15-11564, A41-22117/2014.

1. Where is the sewer line.

According to the law, the following components of the in-house engineering drainage system are considered common property:

• sewer outlets;
• fittings (including bends, transitions, branch pipes, revisions, crosses, tees);
• risers, plugs, exhaust pipes, drain funnels;
• branches from risers to the first butt joints;
• other equipment located in this system.

If there is no act of delimitation of operational responsibility, then the boundary of operational responsibility is established along the boundary of the balance sheet (clause 32 of the Rules for Cold Water Supply and Sanitation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 29, 2013 No. 644).

If water is supplied to the subscriber through ownerless networks that are transferred to the water utility, then the boundary of operational responsibility is established along the boundary of ownerless networks.

Often disputed areas are sewer outlets from the wall of an apartment building to the first manhole. Most often, a controversial issue arises after the completion of the construction of an MKD, when the developer does not transfer the external sewerage networks to municipal ownership. The boundary of operational responsibility for sewer networks, at the insistence of the water utility, in this case, should pass through the point of entry of the outlet into the first manhole. The fact is that:

1. Internal sewerage is a system of pipelines and devices within the boundaries of the outer contour of a building and structures, limited by outlets up to the first manhole, providing drainage of waste, rain and melt water into the sewerage network (clause 3.1.6 of SP 30.13330.2016 "SNiP 2.04.01- 85* Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings”). Hence the conclusion that the sewerage system, including sewer outlets and bends, branches from risers to the first butt joints, belongs to the common property. Therefore, according to the vodokanal, the demarcation should be established at the point where the outlet is connected to the sewer well.
2. The costs of maintaining and repairing sewerage sections from the outer boundary of an apartment building to the first manhole are not included in the sewerage service tariff, and sewer outlets serve only one apartment building.

In connection with the above, the water utility insists on serving only the yard network of canals, but the outlets from outer wall houses to the wells, he refers to the area of ​​responsibility of the management company.

According to judicial practice, sewer outlets apartment buildings should be divided into:

• the intra-house part, which is located inside the house to the outer border of its wall;
• outer part, which runs from the outer boundary of the wall of the house to the walls of the sewer wells.

If something else has not been established by the general meeting of owners, then sewer outlets are considered common property only in the part that is located inside the apartment building (up to the outer border of its wall). Passage of external sections of sewer networks along adjoining territory does not in itself classify them as common property (decisions of the Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District of August 24, 2016 in case No. A78-10409 / 2015, of the Arbitration Court of the North-Western District of May 5, 2016 in case No. A56-27226 / 2015, of the Arbitration Court of the Urals District dated 03.10.2016 in case No. А76-4485/2015).

The rules of SP 30.13330.2016 do not apply to the relationship between you and the RCO. Any SNiP are applicable in the design and construction, but not in determining the composition of the common property in the MKD.

Hot water system in an apartment building

DHW is a whole system, which consists of pipelines and variety of devices used to heat cold water and distribute hot water to consumers. Sometimes in the bathroom and toilet are used special pipes that heat these rooms. These pipes are also operated as a dryer.

According to the radius of action, the hot water supply system in an apartment building can be:

1. Local.

Such a water supply system is usually created for a group of small objects or one small building. The consumer himself heats the water in this case thanks to a gas or electric boiler flow type. Maintenance local water supply systems should be regular, and their use is usually due to the lack of the possibility of using a centralized hot water supply.

Strengths of the local hot water system in an apartment building:

• it works autonomously;
• repair of such a system is quite simple;
• heat losses are small.

1. Central.

This type of system appeared in connection with the liquidation of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. These systems are much more practical to use, since there is no need to install special equipment for heating cold water and no additional wiring is needed. However, central system hot water supply in an apartment building has its drawbacks:

• frequent repairs and regular maintenance of pipes;
• slow execution of requests for repairs by utilities;
• sudden pressure drops;
• insufficiently high temperature.

The local hot water system does not have such disadvantages.

Within the framework of centralized water heating and water supply systems, both open (network water is mixed with heated) and closed (water is heated through surfaces without contacting the heat carrier) heating networks can be used.

Open heating systems are the most rational in use, although the quality of the supplied water in terms of temperature conditions can significantly deteriorate. Today, such systems are quite rare.

A closed hot water supply system in an apartment building has become more popular recently, as it is based on the use of a heat main with a completely separate, autonomous circuit (reservoir for pumping cold water). Cold water is pumped into this autonomous circuit, which then passes through the heat exchange elements. At the same time, the heat exchange elements take heat from the main water, which is heated in the CHP. Other sources of heat may also exist, but the most widespread is the direct transfer of heat using open system hot water supply.

In this scenario, the quality of the hot water that is supplied to the house does not depend on the condition of the pipes located in the central heating system. If a closed system is used, then there are heat exchangers and additional pumping units.

A closed hot water supply system in an apartment building has certain advantages over an open system, namely, qualitative and bacteriological properties.

A closed hot water supply scheme in an apartment building ensures a stable temperature regime, regardless of the air temperature in winter.

Today, engineers often use closed system hot water supply in an apartment building. The scheme of such a plan is considered more reliable.

DHW in an apartment can be carried out using several methods:

• water is heated in the boiler room, and then supplied to the consumer;
• water is heated in a special point, which is located in a quarter or district;
• water is heated using special equipment installed in the basement of an apartment building;
• water heating takes place in the consumer's apartment.

DHW can be circulating. With such a device, the movement of water constantly occurs through pipes and thus not only the supply of hot water, but also heating is ensured.

They also distinguish a dead-end DHW system. In this situation, the water is not used immediately, but may cool over time. In this regard, a special container is often installed in the apartment, where the water is heated and its temperature is maintained.

It would be more rational to use individual system DHW, since for use centralized system you have to pay a monthly fee.

A boiler can be considered the most economical option for providing hot water in an apartment, since you will only have to pay for cold water, and hot water is provided by the user.

Scheme for increasing pressure and solving the problem of insufficient pressure

Quite often there is a problem of unstable water pressure in the pipeline. At the same time, this problem is familiar to both owners of private houses and residents of multi-apartment skyscrapers. However, in a private house, the pressure in the water supply system may drop due to a minor malfunction in pumping equipment, which can be easily eliminated on their own. But problems with central water supply in an apartment building arise for reasons beyond the control of users.

In any building, the water supply system has two networks: external and internal. The boundary between them is the valve flange, which is located immediately at the inlet after the pipeline crosses the wall.

In addition, the water supply system consists of two nodes: an inlet and a water meter, as well as risers with inlets and distribution branches. Also, one of the elements of the internal network can be a water pressure device.

Depending on which scheme is used, such a device can be a pump or a storage tank, such an element, due to the supply of water, can regulate the stability of the water supply with an increase in its consumption.

The main task of the internal water supply network in an apartment building is the distribution of water to distribution points or between consumers. The main role in this distribution is given to water intake fittings. Control valves only control the water flow.

It is the type of water supply system that determines the location and total number of the elements described above, as well as the ratio of the pressure characteristics of the internal and external networks.

By appointment, plumbing happens:

• household and drinking (usually provided in buildings up to 12 floors);
• household and drinking, combined with a fire-fighting water supply (buildings from 12 to 16 floors);
• separated drinking and fire-fighting household with supply of water of different quality (for high-rise buildings).

Of course, under different circumstances and in different occasions the pressure in the water supply system in an apartment building will vary significantly.

by the most simple option The water supply system is provided by a building up to 6 floors high. In this situation, at the entrance to the building, the pressure necessary for the operation of the internal pipeline is provided by the external network. In this case, there is no need to install any additional devices to increase the pressure.

If a outdoor network cannot cope with the task and there is a need to increase the pressure, the following schemes can be applied:

Scheme 1.Scheme with the introduction of a regulating capacitance.

If there is not enough pressure to supply water to a far or high point, and you need to increase the pressure for several hours, then this water supply scheme in an apartment building will be the most optimal. It is based on a fairly simple principle of operation: during a period of consumption decline (most often at night), the tank is filled, and when consumption increases (during the daytime), this supply of water ensures the normal functioning of the network.

Such tanks can be used not only to provide water supply in an apartment building with a large number of floors, but also to regulate the water supply of a private house.

This tank can be placed on the connection to plumbing equipment that needs a higher pressure (laundry, shower, and so on).

Scheme 2.Scheme with regular pumping of water by a pump.

If an insufficient level of pressure is constantly present, then, in order not to depend on the time of day, it is better to use a scheme with a booster pump. Such a pump is suitable for use in an apartment or a private house, which is connected to a central water supply with low pressure. The main disadvantage of this scheme is the asthmatic activation of the pump every time the tap is opened, which leads to fairly rapid wear of the equipment.

Scheme 3.A circuit in which there is both a booster pump and a control tank.

This scheme combines the advantages of both schemes described above and allows you to protect the pump from rapid wear. If the system has a hydraulic accumulator, that is, a tank for storing water, then the pump will turn on only when the water level in such a tank drops to a certain level. This is due to a signal from a special sensor in the form of a float, which is installed on the tank.

You can pick up a pump separately from the tank and vice versa, but there is a great alternative: a special water supply station that is installed on the pipeline. Such a station already includes both a water collection tank and the pump itself. This unit allows not only to optimize the pressure, but also provides the ability to supply water from the water intake (well, reservoir, water tower). Besides, this system quite easy to use and can be installed by yourself.

If the building has more than 16 floors, then parallel (separate) water supply systems are more often used. Water is supplied to each such water supply network in an apartment building using booster pumps located together on the technical floor or in the basement. Usually cold and hot water such networks are powered by water tanks.

Often, these networks are divided into zones: the required pressure for the lower floors is created using the pressure of the external pipeline, and for the upper floors - with the help of booster pumps.

Imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings in the sleeping area of ​​our beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for the cat (or in any other order) - and go to work ... Everything is automatic and without hesitation. As long as cold water flows from the cold water tap, and hot water flows from the hot water. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there - boiling water!! 11#^*¿>.

Let's figure it out.

Cold water supply or cold water

The local pumping station supplies water to the main from the water utility network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water meter.

In short, the water meter assembly consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.

Some have additional check valve

and water meter bypass.

The water meter bypass is an additional meter with valves that can feed the system if the main water meter is serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house main

where it is distributed along risers that lead water to apartments on floors.

What is the pressure in the system?

9 floors

Houses up to 9 floors high have bottom pouring from bottom to top. Those. from the water meter through a large pipe, water leaves through the risers to the 9th floor. If the vodokanal is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be approximately 4 kg/cm2. Given a pressure drop of one kilogram, for every 10 meters of water column, residents on the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses, the input pressure is only 3.6 kg. And the inhabitants of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1kg / cm2

12-20 floors

If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Upper and lower. Where the same conditions remain for the lower zone, and for the upper zone the pressure is raised to about 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply line, and with it the water rises up to the 10th floor. In houses above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With such a supply scheme, the water in the system does not circulate, it stands on a backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average, we get pressure from 1 to 4 kg. There are other values, but we will not consider them now.

Hot water supply or DHW

In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected in the same way, it stands on a backwater without circulation, which explains the fact that when you open a hot water tap, cold, cooled water flows for some time. If we take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house the hot water system is arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes to the house main

which raises the water to the attic where it is distributed along the risers and descends to the very bottom into the return line. By the way, DHW meters consider not only the volume of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count the temperature loss (hygocalories)

The temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which play the role of risers.

With this scheme, hot water always circulates. As soon as you turn on the faucet, hot water is already there. The pressure in such a system is approximately 6-7 kg. on the supply and slightly lower on the return to ensure circulation.

Due to circulation, we get pressure in the riser, in the apartment 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is precisely the essence of squeezing hot water into cold water in the event of a malfunction of plumbing fixtures. If you notice that you still have more pressure on hot water than on cold water, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold inlet, and control valves can be included in the hot water inlet, which will help equalize the pressure by about one digit with cold. Pressure regulator installation example