Hot water circulation in the apartment mkd from the basement. Water supply of an apartment building

Imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings in the sleeping area of ​​our beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for the cat (or in any other order) - and go to work ... Everything is automatic and without hesitation. Until the faucet cold water- cold water flows, and hot water flows out of hot water. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there - boiling water!! 11#^*¿>.

Let's figure it out.

Cold water supply or cold water

The local pumping station supplies water to the main from the water utility network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water meter.

In short, the water meter assembly consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.

Some have an additional check valve.

and water meter bypass.

The water meter bypass is an additional meter with valves that can feed the system if the main water meter is serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house main

where it is distributed along risers that lead water to apartments on floors.

What is the pressure in the system?

9 floors

Houses up to 9 floors high have bottom pouring from bottom to top. Those. from the water meter through a large pipe, water leaves through the risers to the 9th floor. If the vodokanal is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be approximately 4 kg/cm2. Given a pressure drop of one kilogram, for every 10 meters of water column, residents on the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses, the input pressure is only 3.6 kg. And the inhabitants of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1kg / cm2

12-20 floors

If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Upper and lower. Where the same conditions remain for the lower zone, and for the upper zone the pressure is raised to about 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply line, and with it the water rises up to the 10th floor. In houses above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With such a supply scheme, the water in the system does not circulate, it stands on a backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average, we get pressure from 1 to 4 kg. There are other values, but we will not consider them now.

Hot water supply or DHW

In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected in the same way, it stands on a backwater without circulation, which explains the fact that when you open a tap with hot water, some time goes cold, cooled water. If we take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house the hot water system is arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes to the house main

which raises the water to the attic where it is distributed along the risers and descends to the very bottom into the return line. By the way, DHW meters consider not only the volume of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count the temperature loss (hygocalories)

The temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which play the role of risers.

With this scheme, hot water always circulates. As soon as you turn on the faucet, hot water is already there. The pressure in such a system is approximately 6-7 kg. on the supply and slightly lower on the return to ensure circulation.

Due to circulation, we get pressure in the riser, in the apartment 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is precisely the essence of squeezing hot water into cold water in the event of a malfunction of plumbing fixtures. If you notice that you still have more pressure on hot water than on cold water, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold inlet, and control valves can be included in the hot water inlet, which will help equalize the pressure by about one digit with cold. Pressure regulator installation example

The hot water supply system of a private house includes: a water heater, a pipeline with stop valves and mixers, as well as often a pump for recirculating hot water. Water heaters differ in power, device, power source. The most practical are gas water heaters, both capacitive and flow. There are also water heaters. indirect heating, that is, those that function due to the heat that the heating or electric boiler gives off.

To ensure the availability of hot water at the tap in a private house, there are several options.

It is possible to choose a flow-through or storage water heater, which will work from a heating boiler, or autonomously from it. Can choose gas water heater, or one that runs on electricity, you can also choose solid fuel options.

A flowing water heater that runs on gas is commonly called a gas water heater.

Installing a hot water supply system in a private house or cottage, first of all, involves the installation of a water heater.

Installation of a hot water supply system using a double-circuit gas boiler

In the case when the number of water points of a private house is not large, and the simultaneous use of exclusively washbasins is expected, then it is best to choose a double-circuit boiler with instantaneous water heating. Such boilers are capable of producing hot water up to twenty liters per minute. This option is the simplest and most economical.

In order to mount this hot water supply system, it is enough to supply a pipe with cold water and at the outlet of the boiler it will already be possible to receive hot water. It must be taken into account that over a certain time the hot water will cool down in the pipeline and therefore, in order for hot water to flow from the tap, it will be necessary to wait for some time.

Installation of a system using a double-circuit boiler with a built-in boiler

Compared to the option described earlier, this type of DHW makes it possible to obtain much better heating in terms of stability and it is an order of magnitude more convenient for obtaining hot water.

This option makes it possible to constantly have in reserve from forty to sixty liters of hot water. But this system In addition to the advantages, it also has its disadvantages:

• Large dimensions and weight.
• Big costs fuel resources in order to maintain a stable water temperature in the boiler.
• High price.

Such systems are rarely used.

Recirculation via indirect boiler

A single-circuit boiler with an external indirect heating boiler is the most best option organization of recycling, which is often used in conditions of rather intensive consumption of hot water. In such a bundle, hot water recirculation is usually used.

This system allows the simultaneous use of two or more showers, baths, jacuzzis. IN own houses usually an indirect heating boiler is installed, having a volume of one hundred to a thousand liters.

In such a system, water is heated by passing through a boiler, tank big size having a tubular helix. The boiler circulates in a spiral heating system, which thus produces heating of water in the boiler. In this system, in contrast to the variants of a flow-through or storage water heater, the heating boiler operates all year round.

Most indirect heating boilers have a tank made of enamelled steel. And some premium models have an internal tank material, which is stainless steel.

Recirculation of the DHW hot water supply system.

Hot water recirculation is arranged as follows:

Hot water from storage tank, boiler, goes through the internal pipeline to the taps along with cold water. And even taking into account the fact that hot water pipes must have thermal insulation, after eight, ten hours, if it is not used, the water in the pipes cools.

Provided that the tap from the boiler is on greater distance, for example, on the top floor, then in order for hot water to pour, it needs to be drained for about five minutes.

If you do not want to always drain the water from the tap, then you should choose a system with hot water recirculation. Such a system has supply and return pipelines, but the system is very convenient and comfortable.

Hot water circulation in the boiler

For the movement of water from the boiler through the pipes and in the opposite direction, a circulation system is used. DHW pump, it is forbidden to use the pump for the heating system. The pump is constantly connected to the network and consumes little electricity, about one hundred watts per hour.

The operation of the pump does not have any effect on the speed at which water flows out of the faucet. It only ensures its movement from the boiler and back.

In a system with DHW recirculation, a heated towel rail is connected in series to the pipeline circuit. This connection ensures that the heated towel rail is heated even when the heating system in the room is turned off, but the DHW system is turned on.

Certain models of boilers are equipped with an electric heating element. This is very convenient in the case when the gas is turned off or the boiler is being prevented, because then this boiler is able to function as a storage electric water heater.

Pipeline supplying cold sanitary water to the boiler system must be connected via a safety group, which must be equipped with:

• Shut-off crane.
• Check valve.
• Safety valve.
• The expansion tank of the hot water supply system, while it must have the required volume.

In the event that in summer there is no need to heat the heated towel rail, then the circulation pump should be disconnected from electrical network, as well as cover ball valve in the circulation pipeline. When installing a hot water supply system, it must be borne in mind that all plumbing fixtures that consume hot water must be connected to the hot water supply branch, while the heated towel rail and circulation pump are mounted on the return pipeline. If the system is not mounted in this way, then when using hot water, the heated towel rail and the air in the room where it is located will be heated.

A system with hot water circulation and a boiler is the most convenient and comfortable for users, but at the same time it costs an order of magnitude more than a simple system.

The water pressure in the boiler itself may not be sufficient to provide hot water. To recirculate hot water through, it is necessary to properly install the DHW system with the installation of a circulation pump.

In large country houses experts recommend installing a hot water supply system (DHW) of a centralized method of heating water, through an electric column (you can also use a single-circuit gas boiler). In this case, in order to provide the necessary supply of hot water, an indirect heating boiler must be installed in this system.

The volume of the boiler is calculated taking into account all the people living in the house (for a family of 4 people, a boiler of 100-150 liters will be enough). Water in the DHW system is heated using a heat exchanger, which is connected to a heating source (boiler, column).

The DHW boiler has several inputs and outputs. The design feature of indirect heating boilers is that a coil is mounted in it in the form of a spiral metal tube through which hot water from the boiler passes. Due to the heat exchange between hot water in the coil and cold water in the boiler, the liquid inside the boiler is heated. This creates a preliminary supply of hot water for human needs.

The entire DHW system has a closed cycle of operation. If hot water is not used for a long time, it starts to cool down. When a person wants to use hot water, he will surely face the problem of the initial absence. When the tap is turned on, the system itself is activated and the water heating starts. But before the time when it heats up to the desired temperature, it may take several minutes.

So that you can use hot water immediately after opening the tap, they install it in the system, which ensures that water is constantly recirculated around the circuit, regardless of whether the person uses hot water or not.

Uninterrupted recirculation of water through the boiler is carried out using the installation additional equipment: expansion tank, reverse and safety valves, air bleed valve.

Thus, the recirculation of hot water through the boiler takes place with the help of a circulation pump, a heat exchanger and additional equipment, which is mounted in a single DHW system. As a result, a person does not have to wait until the water heats up, passing water for some time.

Boiler piping with recirculation

One of the most important and complex processes installation of a hot water supply system is a piping of a boiler with recirculation, but it is quite possible to do it yourself.

One of the most economical and efficient water heaters for home and summer cottages, experts consider an indirect heating boiler. The source of water heating can be gas, electricity or a heat exchanger. It is the heat exchanger that ensures the cost-effectiveness of using a DHW system with an indirect heating boiler.

The further functioning of the entire system depends on the correct piping of the boiler. The concept of strapping can be defined as a feature of the installation and connection of the DHW system to a source of water heating.

When installing the boiler and the entire system with recirculation, you need:

• Set a recirculation point. It is usually located in the center of the heating tank;
• Cold water is supplied to the lower opening of the boiler;
• The hot water outlet must be mounted at the top of the boiler;
• The heat carrier pipe is connected from above and goes down (the water circulation of the heat exchanger will pass through the circuit, the inlet of which will be at the top of the boiler, and the outlet at the bottom).
• Pipes should be connected to the energy source in accordance with the rules for installing materials, and connected using adapters. Valves and faucets.

You should know that the effectiveness of the system re DHW circulation depends on the heating system of the house. This improves the efficiency indirect water heater(boiler) by 35%.

The piping of the boiler with recirculation is carried out standard set materials: taps, pvc pipes, adapters, fittings, pumps. You need to choose only high-quality certified products from durable materials. The use of corrugated hoses and powder metallurgy material is strongly discouraged.

Boiler recirculation scheme

Recirculation of water in the DHW system is necessary in order to provide hot water to any point in the system without additional spillage. To do this, a circuit is installed through which water flows from the boiler throughout the system, and then returns back to the boiler. Recirculation is carried out using a small pump that runs completely silently. Such a system helps maintain a stable temperature of hot water anywhere in the house.

Among the common recycling schemes, there are several main options:

The choice of the method of heating water and heating, as well as the methods of its recirculation through the boiler, must be carried out in accordance with clear calculations of all consumers and the power of the coolant. Boilers with three-way or servo valves have an advantage among the main schemes.

Video about the organization of hot water recycling

Let's talk about the organization of a hot water supply system with recirculation. Thanks to this water supply scheme, hot water circulation is constantly maintained in the DHW circuit.

Benefits of DHW circulation and scope

Situations are quite widespread when in private houses the entire water treatment system is combined in one technical room farthest from the habitable zone. You can also often find projects of houses with several bathrooms, including on different floors. Such situations are characterized by a significant length of hot water pipelines, which promises residents some inconvenience.

For example, when opening a hot spot of water intake, it takes time, sometimes quite a lot, until the water, having passed through the channels and giving them part of its own heat, begins to flow from the tap at a nominal temperature. This not only causes certain inconveniences with each use of the bathroom, but also leads to excessive consumption of water, which serves as a strategic resource in many private construction projects.

The problem is solved by a recirculation unit that maintains a constant flow in the DHW system. Thanks to this, hot water flows from the tap immediately after opening, in addition, its temperature can be precisely adjusted regardless of the operating mode of the heating device.

Recirculation units can be equipped with those systems in which the storage heater, indirect heating boiler or the second circuit of the boiler is responsible for heating the water. When using flowing gas and electric heaters it is much more reasonable to move them closer to the draw-off points.

It should be noted that DHW recycling implies a completely different system topology. Therefore, the implementation of such an idea is possible only during the construction process, or at least overhaul. When trying to refine the existing plumbing complex in order to organize recycling, it is unlikely that it will be possible to get by with little bloodshed.

Pump assembly and piping

The layout of the recirculation unit may differ depending on the hot water and pumping equipment. For example, the design of some indirect heating boilers provides for a third outlet from the upper third of the tank to connect the return recirculation pipe. If there is no such outlet, the return flow is connected through a tee to the cold water supply pipe.

An example of a piping scheme for an indirect heating boiler with DHW recirculation: 1 - heating boiler; 2 - boiler safety group with expansion tank; 3 - circulation pump of the DHW system; 4 - boiler safety group with expansion tank; 5 - consumers of hot water; 6 - heating radiators; 7 - indirect heating boiler; 8 - boiler circulation pump; nine - check valves; 10 - circulation pump of the heating system; 11 - coarse mesh filter

Taking as an example the standard electric water heater with two outlets, then a detachable connection with a union nut and a safety group for boilers are first installed on the cold water supply pipe. A tee is mounted below, on two free branches of which Ball Valves. One of them is intended for connection to the cold water main, the other for the return pipe of the recirculation loop.

DHW recirculation scheme with storage boiler: 1 - storage water heater; 2 - valve for air suction when draining the tank; 3 - security group; 4 - check valves; 5 - circulation pump; 6 - weekly-daily timer; 7 - hot water consumers

Thus, the supply of cold water to the system occurs only when the pressure drops from the opening of the water intake, in other cases, hot water circulates through a closed loop that includes the entire volume of the boiler.

This main disadvantage water heaters, the design of which does not provide for their use in DHW systems with recycling. With such a connection scheme, the boiler will not, as expected, give 2/3 of its volume with invariably high temperature, because when fed, the entire volume of liquid will be evenly cooled.

As for the pump itself, for this purpose, leading manufacturers of sanitary equipment (Wilo, Grundfos) have developed a whole series of devices. Their main difference from standard circulation pumps is the threaded connections for connecting the same standard size, which is usually used in household systems water supply - for 1/2" or 1/4" thread.

Otherwise, such pumps are almost completely identical to the equipment used in heating systems with forced circulation of the coolant. Of the additional functions, performance adjustment, a daily-weekly timer and a thermostat may be available.

Piping system

The best material option for arranging a recirculation system is polyethylene pipes(PEX) with sliding press fittings. Yes, the installation of such systems requires the use of special expensive equipment, but it is quite possible to get by with a kit hand tool for crimping, rented. At the same time, in terms of moldings, the pipes themselves are much cheaper than polypropylene and metal-plastic ones, and their service life is incomparably higher.

In any case, the pipeline layout is quite simple. Its first part, which supplies water to sanitary equipment, is mounted in a continuous line from the heating unit in series to each draw-off point. On the last point the pipeline does not end in the circuit, it returns back to thermal node. This fact must be taken into account when considering various schemes spacers to minimize the consumption of materials for the organization of the loop.

Before laying, each individual segment of the pipeline is dressed in belt thermal insulation made of foamed polyethylene or rubber. Latest material more preferable for those sections of pipes that will subsequently be walled up. Thermal insulation should be placed close to the fittings, all joints between the shell must be glued with metallized tape.

Operation and modes of operation

In the summer, when there is no need for space heating, recirculation can simply be turned off by de-energizing the pump and turning off the tap for reverse side loops. True, for this, the forced circulation device must be placed according to the scheme after all points of water intake.

DHW recycling can be automated relatively easily. Even if the pump is not equipped with a built-in programmable timer, nothing prevents you from installing a separate control device and turning off the system at night or in the absence of the owners. If the housing is equipped with a home automation system, you can set up a recycling system based on Smart Home algorithms or a security alarm.published

If you have any questions on this topic, ask them to specialists and readers of our project.

Water supply is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. Water supply system apartment building It is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house piping and piping for water supply to the apartment.

It is very difficult to establish water supply high-rise building with multiple users. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes of different diameters represent a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that it is considered very difficult to supply water to a multi-storey building.

The system is a whole complex of pumping equipment with installed filters and metering devices, as well as shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Mandatory in this scheme will be pressure regulators. The water that enters the apartments first goes through several stages of purification from mechanical impurities. Also very often carry out disinfection of water by means of chlorination.

Central water supply and plumbing

Most convenient for people who live in apartment buildings, the water supply from the central water supply is considered. Such a system involves quality water under good pressure. Central water supply is carried out by means of a water supply system, which is available in all cities and villages. As a rule, water enters pumping stations from surface reservoirs, which are located far from sources of pollution.

System central water supply has three components:

• water intake facilities;
• cleaning stations;
• distribution network.

Water flows from the pumping station to a certain reservoir. There it goes through numerous stages of purification and only then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities.

The water supply system functions normally if high-quality and correct piping is done. System pressure also plays a big role.

For a large number of users, the central water supply system may have a well, which is arranged using a special water intake tower. Best to use artesian well: water is drawn from a great depth, the water quality is high.

But this method of water intake is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.

Scheme and arrangement of the water supply system of an apartment building

Water supply system with water tower

Such a system has several main elements: a caisson, a main water intake tank and a pumping station.

The principle of operation of the water tower

The caisson is a metal container, which is located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is mounted in it to bring water out of the well. A concrete ring caisson is considered less sealed, since it is often flooded by rising groundwater.

Across pumping station and the caisson water enters the storage tank. It has an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container falls and does not reach a certain level.

The total pressure in the system is directly related to the volume storage capacity or tank. Even in case of shutdown electrical energy, water in the apartments will flow steadily. But until the moment when the water level in the tank drops and, accordingly, the pressure decreases.

Scheme of the device of the water tower

Types of pipes that are used for water supply

Steel pipes

To date, steel pipes have practically ceased to be used. Over a fairly long period of time, such materials for plumbing have used up their resource. In addition, the price of steel pipes is quite high.

Mounting steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate is strongly collected on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and scale will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, the throughput is also reduced.

Copper pipes

The main advantage of using copper pipes- service life, which reaches 50 years. Steel pipes are quite expensive, and not everyone can afford to buy them. The advantage of steel pipes is that they do not form rust. In addition, copper has antibacterial properties.

Copper pipe wiring

Metal-plastic pipes

Metals are very popular these days. plastic pipes. They are quite practical and are considered reliable. Installation of a metal-plastic water supply system is very simple. All you need is a special tool. Pipes are joined with fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical stress.

Metal-plastic pipes

Apartment water supply schemes

The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how competently the installation of the water supply system is performed.

The water supply scheme must provide the apartment with water from central water supply to all necessary supply points. For some equipment, it will be necessary to ensure a constant pressure of water in the pipes. On the this moment plumbing for an apartment can be done in several ways: scheme serial connection, collector and mixed system.

The scheme of the consistent water supply of the apartment

The simplest and most practical way The water supply of the apartment is considered to be a serial connection scheme. This affordable option for price and performance engineering communications. Such a scheme, as a rule, is found in the buildings of residential buildings.

According to this installation scheme main pipelines with the supply of hot and cold water is produced in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that very often the series connection scheme is also called a tee.

The serial scheme implies the presence of a common highway for a large number of users. From such a central pipe, wiring is also done using tees. The main pipe has a fairly large diameter and plays the role of an elongated collector.

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Septic tanks for home and garden

Consistent piping in the apartment

Such a water supply system is currently considered not only common, but also the most ideal for use in ordinary apartment, which has one bathroom and no a large number of household appliances that work on the basis of water supply.

The sequential scheme has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• significant pipe savings;
• simplicity and ease of the project;
• reducing plumbing costs.

Disadvantages:

1. Pressure drop at the end points of the water supply if several open appliances are used at the same time.
2. The lack of the possibility of selective shutdown (in the event of a breakdown of one of the pipes, it will be necessary to completely turn off the apartment).
3. Difficulty in locating a leak.
4. Lack of free access to all distribution tees of the system.
5. In the event of an accident, it will be necessary to break the finishing layer on the surface of the floor or wall.

The distribution of pipes in the apartment should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists. Only then the probability that the pipe will start to leak will be small, and the pressure in the system will be normal.

Collector scheme

Due to the fact that at the moment the apartment uses a large number of devices that operate from water supply, their work may be disturbed, since the pressure in common system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to choose a collector connection scheme.

Installation of such a water supply system is considered expensive and rather complicated. Initially, the pressure drop in the system is already excluded, and it is for this reason that all points of the plumbing equipment can be used at the same time.

This is due to the fact that each such point of water supply is laid separate pipe. It can be simply closed if necessary. The main pipe with this type of connection has no branches, which ensures the safety of using the water supply system. Also, the possibility of leaks will be greatly reduced, since the collector pipe runs parallel to the main water supply pipe and has only one connection with it.

Collector scheme of water supply of the apartment

The advantages of such a system:

• due to the small number of connections - the reliability of the system;
• adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
• ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
• hidden installation of pipes that will not spoil the interior.

Sewerage in the apartment

Water supply and sewerage systems at home play an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of a person. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate and carry out the installation of engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Proper installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of the sewage disposal. Often, the installation of sewer waste in an apartment is associated with turning off the water supply through the riser. Works are carried out quite quickly and very high quality.

Advice. If the sewer pipes in the apartment are laid for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.

It would be better to use the old scheme. At the same time, it is recommended to sketch out an approximate work plan on paper and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet bowl, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Do not forget about quality material in this process.

Before you lay or change the sewer in the apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.

Sewerage and water supply risers in the apartment

If the common sewer pipe does not have external signs corrosion, you can not change it. If replacement is necessary, then this must be done very carefully due to the fact that a damaged pipe can be very easily deformed, and then the entire riser will have to be completely changed.

It happens that sewer pipes in an apartment are laid for the purpose that appeared large quantity equipment that runs on water supply. For example, dishwasher or washing machine. Another option for laying sewers as an additional structure may be when it is necessary to connect additional plumbing equipment.

Scheme of the sewerage device in the apartment

Necessary equipment for the installation of high-quality sewage:

• pipes;
• accessories;
• compositions for fixing and sealing;
• instruments;
• fitting;
• appliances.

When installing a new sewer riser, it will be necessary to take into account the fact that plastic pipes for draining water will not be able to withstand the compressive loads of a piece of cast-iron pipe that may be on top of the riser. It will be necessary to attach a special replaced fragment to such a pipe in order to ensure a tight and durable fixation of the junction of pipes made of different material. For the tightness of such connections, adapters-cuffs are used, which are made for such combinations (“cast iron-plastic”, “plastic-cast iron”).

Dismantling the sewer in the apartment

Replacing an old sewer pipe with a new one has many nuances that must be taken into account in this process. Initially, it is necessary to determine the most vulnerable places in the pipe to deformation. It is also required to disconnect all existing connections from the pipe and remove all debris. All this is necessary to ensure more convenient work.

Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement is long, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment, you must carefully dismantle cast iron pipes sewerage. All this can be done with adjustable wrenches or other tools.

mount new pipe you need a complete set with a variety of adapters and couplings, since then it will not be possible to do it qualitatively. All connections must be coated with sealant to protect the riser from leakage.

Correct installation plastic sewer

Advice. All fittings or cuffs must be clean. Silicone Grease should be designed specifically for connecting sewer pipes.

Hot water supply

Hot water supply in the apartment is a whole system of pipelines and variety of devices which are used for heating cold water and distributing hot consumers. In some cases, they are used special pipes in bathrooms or toilets for heating such rooms in the apartment. They have additional function dryers.

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Standard scheme domestic hot and cold water supply systems

All hot water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria:

• local hot water systems;
• centralized systems;
• open heating network;
• closed heating networks.

According to the radius of action, hot water supply systems are divided into local and central.

Local hot water systems

Local hot water supply systems are equipped for a group of small objects or one building. Water in this case is heated directly by the consumer. Water heating is carried out using gas or electric flow-type boilers.

Such systems require regular Maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.

Local hot water system

The advantage of local hot water supply systems:

• offline work;
• ease of repair;
• small heat losses.

Central hot water systems

Appearance central systems supply of hot water to the apartment is due to the elimination of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water systems will be much more practical.

Scheme of the device for centralized hot water supply of an apartment building

All this depends on the fact that there is no need to install appropriate equipment for heating cold water and additional wiring. Also, the system of such hot water supply has its drawbacks. Pipes need to be constantly maintained and repaired, but local utilities can rarely fulfill customer requests. There are also large drops in water pressure in the system and insufficient temperature, which cannot be said about local water supply systems.

To heat water and supply it to the consumer, centralized systems can use open or closed heating networks. Open heating networks provide for mixing network water already heated in special equipment. After that, the water is supplied to consumers. Closed heating networks provide for heating water through the surface. The heat carrier (superheated water or steam) and the heated water do not come into contact in any way.

Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water in the section can significantly deteriorate. temperature regime. Such systems are currently very rare to find.

closed circuit home heating and water supply

Hot water supply in the apartment can be carried out in several ways:

1. Heating water in the boiler room with subsequent supply to the consumer.
2. Water heating is carried out in special points located in neighborhoods or districts.
3. Water heating is carried out using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-storey building.
4. Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.

Hot water supply can be circulating. In this case, the water is constantly moving through the pipes and provides not only the supply of hot water, but also heating. The water is constantly heated. There is also a dead-end hot water supply. In this case, the water is not used immediately and may simply cool down over time. It is for this reason that special containers are installed in the apartment to heat and maintain the temperature of the water.

With regard to savings, it will be rational to use individual systems providing hot water to the apartment. For the centralized supply of hot water, the user must pay a monthly fee.

Diagram of a boiler device for heating water

If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, as payment for water is made according to the cold water meter. hot water the consumer is self-sufficient.