Central hot water supply. Big encyclopedia of oil and gas

An open water supply system, its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the opposite, a closed system, is considered in detail. The elements of an open system and the features of its operation are listed.

Tip: an open water supply system of this type is advisable only in places of continuous hot water analysis, or in short-distance networks.

Figure 1: Open hot water system

Circulating water supply system

Where continuous provision of hot water to points of consumption is preferable, and the discharge of water is undesirable, circulating systems are used. The water in the pipeline of such a system does not stop and does not cool down, but is continuously pumped through the water heating installation, which makes it possible to maintain its temperature at a given level at each individual point of water consumption.

In buildings up to 4 floors, water circulates only in the distribution pipes, and more than 4 floors - also in the pipes of the risers. At the same time, the water temperature in water points where the centralized heating system is connected to the local system is not lower than 60 degrees (for open water supply systems) or 50 degrees (for closed water supply systems). In both cases, the water temperature should be within 75 degrees. (See also: )

Figure 2: circulation system hot water supply

Differences between open and closed water supply systems

In a closed system, water from heating networks is used as an energy carrier for heating cold water coming from a water supply system to a hot water supply system in a heat exchanger. In open systems, hot water is supplied directly from the heating network. The temperature of such water is up to 75 degrees, and it is intended to meet the hygienic and domestic needs of the population (bathing, washing, etc.). Therefore, the open and closed water supply systems differ and are classified depending on the method of water supply. Water taken directly from the heating network is called household water.

Figure 3: Closed hot water system

Maintenance of open water supply systems includes disinfection, and, in agreement with the state supervision authorities, it can be carried out not only with the help of chlorination, but also by simple washing with hot water at a temperature of about 90 degrees.

Advice! The water heating device also needs to be cleaned periodically, because under the influence of high temperatures unfavorable conditions for water quality can be created. (See also: )

Figure 4: Open hot water system

An open hot water supply system is extremely simple: it consists of an installation for heating water, a circulation pump and pipelines for transporting it to water points. The location of the distribution line inside the building can be of several options:

1. System with top wiring- most often used in case of installation upper water heaters(tanks), which is possible if there is an upper technical floor in the structure. In this case, the circulation line is laid in the basement.


2. System with bottom wiring - more convenient in terms of Maintenance, the water heating installation is located in the basement.
(See also: )

Water quality requirements

The quality of water in an open system is the same as in radiators. Therefore, the requirements that an open hot water supply system imposes on the quality of the coolant are higher than for closed systems, in which water for consumption practically does not differ in quality from cold tap water.

Figure 5: Quality water

Arrangement of an open water supply system

Equipment for arranging an open water supply system should be selected taking into account the principle of its operation. In other words, the supply of water from the lower tank must be accompanied by the same pressure of water in the taps of all floors, from the first to the last, and this can only be achieved using a pump required performance not always possible.

Important! It is necessary to take into account the friction force on the pipeline walls, which reduces the speed of water movement. This influence seems insignificant, but in practice an open-type water supply system is effective only when all the nuances are taken into account.

The water pressure in the system is determined by the following factors:

• Geodetic injection height;


• dynamic pressure;


• Losses in pipelines.

For such a system, it is important to overlap individual sections of the pipeline with special fittings (cranes). This is convenient for maintenance and repair, because it will be enough to block separate plot and drain a small amount of water instead of draining all the water from the system. It is also advisable to install additional protective devices: float sensors in tanks, pressure switches in the pipeline.

Figure 6: System pressure measurement

Efficiency of hot water systems

The efficiency of the system is determined by the maximum transfer of thermal energy to the consumer with minimum consumption coolant. The water supply system is open and closed, in the absence of water intake for hot water supply, the efficiency indicators will not differ, with the exception of the option with a heat pump (which is the most efficient in any conditions). Closed and open systems have different benefits. In a closed system, it is possible to provide hydraulic decoupling of heat networks, and in an open system, the cost of hot water supply for the end user is much lower. In addition, it is characterized by more high level reliability and increase in efficiency in the future (provided that the coolant is water of drinking quality).

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A closed hot water supply system is used in a number of large cities and has the following main advantages: the ability to provide a stable quality of hot water, the same as the quality of city water supply; ease of monitoring the density of the system; ease of sanitation. The main disadvantage of a closed system is the complexity and cost of subscriber inputs due to the installation of water-to-water heaters with appropriate communications.

With a closed hot water supply system, it is connected to the heating network through high-speed water-water heaters, in which the heating water passes through the annular space, and the heated water passes through brass tubes rolled into tube sheets. Such a scheme for supplying heated water is adopted because in hot water systems - when heated tap water oxygen dissolved in it is released, which causes increased corrosion of the ferrous metal of the water heater housing; brass is less susceptible to corrosion. In addition, brass tubes have a higher linear elongation than steel tube bodies. When passing through them water with a lower temperature than in the annular space, there is some alignment of the absolute values thermal elongation brass tubes and steel body. This makes it possible to use water heaters with brass tubes without lens compensators on the body in hot water supply systems, which greatly simplifies their design.

Scheme XI. Thermal obes.

With a closed hot water supply system, it may sometimes be advisable to use such methods of treatment of make-up water that would allow the plant to have one water treatment plant and, therefore, subject make-up water to the same treatment (sometimes partial) that is subjected to additional water. feed water for boilers, although this is by no means always required by the operating conditions of heating systems.

With a closed hot water supply system, it is connected to the heating network through high-speed water-water heaters, in which the heating water passes through the annular space, and the heated water passes through brass tubes rolled into tube sheets. Such a scheme for supplying heated water was adopted because in hot water supply systems, when tap water is heated, oxygen dissolved in it is released, which causes increased corrosion of the ferrous metal of the water heater housing; brass is less susceptible to corrosion. In addition, brass tubes have a higher linear elongation than steel tube bodies. When water passes through them with a lower temperature than in the annular space, there is some alignment of the absolute value of the thermal elongation of the brass tubes and the steel body. This makes it possible to use water heaters with brass tubes without lens compensators on the body in hot water supply systems, which greatly simplifies their design.

In closed hot water systems (see Fig. 5.3), water from the outside water supply network heated in water heaters.

A serious disadvantage of a closed hot water supply system using hot water boilers is the difficulty in equalizing the flow of heated water. An accumulator tank must be installed at each boiler, which is practically not always feasible. The use of the thermal inertia of residential buildings to equalize the peaks of water intake by sequential two-stage switching on of hot water boilers does not solve the problem, since with such a scheme only fluctuations in heat consumption are partially smoothed out, and the consumption of tap water in the boiler tubes remains as sharply variable as with any closed scheme without storage tanks.

Scheme XI. Thermal obes.

Heat networks with closed hot water systems, as well as purely heating systems, are characterized by correct operation small leaks and therefore small amounts of make-up water.

AMO-25 UHL4 devices are designed for closed hot water supply systems; all other types, including those being developed now, are for hot water supply and circulating cooling systems.

In central heating points with a closed hot water supply system, installations for deaeration and stabilization of water are provided, and with water hardness of more than 4 mg-eq / l - and for its softening.

In contrast, with a closed hot water supply system, in which all the network water circulates in a closed circuit, and the added cold water compensates only for leaks and therefore its quantity is insignificant, the turbine output elements can be heated to excessively high temperatures. To ensure the reliability of the T-250-240 turbines, it is considered expedient when installing them in systems with closed water intake for the period of operation with heating of network water in the condenser bundle, to significantly reduce the temperature of the intermediate superheating of the steam. According to preliminary data obtained on the basis of computational studies, the value of this reduction should be about 120 C, which significantly exceeds the capabilities of the adjustment means used in serial boilers.

There are two make-up pumps for the heating network with a closed hot water supply system, and three with an open system, including in both cases a backup pump.

A number of enterprises still have a so-called closed hot water supply system, in which water for showers is heated in hot water boilers network water. For the operation of boilers, it is necessary to maintain a temperature of Tc not lower than 70 C, which further aggravates the operation of the heaters. Due to the above reasons temperature graph, on which the CHP works, differs sharply from optimal schedule for heating industrial enterprises.

Hot water supply system (DHW) - a set of devices that provide heating of cold water and its distribution to water-folding devices.Domestic hot water systems subdivided into centralized and local (decentralized).

In centralized systems, one heating unit in a boiler room or central heating station supplies hot water to one or more large buildings within a residential microdistrict, block or village. All centralized DHW systems they are designed with circulation pipelines to provide consumers with hot water, since without them, in the absence of water intake, the water in the supply lines cools quickly and the consumer is forced to drain it, while losing water and heat. In addition, heated towel rails are installed in hot water systems, which are necessary for drying clothes and heating bathrooms and cannot work in the absence of circulation.

Circulation pipelines and circulation pumps create a continuous movement of water (circulation) through closed circuit heat exchanger - supply pipeline - water tap - circulation pipeline - heat exchanger, maintaining the temperature of hot water at the water tap 50-60 gr.S. At this temperature, most of the pathogenic bacteria contained in water die (pasteurization effect), edible fats, oils and household contaminants emulsify well - they dissolve in water and are washed off by its flow when washing dishes and washing clothes. To enhance these processes, the industry produces a variety of soaps, synthetic detergents, scouring powders and emulsifiers.

For body washing, people usually use hot water at a temperature of 35-40 degrees C in baths and up to 45 degrees C in baths, diluting hot primary water with cold water using mixing taps and devices.
AT last years in buildings with a height of five floors or more, part of the supply risers (for example, from 3 to 7 risers of one section of a residential building) are combined into one water-folding unit, called a sectional unit, with a single circulation pipeline. In buildings higher than 50 m (over 16 floors) the DHW system is divided vertically into separate zones with independent wiring and separate risers for each zone, sometimes even with the device of special technical floors. This is due to the limitation of the allowable pressure in front of the water folding and water shut-off valves to 0.6 MPa.
Local (dead-end) DHW systems suit in individual houses(dacha, cottage, interlocked)or apartments. Their radius of action is small, hot water preparations are produced in small heat generators (electric, gas water heaters, small boilers, etc.). Often such a heat generator is common to both the heating system and the DHW system; they are called bipolar. Double-circuit boiler is enough to prepare hot water for a family of 3-4 people. For large families, sometimes a capacitive boiler is attached to the boiler.
On the industrial and municipal enterprises (baths, laundry, dry cleaning, swimming pools), along with high-speed water supply installations, steam-water heaters for hot water have found their way.
For internal pipelines of cold and hot water, SNiP 2.04.01-85 * recommends the use of plastic pipes and fittings made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polybutylene, metal-polymer, fiberglass and other plastic materials for all water supply networks, except for an independent fire water supply network.
The laying of plastic pipes is carried out mainly hidden - in baseboards, strobes, shafts and channels in the floor fill. Open laying of connections to sanitary appliances is allowed, as well as in places where mechanical damage to plastic pipelines is excluded. For all networks of internal water supply it is allowed to use copper, bronze and brass pipes, fittings, as well as with internal and external protective coating from corrosion.
In order to avoid rapid destruction from internal corrosion, DHW systems are made of galvanized pipes with a slope of distribution pipes to risers of at least 0.002. For pipe diameters over 150 mm in open heat supply systems, the use of non-galvanized black pipes is allowed.
For agricultural enterprises it is allowed to apply asbestos-cement pipes. In hot water and cold water systems, fittings of ordinary general industrial use are used, designed for operating pressures up to 0.6 MPa. Pipes are connected by threading or welding in an environment of gaseous carbon dioxide. To compensate for thermal elongations, either natural pipe turns or special compensators are used.
Shut-off valves are installed on branches to individual buildings and structures, on branches to sectional nodes and on branches from risers to each apartment. To repair individual risers at their upper and lower points, a shut-off valves with plugs for draining water from risers and letting air into them.
All pipelines of the DHW system, with the exception of apartment connections and heated towel rails, must have thermal insulation. The thickness of the thermal insulation layer of the structure must be at least 10 mm , and its thermal conductivity is not less than 0.05 W (m x gr. C).
Water consumption rate (in liters per inhabitant), for example, in an apartment-type residential building with centralized hot water supply (with bathrooms 1500- 1700 mm equipped with showers) and in a residential building with increased requirements for landscaping (with a building height of 12 floors and above) is from 250 to 400 liters per day.
The physiological (drinking) need of a person ranges from 5 l / day (in a calm state) to 10 l / day (during heavy physical work).
Determination of heat flows for hot water supply is carried out according to SNiP 2.04.02-84.

Basic heating devices . AT centralized systems hot water supply water is heated in hot water boilers, open tanks or closed water heaters equipped with coils.
Most often use a hot water supply system from a steam boiler and from a heating network.
Domestic hot water system with steam boiler and horizontal water heater operates in the following way. From the steam collector, steam through the steam pipeline enters the coil of a horizontal capacitive water heater, where it condenses, heating the water in the water heater. Condensate from the coil through the condensate pipeline returns to the boiler. The water in the water heater is under the pressure of the city water supply and is heated up to 70 degrees C. Through the supply pipeline, it enters the upper bottling, from where it is fed through hot water risers through hot water inlets to sanitary appliances. Part of the water is returned through the return pipeline to the water heater through the lower fitting, which prevents the water from cooling in the supply line. As hot water is drawn, cold water from the water supply line enters the water heater. A safety valve is installed on the water heater. lever valve co drain pipe and a thermometer, and on the boiler - a safety ejection device, a pressure gauge, a thermometer and a water gauge glass.
The domestic industry produces steam-to-water high-speed water heaters MVN - 1436 and MVN - 1437 and water-water sectional MVN - 2052-62, designed for heating water in heating and hot water supply systems.

Water heaters MVN-1436 and MVN-1437 consist of a body, pipe system, front and rear water chambers and a cap. The case, chambers and a cap - steel. Pipe system consists of steel support grids and a bundle of brass tubes with a diameter of 16x1 mm or 16x0.75 mm. Heaters are made short - 2040 mm and long - 4080 mm . Water heaters with a diameter of 273 and 325 mm - two-way, with a diameter of 377 mm or more - four-way.
Water heaters work as follows. Heated water enters through the lower branch pipe of the front inlet chamber, passes through brass tubes, is heated and enters the network through the upper branch pipe with outdoor temperature. The steam that heats the water is fed into the annulus.
Hot water water heaters МВН-2052-62 make collapsible single and multi-section, long and short. Sections are interconnected with bolts. The section consists of a body (seamless pipe) with steel tube sheets welded to it and a bundle of brass tubesdiameter 16x0.75 mm. Branch pipes with flanges are welded to the body for connecting sections along the annular space. Water heaters are designed for maximum temperature water 150 gr.С and operating pressure of heating and heated water up to 1 MPa.
Scheme with steam speed water heater used for hot water supply systems of large residential buildings, baths, laundries and other large consumers of hot water. In the water heater, the water entering the house network through the inlet is heated to the required temperature. The high-speed water heater is flow-through, the consumed water flows at a significant speed through heating tubes- tubular heating elements, which, in turn, are heated by water from the heating network passing inside the water heater body and washing them. From the water heater, hot water is supplied to the hot water supply system through a pipeline. A regulator is installed on the supply pipeline of the heating network, which automatically maintains a constant flow of water from the heating network, and an air vent. Cold water in the water heater comes from the water supply. On the control unit at the input there are valves for shutting off the pipeline of the heating system and individual parts of the unit. The water consumption in the network is taken into account using a water meter.
To prevent water from the heating system from entering the heating pipeline, there are check valves. Manometers and thermometers are installed at separate points of the control unit to measure the pressure and temperature of the water. Control gauges are installed under the manometers. three-way valves that are screwed into the pipe fittings. High-temperature water from the heating network from the input is mixed with a part of the cooled water from the return line of the heating system by an elevator, which has valves that regulate the temperature of the mixed water. Mixed water enters the main riser of the heating system and returns to the return pipeline of the heating network through the return pipeline from the heating system. The sump is used to trap dirt from the return pipe of the heating system. A heat meter is used to account for the heat consumed. A pressure regulator is installed on this line.

Hot water systems are:

• with a dead-end pipeline, where, with a small analysis of hot water or no water intake, the water cools quickly. Therefore, such a scheme is used in low-rise residential buildings with a short network, or in systems where water is constantly taken apart (baths, laundries, etc.)
• with circulation risers; such schemes are used where water cooling in pipes is not allowed, for example, in multi-storey residential buildings, hotels.

Single-pipe systems of centralized hot water supply currently widely used in residential buildings. In these systems for buildings of 5-9 floors, risers within the section at the top are interconnected, with all risers, except for one, being connected to the supply line, and one outlet riser to the circulation line. To the holiday riser, as well as to the supply, devices for drawing hot water are attached. To ensure uniform circulation of water in the hot water supply systems of buildings connected to one central heating point, a diaphragm is provided on the outlet riser.
For residential buildings over 9 floors, all hot water risers are connected to the supply line and an independent circulation riser is laid, which is connected at the top to the jumper between all supply risers, and at the bottom to the circulation line. In supply systems, the circulation line is calculated from the condition for supplying the calculated amount of hot water. Air removal from hot water systems is carried out through an air collector or by connecting a branch to devices top floor at the top of the riser. At the base of each riser and on the jumpers between the risers, a shut-off valve is installed.
At ring pattern risers are accepted of the same diameter over the entire height of the building and are usually equal for buildings up to 5 floors inclusive 25 mm , and for higher-rise buildings - 32 mm.

Water heaters, heating water for household needs, there are: electric, gas, solid fuel, indirect heating hot water from the heat carrier of the heating system. Water heaters are divided into:

• flow, where water is heated as it moves past the heat transfer elements (electric heating elements, copper pipes, plate heat exchangers)
• accumulative, where water is heated in the accumulative parts of the device using heat transfer elements.

All water heaters can be divided into the following types: gas flow ( geysers), gas storage, electric flow, electric storage (with and without a built-in coil), electric storage with a firebox for solid fuel, indirect heating.

AT modern world people are accustomed to living in comfortable conditions. And the higher the standard of living, the more benefits surround people. To one of such inalienable conditions today comfortable life of the population can be attributed to the availability of hot water in apartments and private houses. Today, the consumption of hot water is equal to the use of cold water and sometimes even exceeds it.

What it is?

Hot water supply is the provision of the population, including its domestic needs, as well as production needs, with water high temperature(up to +75 degrees Celsius). It is important indicator level and quality of life, as well as the condition for compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The hot water supply system consists of special equipment that operates in combination, which serves to heat water to the desired temperature, as well as to supply it to water intake points.

Often this system consists of the following elements:

• water heater;
• pump;
• pipes;
• fittings for water supply.

AT normative documents an abbreviation for the phrase hot water supply - DHW is often used.

Device types

The hot water system can be of two types.

• An open system has a coolant. Water is supplied from the central heating system. It is so named because the supply comes from the heating system. This system is usually used in apartment buildings. As for private houses, the open system will be too expensive there.
• A closed system functions differently and has its own differences. Cold first drinking water taken from the central water supply or outdoor network, then it is heated in a heat exchanger and only after that it is supplied to the water intake points. Such water can be used for cooking, as it does not contain elements harmful to health.

And also exists independent system hot water supply. Water is heated in a boiler room or heating point then fed into the house. It is called independent because it functions separately and is not connected with the heat supply system. It is used in private houses or cottages.

As for water heaters, they are divided into two types.

Their choice depends only on the desire of the owner, as well as on the living conditions of the premises.

• Flowing. They do not accumulate water, but heat it up as needed. Such a heater is activated instantly, as soon as the water is turned on. They can be electric or gas.
• Cumulative. Such hot water boilers collect water in a special tank and heat it. hot water can be used at any time. Electric boilers are large.

Principle of operation

The hot water supply system can be dead-end or circulating. The dead-end circuit is used for the constant use of hot water. With intermittent water intake, the water in the pipes cools down and comes in not too hot. In order to get water of the required hot temperature, it will take quite a long time to drain it, which is not very convenient. With a circulation scheme, water is always supplied hot, but such a system is more expensive. This scheme is well suited in cases of periodic water intake. The water temperature is constantly maintained, and users receive hot water.

The circulation system in such systems can be of two types.

• Forced. This type uses pumps as in a building heating system. Forced systems are used in multi-storey buildings with a height of two floors.
• Natural. In one and two-storey houses arrangement is applied natural circulation, since the length of the pipelines is small. It operates on a system of circulation pipes, based on the difference in the mass of water at different temperatures. This method is the same as the water heating method using natural circulation.

Hot water supply consists of the following elements:

• water heater or generator;
• pipeline;
• water points.

Several types of water heaters can be generators.

• High-speed water-to-water heaters work on the basis that hot water, which comes either from the boiler room or from district heating, passes through brass pipes. They are inside steel pipes, and the space between them is filled with heated water. Thus, heating occurs.
• The steam water heater operates due to the steam entering the heater. Water is heated by passing through brass pipes located inside. Such systems are used in dwellings with a constant flow of water and its high consumption.
• In houses with intermittent and low water consumption, storage water heaters. They not only heat, but also accumulate hot water.

The pipelines of both hot and cold water supply are a single system, they are laid in parallel. At the water intake points, mixers are installed that allow you to receive different temperature(from +20 to +70 degrees Celsius) due to the mixing of hot and cold water. In a hot water system, it is better to use galvanized or plastic pipes in order to avoid corrosion. Pipelines and risers are best insulated to avoid unnecessary heat loss. AT modern houses for hot and cold water meters are installed to account for water consumption, which allows not to overpay for consumption, but to pay only for the consumed water.

Advantages and disadvantages

If we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of hot water supply, it is better to consider separately open and closed systems.

• it is easy to fill and bleed air, which happens automatically through the expansion tank;
• quite easy to recharge. Since the pressure in the system does not require special attention, then you can collect water without fear;
• the system functions well even in the presence of leaks, which is associated with a high working pressure in it.

The disadvantages include the following:

• constant monitoring of the water level in the tank;
• the need to replenish it.

The advantages of a closed hot water supply system include the following:

• savings associated with a constant temperature;
• it is possible to install a heated towel rail.

The disadvantage is the mandatory presence of water heaters. They can be flowing or accumulative, allowing you to always have backup water supply.

Highly important point in the hot water supply system is the presence of a hydraulic accumulator. It helps to prevent some of the problems associated with pressure drops in the system. The hydraulic accumulator is a sealed tank in which there is a membrane partially filled with water. It separates the tank into water and air parts. If the volume of water in the tank increases, then, accordingly, the volume of air decreases.

In the event of increased pressure parameters in the system, a signal is given and the pump is turned off. There is a pneumatic valve for pressure regulation. Air is pumped through the nipple. Its quantity can be added or reduced.

The hydraulic accumulator has such advantages as:

• prevent rapid wear of the pump. Since there is a supply of water in the tank, the pump will turn on less often, which contributes to its longer service life;
• stable air pressure in the system. The device helps to avoid sudden changes in pressure and temperature in the hot water supply system;
• water hammer resistance. They practically do not occur and cannot harm the pump and the entire system;
• increased supply of hot water. There is always a reserve in the accumulator tank, and besides, it is constantly updated.

Thus, the presence this device only positively affects the functioning of the entire system as a whole.

Norms

According to the "Rules for the provision utilities» The hot water temperature norm should correspond to a value from +60 to +75 degrees Celsius. This value is fully consistent sanitary standards and rules under the legislation of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that there are some tolerances, namely:

• at night (from 00:00 to 05:00 hours) a deviation of up to 5 degrees Celsius is allowed;
• during the daytime (from 05:00 to 00:00 hours) the deviation should not be more than 3 degrees Celsius.

According to the rules, if the supplied hot water is colder than the value of the standards, the user can recalculate and pay for it at the cost of cold water supply. But for this you will have to perform temperature measurements. You cannot do this on your own. First of all, you need to call the housing and communal services or management company and submit a freeze request. If this drop in temperature is due to malfunctions, repairs or other reasons, the dispatcher must report this.

If everything is in order, you need to fix the application. After the visit of the master, you need to draw up an act of measuring the temperature in two copies. It is on the basis of this act that the cost will be recalculated.

During the measurement, you need to pay attention to the following factors:

• be sure to drain the water within a few minutes;
• note where the measurement is taken from - from the pipe of the heated towel rail or from an independent pipe.

According to the SanPiN article, this violation involves the payment of a fine.

Established norms temperature regime associated with the following factors:

• this temperature does not allow bacteria to multiply;
• at this temperature, the possibility of getting burns is excluded.

The temperature of the water in the storage facilities must be very high, but its use at home must be combined with cold water.

Schemes and calculations

In order to calculate the consumption of hot water, it is necessary to take into account the number of people living in a house or apartment, as well as lifestyle. The main requirement is the minimum period for the flow of hot water from the tap. In addition, according to current regulations (10 minutes), it is supposed to be used at several points in any quantity.

• number of users;
• frequency of use in the bathroom;
• the number of bathrooms and toilets;
• volume of plumbing fixtures;
• required water temperature.

The best today is the design with the help of special measuring instruments. Although this option is not possible for everyone. Only when taking into account the needs of the whole family is it possible to choose best option hot water supply for a house, apartment or cottage.

As for the operation of the hot water supply system, its good result is achieved only with the coordinated uninterrupted operation of all its components. The main factor is to obtain a quality resource that meets all requirements. In this regard, preventive maintenance should be carried out periodically. Pipelines must be flushed. This is done after installation, then after repairs and disinfection.

Washing can last from several minutes to several hours. The time depends on the length of the pipeline. In order to avoid corrosion in the process, a complete absence of air is necessary. For its output, special exhaust valves are used. Before commissioning the hot water system for the first time, a tightness and strength test must be carried out. The pressure must be half a bar higher than that intended, but at the same time it must not exceed ten bar. Temperature environment during such events should be at least five degrees Celsius above zero.

To prolong the service life of hot water supply, better time from time to time to control fittings, filters, heaters. There are ways to combine the supply of hot water. In the presence of both autonomous heating, and centralized water supply the water heater must be connected to separate outlets with shut-off fittings. During the circulation of water in the coolant, there should be no air, as this may lead to the formation of an air lock, which will not allow flow hot water, and a rupture of the pipeline may also occur. If there are any malfunctions in the system, it is better to contact specialists for timely identification and solution of the problem. Under the condition of careful and careful use of the hot water supply system, the likelihood of emergencies, breakdowns and failures are minimized.