Supply water temperature. Coolant temperature in different heating systems

To feel comfortable in an apartment or in own house in winter period a reliable, compliant heating system is required. AT high-rise building- this is usually centralized network, in a private household - autonomous heating. For the end user, the main element of any heating system is the battery. Cosiness and comfort in the house depends on the heat coming from it. The temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment, its norm is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating standards

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, adjusting the temperature of the radiators and taking care of maintaining thermal regime falls on the homeowner. In a multi-storey building with central heating, an authorized organization is responsible for compliance with the standards. Heating standards are developed on the basis of sanitary standards applicable to residential and non-residential premises. The basis of the calculations is the need of an ordinary organism. Optimal values established by law and displayed in SNiP.

It will be warm and cozy in the apartment only when the heat supply norms stipulated by the legislation are observed.

When is the heat connected and what are the regulations

Start heating period on the territory of Russia falls on the time when the thermometer readings fall below + 8 ° C. Turn off the heating when the mercury column rises to + 8 ° C and above, and keeps at this level for 5 days.

To determine if the temperature of the batteries meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with the norms of heat supply, the minimum temperature should be as follows:

• living rooms: +18°C;
• corner rooms: +20°C;
• bathrooms: +25°C;
• kitchens: +18°C;
• landings and lobbies: +16°C;
• basements: +4°C;
• attics: +4°C;
• lifts: +5°C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from outer wall and 1.5 m from the floor. In case of hourly deviations from the established standards, the heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated up to +50°C – +70°C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container of tap water.

Norms according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

Cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the temperature of the water in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, tenants have the right to write an application with a request for verification. Representatives of the municipal service inspect the plumbing and heating systems, draw up an act. The second copy is given to the tenants.

If the batteries are not warm enough, you must contact the organization responsible for heating the house

If the complaint is confirmed, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. The rent is recalculated if the room temperature deviates from the permissible norm, and also when the water in the radiators is 3°C lower than the norm during the day, and 5°C at night.

Air expansion parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of ​​18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³ / h per sq. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures up to -31 ° C and below.

In apartments equipped with gas and electric stoves with two burners, and hostel kitchens up to 18 m², aeration is 60 m³ / h. In rooms with three burners, this value is 75 m³ / h, s gas stove with four burners - 90 m³/h.

In a bathroom with an area of ​​25 m², this parameter is 25 m³ / h, in a toilet with an area of ​​​​18 m² - 25 m³ / h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³ / h.

Methods for measuring the heating of radiators

Hot water, heated to +50°С - +70°С, is supplied to the taps year-round. During the heating season, heaters are filled with this water. To measure its temperature, open the tap and place a container under the stream of water into which the thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed by four degrees upwards. If there is a problem, file a complaint with the housing office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written to the DEZ. The specialist should come within a week and fix everything.

Availability measuring device allows you to constantly monitor temperature regime

Heat Measurement Methods heating batteries:

1. The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2°C are added to the result obtained.
2. For the most accurate measurements, an infrared thermometer-pyrometer is used, which determines the readings with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C.
3. An alcohol thermometer can serve as a permanent measuring device, which is applied to the radiator, glued with adhesive tape, and wrapped with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material.
4. Heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the “measure temperature” function. For measurement, a wire with a thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

Regularly recording the data of the device, fixing the readings on the photo, you will be able to make a claim against the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you to measure the temperature of the liquid circulating in the heating system. The actions of the commission must comply with paragraph 4 of the "Methods of control" in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and pass state verification. Its temperature range should be in the range from +5 to +40°С, the permissible error is 0.1°С.

Adjustment of heating radiators

Adjusting the temperature of the radiators is necessary in order to save on space heating. In apartments of high-rise buildings, the bill for heat supply will decrease only after the installation of the meter. If a boiler is installed in a private house that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be substantial.

Why is adjustment needed?

Adjusting the batteries will help achieve not only maximum comfort, but also:

• Remove airing, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and heat transfer to the room.
• Reduce energy costs by 25%.
• Do not constantly open windows due to overheating of the room.

The heating setting must be carried out before heating season. Before that, you need to insulate all the windows. In addition, take into account the location of the apartment:

• angular;
• in the middle of the house;
• on the bottom or upper floors.

• insulation of walls, corners, floors;
• hydro- and thermal insulation of joints between panels.

Without these measures, the adjustment will not be useful, since more than half of the heat will heat the street.

Warming corner apartment helps to minimize heat loss

The principle of adjusting radiators

How to properly regulate heating batteries? To rationally use heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. With their help, you can reduce the flow of water or disconnect the radiator from the system.

• In systems district heating high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is supplied from top to bottom, regulation of radiators is impossible. On the upper floors of such houses it is hot, on the lower floors it is cold.
• In a single-pipe network, the coolant is supplied to each battery with a return to the central riser. Heat is distributed evenly here. Control valves are mounted on the supply pipes of the radiators.
• In two-pipe systems with two risers, the coolant is supplied to the battery and vice versa. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are heat exchangers stop valves connected to the battery. There are several types of faucets that allow you to regulate heat.

The principle of operation of control valves

According to the principle of action, they are:

• Ball bearings providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, let water through or shut off the coolant.
• Standard budget valves without temperature scale. Partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the heat carrier to the radiator.
• With a thermal head that regulates and controls the parameters of the system. There are mechanical and automatic.

Exploitation ball valve comes down to turning the knob to one side.

Note! The ball valve must not be left half open, as this may cause damage to the sealing ring, resulting in a leak.

Conventional direct acting thermostat

A direct acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas that can respond to temperature changes. Its increase causes expansion of the filler, resulting in increased pressure on the stem in the regulator valve. It moves and blocks the flow of coolant. Cooling the radiator causes the reverse process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the pipeline of the heating system

Temperature controller with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually, in electronic sensor the temperature is set in advance and maintained within the specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when it is possible to place its axis horizontally

Heat regulation instructions

How to regulate batteries, what actions need to be taken to ensure comfortable conditions in the house:

1. Air is released from each battery until water flows from the tap.
2. The pressure is adjustable. To do this, in the first battery from the boiler, the valve opens for two turns, in the second - for three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. Such a scheme provides optimal passage of the coolant and heating.
3. In forced systems, the pumping of the coolant and the control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
4. To regulate the heat in the flow system, built-in thermostats are used.
5. In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic modes.

A selection of video stories on the topic

Why is a thermal head for radiators needed and how does it work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable accommodation in high-rise apartments, country houses and cottages is provided by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern systems heating systems allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If the installation of regulators is not possible, the responsibility for the heat in your apartment lies with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values ​​provided for by the regulations.

For supporting comfortable temperature in the house during the heating period, it is necessary to control the temperature of the coolant in the pipes of heating networks. System workers district heating living quarters is being developed special temperature chart, which depends on weather indicators, climatic features of the region. The temperature schedule may differ in different settlements, and it may also change during the modernization of heating networks.

A schedule is drawn up in the heating network for simple principle- the lower the temperature outside, the higher it should be at the coolant.

This ratio is important basis for work enterprises that provide the city with heat.

For the calculation, an indicator was used, which is based on average daily temperature the five coldest days of the year.

ATTENTION! Compliance with the temperature regime is important not only for maintaining heat in an apartment building. It also allows you to make the consumption of energy resources in the heating system economical, rational.

The graph, which indicates the temperature of the coolant depending on the outside temperature, allows the most optimal way to distribute between consumers apartment building not only heat, but also hot water.

How is heat regulated in the heating system

Heat regulation in an apartment building during the heating period can be carried out in two ways:

• By changing the flow rate of water at a certain constant temperature. This is a quantitative method.
• The change in the temperature of the coolant at a constant flow rate. This is a quality method.

Economical and practical is second option, at which the temperature regime in the room is observed regardless of the weather. Sufficient heat supply to apartment house will be stable, even if there is a sharp temperature drop outside.

ATTENTION!. The norm is the temperature of 20-22 degrees in the apartment. If the temperature charts are observed, this norm is maintained throughout the heating period, regardless of weather conditions, wind direction.

When the temperature indicator on the street decreases, data is transmitted to the boiler room and the degree of the coolant automatically increases.

A specific table of the ratio of outdoor temperature and coolant depends on factors such as climate, boiler room equipment, technical economic indicators.

Reasons for using a temperature chart

The basis for the operation of each boiler house serving residential, administrative and other buildings during the heating period is the temperature chart, which indicates the standards for the indicators of the coolant, depending on what the actual temperature is. outdoor temperature.

• Drawing up a schedule makes it possible to prepare the heating for a decrease in the temperature outside.
• It is also energy saving.

ATTENTION! In order to control the temperature of the heat carrier and have the right to recalculate due to non-compliance with the thermal regime, a heat sensor must be installed in the system district heating. Meters must be checked annually.

Modern construction companies can increase the cost of housing through the use of expensive energy saving technologies during the construction of multi-apartment buildings.

Despite the change construction technologies, the use of new materials for the insulation of walls and other surfaces of the building, compliance with the norms of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system - best way maintain comfortable living conditions.

Features of calculating the internal temperature in different rooms

The rules provide for maintaining the temperature for living quarters at 18˚С, but there are some nuances in this matter.

• For angular rooms of a residential building coolant must provide a temperature of 20 ° C.
• Optimum temperature indicator for the bathroom - 25˚С.
• It is important to know how many degrees should be according to the standards in rooms intended for children. Indicator set from 18˚С to 23˚С. If this is a children's pool, you need to maintain the temperature at 30 ° C.
• Minimum temperature allowed in schools - 21˚C.
• In institutions where mass cultural events are held according to the standards, Maximum temperature 21˚C, but the indicator should not fall below the figure 16˚С.

To increase the temperature in the premises during a sharp cold snap or a strong north wind, the boiler house workers increase the degree of energy supply for heating networks.

The heat transfer of the batteries is affected by the outside temperature, the type of heating system, the direction of the flow of the coolant, the state of the utility networks, the type of heater, the role of which can be played by both a radiator and a convector.

ATTENTION! The temperature delta between the supply to the radiator and the return should not be significant. Otherwise, a large difference in the coolant in different rooms and even apartment buildings.

The main factor, however, is the weather., which is why measuring outdoor air to maintain a temperature graph is a top priority.

If it is cold outside up to 20˚С, the coolant in the radiator should have an indicator of 67-77˚С, while the norm for the return is 70˚С.

If the street temperature is zero, the norm for the coolant is 40-45˚С, and for the return - 35-38˚С. It should be noted that the temperature difference between supply and return is not large.

Why does the consumer need to know the norms for the supply of coolant?

Payment for utilities in the heating column should depend on what temperature the supplier provides in the apartment.

Table of the temperature graph, according to which optimal performance boiler, shows at what temperature of the environment and by how much the boiler room should increase the degree of energy for heat sources in the house.

IMPORTANT! If the parameters of the temperature schedule are not observed, the consumer may demand a recalculation for utilities.

To measure the coolant indicator, it is necessary to drain some water from the radiator and check its degree of heat. Also successfully used thermal sensors, heat meters that can be installed at home.

The sensor is a mandatory equipment for both city boiler houses and ITPs (individual heating points).

Without such devices, it is impossible to make the operation of the heating system economical and productive. Coolant measurement is also carried out in hot water systems.

Useful video

Most city apartments are connected to the central heating network. The main source of heat in major cities usually are boiler houses and CHP. A coolant is used to provide heat in the house. Typically, this is water. It is heated to a certain temperature and fed into the heating system. But the temperature in the heating system can be different and is related to the temperature indicators of the outside air.

To effectively provide city apartments with heat, regulation is necessary. Follow set mode heating helps the temperature chart. What is the heating temperature chart, what types of it are, where is it used and how to compile it - the article will tell about all this.

Under the temperature graph is understood a graph that shows the required mode of water temperature in the heat supply system, depending on the level of outdoor temperature. Most often, the heating temperature schedule is determined for central heating. According to this schedule, heat is supplied to city apartments and other objects that are used by people. This schedule allows optimum temperature and save resources on heating.

When is a temperature chart needed?

In addition to central heating, the schedule is widely used in domestic autonomous heating systems. In addition to the need to adjust the temperature in the room, the schedule is also used in order to provide for safety measures during operation. household systems heating. This is especially true for those who install the system. Since the choice of equipment parameters for heating an apartment directly depends on the temperature graph.

Based on the climatic features and the temperature schedule of the region, a boiler and heating pipes are selected. The power of the radiator, the length of the system and the number of sections also depend on the temperature established by the standard. After all, the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should be within the standard. O technical specifications cast iron radiators can be read.

What are temperature charts?

Graphs may vary. The standard for the temperature of the apartment heating batteries depends on the option chosen.

The choice of a specific schedule depends on:

1. climate of the region;
2. boiler room equipment;
3. technical and economic indicators of the heating system.

Allocate schedules of one- and two-pipe heat supply systems.

Designate the heating temperature graph with two digits. For example, the temperature graph for heating 95-70 is deciphered as follows. To maintain the desired air temperature in the apartment, the coolant must enter the system with a temperature of +95 degrees, and exit - with a temperature of +70 degrees. Typically, this chart is used for autonomous heating. All old houses with a height of up to 10 floors are designed for heating schedule 95 70. But, if the house has a large number of storeys, then the heating temperature chart of 130 70 is more suitable.

In modern new buildings, when calculating heating systems, the schedule 90-70 or 80-60 is most often adopted. True, another option may be approved at the discretion of the designer. The lower the air temperature, the coolant must have a higher temperature when entering the heating system. The temperature schedule is chosen, as a rule, when designing the heating system of a building.

Features of scheduling

The temperature graph indicators are developed based on the capabilities of the heating system, the heating boiler, and temperature fluctuations in the street. By creating a temperature balance, you can use the system more carefully, which means it will last much longer. Indeed, depending on the materials of the pipes, the fuel used, not all devices are always able to withstand sudden temperature changes.

When choosing the optimal temperature, they are usually guided by the following factors:

It should be noted that the temperature of the water in the central heating batteries should be such that it will warm the building well. For different rooms different standards have been developed. For example, for a residential apartment, the air temperature should not be less than +18 degrees. In kindergartens and hospitals, this figure is higher: +21 degrees.

When the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment is low and does not allow the room to warm up to +18 degrees, the owner of the apartment has the right to contact the utility service to increase the efficiency of heating.

Since the temperature in the room depends on the season and climatic features, the temperature standard for heating batteries may be different. Heating of water in the heat supply system of the building can vary from +30 to +90 degrees. When the temperature of the water in the heating system is above +90 degrees, then decomposition begins paintwork, dust. Therefore, above this mark, heating the coolant is prohibited by sanitary standards.

It must be said that the design outdoor air temperature for heating design depends on the diameter of the distributing pipelines, the size heating devices and coolant flow in the heating system. There is a special table of heating temperatures that facilitates the calculation of the schedule.

The optimal temperature in heating batteries, the norms of which are set according to the heating temperature chart, allows you to create comfortable conditions residence. More details about bimetallic radiators heating can be found.

The temperature schedule is set for each heating system.

Thanks to him, the temperature in the home is maintained at optimal level. Graphs may vary. Many factors are taken into account in their development. Any schedule before being put into practice needs approval from the authorized institution of the city.

Heating battery - main element heating system in a city apartment, efficient home appliance for heat transfer. It is from the batteries (radiators) and their temperature that the coziness and comfort of living for all residents of the house largely depend.

In this article we will tell you: what should be the temperature of the radiators in the apartment, what are its norms and whether interruptions in the heat supply are acceptable.

Start of the heating season

Start of heating supply at residential apartments indicated in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354. The document states that as soon as, average daily temperature outdoor air is below +8 ºС and remains unchanged for 5 days in a row, heating is turned on in the apartments.

In all other cases, the moment of heat supply can be legally delayed. Detailed information about when which temperature include heating in apartments You can read.

Note: heat will begin to flow into the apartments no earlier than on the 6th day after the recorded temperature indicators of the air outside.

Most regions of the country heating season starts from mid-October and ends in April.

Reasons for the lack of heat in the apartment

There may be situations when, due to the negligent attitude of the heat supply company to its own duties, there is no heat supply to the apartments. Why? The reasons for the lack of heat include:

• Breakdown of the heating system at home;
• The filling of pipes that conduct heat to houses with air;
• Unfinished renovations.

If the heating supply delay is caused by a breakdown of the in-house system, then it is impossible to correct the situation until the problem is fixed.

If the cause of the delay is the filling of the heat supply pipes with air, it is necessary to contact the operating organization. The specialist must “blow out” the batteries within a day after the appeal, and there will be no obstacles to filling them with circulating liquid.

Why is the heat supply to the radiators interrupted?

The beginning of the heating season does not yet mean its continuity. Sometimes the heating supply is temporarily stopped, which causes a lot of questions and indignation on the part of the population.

It is important to know that it is legal, interruptions in the heating supply can be:

• Maximum 24 hours. Provided that the minimum air temperature in the apartment is +12 ºС;
• Maximum 8 hours. If the temperature drops to +10 to +12 ºС;
• No more than 4 hours if the thermometer shows +8 ºС and below.

All downtime periods are indicated in total for a month. If residents notice an excess of these values, they should file a complaint with the responsible organization. Familiarize with optimal temperature indicators in the apartment in winter can be in.

Heating battery temperature standards

The heating system of an apartment building is the result of engineering work. It is a complex mechanism consisting of many elements.

Therefore, it is so important to follow the rules for the installation and operation of heating radiators in each apartment. Otherwise, the heat will be distributed unevenly, which will lead to the fact that it will be warm in one apartment, and cold in the next one.

An important point is also . In order to avoid such situations and came up with appropriate allowed values(standards).

Permissible minimum battery temperature

Like any other indicator, important for normal vital activity person ( , etc.) battery temperature during the heating season must have admissible minimum.

However minimum temperature batteries in apartments by law and regulations not spelled out. This means that the indicator must be kept allowable temperature air in the apartment (+18 to +25 degrees).

Obviously, which is unacceptable for low battery temperatures, achieve normal air temperature throughout the apartment impossible.

What should be the maximum value?

Unlike the minimum, the maximum value is precisely indicated in SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". This document defines the standards established for the in-house elements of the heating system:

• The maximum allowable battery temperature in the apartment is considered to be 95 ° C at two-pipe system heating;
• With a single-pipe heating system, the temperature maximum is 115 ° C;
• The recommended temperature is between 85°C and 90°C. This is because 100°C is the boiling point of water. When this indicator is reached, special measures are applied to prevent boiling;

Note: although the temperature maximum is 115°C, battery operation in this mode is not recommended. They break quickly if they work with such an increased load.

How to measure battery temperature?

If you suspect that the batteries are heating poorly, you can measure their temperature. There are several ways to measure battery temperature, namely:

• Ordinary thermometer. In this case, 1-2°C should be added to the measured surface of the heater;
• Using an infrared thermometer;
• An alcohol thermometer measures the temperature of the battery by tightly wrapping it around it. For measurement accuracy, it is necessary to cover the thermometer with a heat-insulating material.

It is important: the device that measures the temperature of the batteries must have a quality certificate. The measurement range should be from 5 to 40 degrees C - this greatly minimizes the measurement error. Permissible error is not more than 0.1 gr.S of measurement.

If the battery temperature substantially does not reach recommended values ​​should be written application in management company for the measurement. Commission in the presence of the tenant of the apartment will make control measurement of fluid circulating in the battery and establish mismatch.

Note: before measuring the temperature of the batteries, measure the temperature hot water from the tap. These indicators are interconnected with each other. If the thermometer readings are in the range from 60 to 75 ° C - this is considered the norm, if below - a deviation from it.

What to do if there is no heating?

If it was not possible to wait for heating, it's time to move on to decisive action. First, you need to understand the reason for what is happening. If it turns out that everything is to blame for a breakdown in the heating system of the house, it must be fixed. If the supply company is to blame for the delay in heating, it must be proved that the apartment is cold.

To do this, together with a representative of the operating company, it is necessary to measure the temperature in each room. If it is lower, it is important to record the readings.

Based on the results of measurements, the service company is obliged to take measures, correct the situation and recalculate the heating fee in periods of non-compliance. If there are no actions on the part of the responsible company, it can be held administratively liable for violating the rules of public services for the population.

The minimum allowable air temperature in a living room in winter is +18 °C. As soon as an underestimated value of this indicator is fixed, the organization supplying heat is obliged to reduce the payment for it by 0.15% for each hour of violations.

If the recalculation did not motivate the responsible organization to correct errors, a collective complaint should be made by the residents of the house about the violation of the temperature regime. It will become the basis for going to court. For violations, the organization supplying heat can be severely fined.

Thus, the temperature of the batteries in the apartment during the heating season must comply with the requirements of SNiP.

Residents of apartments can independently measure the temperature of the batteries to clarify whether the standards are being observed. Knowledge of all permitted norms, boundaries and dates associated with the onset of the heating season gives possibility protect their rights in case of their violation.

About heating standards in apartments says the following video:

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In the article, we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the heating system depends on the temperature outside. elevator node and what can be the temperature of the radiators in winter.

We will touch on the topic self fight cold in the apartment.

Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.

general information

Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.

Outside temperature

The design temperature of the heating period, which is included in the design of heating systems, is nothing less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day periods for the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.

This approach allows, on the one hand, to be prepared for severe frosts that happen only once every few years, and on the other hand, not to invest excessive funds in the project. On the scale of mass construction, we are talking about very significant amounts.

Target room temperature

It should be noted right away that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Several factors are at work in parallel:

• Outdoor air temperature. The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
• Presence or absence of wind. Strong wind increases the heat loss of buildings by blowing porches, basements and apartments through unsealed doors and windows.
• The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room. It is clear that in the case of a hermetically sealed plastic window with double glazing heat loss will be much lower than with dried out wooden window and glazing in two threads.

It is curious: now there has been a trend towards construction apartment buildings with the highest degree of thermal insulation.
In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are being built immediately with facade insulation mineral wool or polystyrene and with hermetically closing doors of entrances and apartments.

• And finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.

So, what are the current temperature standards in rooms for various purposes?

• In the apartment: corner rooms- not lower than 20C, other living rooms - not lower than 18C, bathroom - not lower than 25C.
  Nuance: at the design air temperature below -31C for corner and other living rooms are taken over high values, +22 and +20C (source - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 "Rules for the provision of public services to citizens").
• AT kindergarten: 18-23 degrees depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and playrooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
• AT educational institutions: from 16C for boarding school bedrooms to +21 in classrooms.
• In theaters, clubs, other places of entertainment: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and + 22C for the stage.
• For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories), the norm is 18 degrees.
• In grocery stores, the normal winter temperature is 12, and in non-food stores - 15 degrees.
• The temperature in the gyms is maintained at 15-18 degrees.

• In hospitals, the maintained temperature depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, in the wards for premature babies it is maintained at +25, and for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) - 15C. In surgical wards, the norm is + 26C.

temperature graph

What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?

It is determined by four factors:

1. Air temperature outside.
2. Type of heating system. For single pipe system the maximum water temperature in the heating system in accordance with current standards is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system - 95. The maximum temperature difference between the supply and return is 105/70 and 95/70C, respectively.
3. The direction of the water supply to the radiators. For houses of the upper bottling (with supply in the attic) and lower (with pairwise looping of the risers and the location of both threads in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
4. Type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and have different heat transfer; accordingly, to ensure the same temperature in the room, the temperature regime of heating must be different.

So, what should be the temperature of heating - water in the supply and return pipes - at different outdoor temperatures?

We present only a small part temperature table for the estimated ambient temperature of -40 degrees.

• At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipeline for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return one is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
• At -20 for radiators, the supply and return must have a temperature of 67-77 / 53-55C. For convectors 68-79/55-57.
• At -40C outside, for all heaters, the temperature reaches the maximum allowable temperature: 95/105, depending on the type of heating system, at the supply and 70C at the return pipe.

Useful extras

To understand the principle of operation of the heating system of an apartment building, the division of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.

The temperature of the heating main at the outlet of the CHP and the temperature of the heating system in your home are completely different things. At the same -40, a CHP or boiler house will produce about 140 degrees at the supply. Water does not evaporate only due to pressure.

In the elevator unit of your house, part of the water from the return pipeline, returning from the heating system, is mixed into the supply. The nozzle injects a jet of hot water at high pressure into the so-called elevator and recirculates the masses of cooled water.

Why is this needed?

To provide:

1. Reasonable mixture temperature. Recall: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.

Attention: for kindergartens, a different temperature norm applies: no higher than 37C. low temperature heating appliances have to be compensated large area heat exchange.
That is why in kindergartens the walls are decorated with radiators of such great length.

1. Large volume of water involved in circulation. If you remove the nozzle and let the water flow directly from the supply, the return temperature will differ little from the supply, which will dramatically increase heat loss on the route and disrupt the operation of the CHP.

If you turn off the suction of water from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline can simply freeze in winter.

The areas of responsibility are divided as follows:

• The temperature of the water injected into the heating mains is the responsibility of the heat producer - the local CHPP or boiler house;
• For the transportation of coolant with minimal losses - an organization serving heating network(KTS - communal heating networks).

• For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - ZhEU. In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - something on which the temperature of the radiators depends - is coordinated with the CTC.

If your house is cold and all the heating devices are those installed by the builders, you will settle this issue with the residents. They are required to provide the temperatures recommended by sanitary standards.

If you have undertaken any modification of the heating system, for example, then you take full responsibility for the temperature in your home.

How to deal with the cold

Let us, however, be realistic: most often we have to solve the problem of cold in the apartment ourselves, with our own hands. Not always housing organization can provide you with warmth in a reasonable time, and sanitary norms not everyone will be satisfied: I want the house to be warm.

What will the instructions for dealing with cold in an apartment building look like?

Jumpers in front of radiators

There are jumpers in front of the heaters in most apartments, which are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the riser in any condition of the radiator. For a long time they were supplied three-way valves, then they began to be installed without any shut-off valves.

The jumper in any case reduces the circulation of the coolant through heater. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.

The simplest way to make your apartment warmer is to insert chokes into the jumper itself and the connection between it and the radiator.

With their help, it is possible to conveniently adjust the temperature of the heating batteries: when the jumper is closed and the throttle to the radiator is fully open, the temperature is maximum, it is worth opening the jumper and covering the second throttle - and the heat in the room comes to naught.

The great advantage of such a refinement is the minimum cost of the solution. The price of the throttle does not exceed 250 rubles; spurs, couplings and locknuts cost a penny at all.

Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is at least slightly covered, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, adjusting the heating temperature will result in batteries and convectors that have cooled down at the neighbors.

Warm floor

Even if the radiator in the room hangs on a return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, by modifying the heating system, you can make the room warm.

The way out is low-temperature heating systems.

It is difficult to apply in a city apartment due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.

Much more real option- warm floor. Due to where larger area heat transfer and more rational distribution of heat in the volume of the room low temperature heating warms up the room better than a hot radiator.

What does the implementation look like?

1. Chokes are placed on the jumper and the eyeliner in the same way as in the previous case.
2. The outlet from the riser to the heater is connected to metal-plastic pipe, which fits into the screed on the floor.

So that communications do not spoil appearance rooms, they are put away in a box. As an option, the tie-in to the riser is moved closer to the floor level.

Conclusion

Additional information about work centralized systems heating you can find in the video at the end of the article. Warm winters!