Installation of a heat pump for heating a private house: rules for installing water-water, air-water and ground-water systems. Heat pump installations of a new generation and their use as a highly efficient energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technology

Become less profitable and lose their relevance. Combustion of gas or liquid fuels in boilers weighs down the budget like never before. Significant savings can be achieved by using heat pumps for home heating. They are based on the principle of consuming free natural energy, which is everywhere. It only needs to be taken.

Investment efficiency

LPG and diesel cannot compete with heat pumps in terms of running costs or operating comfort. The use of solid fuel for heating is difficult to automate and requires a lot of labor. Electricity is a comfortable, but expensive form of energy. To connect an electric boiler, you need a separate powerful line. Until now, in domestic conditions, natural gas has remained the most in demand and comfortable view fuel. But it has a number of disadvantages:

1. Issuance of permits.
2. Coordination of the project in the regulatory authorities and with neighbors.
3. Part of the tie-in and connection operations can only be performed by authorized organizations.
4. Periodic verification of the meter.
5. Limited network distribution and remoteness of connection points.
6. High costs for laying the supply line.
7. Gas-using equipment is a source of potential threat and requires regulated control.

A significant disadvantage of a heat pump can only be considered high capital investments at the stage of equipment purchase and installation. Standard price heating system on a heat pump with a geothermal heat exchanger, it consists of the cost of the work of drillers and specific equipment with installation. The kit includes:

• set of probes;
• propylene glycol;
• boiler indirect heating for hot water;
• set pumping equipment and automation.

The work is carried out by qualified personnel professional tool. The slightly higher upfront cost is balanced by significant benefits:

1. The heat pump installation is very economical, which allows you to recoup the additional costs in just a few seasons.
2. There are ample opportunities for implementing flexible automated control with a minimum of maintenance.
3. Comfort of use.
4. Good suitability for residential installations thanks to its aesthetic and modern design.
5. Cooling of premises based on the same set of equipment.
6. When working for cooling, in addition to the active mode of operation, it is possible to use a lower temperature of natural water and soil to implement a passive mode without extra costs energy.
7. The low power of the equipment does not require the laying of a large cross-section power cable.
8. No need for permits.
9. Possibility of using the existing wiring of heating devices.

For the production of 1 kW of thermal power, it is enough to spend no more than 250 watts. For heating a private household for 1 sq.m. area consumes only about 25 W / h. And that's with hot water. You can further increase energy efficiency by improving the thermal insulation of your home.

How it works

The heat pump, the principle of operation of which is based on the Carnot cycle, consumes energy not for heating the coolant, but for pumping external heat. The technology is not new. Heat pumps have been working in our homes as part of refrigerators for decades. In the refrigerator, the heat from the chamber moves to the outside. In the latest heating installations, the reverse process is implemented. Despite the low temperature outside, there is plenty of energy there.

It becomes possible to take heat from a colder body and give it to a hotter one, thanks to the property of a substance to consume energy during evaporation and release it during condensation, as well as increase its temperature as a result of compression. The necessary conditions for boiling and evaporation are created by changing the pressure. Freon is used as a working fluid with a low boiling point.

In a heat pump, transformations occur in 4 stages:

1. Cooled below the ambient temperature, the liquid working fluid circulates through the coil in contact with it. The liquid heats up and evaporates.
2. The gas is compressed by the compressor, causing its temperature to be exceeded.
3. In the colder inner coil, condensation occurs with the release of heat.
4. The liquid is bypassed through a throttling device to maintain a pressure difference between the condenser and the evaporator.

Practical implementation

Direct contact of the evaporator and condenser with external and internal environment oh is not typical for heating systems based on heat pumps. Energy transfer takes place in heat exchangers. The coolant pumped through the external circuit gives off heat to the cold evaporator. The hot condenser passes it on to the home's heating system.

The efficiency of such a scheme strongly depends on the temperature difference between the external and internal environments. The smaller it is, the better. Therefore, heat is rarely taken from the outside air, the temperature of which can be very low.

According to the place of energy intake, installations of the following types are distinguished:

• "ground-water";
• "water-water";
• "air-water".

As a heat carrier in ground and water systems, safe antifreeze liquids. It could be propylene glycol. The use of ethylene glycol for such purposes is not allowed, since if the system is depressurized, it will cause poisoning of soils or aquifers.

Ground-water installations

Already at a shallow depth, the temperature of the soil depends little on weather conditions, so the soil is efficient external environment. Below 5 meters, the conditions do not change at any time of the year. There are 2 types of installations:

• surface;
• geothermal.

In the first, extended trenches are dug on the site to a depth below the freezing level. They are laid out in rings plastic pipes solid section and covered with earth.

AT geothermal systems heat exchange occurs at depth, in wells. High and constant temperatures in the depths of the earth give a good economic effect. On the site, wells are drilled with a depth of 50 to 100 m in the required quantity according to the calculation. For some buildings, 1 well may be enough, for others, 5 will not be enough. Heat exchange probes are lowered into the well.

Water-to-water installations

Such systems use the energy of non-freezing water in winter at the bottom of rivers and lakes or ground water. There are 2 types of water installations depending on the place of heat exchange:

• in a pond;
• on the evaporator.

The first option is the least expensive in terms of capital investments. The pipeline simply sinks to the bottom of a nearby body of water and is secured against resurfacing. The second is used in the absence of water bodies in the immediate vicinity. 2 wells are being drilled: supply and receiving. From the first, water is pumped to the second through a heat exchanger.

Air-to-water installations

The air heat exchanger is installed simply next to the house or on the roof. Outside air is pumped through it. Such systems are less efficient, but cheap. Installation in lee places helps to improve performance.

Self-assembly of the system

With a strong desire, you can try to install a heat pump with your own hands. A powerful freon compressor is purchased, bay copper pipes, heat exchangers and others expendable materials. But there are many subtleties in this work. They consist not so much in fulfillment installation work, how much in the correct calculation, tuning and balancing of the system.

It is enough to unsuccessfully pick up a freon line so that the liquid that gets into the compressor instantly disables it. Difficulties can also arise with the implementation of automatic system performance control.

Doctor of technical sciences V.E. Belyaev, chief designer of OMKB Horizon,
d.t.s. A.S. Kosoy, Deputy Chief Designer of Industrial Gas Turbine Units,
chief project designer,
Ph.D. Yu.N. Sokolov, head of the heat pump sector, OMKB Horizon,
FSUE MMPP Salyut, Moscow

The use of heat pump units (HPU) for energy, industry and housing and communal services is one of the most promising areas of energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technologies.

A fairly serious analysis of the state and prospects for the development of work in this area was made at a meeting of the subsection "Heat supply and district heating" of the NTS of RAO "UES of Russia" on September 15, 2004.

The need to create and implement a new generation HPP is associated with:

♦ a huge backlog of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in the field of practical implementation of HPI, the ever-increasing needs of large cities, remote settlements, industry and housing and communal services in the development and use of cheap and environmentally friendly thermal energy (TE);

♦ the presence of powerful sources of low-potential heat (groundwater, rivers and lakes, thermal emissions from enterprises, buildings and structures);

♦ ever-increasing restrictions on the use of natural gas (GHG) for heat generating installations;

♦ opportunities to use progressive conversion technologies accumulated in aircraft engine building.

In the conditions of market relations, the most important technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of power generating plants are the cost and profitability of the energy produced (taking into account environmental requirements) and, as a result, the minimization of the payback period of power plants.

The main criteria for meeting these requirements are:

♦ Achieving the maximum possible fuel utilization factor (FUFR) in a power plant (ratio of useful energy to fuel energy);

♦ maximum possible reduction of capital costs and terms of power plant construction.

The above criteria were taken into account when implementing a new generation HPP.

For the first time for the practical implementation of large-scale heat pumps, it was proposed to use water vapor (R718) as a working fluid. The very idea of ​​using steam for HPP is not new (moreover, it was used by W. Thomson when demonstrating the efficiency of the first such real machine back in 1852 - ed.). However, due to the very significant specific volumes of water vapor at low temperatures (compared to traditional refrigerants), the creation of a real compressor on water vapor for use in vapor compression HPPs has not yet been carried out.

The main advantages of using water vapor as a working fluid for HPP in comparison with traditional refrigerants (freons, butane, propane, ammonia, etc.) are:

1. Ecological cleanliness, safety and ease of technological maintenance, availability and low cost working body;

2. High thermophysical properties, due to which the most expensive HPP elements (condenser and evaporator) become compact and cheap;

3. Significantly higher temperatures of the coolant to the consumer (up to 100 °C and above) compared to 70-80 °C for freons;

4. The possibility of implementing a cascade scheme for increasing the temperature from a low-potential source to a heat consumer (according to the Lorentz cycle) with an increase in the conversion factor in HPI (kHPU) compared to traditional ones by 1.5-2 times;

5. Possibility of generating chemically purified water (distillate) in HPP;

6. Possibility of using HPP compressor and condenser for:

♦ suction of water vapor from the outlet of heating turbines with the transfer of waste heat to the heat consumer, which additionally leads to an increase in the vacuum at the outlet of the turbine, an increase in its generated power, and a decrease in consumption circulating water, the cost of its pumping and thermal emissions into the atmosphere;

♦ suction of low-grade water vapor (waste) from energy technology installations

wok of chemical production, drying, etc. with the transfer of waste heat to the heat consumer;

♦ creation of highly efficient ejectors for steam turbine condensers, suction of multicomponent mixtures, etc.

Schematic diagram of HPI operation on water vapor and its design features

On fig. 1 shown circuit diagram HPI operation when using water vapor as a working fluid (R718).

A feature of the proposed scheme is the possibility of organizing the selection of heat from a low-temperature source in the evaporator due to the direct evaporation of a part of the water supplied to it (without heat exchange surfaces), as well as the possibility of transferring heat to the heating network in the HPI condenser both with and without heat exchange surfaces (mixing type ). The choice of the type of construction is determined by the binding of the HPI to a specific source of a low-potential source and the requirements of the heat consumer for the use of the coolant supplied to it.

For the practical implementation of a large-scale HPI on water vapor, it is proposed to use a commercially available aircraft axial compressor AL-21, which has the following important features when used for steam operation:

♦ large volumetric productivity (up to 210,000 m3/h) with a compressor rotor speed of about 8,000 rpm;

♦ the presence of 10 adjustable steps to ensure efficient work compressor in various modes;

♦ Possibility to inject water into the compressor to improve efficiency, including power consumption reduction.

In addition, in order to increase the reliability of operation and reduce operating costs, it was decided to replace the rolling bearings with plain bearings, using a water lubrication and cooling system instead of the traditional oil system.

To study the gas-dynamic characteristics of the compressor when operating on water vapor in a wide range of determining parameters, to develop structural elements and to demonstrate the reliability of the compressor under field test conditions, a large-scale test bench (closed type, diameter pipelines 800 mm, length about 50 m).

As a result of the tests, the following important results were obtained:

♦ the possibility of efficient and stable operation of the compressor on steam at n=8000-8800 rpm with a volume flow of steam up to 210 thousand m3/h was confirmed.

♦ the possibility of achieving a deep vacuum at the compressor inlet (0.008 ata) was demonstrated;

♦ the experimentally obtained compression ratio in the compressor πκ=5 exceeded by 1.5 times the required value for a HPI with a conversion ratio of 7-8;

♦ a reliable design of plain bearings for water compressors has been worked out.

Depending on the operating conditions of the HPI, 2 types of its layout are offered: vertical (HPU in one unit) and horizontal.

For a number of modifications of the proposed vertical layout of the HPI, it is possible to replace the tubular condenser with a spray-type condenser. In this case, the HPI working fluid condensate is mixed with the coolant (water) to the consumer. At the same time, the cost of HPP is reduced by about 20%.

The following can be used as a HPP compressor drive:

♦ built-in turbo drive with power up to 2 MW (for HPP with capacity up to 15 MW);

♦ remote high-speed turbo drives (for HPP with capacity up to 30 MW);

♦ gas turbine engines with utilization of fuel cells from the output;

♦ electric drive.

In table. 1 shows the characteristics of HPP on steam (R718) and freon 142.

When used as a low-grade source of heat with a temperature of 5-25 °C, for technical and economic reasons, freon 142 was chosen as the working fluid of the HPP.

Comparative analysis shows that for HPI running on water vapor, capital costs are between the water coolant and the working fluid (freon).

temperature range of the low-potential source:

♦ 25-40 OS - 1.3-2 times lower than for traditional domestic HPI on freon and 2-3 times lower than for foreign HPP;

♦ 40-55 OS - 2-2.5 times lower than for traditional domestic HPI on freon and 2.5-4 times lower than for foreign HPP.

Table 1. Characteristics of HPI on water vapor and freon.

*- when working on freon, the evaporator and condenser of HPP are made with heat exchange surfaces

**-T - turbo drive; G- gas turbine (gas piston); E - electric drive.

In the work under the conditions of real operation of HPI at CHPP, the possibility of efficient transfer of waste heat from a steam turbine to the heating network with a HPI conversion factor equal to 5-6 was demonstrated. In the proposed in and shown in Fig. 2, the HPI conversion coefficient will be significantly higher due to the exclusion of the HPI evaporator and, accordingly, the absence of a temperature difference between the low-temperature source and the working steam at the compressor inlet.

At present, the creation of highly efficient and environmentally friendly heat generating power plants based on HPP is an extremely urgent task.

The results of the introduction of HPI of various types for the needs of heat supply, industrial enterprises and housing and communal services are described.

On the basis of real tests of HPI at CHPP-28 of OAO Mosenergo, 2 specific schemes for transferring waste heat to cooling towers with the help of HPI to the heating network (direct transfer to the return heating main and for heating the make-up network water).

The ways of creating high-performance compression heat pumps on water vapor when used as a low-grade heat source in the temperature range from 30 to 65 °C with a gas turbine drive of the compressor and utilization of the heat of exhaust gases from the gas turbine are analyzed. The results of the feasibility study showed that, depending on the conditions, the cost of heat generated by the HPP can be several times lower (and the KIT is several times higher) than with traditional heat generation at a CHP.

In the analysis of the effectiveness of the use of heat pumps in centralized systems hot water supply (DHW). It is shown that this efficiency significantly depends on the current tariffs for energy carriers and the temperature of the low-grade heat used, therefore, the problem of using HPI must be approached carefully, taking into account all specific conditions.

TNU as alternative source Domestic hot water supply district heating in heating season

In this paper, based on the accumulated experience, the possibility and technical and economic indicators of a more in-depth compared to the use of heat pumps for hot water supply, in particular, almost 100% displacement of heat from traditional CHPPs for these purposes during the heating period, are analyzed.

For example, the possibility of implementing such an approach for the largest Moscow region of the Russian Federation is considered when two sources are used as waste heat:

♦ heat of natural water sources: Moscow rivers, lakes, reservoirs and others with an average temperature of about 10 °C;

♦ Waste heat from sewage and other sources;

♦ Waste heat to the cooling towers (from the outlet of the CHP steam turbines during the heating period in the ventilation pass mode with a steam temperature at the outlet of 30-35 °C). The total value of this heat is about 2.5 thousand MW.

At present, about 5,000 MW of heat energy is consumed for the needs of the Moscow region's hot water supply systems (about 0.5 kW per person). The main amount of heat for hot water supply comes from the CHPP through the district heating system and is carried out at the central heating station of the Moscow city heating network. Heating of water for hot water supply (from ~ 10 °C to 60 °C) is carried out, as a rule, in 2 heat exchangers 7 and 8 connected in series (Fig. 3), first from the heat of network water in the return heating main and then from the heat of network water in the direct heating main . At the same time, ~650-680 tce/h of SG is consumed for the needs of hot water supply.

The implementation of the scheme for the expanded (complex) use of the above sources of waste heat for hot water supply using a system of two HPPs (on freon and water vapor, Fig. 4) allows almost 100% compensation of about 5 thousand MW of heat during the heating period (respectively, to save a huge amount of GHG , reduce thermal and harmful emissions into the atmosphere).

Naturally, in the presence of existing CHPPs in the non-heating period of time, it is not advisable to transfer heat with the help of HPIs, since CHPPs, due to the lack of heat load, are forced to switch to the condensing mode of operation with discharge to cooling towers. a large number heat of the burned fuel (up to 50%).

The heat pump unit HPU-1 with freon-based working medium (R142) can provide water heating from ~10 °C at the inlet to the evaporator 10 to ~35 °C at its outlet, using water with a temperature of about 10 °C as a low-temperature natural source with kHP of about 5.5. When used as a low-temperature source of waste water from industrial enterprises or housing and communal services, its temperature can significantly exceed 10 °C. In this case, kHNU will be even higher.

Thus, HPI-1 can provide 50% water heating for hot water supply with a total value of transferred heat up to 2.5 thousand MW and more with great efficiency. The scale of implementation of such HPI is quite large. With an average unit heat output of HPI-1 of about 10 MW, about 250 such HPIs would be required for the Moscow region alone.

When kHP=5.5, it is necessary to spend about 450 MW of electrical or mechanical power on the drive of HPP compressors (when driven, for example, from GTP). Heat pump units HPU-1 should be installed close to the heat consumer (at the central heating station of the city heating network).

Heat pump units HPP-2 are installed at the CHPP (Fig. 4) and used during the heating period as a low-temperature source of steam from the outlet of the heating turbines (ventilation passage of part low pressure(CHND)). At the same time, as noted above, steam with a temperature of 30–35 °C enters directly into compressor 13 (Fig. 2, there is no HPI evaporator) and, after its compression, is fed into condenser 14 of the HPI-2 heat pump unit to heat water from the return network line.

Structurally, steam can be taken, for example, through the safety (discharge) valve of the LPP of steam turbine 1. Compressor 13, creating a significantly lower pressure at the outlet of the LPP of turbine 1 (than in the absence of HPI-2), respectively, reduces the condensation (saturation) temperature of the steam and “turns off” the turbine condenser 3.

On fig. Fig. 4 schematically shows the case when waste heat is transferred by condenser 14 to the return heating main to PSV 4. In this case, even when all the waste heat is transferred from the output of the LPR of the turbine to the return heating main, the temperature in front of the PSV will increase by only ~5 °C, while slightly increasing the pressure of the heating steam from turbine extraction at PSV 4.

It is more efficient to first transfer part of the waste heat to heating the make-up network water (instead of its traditional heating with selective steam from the turbine), and then transfer the rest of the waste heat to the return heating main (this option is not shown in Fig. 4).

An important result of the proposed approach is the possibility of displacing up to 2.5 thousand MWe (transmitted by peak hot water boilers). With a unit power of HPI-2 operating on water vapor equal to ~6-7 MW, 350-400 such units would be required to transfer such an amount of heat.

Given the very low level of temperature difference in HPI (~15 °C between the low-temperature source and the temperature of the return network water), the conversion factor of HPI-2 will be even higher (kHPI ~6.8) than for HPI-1. At the same time, in order to transfer ~2.5 thousand MWe to the heating network, it is necessary to spend a total of about 370 MW of electrical (or mechanical) energy.

Thus, in total, with the help of HPI-1 and HPI-2 during the heating season, up to 5,000 MW of heat can be transferred to the needs of the Moscow region's hot water supply. In table. 2 gives a technical and economic assessment of such a proposal.

As a drive for HPI-1 and HPI-2, a gas turbine drive with N=1 -5 MW and an efficiency of 40-42% (due to the heat recovery of exhaust gases) can be used. In case of difficulties associated with the installation of a GTP city heating network at the central heating station (additional SG supply, etc.), an electric drive can be used as a drive for HPI-1.

Technical and economic assessments were made for fuel and heat tariffs at the beginning of 2005. An important result of the analysis is a significantly lower cost of heat generated by HPP (for HPI-1 - 193 rubles/Gcal and HPI-2 - 168 rubles/Gcal ) compared with traditional way its generation at the CHPP of OAO Mosenergo.

It is known that at present the prime cost of fuel cells, calculated according to the so-called “physical method of fuel separation into electricity and heat production”, significantly exceeds 400 rubles/Gcal (the tariff for fuel cells). With this approach, heat production even at the most modern thermal power plants is unprofitable, and this unprofitability is compensated by an increase in electricity tariffs.

In our opinion, this method of splitting fuel costs is incorrect, but it is still used, for example, in OAO Mosenergo.

In our opinion, given in table. 2 payback periods of HPP (from 4.1 to 4.7 years) are not large. When calculating, 5 thousand hours of HPP operation per year were taken. In reality, in summer period time, these installations can work according to the example of advanced Western countries in the mode of centralized refrigeration, while significantly improving the average annual technical and economic performance.

From Table. It can be seen from Table 2 that the CIT for these HPPs varies in the range from ~2.6 to ~3.1, which is more than 3 times higher than its value for conventional CHPs. Taking into account the proportional reduction of thermal and harmful emissions into the atmosphere, the cost of pumping and the loss of circulating water in the system: turbine condenser - cooling tower, increasing the vacuum at the outlet of the LPP turbines (when HPI-2 is operating) and, accordingly, the generated power, technical and economic advantages this offer will be even more significant.

Table 2. Feasibility study for the use of HPP on water vapor and freon.

* - additional heat in the process of utilizing the heat of flue gases from gas turbine drive units can be used to displace part of the heat from the CHP plant to the district heating supply.

Taking into account the inevitable rise in energy prices upon Russia's accession to the WTO, restrictions on the use of GHG for energy and the need for the widespread introduction of highly efficient energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technologies, the technical and economic benefits of introducing HPP will steadily grow.

Literature

1. A new generation of heat pumps for heat supply purposes and the efficiency of their use in a market economy // Materials of the meeting of the subsection of Heating and district heating of the NTS of RAO UES of Russia, Moscow, September 15, 2004

2. Andryushenko A.I. Fundamentals of thermodynamics of cycles of thermal power plants. - M.: Higher. school, 1985

3. Belyaev V.E., Kosoy A.S., Sokolov Yu.N. The method of obtaining thermal energy. Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2224118 dated July 5, 2002, FSUE MMPP Salyut.

4. Sereda S.O., Gel'medov F.Sh., Sachkova N.G. Estimated estimates of changes in the characteristics of a multistage

compressor under the influence of water evaporation in its flowing part, MMPP "Salyut"-CIAM // Thermal power engineering. 2004. No. 11.

5. Eliseev Yu.S., Belyaev V.V., Kosoy A.S., Sokolov Yu.N. Problems of creating a highly efficient vapor-compression plant of a new generation. Preprint of FSUE “MMPP “Salyut”, May 2005.

6. Devyanin D.N., Pishchikov S.I., Sokolov Yu.N. Development and testing at CHPP-28 of OAO Mosenergo of a laboratory stand for approbation of schemes for the use of heat pumps in the energy sector // Heat Supply News. 2000. No. 1. S. 33-36.

7. Protsenko V. P. On the new concept of heat supply to RAO UES of Russia // Energo-press, No. 11-12, 1999.

8. V. P. Frolov, S. N. Shcherbakov, M. V. Frolov, and A. Ya. Analysis of the efficiency of using heat pumps in centralized hot water supply systems // Energy Saving. 2004. No. 2.

Heat pumps are one of the most popular types of equipment in the Russian and CIS climate technology market. They are preferred by many buyers who want to create an efficient cooling and heating system for their homes and offices, but very few have a good idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe principles of this technique and often do not even know in what situations it is best to use it. In the meantime, there are several basic questions regarding the operation of heat pump installations, and it will not be difficult even for beginners to understand them.

What are heat pumps?

This category of equipment includes equipment that is able to utilize the heat received from the environment, using a compressor to increase the temperature of the coolant to a predetermined level and then transfer heat to a certain room. At the same time, heat pumps can extract heat from any media, literally "pumping" it out of the environment. Thus, the pumps are able to work with:

• cold, frosty air
• cold water,
• earth.

By lowering the temperature of the coolant, such climate control equipment can effectively heat any building.

Specifications of the pump

In general, a heat pump unit, unlike other types of climate control equipment, consumes a minimum amount of electricity in the course of its work. On average, she needs to spend only 1 kW of energy, and this will be enough to produce 3-6 kW of heat. In other words, using the power of 2-3 conventional light bulbs in winter, you can effectively heat a medium-sized living room. In summer, the same power can be used to cool the room: in this case, the heat pump will absorb heat from the air in the room and discharge it into the atmosphere, into the ground or into the water, creating coolness in any room.

What are heat pumps?

There is a wide range of equipment on the market that can be used in various fields , including:

• Living spaces,
• agricultural enterprises,
• industrial enterprises,
• Department of Housing and Utilities.

Of course heat pump installations for different rooms have different characteristics and may even vary in size. The pumps have different thermal power(from a few kW to hundreds of megaW), as well as can work with different heat sources, regardless of their state of aggregation (solid, liquid or gaseous). Given the characteristics of the operation of such equipment, Heat pump installations are divided into the following types:

• water-water,
• air-water,
• water-air,
• air-to-air,
• ground-water,
• soil-air.

There are also heat pumps on the market that are specially designed to work with low-grade heat. The sources of such heat can even have a negative temperature, and in this case the heat pump serves as a receiver of high-potential heat, which takes even a very high temperature (more than 1 thousand degrees). Generally, according to the temperature at which the installation works, it is divided into:

• low temperature
• medium temperature
• high temperature.

Another parameter by which heat pump installations are distinguished is related to their technical device. According to this indicator, the equipment is divided into such types as:

• absorption,
• vapor compression.

As a rule, all heat pumps, regardless of their type, work with electrical energy, however, in certain cases, they can be switched to other types of energy using a variety of fuels. According to the specifics of this fuel and the operation of the equipment itself, heat pump installations are divided into the following types:

• a heating device that uses heat from groundwater,
• pump for hot water supply, working with heat obtained from natural reservoirs,
• sea ​​water air conditioner
• air conditioning unit using outside air,
• pump for water heating in swimming pools, working outdoors,
• a heat pump unit for a heat supply system that utilizes the heat generated by engineering and technical equipment,
• a device that runs on milk - it serves to cool milk and subsequent hot water supply and is used on dairy farms,
• plant for the recovery of heat generated from technological processes, - serves to heat the supply air.

There are also other types of such equipment. At the same time, as a rule, heat pumps of any type are mass-produced, however, individual unique units can be manufactured according to exclusive projects. You can also find experimental heat pumps, many drawings that have not yet been implemented, and pilot models of such equipment, which can also be used in any special room.

All heat pump installations can be combined into a single system. This is necessary if several units of such equipment are operating at one facility, producing both heat and cold. Combining them together will only increase their effectiveness, and at medium or large facilities it is recommended to immediately plan the creation of such complex equipment.

What are Ring Air Conditioning Systems?

Such a system is completed on the basis of heat pumps different types, although an air-to-air unit is usually used for this purpose. The heat pump in this case serves as an air conditioner: it is installed directly in the refrigerated room, and the power of such equipment is selected in accordance with a number of parameters. Among them:

• the characteristics of the room itself,
• purpose of the premises,
• the number of people who are in it,
• equipment that is installed or will be installed in it.

Air conditioning units are always reversible - they both cool and generate heat at the same time. They are connected by a common water circuit - a pipeline through which water circulates, being both a source and a receiver of heat. As a result, the temperature inside the circuit can fluctuate within 18-32 degrees, and it is through it that heat is exchanged between the heat pumps that heat the air and between the equipment that cools it. If in different rooms need to create a climate different characteristics, heat pumps simply transfer heat from rooms that have an excess of it to rooms where there is not enough heat. This makes it possible to create an annular heat exchange between different zones, and such a system is very efficient and economical.

At the same time, ring systems can include not only air conditioning equipment, but also other installations. In particular, such devices can utilize waste heat. This is required where there are rather large heat requirements, for example:

• at facilities where there is an intense flow of wastewater: a water-to-water heat pump installation can easily utilize the heat emanating from it and direct it using a ring circuit for space heating;
• at facilities with exhaust ventilation that removes air from the building(provided that there are not too many impurities in the air that would make it difficult for the heat pump to work): in this case, an air-to-water installation will be needed, which will recover the heat from the "unnecessary" air and transfer it to space heating or water heating ,
• at sites where there are wastewater, and exhaust ventilation- on them, ring systems can be used to remove excess heat from the water circuit (usually this is done only in the warm season), which will reduce the capacity of the cooling tower.

In any situation, the ring system allows you to use heat repeatedly and send it to the needs of absolutely all consumers located in the building, and this is precisely its uniqueness, because traditional recuperators and regenerators are not capable of this.. Moreover, such a system utilizes heat more efficiently, since its operation does not depend on the temperature of the air that is taken in. supply ventilation, and on the set temperature of the air that enters the premises.

In summer, the ring system, operating on the basis of a water-to-water heat pump unit, is able to effectively remove excess heat from the water circuit, utilizing it through consumers: excess heat is supplied to the hot water supply system, and it is usually enough to satisfy all the needs of the inhabitants of any room in hot water. Such a system will be especially effective at facilities with several swimming pools (holiday homes, hotels, health centers) - with its help, it will be possible to heat the water in the pools very quickly and at no extra cost.

Is the ring system compatible with other equipment systems?

Of course, yes, and above all it must be coordinated with the ventilation system. The latter, in particular, must be developed taking into account all the characteristics of the heat pump equipment that will condition the air. In particular, the ventilation system must necessarily ensure the recirculation of air in the volumes necessary for the stable operation of the pump, efficient heat recovery and maintaining the desired temperature in the room. This rule should be followed in all facilities, with the exception of some where recirculation is undesirable, such as swimming pools or kitchens.

At the same time, the advantage of matching the ring system with the ventilation system is that the latter in this case can be built according to a simpler scheme, which will cost the consumer less. In this case, the heat pump will cool the air directly where it is needed. This will save the consumer from the need to transport it through long heat-insulated air ducts and will favorably distinguish such a system from the now common centralized air conditioning.

Besides, ring systems can be coordinated with heating systems, and sometimes even completely take over their functions. In such situations, a heating system based on a heat pump becomes less powerful and simpler in terms of its equipment. This makes it particularly effective in cold climates where heating requires more heat obtained from high-potential sources. Furthermore, the ring system can seriously optimize the operation of all equipment in the room. Separate air conditioning and heating systems can seriously interfere with each other, especially when both are not required. The ring system completely excludes such a situation, since it always works effectively, based on the actual state of the microclimate created in each particular room. At the same time, at the enterprise, such equipment can cool and heat not only air, but also water, and this process will not require extra energy costs - it will be included in the balance of the entire heat supply as a whole.

And, of course, in any of these situations, the ring system will demonstrate excellent economy. In traditional systems, heat is used only partially and quickly escapes into the atmosphere if heating works in parallel with ventilation, however, the ring system solves this problem in a complex way, making heat recovery more efficient and significantly reducing its losses.

How to manage heat pump systems?

As a rule, this equipment does not require the installation of expensive automated controls, and this is another "article" to save on it. Convenient automation here is extremely simple and comes down only to maintaining the set temperature of the water in the circuit. To do this, the system simply turns on an additional heater in time so that the water does not cool more than it should, or it activates the cooling tower so that it does not heat up more than necessary. And this is usually enough to maintain an ideal climate.

Implement automatic control in this situation is possible with just a few thermostats. Moreover, this does not even require precise control valves! The temperature of the water in the loop of the ring system can vary over a wide range without requiring any additional funds for this.

Besides, separate system automation also regulates the process of heat transfer by the heat pump to the consumer. It is built into the equipment itself, and one of the main elements of the system can be considered a thermostat (temperature sensor), which is installed directly in the room. It alone is enough to fully manage the operation of the heat pump installation. At the same time, the pump itself is able to provide all the necessary characteristics of the air temperature in the room without installing control dampers in the ventilation system, and control valves in the heating system. This allows you to further reduce the cost of the ring system and increase the reliability of all engineering communications buildings in general.

Generally a complex system automated control may be needed only in large facilities where many heat pumps are installed various types designed for air conditioning, technological processes and heat recovery. And in such situations, the installation of this system makes sense, because it allows you to optimize the operation of each piece of equipment. However, when installing it, it should be borne in mind that the operation of the ring system is influenced by a number of factors that even automation must “reckon with”. Among them:

• temperature of the water in the circuit, - it affects the heat conversion coefficient (the ratio of the amount of heat supplied to the consumer to the amount of energy consumed by the heat pump);
• outside air temperature;
• cooling tower operating parameters- it can expend a different amount of energy for the same amount of heat, and this depends on external conditions, including air temperature, wind and other factors;
• the number of heat pumps that operate in the system, as well as their total capacity(the ratio of the power of the equipment that takes heat from the water circuit and the power of the installations that give it to the circuit).

Are there successful examples of using ring systems?

There are quite a few such examples, but the following two can be considered “textbooks”.

First - reconstruction secondary school No. 2 in Ust-Labinsk. In this building, all the strictest sanitary requirements have been met in order to achieve maximum comfort for the children who will study in this institution. In accordance with these requirements, a special climate system was installed there, which is able to seasonally control temperature, humidity and fresh air. At the same time, the engineers did everything possible to ensure that each class had individual control over the microclimate, and only the ring system could cope with providing such control. She allowed:

• significantly reduce the cost of heating the entire building,
• solve the problem of cold water in the heating plant located on the school site.

The system was assembled from more than 50 Climatemaster heat pumps (USA) and one cooling tower. It receives additional heat from the heating plant, and it is controlled by automation, which independently maintains comfortable conditions for teaching children and at the same time works as economically as possible. It is thanks to her that the operation of the ring system even in the most severe winter time allowed to reduce monthly heating costs to 9.8 thousand rubles: before the modernization of the system, every month the school spent 18 thousand 440 rubles for heating 2.5 thousand square meters. m. And this despite the fact that after the modernization, the heated area of ​​the school increased further, which amounted to 3 thousand square meters. m.

The second project was implemented in cottage villages near Moscow. The problems of building such settlements were often due to the fact that the infrastructure in these territories did not allow the construction of new houses, since neither water pipes, nor electrical networks, nor transformer substations simply could not cope with the increased loads. At the same time, power outages, breaks in old wires, various accidents constantly occurred at old substations, so in the villages located in such territories, it was necessary to immediately take care of autonomous power supply.

Accordingly, the engineers needed to create a project that would provide a two-story cottage with several rooms with electricity and heat. The standard area of ​​such a house was 200 square meters. m, and only electricity and artesian water There were no other communications.

The first step the engineers took in the direction of energy efficiency - in the cottage were installed solar panels, and behind the house were installed photovoltaic modules, also powered by solar energy and with a capacity of 3.5 kW. This power was enough to feed the batteries, which subsequently powered the house itself and its heating system. Accordingly, electricity for a family living in such a cottage was free, which means that from family budget expenses could be deducted. As a result, the cost of installing batteries should pay off in less than 10 years, and after that no funds will need to be allocated.

For heating the cottage, a geothermal heat pump installation based on a water-to-water pump was used. It was designed not only for space heating with radiator batteries, but also for the production of hot water. A circuit that supplies low-grade heat to the pump - that is, an ordinary polyethylene pipe 800 m long and 32 mm in diameter - was laid on the site itself (at a depth of 2 meters). The installation of such a system (electricity + heating) was spent 40 thousand dollars, and given that in the future the owner will not have to spend money on paying utilities supplied centrally, he only benefited from this.

Where can ring systems be used?

In general, all examples demonstrate that such heat pump installations can be mounted on a variety of objects. Among the main ones are:

• administrative buildings,
• medical and health institutions,
• public buildings,
• educational institutions,
• holiday homes and hotels,
• sport complexes,
• industrial enterprises,
• entertainment establishments.

At the same time, in any variant, the flexible ring system can be easily adjusted to the needs of a particular room and mounted in the greatest variety of options.

To install it, engineers will need to take into account a number of nuances:

• needs for cold and heat at a particular facility,
• the number of people who are inside the premises,
• possible sources of heat in the building,
• possible heat sinks,
• features of heat loss and heat gain.

After that, the most best sources heat will be used in the system itself, and general power heat pumps must be configured so as not to be redundant.

On the whole, ideal option for any object, experts consider the installation of heat pump equipment that uses the environment both as a heat source and as its receiver. At the same time, the entire system should be balanced in terms of heat, regardless of the capacities of heat sources and receivers - they can be different, because their ratio changes when the operating conditions of the system change. However, they must be consistent with each other.

If these parameters are taken into account correctly, the ring system will effectively work both for heating and cooling, utilizing all the "excess" heat. And the use of one such system instead of several will not only create an ideal indoor climate, but will also be very efficient and profitable in terms of both capital and operating costs.

Heating your home with a heat pump will save you from energy slavery. By choosing this heating system, you will forever say goodbye to both unpredictable public utilities and voracious gas workers. I.e temperature regime in the home will be determined by you. And no one else.

Agree: only this fact makes a heat pump for heating a house a very profitable purchase. Yes, it's not cheap. But over time, all costs will pay off, and the fee for a "communal" or gas for an autonomous boiler will only increase. But you can make a heat pump with your own hands!

And in this article we will introduce you to the main types of heat pumps. We hope this information will help you choose (or build) the best power plant for heating your home.

Firstly, such pumps are very economical and efficient. You "invest" 0.2-0.3 kW of electricity used to power the compressor and receive 1 kW of thermal energy. That is, without taking into account the energy of air, water or soil, the efficiency of a heat pump is fantastic 300-500 percent.

Secondly, such pumps operate, in fact, a free and eternal source of energy - air itself, water or soil. Moreover, this "source" is ubiquitous. That is, heating country house A heat pump can be implemented anywhere - even at the equator, even beyond the Arctic Circle. True, in order to get close to such a "source" you need to use an energy-intensive compressor. But due to unrealistic high efficiency All energy costs pay off five times!

Thirdly, a heat pump is always individual. That is, you do not pay for excess energy. Your equipment will be configured for specific wishes and operating conditions.

Therefore, reviews of heat pumps for home heating are either favorable or the most enthusiastic.

In addition, the pump not only heats. In the warm season, it can also work as an air conditioner, cooling the home with the same efficiency.

Agree: all the above-mentioned advantages of a heat pump look somewhat fantastic. Especially efficiency at the level of 300-500 percent. However, all the advantages of thermal units are not fiction, but a reality that threatens energy companies.

The secret of such efficiency lies in the original principle of the pump, which, in summary, is as follows: the medium circulating through the pipes takes heat from a source with a low potential (air, soil, rocks, water) and dumps it at the point selected by the consumer.

That is, we have an “inverted” refrigerator in front of us: it takes heat from potential sources with the help of an evaporator and gives energy to the consumer through a condenser.

Moreover, both the heat pump and the refrigerator operate on a refrigerant - a substance with a very low boiling point, which is pumped through pipes using a special compressor.

Detailed scheme of work

As a result, upon closer examination, the scheme of operation of thermal units is as follows:

• At a depth of 5-6 meters in the ground, a cyclic pipeline with a coolant is installed, into which a special radiator is built - an evaporator. Moreover, this depth was not chosen by chance - at such a mark the temperature stays above zero at any time of the year.
• The evaporator is connected to a second pipeline filled with refrigerant. Under high pressure, the refrigerant boils even at one degree Celsius. Moreover, the evaporation process, as is known from the school physics course, is accompanied by the absorption of energy taken from the coolant circulating in the soil.
• The refrigerant vapors are pumped out of the pipeline by a compressor, which not only transports this medium through the fittings, but also generates even more pressure, which provokes additional heating of the refrigerant.
• Next, the superheated refrigerant vapors are pumped (by the same compressor) into the condenser, where the transformation of the aggregate state of the substance takes place (the vapor turns into a liquid). And all the same fundamentals of thermodynamics assert that when a gaseous medium condenses, energy is released.
• The released heat generated in the condenser is already absorbed by the third pipeline - the heating system of the dwelling. That is, the condenser acts as a gas or electric boiler. Well, returning to liquid state the refrigerant returns to the evaporator, passing through the regulating throttle.

Heat pumps for home heating: typical varieties

The most convenient way to classify heat pumps involves separating such units according to the type of medium in which the primary circuit is laid, supplying heat to the evaporator.

And according to this method of classification, heat pumps are divided into the following varieties:

• Geothermal units (land-water).
• Hydrothermal pumps (water-to-water).
• Aerothermal installations (air-water).

Moreover, all types of heat pumps operate on the general principle of operation, but the environment of the “habitat” of the primary circuit leaves its mark on both the functioning and the arrangement of the unit. Therefore, further in the text we will consider the nuances of arranging each type of heat pump.

Ground-to-water installation

Ground-to-water heat pump

The primary circuit of the geothermal pump is buried in the ground up to a mark of 5-6 meters. Moreover, such installation is practiced when arranging systems with a horizontal heat exchanger. And in the case of installing a vertical primary circuit, a 150-meter deepening is also practiced, in a special well.

At the same time, the minimum amount of work is typical for the vertical placement of the primary circuit. Since with horizontal placement it is necessary to distribute the heat exchanger tubes too large area(50 square meters for every 1000 watts of heat pump output).

Well, as a coolant, a geothermal heat pump uses a completely harmless brine solution that does not freeze even at low temperatures.

Water-to-water pump

The primary circuit of a hydrothermal pump can be installed in a natural or artificial body of water, a conventional or sewer well, a river or a man-made canal.

Heat pump "water-water"

Moreover, the evaporator and the pipe with the coolant are immersed in water by at least 1.5-2 meters. After all, the surface layers can freeze, damaging both the functionality and the integrity of the heat pump elements.

In a word, for a geothermal pump, you will have to choose the “right” reservoir. But the installation of the primary circuit itself is quite simple - a polymer pipe with the same brine is “drowned” at the desired depth, using special weights.

And this way of placing the primary circuit turns the arrangement of the water-to-water pumping station into an extremely simple and labor-intensive operation. Therefore, if there is a suitable reservoir nearby, then the best option The heat pump will be a hydrothermal unit.

Air-water unit

In fact, this is the same air conditioner, however, many large sizes. The primary circuit with the evaporator is placed "in the air", outside the dwelling, in a special building.

Moreover, to ensure the pump's performance in winter, this housing is very often combined with the exhaust duct of the ventilation system of the dwelling.

In a word, the main advantage of this system is ease of installation, but the efficiency of the air-to-water pumps is very doubtful. Well, in our latitudes, they simply cannot compete with geothermal or hydrothermal installations.

Do-it-yourself heat pump: is it possible?

Of course, yes! That's just the effectiveness of such a system will be practically unpredictable. After all, “factory” units are not only three compressors and the same number of pipelines through which the coolant and refrigerant circulate. The heart of such a heat pump is the control unit, which coordinates the operation of the first, second and third circuits of the entire system. And it is almost impossible to create such a control block “on your own”.

Well, the technical part of the pump is implemented very simply:

• An air conditioner unit can be used instead of a compressor.
• The primary circuit is assembled from polyethylene pipes and filled with concentrated saline solution.
• The evaporator is a stainless steel metal tank (it can be removed from an old washing machine), into which the brine solution is lowered, giving off heat to the copper coil of the secondary circuit, mounted in inner part this tank.
• The condenser is exactly the same tank, only made of plastic, inside which the exact same copper coil is mounted. Moreover, the compressor pumps the refrigerant between the lower and upper coils.
• Well, the third circuit - the heating system - is connected to a polymer capacitor.

As you can see, everything is very simple. That's just the effectiveness of such a system can be both excessive and clearly insufficient.

Having refrigerators and air conditioners in their home, few people know that the principle of operation of a heat pump is implemented in them.

About 80% of the power supplied by a heat pump comes from ambient heat in the form of scattered solar radiation. It is his pump that simply “pumps” from the street into the house. The operation of a heat pump is similar to the principle of operation of a refrigerator, only the direction of heat transfer is different.

Simply put…

To cool a bottle of mineral water, you put it in the refrigerator. The refrigerator must “take away” part of the thermal energy from the bottle and, according to the law of conservation of energy, move it somewhere, give it away. The refrigerator transfers heat to a radiator, usually located on its back wall. At the same time, the radiator heats up, giving off its heat to the room. In fact, it heats the room. This is especially noticeable in small mini-markets in the summer, with several refrigerators in the room.

We invite you to imagine. Suppose that we will constantly put warm objects in the refrigerator, and it will, by cooling them, heat the air in the room. Let's go to the "extremes" ... Let's place the refrigerator in window opening freezer door open to the outside. The refrigerator radiator will be in the room. During operation, the refrigerator will cool the air outside, transferring the "taken" heat into the room. This is how a heat pump works, taking dispersed heat from the environment and transferring it to the room.

Where does the pump get the heat?

The principle of operation of a heat pump is based on the "exploitation" of natural low-grade heat sources from the environment.

They may be:

• just outside air;
• heat of reservoirs (lakes, seas, rivers);
• heat of the soil, groundwater (thermal and artesian).

How is a heat pump and a heating system with it arranged?

The heat pump is integrated into the heating system, which consists of 2 circuits + the third circuit - the system of the pump itself. A non-freezing coolant circulates along the external circuit, which takes heat from the surrounding space.

When it enters the heat pump, or rather its evaporator, the coolant gives off an average of 4 to 7 °C to the heat pump refrigerant. And its boiling point is -10 °C. As a result, the refrigerant boils, followed by a transition to a gaseous state. The coolant of the external circuit, already cooled, goes to the next “coil” through the system to set the temperature.

As part of the functional circuit of the heat pump "listed":

• evaporator;
• compressor (electric);
• capillary;
• capacitor;
• coolant;
• thermostatic control device.

The process looks like this!

The refrigerant "boiled" in the evaporator through the pipeline enters the compressor, powered by electricity. This "hard worker" compresses the gaseous refrigerant to high pressure, which, accordingly, leads to an increase in its temperature.

The now hot gas then enters another heat exchanger, which is called a condenser. Here, the heat of the refrigerant is transferred to the room air or heat carrier, which circulates through the internal circuit of the heating system.

The refrigerant cools down, at the same time turning into a liquid state. It then passes through a capillary pressure reducing valve, where it “loses” pressure and re-enters the evaporator.

The cycle is closed and ready to repeat!

Approximate calculation of the heating output of the installation

Within an hour, up to 2.5-3 m 3 of coolant flows through the external collector through the pump, which the earth is able to heat by ∆t = 5-7 °C.

To calculate the thermal power of such a circuit, use the formula:

Q \u003d (T_1 - T_2) * V_warm

V_heat - volumetric flow rate of the heat carrier per hour (m ^ 3 / h);

T_1 - T_2 - inlet and outlet temperature difference (°C) .

Varieties of heat pumps

According to the type of dissipated heat used, heat pumps are distinguished:

• ground-water (use closed ground contours or deep geothermal probes and a water heating system for a room);
• water-water (open wells are used for the intake and discharge of groundwater - the external circuit is not looped, internal system heating - water);
• water-air (use of external water circuits and air-type heating systems);
• (using the dissipated heat of external air masses, complete with the air heating system of the house).

Advantages and benefits of heat pumps

Economic efficiency. The principle of operation of a heat pump is based not on production, but on the transfer (transportation) of thermal energy, it can be argued that its efficiency is greater than one. What nonsense? - you will say. In the topic of heat pumps, the value appears - the coefficient of conversion (transformation) of heat (KPT). It is by this parameter that units of this type are compared with each other. His physical meaning- show the ratio of the amount of heat received to the amount of energy expended for this. For example, at KPT = 4.8, the electricity consumed by the pump in 1 kW will allow you to get 4.8 kW of heat with it free of charge, that is, a gift from nature.

Universal ubiquity of application. Even in the absence available lines power lines, the operation of the heat pump compressor can be provided by a diesel drive. And there is "natural" heat in any corner of the planet - the heat pump will not remain "hungry".

Ecological purity of use. There are no combustion products in the heat pump, and its low energy consumption "exploits" power plants less, indirectly reducing harmful emissions from them. The refrigerant used in heat pumps is ozone-friendly and does not contain chlorocarbons.

Bidirectional mode of operation. A heat pump can heat a room in winter and cool it in summer. The “heat” taken from the premises can be used efficiently, for example, to heat water in a pool or in a hot water supply system.

Operational safety. In the principle of operation of a heat pump, you will not consider dangerous processes. The absence of open flame and harmful emissions dangerous for humans, low temperature coolants make the heat pump a "harmless" but useful household appliance.

Full automation of the heating process.

Some nuances of operation

Efficient use of the principle of operation of a heat pump requires compliance with several conditions:

• the room that is heated must be well insulated (heat loss up to 100 W / m 2) - otherwise, taking heat from the street, you will heat the street for your own money;
• Heat pumps are beneficial for low-temperature heating systems. Under such criteria, underfloor heating systems (35-40 ° C) are excellent. The heat conversion coefficient significantly depends on the ratio of the temperatures of the inlet and outlet circuits.

Let's sum it up!

The essence of the principle of operation of a heat pump is not in production, but in the transfer of heat. This allows you to get a high coefficient (from 3 to 5) of thermal energy conversion. Simply put, each 1 kW of electricity used will “transfer” 3-5 kW of heat to the house. Is there anything else that needs to be said?