Hot water supply systems for 12-storey residential buildings. Hot water supply system: methods of organization

Every person wants to arrange their life in comfort. Without water supply system apartment building It is difficult to imagine a solution to this problem. Hot water goes a long way from the boiler room to high-rise buildings with end consumers. The task of providing all residents of a multi-storey building with water supply is solved in different ways; there are several options.

Hot water supply schemes

The difference between hot water and cold water is the need for heating, so the hot water supply system is more complex. For different options water supply installations are in effect different rules, quality standards vary.

There are two ways to provide residents with hot water:

• water is taken from a cold main and heated in a local boiler room or boiler room (usually located in the basement); sometimes a separate heat exchanger or boiler is installed in each apartment for these purposes;
• water supply to the residential premises of apartment buildings is carried out directly from the heating main; this method is most widespread; this is how houses were built in the USSR due to simpler maintenance.

The first method has an important advantage: the quality of water when supplied in this way meets the requirements of GOST R 51232-98 (“Drinking water”).

Supply from heating mains is carried out using a large number of pumps. Heating is carried out at the boiler room, and the coolant should not lose its temperature as it moves to consumers. Therefore, much attention is paid to thermal insulation, which can significantly reduce inevitable losses. Heating main pipes are laid under and above the ground. Laying above the ground makes more simple repair, however, in severe frosts the water cools faster this way. Replacing pipes laid above ground is much easier.

Features of water supply schemes

Scheme efficiency water supply MKD depends on correct pipe routing. When the water reaches the microdistrict, it branches into smaller sections, with each building having its own route. Next in water supply network There is a division by floor, and already on the floor the pipeline branches out into apartments. After each separation, smaller diameter pipes are used to ensure that the water supply maintains the appropriate pressure.

There is a return line along which movement occurs in the opposite direction to form a general contour. This ensures constant circulation, the circulation movement is carried out from top to bottom and back to the basement.

Circulation becomes a factor due to which the temperature of the water supply remains almost the same on all floors.

Creating conditions to ensure a constant temperature is taken into account at the design stage of an apartment building. Pumps are used to ensure proper circulation of the water supply. Standards are followed temperature regime, the water temperature ranges from 65 to 75 degrees Celsius. This standard is used for several reasons:

• high water temperature leads to the death of pathogenic bacteria;
• excessively hot water can cause burns;
• The temperature limits were selected taking into account the long-term operation of the network.

In rare cases, a dead-end water supply scheme for hot water in apartment buildings continues to be used, where the coolant cools down in the apartment until it is used up. Such a system leads to excessive waste of water and becomes financially unprofitable for end consumers and the service organization, which, due to restrictions in this case, is not able to provide services at an appropriate level.

Piping in the apartment

The wiring for DHW water supply is no different from cold water supply, there are only a couple of nuances. Some consumers do not need hot water; some use their resources for heating. The washing machine and dishwasher can provide themselves working fluid required temperature. This also applies to some other plumbing equipment, where hot water supply is not needed, and heating is carried out on its own.

The following pipe laying methods are used:

• laying pipes for cold and hot water supply one above the other, then the top one will be used for hot water supply;
• when laid horizontally, the right pipe belongs to the hot water supply;
• open and closed methods, for which the rules described above apply.

In case of water spill closed methods gaskets cause additional obstacles to replace damaged pipes. Sometimes it is necessary for replacement to be made in short term, this again relates to the advantages open circuits. Laying pipes in recesses or special panels is used to give the apartment an aesthetic appearance. A protruding pipeline can spoil the appearance of an expensive repair in which every detail matters.

Transportation of water from the main line to end consumers. Old schemes have low efficiency, with repair work Replaced water supply systems are installed using improved technologies. New methods allow the coolant not to lose temperature due to constant circulation. Provided decent quality water on any floor, problems with temperature differences are a thing of the past.

Our today's topic- hot water supply system of an apartment building: diagrams, main elements and typical problems that a homeowner may encounter. So let's get started.

DHW and heat supply diagram

The hot water supply scheme in an apartment building can be implemented in two fundamentally different ways:

1. It uses water from the cold water supply and heats it with heat from autonomous source. This could be a boiler installed in the apartment, a gas water heater or a heat exchanger that uses coolant from a local boiler house or thermal power plant for heating;

Please note: the advantage of this scheme is higher water quality. It must comply with the requirements of GOST R 51232-98 (“Drinking water”). In addition, hot water supply parameters (temperature and pressure) extremely rarely deviate from nominal values; in particular, the DHW pressure is always equal cold water pressure taking into account the loss of pressure during water withdrawal.

1. It supplies water to the consumer directly from the heating main. This is exactly what is implemented in the vast majority of residential and administrative buildings Soviet-built, constituting 90% of the housing stock in the vast expanses of our great and vast. In the future we will focus our attention on it.

Dear reader can find additional information in the video in this article.

Elements

So, what elements does the water supply scheme of an apartment building include?

Water metering unit

He is responsible for supplying the house cold water.

The water meter performs several functions:

• Provides accounting of water consumption (as its name clearly suggests);
• Allows you to turn off cold water to the entire house to repair shut-off valves or eliminate spillage leaks;
• Provides rough filtration of water at the entrance to the house. For this purpose, the water meter is equipped with a mud trap.

The water meter includes:

1. Entrance and house shut-off valves(valves or ball valves located on the side of the cold water supply input and the in-house water supply system);
2. Water meter (usually mechanical);
3. Mud tank (tank with drain tap, in which, due to the slow movement of water through its volume, sand, large particles of rust and other debris settle). Often, instead of a mud trap, the water meter unit is equipped with a filter rough cleaning, in which a stainless mesh is responsible for purifying water from debris;
4. Pressure gauge or control valve for its installation;
5. Optionally, the water meter can be equipped with a bypass line with its own valve or ball valve on it. The bypass opens when the water meter is dismantled for repairs or verification. At other times, it is closed and sealed by a representative of the water supplier organization.

It’s curious: “Vodoset”, or the organization replacing it, is responsible for the state of the cold water supply input up to the first flange of the inlet valve. The water meter is the responsibility of the organization serving the house.

Elevator unit

The elevator unit, or heating point, also combines a number of functions:

• Responsible for the operation and regulation of the heating system;
• Provides a home hot water. Water (also the coolant of the heating system) is supplied to the in-house hot water system directly from the heating main;
• Allows, if necessary, to switch DHW between the supply and return lines of the heating main. The switch is necessary because in winter the supply temperature can reach an impressive 150°C, and the permissible maximum hot water temperature is only 75°C.

A short lecture on physics: water heats up above its boiling point without evaporating due to excess pressure in the heating main. The higher the pressure, the higher the boiling point of liquids.

The heart of the elevator unit is a water-jet elevator, through the nozzle of which there is hot and more high blood pressure supply water is injected into the mixing chamber filled with return water. Thanks to the operation of the elevator, a large volume of water with a relatively low temperature passes through the heating system of the house; At the same time, the water consumption from the supply is relatively small.

DHW taps are located between the inlet valves and the elevator. There can be two of these inserts (one on the supply and return) or four (two on each thread). The first scheme is typical for houses built in the 70s of the last century and older buildings, the second - for more or less modern buildings.

Why are additional inserts needed?

To answer this question, we need to jump ahead and study water supply patterns in apartment buildings.

On cold water, a dead-end scheme is always used: the water meter goes to the only bottling, which goes to the risers, which end with intra-apartment connections. Water moves in such a water supply circuit only when drawing water.

What's going on at the hot water supply?

In houses with two hot water connections into the elevator unit, the same scheme is used.

However, it has two rather annoying drawbacks:

1. If there has been no water supply through your riser for a long time, the water has to be drained for a long time before it heats up;

Please note: if your connections have mechanical meters, they will record water consumption, ignoring its temperature. As a result, you will end up overpaying a hundred or two rubles every month for a service that you didn’t actually use.

1. Towel dryers installed on hot water supply lines, which are also responsible for heating the bathroom, will only heat up when hot water is supplied to your apartment. And, accordingly, most of will remain cold for a while. Hence the cold and dampness in bathrooms, which often become the cause of fungus.

An elevator unit with four hot water connections ensures continuous circulation of hot water through two bottlings and risers connected by jumpers.

DHW operation is possible according to one of three schemes:

1. From the supply to the return pipeline. This scheme for hot water supply to a multi-storey building is used only in the summer, when the heating is turned off: a bypass between the lines of the heating main would reduce the pressure drop at the elevator;
2. From feed to feed. This scheme is for autumn and spring with their relatively low supply temperature;
3. From return to return. So the DHW is turned on during cold weather, when the supply temperature exceeds the threshold 75 degrees.

Readers who have not forgotten the basics of physics will have a reasonable question: how is the pressure difference necessary for continuous circulation between two tie-ins in one thread ensured?

Remember: water continuously moves through the pipes between the inlet valves and the elevator. To create a pressure difference, you only need to limit the flow by placing an obstacle between the taps. This role is played by a retaining washer - a metal pancake with a hole in it.

Captain Obviousness suggests: a significant restriction in the permeability of any pipeline would interfere with the operation of the elevator unit, therefore the diameter of the retaining washers is a millimeter larger than the diameter of the elevator nozzle. This, in turn, is calculated by the organization (heat supplier) in such a way that the return temperature at the outlet heating point corresponded to the temperature schedule.

Bottlings

Water supply spills are called horizontal pipes, passing through the basement or subfloor of the house, and connecting the risers with the elevator and water metering units. Hot water filling is always the same, domestic hot water filling is always the same circulation system two hot water supplies.

The bottling diameter, depending on its material and the number of water consumers, varies from 32 to 100 millimeters. The last meaning is clearly redundant; however, the water supply project for an apartment building had to take into account not only current state pipelines, but also their inevitable overgrowing with deposits and rust. After 20-25 years of operation, the pipe clearance in cold water decreases by 2-3 times.

Risers

Each riser is responsible for vertical wiring water in apartments located one above the other.

The most typical scheme is one group of risers (hot water supply and hot water supply, optional heated towel rails) per apartment; however, other options are possible:

• Two groups of risers can pass through the apartment, supplying water to the bathroom and kitchen spaced a long distance away;
• Risers in one apartment can supply water not only to its residents, but also to neighbors behind the wall;
• On DHW circulation jumpers can connect up to 7 risers from several apartments.

The typical diameter of cold water and hot water risers is 25-40 mm. The diameter of the risers of heated towel rails and single (without plumbing fixtures) circulation risers is usually smaller: they are mounted with a DN20 pipe.

In the hot water circulation circuit, the jumpers between the risers can be located in the apartment on the top floor or placed in the attic. The jumpers are equipped with air vents (Maevsky valves or conventional valves), which allow air to be released that impedes circulation.

Eyeliners

Their function is to distribute water to plumbing fixtures inside the apartment. What is useful to know about water supply connections?

• Their typical size (for steel water and gas pipes) - DN15 (which approximately corresponds to an internal diameter of 15 mm). When replacing hoses with your own hands, it is advisable not to reduce their internal diameter - this will lead to a drop in pressure on all plumbing fixtures when water is drawn from one of them;

• Since Soviet times, apartments have traditionally used simple and cheap serial (tee) wiring. A more material-intensive collector system requires, among other things, hidden installation of connections, which greatly complicates their further maintenance;

• Over time, the throughput of steel connections drops noticeably, due to the notorious overgrowing of deposits. In such cases, the pipes are cleaned with a thin steel string or, simply, replaced with new ones.

If you decide to replace the liners, we strongly advise you to opt for metal pipes. The instruction is associated with a fairly high probability of water hammer and deviations from the standard temperature in the hot water system: for example, if a forgetful mechanic does not switch the water supply from supply to return during the first frost, the water temperature can significantly exceed the maximum for any polymer pipes of 90-95 degrees.

Which pipes can be used for water supply:

Image	Description
	have been used for water distribution since Stalin times. Unlike black steel, galvanized steel is resistant to deposits and rust. Important point: galvanization is mounted only on threaded connections, since during welding the zinc in the weld area completely evaporates.
	have long proven their reliability and durability: the oldest operating copper water pipes are more than a century old, and they are in excellent condition. Solder connections copper pipes- maintenance-free, and can be mounted hidden, in a screed or grooves.
	Corrugated pipes from stainless steel compare favorably with competitors extremely simple installation. To connect them, compression fittings are used, the assembly of which requires only two adjustable wrenches. The service life of the pipes themselves is characterized by manufacturers as unlimited; however, after 30 years, you, or more likely your children, will need to replace the silicone O-rings in the fittings.

Malfunctions

What problems in the operation of the water supply system can the apartment owner eliminate on his own? Here are some of the most typical situations.

Valves leaking

Description: leakage along the stem of screw valves.

• Reason: partial wear of the oil seal or wear of the rubber O-ring.
• Solution: open the valve knob all the way. In this case, the thread on the rod will tighten the seal from below, and the leak will stop.

Crane noise

Description: when you open a hot or (less often) cold water tap, you hear a loud noise and feel the vibration of the mixer. Alternatively, your neighbors faucet could be the source of the noise.

Cause: a deformed and crushed gasket on the screw valve in the half-open position causes a continuous series of water hammers. Its valve closes the seat in the mixer body at intervals of a fraction of a second. In hot water, the pressure is usually noticeably higher, so the effect is more pronounced.

Solution:

1. Shut off the water to the apartment;
2. Turn out the problematic valve housing;
3. Replace the gasket with a new one;
4. Use scissors to remove the chamfer from the new gasket. The removed chamfer will prevent the valve from beating in a turbulent stream of water in the future.

By the way: ceramic faucets are fully compatible with screw threaded faucets and do not have the described problem.

Cold heated towel rail

• Description: The heated towel rail in your bathroom has cooled down and is not heating up.
• Cause: if the water supply scheme of a residential apartment building uses continuous circulation of hot water, the air remaining in the jumper between the risers after water is discharged (for example, for inspection and repair of shut-off valves) is to blame.
• Solution: climb up top floor and ask your neighbors to bleed the air from the jumper between the hot water supply risers and heated towel rails.

If for some reason this cannot be done, the problem can be solved from the basement:

1. Shut off the DHW riser passing through your apartment, to which your connections are connected;
2. Go up to the apartment and open the hot water taps all the way;
3. After all the air has come out of the riser through them, close the taps and open the tap on the riser.

A caveat: immediately after the end of the heating season, there may be no pressure difference between the threads of the heating main. In this case, the heated towel rails will be cold even if there are no air pockets in the risers.

Conclusion

We hope that our material helped you study the water supply of an apartment building: the water supply scheme described by us is the most common. Good luck!

In order for any residential building to function normally, it is necessary to install a water supply system. Its proper design will ensure timely supply and sufficient water pressure. This article will discuss in detail the hot water supply scheme, types of connection and its features in an apartment building.

Water supply and sanitation scheme - Photo 01

What is special about the water supply of an apartment building?

It is very difficult to provide water to a building with a large number of storeys. After all, the house consists of many apartments with separate bathrooms and plumbing fixtures. In other words, water supply schemes in apartment buildings are a kind of complex with separate pipe distributions, pressure regulators, filters and metering equipment.

Most often, residents of high-rise buildings use water from the central water supply. With the help of a water supply, it is supplied to individual plumbing fixtures under a certain pressure. Often water is purified using chlorination.

Composition of the central water supply system

Centralized water supply schemes in multi-storey buildings consist of a distribution network, water intake structures and treatment plants. Before getting into the apartment, water travels a long way from the pumping station to the reservoir. Only after purification and disinfection is water sent to distribution network. With the help of the latter, water is supplied to appliances and equipment. Pipes for the central hot water supply circuit of a multi-storey building can be made of copper, metal-plastic and steel.

Schematic diagram of a centralized water supply system - Photo 02

The latter type of material is practically not used in modern buildings.

Types of water supply schemes

There are three types of water supply system:

• collector;
• sequential;
• combined (mixed).

IN lately, when in apartments it is increasingly common large number plumbing equipment, use a collector wiring diagram. She is the best option normal functioning of all devices. The collector-type hot water supply scheme eliminates pressure drops in different points connections. This is the main advantage of this system.

Scheme of collector pipe distribution - Photo 03

If we consider the diagram in more detail, we can conclude that there will be no problems with using the plumbing equipment for its intended purpose at the same time. The essence of the connection is that each individual water consumer is connected to the cold and hot water supply riser collectors separately. The pipes do not have many branches, so the likelihood of leakage is very low. Such water supply schemes in multi-storey buildings are easy to maintain, but the cost of the equipment is quite high.

According to experts, the hot water supply collector circuit requires the installation of more complex installation plumbing fixtures. However, these negative aspects are not so critical, especially considering the fact that the collector circuit has many advantages, for example, hidden installation of pipes and accounting individual characteristics equipment.

Sequential layout of water supply pipes in an apartment - Photo 04

A sequential hot water supply circuit for a multi-storey building is the simplest wiring method. This system is time-tested; it was put into operation during the Soviet era. The essence of its device is that the cold and hot water supply pipelines are parallel to each other. Engineers advise using this system in apartments with one bathroom and a small amount of plumbing equipment.

Popularly, such a hot water supply scheme for a multi-storey building is called a tee scheme. That is, from the main highways there are branches that are connected to each other by tees. Despite the ease of installation and savings consumables, this scheme has several main disadvantages:

1. In the event of a leak, it is difficult to look for damaged areas.
2. Inability to supply water to a separate plumbing fixture.
3. Difficulty in accessing pipes in case of breakdown.

Hot water supply for an apartment building. Scheme

Pipe connections are divided into two types: to the hot and cold water supply riser. Briefly they are called cold water and hot water. Special attention The hot water supply system of an apartment building deserves. Scheme DHW networks consists of two types of wiring - lower and upper. To save high temperature Looped wires are often used in pipelines. The gravitational pressure forces the water to circulate in the ring, despite the absence of water intake. In the riser it cools and enters the heater. Water with a higher temperature is supplied to the pipes. This is how continuous circulation of the coolant occurs.

Home hot water supply - Photo 05

Dead-end highways are also not uncommon, but most often they can be found in utility rooms industrial facilities and in small residential buildings with low storeys. If water selection is planned intermittently, then a circulation pipeline is used. Engineers advise using hot water supply in apartment buildings (the diagram was discussed above) with a number of floors of no more than 4. A pipeline with a dead-end riser is also found in dormitories, sanatoriums and hotels. Dead-end network pipes have a lower metal consumption and therefore cool faster.

DHW networks include a horizontal main pipeline and distribution risers. The latter provide pipe distribution to individual objects - apartments. DHW is installed as close as possible to plumbing equipment.

For long buildings main pipes use schemes with circulation and looped supply pipelines. Required condition is to install a pump to maintain circulation and constant water exchange.

Single-pipe DHW diagram— Photo 06

Two-pipe DHW circuit - Photo 07

Modern builders and engineers are increasingly resorting to using two-pipe systems DHW. The principle of operation is that the pump takes water from the return line and supplies it to the heater. This pipeline has a higher metal consumption and is considered the most reliable for consumers.

Let’s imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings in a residential area of ​​our beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for the cat (or in any other order) - and off to work... Everything is automatic and without thinking. As long as cold water flows from the cold water tap, and hot water flows from the hot water tap. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there comes boiling water!!11#^*¿>.

Let's figure it out.

Cold water supply or cold water supply

The local pumping station supplies water to the main line from the water supply network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water metering unit.

In short, the water metering unit consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.

Some have an additional check valve

and water meter circuit.

The water meter bypass is an additional meter with valves that can feed the system if the main water meter is being serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house mains

where it is distributed over risers that lead water to apartments on floors.

What is the pressure in the system?

9 floors

Houses up to 9 floors high have bottom filling from bottom to top. Those. From the water meter, water flows through a large pipe through risers to the 9th floor. If the water utility is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be approximately 4 kg/cm2. Taking into account a pressure drop of one kilogram for every 10 meters of water column, residents of the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses the inlet pressure is only 3.6 kg. And residents of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1 kg/cm2

12-20 floors

If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Top and bottom. Where the same conditions are maintained for the lower zone, and for the upper zone the pressure is raised to approximately 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply main, and with it the water goes in risers to the 10th floor. In buildings above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With this supply scheme, water does not circulate in the system, it stands on a backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average we get pressure from 1 to 4 kg. There are other meanings, but we will not consider them now.

Hot water supply or DHW

In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected in the same way, standing on a backwater without circulation, this explains the fact that when you open a hot water tap, cold, cooled water flows for some time. If you take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house DHW system arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes into the house mains

which lifts the water into the attic where it is distributed along the risers and goes down to the very bottom into the return line. By the way, DHW meters They consider not only the volume of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count temperature losses (gigocolors)

Temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which act as risers.

With this scheme, hot water always circulates. As soon as you open the tap, the hot water is already there. The pressure in such a system is approximately 6-7 kg. on the supply and slightly lower on the return to ensure circulation.

Due to circulation, we get pressure in the riser in the apartment of 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is precisely the essence of pressing hot water into cold water when plumbing fixtures malfunction. If you notice that you still have higher pressure on hot water than on cold water, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold water inlet, and at the hot water inlet you can include control valves in the system, which will help equalize the pressure to approximately the same figure as the cold one. Pressure regulator installation example

The provision of water is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. The water supply system of an apartment building is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house pipe distribution and pipe distribution for the water supply of the apartment.

It is very difficult to establish water supply for a multi-storey building with numerous consumers. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes of various diameters form a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that water supply to a multi-storey building is considered very difficult.

The system is a whole complex pumping equipment with installed filters and metering devices, as well as shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment pipe distribution.

Pressure regulators will be mandatory in this scheme. The water that enters the apartments first goes through several stages of purification to remove mechanical impurities. Water is also often disinfected using chlorination.

Central water supply and water supply system

The most convenient way for people who live in apartment buildings is to supply water from a central water supply. This system involves supplying quality water under good pressure. Central water supply is carried out through a water supply system, which is available in all cities and villages. As a rule, water enters pumping stations from surface reservoirs that are located far from sources of pollution.

The central water supply system has three components:

• water intake structures;
• cleaning stations;
• distribution network.

Water flows from the pumping station into a specific reservoir. There it goes through numerous stages of purification and only then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities.

The water supply system functions normally if the pipes are laid out in a high-quality and correct manner. System pressure also plays a big role.

For a large number of users, the central water supply system may have a well, which is arranged using a special water intake tower. Best to use artesian well: water is drawn from great depths, water quality is high.

But this method of collecting water is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.

Diagram and design of the water supply system of an apartment building

Water supply system with water tower

Such a system has several main elements: a caisson, a main tank for water intake and a pumping station.

Working principle of a water tower

A caisson is a metal container located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is installed in it to drain water from the well. A concrete ring caisson is considered less airtight, since very often it is flooded by incoming groundwater.

Through pumping station and the caisson water enters the storage tank. It is equipped with an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container drops and does not reach a certain level.

The total pressure in the system directly depends on the volume storage tank or tank. Even if disconnected electrical energy, water will flow into the apartments steadily. But until the water level in the tank drops and, accordingly, the pressure decreases.

Water tower design diagram

Types of pipes used for water supply

Steel pipes

Today, steel pipes have practically ceased to be used. Over a fairly long period of time, such materials for plumbing have used up their resources. In addition, the price of steel pipes is quite high.

Installation of steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate accumulates heavily on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and plaque will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, throughput is also reduced.

Copper pipes

The most important advantage of using copper pipes is their service life, which reaches 50 years. Steel pipes are quite expensive, and not everyone can afford them. The advantage of steel pipes is that rust does not form on them. In addition, copper has bactericidal properties.

Copper pipe wiring

Metal-plastic pipes

Metals are extremely popular today. plastic pipes. They are quite practical and considered reliable. Installation of metal-plastic water supply is very simple. All you need is a special tool. The pipes are joined using fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical loads.

Metal-plastic pipes

Apartment water supply schemes

The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how competently the installation of the water supply system is carried out.

The water supply scheme should provide the apartment with water from central water supply to all necessary supply points. For some equipment it will be necessary to ensure constant water pressure in the pipes. On at the moment plumbing for an apartment can be done in several ways: diagram serial connection, collector and mixed system.

Scheme of sequential water supply for an apartment

The simplest and most in a practical way The apartment's water supply is considered to be a sequential connection diagram. This affordable option by price and implementation engineering communications. This scheme is usually found in residential buildings.

According to this scheme, the installation of main pipelines supplying hot and cold water is carried out in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that the serial connection circuit is often called a tee circuit.

A daisy-chain scheme implies the presence of a common backbone for a large number of users. From such a central pipe, wiring is also done using tees. The main pipe has a fairly large diameter and plays the role of an elongated collector.

Read also

Septic tanks for home and garden

Consistent piping in the apartment

Such a water supply system is currently considered not only widespread, but also the most ideal for use in an ordinary apartment, which has one bathroom and a small number of household appliances, which operate on the basis of water supply.

The sequential circuit has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• significant pipe savings;
• simplicity and ease of the project;
• reducing the cost of laying water pipes.

Flaws:

1. Pressure drop at the end points of the water supply if several open devices are used simultaneously.
2. No possibility of selective shutdown (if one of the pipes breaks, it will be necessary to completely shut down the apartment).
3. Difficulty in determining the location of the leak.
4. Lack of free access to all distribution tees of the system.
5. In the event of an accident, it will be necessary to disturb the finishing layer on the surface of the floor or wall.

Piping throughout the apartment should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists. Only then will the likelihood that the pipe will start to leak be small, and the pressure in the system will be normal.

Collector circuit

Due to the fact that at the moment a large number of devices that operate from water supply are used in the apartment, their operation may be disrupted, since the pressure in common system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to select a collector connection circuit.

Installation of such a water supply system is considered expensive and quite complex. Initially, pressure drop in the system is already eliminated, and it is for this reason that all points of the plumbing equipment can be used at the same time.

This is due to the fact that each such water supply point is laid separate pipe. It can be simply blocked if necessary. With this type of connection, the main pipe has no branches, which ensures the safety of using the water supply system. The likelihood of leaks will also be significantly reduced, since the collector pipe runs parallel to the main water supply pipe and has only one connection with it.

Apartment water supply collector diagram

The advantages of such a system:

• due to the small number of connections - system reliability;
• adjusting the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
• ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
• hidden installation of pipes, which will not spoil the interior.

Sewerage in the apartment

Water supply and sewerage systems at home play a big role in ensuring normal human life. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate everything and install engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Correct installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of wastewater drainage. Often, the installation of sewage waste in an apartment involves turning off the water supply through the riser. The work is carried out quite quickly and with very high quality.

Advice. If sewer pipes are being laid in an apartment for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.

It would be better to use the old scheme. In this case, it is recommended to sketch out an approximate work plan on paper and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet, bathtub and other equipment that operates from the water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Don't forget about quality material in this process.

Before laying or replacing a sewer system in an apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.

Sewage and water supply risers in the apartment

If the common sewer pipe does not have external signs of corrosion, then it does not need to be replaced. If replacement is necessary, then this must be done very carefully due to the fact that a damaged pipe can very easily become deformed, and then the entire riser will have to be replaced.

It happens that sewer pipes in an apartment are laid for the purpose that appeared more equipment that operates from water supply. For example, dishwasher or washing machine. Another option for laying waste pipes is additional design may be when it is necessary to connect additional plumbing equipment.

Sewage system diagram in an apartment

Necessary equipment for installation of high-quality sewerage:

• pipes;
• components;
• compositions for fixation and sealing;
• tools;
• fitting;
• devices.

When installing a new sewer riser, it will be necessary to take into account the fact that plastic pipes for water drainage will not be able to withstand the compressive loads of a piece of cast iron pipe that may be on top of the riser. A special replacement fragment will need to be attached to such a pipe in order to ensure tight and strong fixation of the junction of the pipes from different materials. To ensure the tightness of such connections, cuff adapters are used, which are made for such combinations (“cast iron-plastic”, “plastic-cast iron”).

Dismantling sewerage in an apartment

Replacing an old sewer pipe with a new one has many nuances that must be taken into account in this process. Initially, it is necessary to determine the places in the pipe that are most vulnerable to deformation. You also need to disconnect all existing connections from the pipe and remove all debris. All this is needed to ensure more convenient work.

Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement will take a long time, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment it is necessary to carefully dismantle cast iron pipes sewerage. All this can be done using adjustable wrenches or other tools.

Mount new pipe it needs to be fully equipped with various adapters and couplings, since then it won’t be possible to do it efficiently. All connections must be sealed with sealant to protect the riser from leaking.

Correct installation plastic sewer

Advice. All fittings or collars must be clean. Silicone grease should be intended specifically for connecting sewer pipes.

Hot water supply

The hot water supply in the apartment is a whole system of pipelines and various devices, which are used to heat cold water and distribute hot consumers. In some cases they are used special pipes in bathrooms or toilets for heating such rooms in the apartment. They have the additional function of dryers.

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Heating of an apartment building

Standard scheme home hot and cold water supply systems

All hot water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria:

• local hot water systems;
• centralized systems;
• open heating networks;
• closed heating networks.

According to the radius of action, hot water supply systems are divided into local and central.

Local hot water systems

Local hot water supply systems are installed for a group of small objects or one building. In this case, the water is heated directly by the consumer himself. Water is heated using gas or electric flow-type boilers.

Such systems require regular maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.

Local hot water system

Advantages of local hot water systems:

• autonomous work;
• ease of repair;
• small heat loss.

Central hot water systems

Appearance central systems supply of hot water to the apartment is due to the liquidation of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water supply systems will be much more practical.

Scheme of centralized hot water supply for an apartment building

All this depends on the fact that there is no need to install appropriate equipment for heating cold water and additional wiring. Also, such a hot water supply system has its disadvantages. Pipes must be constantly maintained and repaired, but local utilities are rarely able to meet customer requests. There are also large differences in water pressure in the system and insufficient temperature, which cannot be said about local water supply systems.

To heat water and supply it to the consumer, centralized systems can use open or closed heating networks. Open heating networks provide for mixing network water with already heated in special equipment. After this, the water is supplied to consumers. Closed heating networks provide for heating water through surfaces. The coolant (superheated water or steam) and the heated water do not come into contact in any way.

Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water may deteriorate significantly depending on the temperature regime. Such systems are very rarely found at the moment.

Closed circuit of heating and water supply of the house

Hot water supply in an apartment can be provided in several ways:

1. Heating of water in the boiler room and subsequent supply to the consumer.
2. Water is heated at special points located in neighborhoods or areas.
3. Water is heated using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-story building.
4. Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.

Hot water supply can be circulating. In this case, water constantly moves through the pipes and provides not only the supply of hot water, but also heating. The water is constantly heated. There is also a dead-end hot water supply. In this case, the water is not used immediately and may simply cool down over time. It is for this reason that special containers are installed in the apartment to heat and maintain water temperature.

As for savings, it would be rational to use individual systems for providing hot water to the apartment. For centralized hot water supply, the user must pay a monthly fee.

Diagram of a boiler for heating water

If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, since payment for water is made according to the cold water meter. hot water the consumer provides for himself.