How is individual heating consumption calculated? Examples of heating calculations in an apartment building

Heat supply

Usage individual devices consumption accounting utilities all honest payers recognized as the most effective. This became especially clear after hot and cold counters became widespread. cold water. What could be more reasonable than paying only for what you consume and nothing else? This is logical and convenient, but not always easy to apply. For example, when it comes to the use of individual heat meters, many problems arise. But if you set a goal, then you can solve these problems.

How does the IPU work?

Accounting for thermal energy occurs in the form of measuring the temperature difference and the flow rate of the coolant. When installing individual counter to the apartment, first you need to find out vertical wiring heating systems in your house or horizontal. This is important, since buying and installing a heat meter is not a cheap pleasure.

Devices are usually mounted directly on the coolant supply pipe, respectively, if the house heating system is standing, then logically it will be necessary to install a separate meter for each pipe, which is quite expensive. With a horizontal system, this problem is absent, one counter is placed there. But if a vertical heating system is installed in your house, you can put distributors on the batteries that measure the coolant flow by the temperature difference between the air in the room and the surface of the radiator.

In new buildings of the 2000s, as a rule, horizontal system, old houses are equipped with a standing system. After the meter is installed by specialists, it is sealed. By the way, do not forget so that heat does not leave your apartment, otherwise there will be little sense in installing an individual meter.

Should I take it?

Before you buy such an expensive device and call the installers, which in itself is not so difficult, you need to settle another, much more important detail, achieve from management company an unequivocal answer to the question: will it accept the readings of individual heat meters as data for which a fee is charged.

With a high degree of probability, the answer will be negative. The fact is that in order to apply a special formula for calculating the amount of payment for a utility service for heating, taking into account the indicators of an individual meter, it is necessary that all residential and non-residential premises of an MKD be equipped with an IPU for heat. Such a requirement is contained in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings". Otherwise, a calculation formula is applied, which is based on the readings of a common house meter.

Thus, in order to pay as much as you have consumed, you need to persuade all owners to voluntarily install individual heat meters. As already mentioned, the most acceptable from a technological point of view for houses with a vertical distribution of heating systems is the installation of radiator distributors. These are compact devices that record the temperature difference between the surface of the battery and the air in the room.

The distributor integrates the measured temperature difference over time and calculates the heat output of the heater in proportional units. The conversion factor of the distributor units to Gcal is different for different buildings and different measurement periods. This coefficient must be calculated for each accounting period by distributing all the costs of the house, measured by a common house heat meter, among the apartments.

Calculations are made by special software, which contains an algorithm for the distribution of consumed heat in accordance with the current regulatory framework. Moreover, the hotter the batteries in the premises, the greater value show radiator distributors, and hence higher payment for consumed heat resources. However, the amount of payments for all apartments will always be equal to the payment for the whole house, billed by the heat supplier.

It would seem that this is the solution

But there are two nuances. The first is the price. It is not so frightening for one apartment (even at the prices of 2015, you can meet 6,000-10,000 rubles). On the one side. But, on the other hand, try to convince all the tenants. Especially retirees.

However, not even the cost can be a reason to abandon this idea. Until now, there is no unity in the interpretation of the concept of "distributor". Here is what is said about this in the RF PP No. 354:

• Distributor - a device used in apartment building, equipped with a collective (common house) heat energy meter, and allowing you to determine the share of consumption of utility heating services attributable to a separate residential or non-residential premises in which such devices are installed, in the total consumption of utility heating services in all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building in which distributors are installed.

It would seem that everything is clear. But since the document does not contain the phrase "the distributor is an individual heat energy meter", this leaves the management company with the opportunity to refuse to the owners in applying the formula for calculating the payment for the heating service according to the formula that takes into account the readings of the IPU. Here, you may have to decide the case in court. And, there is a chance to win the case. At least there is a precedent. Back in 2013, the St. Petersburg City Court found no reason to believe that the distributors do not comply with the law Russian Federation on ensuring the uniformity of measurements. But, nevertheless, it is worth recognizing that today in judicial practice there was no unanimity of opinion therefore the question.

It is often not entirely clear how the cost of heating is formed and why it is much lower for residents, for example, of a neighboring house. However, the fee is always charged according to the approved scheme. There is a certain standard for heating consumption, and it is he who is the basis for the formation of the final cost. Read this article to learn more about heating bills.

In this article you will learn:

• How the heating utility service is related to the heating consumption standards.
• What is a "heating consumption standard"?
• How to calculate the heating consumption standard.
• How is the electricity consumption standard related to the heating utility service provided by the MKD.

How the heating utility service is related to the heating consumption standard

To begin with, we will describe what is included in the concept of a utility service for heating. Next, we will consider what the consumption standard set for heating is and how it is formed.

Based on Rule 354, the quality of heating is assessed taking into account changes in the air temperature in the room. According to paragraph 5 of the Rules, the heating season begins when average daily temperature air falls below 8 ° C and this mode is maintained for 5 days. The main purpose of supplying heat to rooms is to heat the air up to comfortable temperature. How is heating carried out technically?

In our country today, water heating systems are often used. The heat carrier (usually water) is heated to a predetermined temperature and circulates in the heating system. Gradually, the carrier releases heat into the room. At the same time, its temperature decreases accordingly. Heat from the coolant enters the atmosphere, as a rule, thanks to heating radiators.

There are three options for heat supply:

• thermal conductivity;
• convection;
• radiation.

Thermal conductivity is the ability of more heated parts of an object to give off heat to less heated ones with the help of randomly moving particles (molecules, atoms). For example, when a heating radiator transfers heat to an object in contact with it.

Convection is a type of heat transfer in which the transfer of internal energy is carried out by flows and jets. During convection, heat is transferred with the help of a liquid or gas, including air. A gas flows around a certain object with a temperature different from its own. When the air flows hot radiator heating, it heats up. When air flows around objects with a lower temperature, it cools accordingly. Streamlined objects heat up.

Places common use where there are no heating radiators (for example, landings in MKD), are heated mainly by convection. I.e warm air from apartments where radiators work, it enters the entrances. Due to this, a normal temperature is created in them.

When radiating thermal energy transmitted through a visually permeable medium, such as air, transparent objects or vacuum. Electromagnetic waves transfer heat from a warmer to a less warm object. For example, heat from the Sun to the Earth is transferred precisely by radiation. Of course, a heating radiator does not give off heat in the same volume as the sun. An untrained observer cannot see this radiation. But thanks to special devices - thermal imagers - this process looks great.

The heat carrier is not directly consumed during heating (in any case, with the normal functioning of the heating system and the absence of leaks). It only gives off heat to space, creating in it comfortable environment. Water heated in a boiler or some other device enters the heating system, circulates in it, gives off heat and cools down. Further along the return pipeline, it goes back to the heating device. Due to the fact that there is no heat carrier consumption, utility users do not pay for its consumption. Only the heat that the coolant gives into the space of heated apartments is paid.

The generally accepted unit for measuring thermal energy according to the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). MKD premises consume two types of energy:

• thermal;
• electric.

As noted above, energy is measured in joules (J). But “kilowatt-hours” (kW⋅h) are used to denote electricity, and gigacalories (Gcal) are used to denote thermal energy.

Calorie (cal) as a unit of measurement is used in various areas in calculations, for example, if you need to determine the consumption of thermal energy in residential buildings And MKD apartments. A calorie is an off-system unit equal to 4.1868 J. It is this amount of thermal energy that is required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C.

The calorie as a unit of measure was first used to calculate the heat content of water. In the field of housing and communal services, calories are used for this purpose. The heat carrier in water heating systems, as a rule, is water.

Joules can be used to measure thermal energy, as well as other energy. But, if the heat energy consumed in residential buildings and MKD is calculated, calories are used.

It takes 1 calorie to heat 1 gram of water 1°C. Accordingly, to heat 1 ton of water (1 million grams) by 1 ° C, 1 million kcal, or 1 Mcal (megacalorie), is required. For example, to heat 1 cubic meter of water (1 ton) to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 60 Mcal (megacalories), or 0.06 (0.060) gigacalories (Gcal). That is, to heat 100 cubic meters of water to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 6 Gcal. Note that 60 degrees is the DHW limit for residents of residential buildings and MKD.

In heating MKD systems large volumes of heat carrier circulate. That is why the calculations are carried out in Gcal (1 Gcal equals 1 billion cal).

What is the standard for heating consumption from a physical point of view

Russian legislation considers MKD when calculating the energy consumed for heating as a whole. An apartment building acts as an indivisible technical object, consuming thermal energy for heating all rooms in it. In this regard, when calculating between a resource-saving organization and a utility service provider, it is very important how much heat energy was used by the MKD as a whole.

There are Rules for the installation and determination of utility consumption standards, approved by Government Decree No. 306 of May 23, 2006. In accordance with them, the heating consumption standard per year in the MKD is first calculated (clause 19 of Appendix 1 to Rules 306, formula 19) .

When calculating the heating consumption standard per month, a year is used as the estimated period. The indicators in different months, of course, differ, and the payment according to the heating consumption standard should be or the same throughout the entire period. heating season, or uniform during calendar year. It all depends on what method of paying for heating operates in the Russian subject.

The MKD includes residential and non-residential premises, as well as common property belonging to all owners of objects in the house on the basis of common ownership. All the thermal energy entering the MKD is consumed by them. Accordingly, the owners have to pay for heating. But the question arises: how should the cost of the service rendered be distributed among all subscribers? Is there a standard for heating consumption for general house needs?

The amount of payment for heating is distributed quite reasonably. It all depends on the footage of each apartment or non-residential premises (according to Rules 354 and 306).

How is the calculation of the norms for the consumption of thermal energy for heating

The standard for heating consumption is approved by the authorized local authorities. Most often, this is the responsibility of energy commissions in the regions.

The type of house determines the standard for heating consumption. The standard is valid for at least three years and usually does not change during this period. It is possible to appeal against the decision on the establishment of heating consumption standards in court.

The consumption standards for CG are formed by three methods: expert, calculation and the method of analogues. Authorized bodies may use one method or a combination of several.

If specialists use the method of analogues and expert, the heating consumption standard is formed on the basis of observation of heat consumption in residential buildings and MFBs with approximately the same building and technical specifications, the number of residents and the level of improvement. The basis here is the indicators of collective counters.

The calculation method is used if it is impossible to obtain meter readings, or the data of collective metering devices is not enough to apply the analogue method, or there is no information to use the expert method.

Each region itself sets the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating. When it is formed, technological losses are taken into account. At the same time, the costs of utility resources that have arisen due to improper operation engineering communications and equipment in a residential building or MKD, incorrect application of the rules for the operation of residential premises and the maintenance of common property in MKD, are not taken into account.

Heating consumption standard per sq. m. is the consumption of heat energy, at which a normal temperature is maintained in the room. To calculate the heating consumption standard (Gcal per 1 m2 per month), use the formula:

N = Q/S*12

Q here is the total consumption of heat energy for space heating in an MKD or a residential building. Q - the sum of meter readings for the heating season (Gcal), S - the total footage of premises in a residential building or MKD (m 2).

• Room temperature standards.

There are Rules for the provision of public services to the population, approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to them, the air temperature in residential premises should not be less than 18 ° C and 20 ° C for corner rooms.

The temperature regime in residential buildings is determined by GOST R 51617-2000 “Housing and communal services. General specifications”, approved by the resolution of the State Standard of Russia 158-st of 06/19/00 and SanPIN 2.1.2.1002-00.

GOST recognizes the following temperature regimes for residential premises as optimal:

• 20 °C for corner rooms;
• 20 °C for buildings in the first year of operation;
• 18 °C for living rooms;
• 18 °C for kitchens;
• 25 °C for bathrooms;
• 16 °C for stairwells and lobbies.

According to SanPIN, the following temperature standards are recognized as optimal and permitted in residential premises:

For DHW also installed temperature regime, equal to 50–70 °C.

As accurately as possible to calculate the heating consumption standard

According to the Rules, when setting utility consumption standards, the method of analogues and the calculation method should be used.

The analog method is used if there is data obtained from meters in houses with similar technical characteristics and design parameters, the level of improvement, and also located in similar climatic zones. The analogue method allows obtaining reliable information only in relation to energy consumption and water consumption, despite the fact that the owners of premises in MKDs wash dishes, take a shower and a bath, use lighting and energy-consuming appliances in different ways. When calculating the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating, this method cannot be used, in any case, with the use of common house meters. As for individual counters, practical experience not yet on this issue.

A common house metering device at the entrance to the building records the volume of heat consumption for heating. But this does not mean that this amount of thermal energy is optimal for residents. For example, in Moscow, along Obruchev Street, there are 8 identical houses of the P-18 series - 01/12. As part of the overhaul, they replaced old windows with more energy-intensive new ones, insulated facades, installed automated nodes heating system controls, thermostats on heating appliances. At the same time, in two buildings, among other things, heat distributors for apartment-by-apartment heat energy metering were installed. During the heating season 2010-2011. specific consumption of thermal energy averaged 190 kWh/m 2 . At the same time, during the previous period in one house, the indicator was 99 kWh / m 2. A significant improvement in performance could be achieved by optimizing temperature chart supply of heat energy for heating.

To calculate the heating consumption standard, it is recommended to use only the calculation method. But formula 9 proposed by the Rules is incorrect. According to her, thermal load for heating changes with the outside temperature:

Qabout\u003d q o.max (t ext - t n.sro) / (t ext - t n.ro) 24 n o 10 -6, Gcal / h

q o.max - the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating a residential building or MKD (kcal / hour); t ext - temperature of heated objects in the house, °C; t n.sro - average daily outdoor temperature during the heating season, °C; t n.ro - design temperature of the outside air when designing heating, ° C; n o - the duration of the heating season with an average daily outdoor temperature 8 °C or less. 24 - hours in a day, and 10 -6 - conversion factors from kcal to Gcal.

If we take into account the heat balance of the dwelling, the calculated hourly load for heating will be equal to:

qo.max\u003d q limit q inf - q life,

q ogr - heat loss through external fences; q inf - heat losses for heating the infiltrating air through the external fences; q life - household heat emissions from people, artificial lighting, use household appliances, cooking, washing dishes, hot water pipes installed inside the apartments, as well as heat from diffuse radiation.

When the temperature outside rises or falls, only the first two components of the heat balance change. Household heat emissions throughout the heating season remain unchanged. The outside temperature does not affect them. In this regard, the correct version of the formula looks like this:

Qabout\u003d [(q o.max q life) (t int - t n.sro) / (t int -E t n.ro) - q life] 24 n o 10 -6,

If domestic heat emissions are indicated in fractions of the estimated hourly heating load and taken out q o.max for square brackets, the formula will be:

Qabout\u003d q o.max [(1 q life / q o.max) (t int - t n.sro) / (t int - t n.ro) - q life / q o.max] 24 n o 10–6.

Household heat emissions in the heat balance remain constant in relation to the calculated hourly heating load for a particular house. However, the proportion of heat emissions increases if the outdoor temperature increases. Due to an increase in the outside temperature, the heat supply for space heating can be reduced. Graphs of temperatures of the heat carrier in the supply and return pipelines heating system should not converge t n = t ext = 18 ... 20 ° C, as it was when using the formula given in the Rules, and when t n = 10 ... 15 ° C, in accordance with other formulas given.

It should be noted that the schedule for the quality adjustment of the source, built without taking into account the increasing share of domestic heat emissions in the heat balance of the house with an increase in outdoor temperature, is contrary to the standards. In this regard, in each residential building there must be automated control units for the heating system. If the connection is dependent, the movement of the corrective mixing pumps must be carried out not only during the cutting of the central regulation curve, but also for almost the entire period, provided that the outdoor air temperature exceeds the “A” parameters.

The share of household heat emissions is a constant value from the calculated hourly load on the heating system for separate house. This share for another residential facility increases with increased thermal protection or with the use of exhaust air heat recovery for supply air heating. If it is planned to build a house with similar technical characteristics and design, but in a region with a cooler climate, the share of household heat emissions in the heating design will be less. If it is planned to build in an area with a higher design outdoor temperature, the share will be higher.

In this regard, Table 7 of the Rules, which indicates the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating a residential building and MKD, cannot be called correct. When determining the values, the varying shares of household heat emissions in relation to the estimated hourly heating load in different Russian regions are not taken into account. It is also not taken into account that in the future, on the basis of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011, the energy efficiency of buildings will increase.

We will not take into account the values ​​of the specific heat energy consumption for heating houses built before 1995 and after 2000 with a different number of floors in regions with an estimated outdoor air temperature for heating design from -5 degrees to -55 degrees. Let us reveal the same values ​​for the buildings of the period 2011–2016. taking into account the requirements to improve their energy efficiency, as well as for buildings where capital reconstruction was carried out at the same time, and compare them with the requirements of 2000 (based on Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011)

By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 262 dated May 28, 2010, along with an increase in energy efficiency, the normalized resistance to heat transfer of external walls, coatings and ceilings increased to the level of Table. 4 SNiP 23–02–2003, windows from 2011 to R F = 0.8 m 2 °C / W for areas with a degree day value of more than 4,000 and 0.55 m 2 °C / W for the rest, and from 2016 - at least R F = 1.0 m 2 °C / W also for areas over 4,000 °C day. and 0.8 m 2 °C / W for the rest.

For calculations, we take as a basis a nine-story residential building being built in central Russia. The design temperature of the outside air there is -25 degrees, and the value of degree-days is 5000. In accordance with the standards for 2000, the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the main external wall enclosures R w \u003d 3.15 m 2 ° C / W, windows R F \u003d 0.54 m 2 ° C / W, calculated air exchange with an occupancy of 20 m 2 of the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bflats per person \u003d 30 m 3 / (h person), the specific value of domestic heat release is 17 W / m 2 of the living room footage.

This is what the heat balance of the house looks like. Through the walls, the building loses 20–23% of heat, through coatings, ceilings - 4–6%, through windows - 25–28%, due to air infiltration - 40–50%. The relative percentage of household heat releases from the calculated heat losses is 18–20%. The estimated heat consumption for heating the house in relation to the calculated heat losses in 2000 will be when solving the heat balance equation: o.max 2000 = 0.215 0.05 0.265 0.47 - 0.19 = 0.81. Percentage of residential heat output from the estimated heat consumption for heating q life / q o.max \u003d 0.19 100 / 0.81 \u003d 23.5%.

How do relative heat losses through the windows and walls of a building change with an increase in their thermal protection

To understand how the calculated consumption of thermal energy for heating changes with an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of external fences, let's look at Fig. 1. The figure shows that with an increase in the heat transfer resistance of walls by 15% from 3.15 to 3.6 m 2 °C / W, the relative heat loss through the walls decreases from 0.302 to 0.265 units, or equal to 0.265 / 0.302 \u003d 0.877 from the previous value. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 0.8 instead of 0.54 m 2 °C / W, the heat consumption is reduced by 0.425 / 0.63 = 0.675 compared to the previous figure.

If we consider the reduction of heat loss through coatings and ceilings, as through walls, and the relative heat loss for heating infiltration air, as before, the heat balance equation for a house built since 2011 will be as follows:

Qht.max 2011 = (0.215 0.05) 0.877 0.265 0.675 0.47 = 0.232 0.179 0.47 = 0.881.

The relative estimated costs of heat energy for heating are equal to Qht.max 2011 = 0.881 - 0.19 = 0.691, and the heating consumption standard for 2011 will be reduced compared to 2000: 0.691 / 0.81 = 0.853 (decrease by 14, 7%, due to an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of walls, coatings, ceilings by 15% and windows from 0.54 to 0.8 m 2 °C / W), and according to absolute value at value in 2000 q o.max \u003d 50 m 2 ° C / W converted to kcal / h: 50 0.853 / 1.163 \u003d 36.6 kcal / (h m 2).

The reduced heat transfer resistance of walls will increase by another 15% in 2016 compared to 2011. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 1.0 instead of 0.8 m2 °C/W, heat loss will decrease by 0.34/0.425 = 0 ,8. The indicator of relative total heat losses in a 9-storey building in 2016 will be:

Q ht.max 2016 = 0.232 0.887 0.179 0.8 0.47 = 0.206 0.143 0.47 = 0.82.

Relative estimated heat losses for heating Q ht.max 2016 = 0.82 - 0.19 = 0.63. The decrease in the normalized specific indicator in 2016 compared to 2000 is 0.63/0.81 = 0.778. The heat transfer resistance of walls, coatings, ceilings increased by only 30% and windows up to 1.0 m2 °C / W. Due to this, heat consumption for space heating decreased by 22.2%, including by 22.2–14.7 = 7.5% since 2016, and in absolute terms: q o.max \u003d 50 0.778 / 1.163 \u003d 33.4 kcal / (h m 2). This is how the components of heat loss in a residential nine-story building in 2016 will correlate. 25% of heat will escape through walls, coverings and ceilings (0.206 100/0.82), through windows 0.143 100/0.82 = 17% (in 2000 these parameters were identical to each other - 26.5%) , for heating the infiltrating air in the standard amount: 0.47 100 / 0.82 = 58% (in 2000 - 47%). The percentage of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated heat losses for heating will be 0.19 100 / 0.63 = 30% (in 2000 - 23.5%).

Let us calculate in the same ratio as for 2000 the indicators of heat consumption for heating houses with a different number of floors, but for territories with other calculated temperature parameters outside air. Below is a table with the results of calculations belonging to SNiP " Heating network". Thanks to the table, you can determine how much power the heat supply source has and what is the diameter of the pipes used in heating networks.

It is impossible to calculate the standard for individual space heating consumption using this table. Estimated loss parameters do not reflect the degree of optimization automatic adjustment supply of thermal energy for heating.

How is the consumption standard for heating non-residential premises calculated?

Based on paragraph 20 of the Rules for the provision of public services to the population, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 No. 307, if meters for hot water and cold water, electricity, heat and gas are not installed in non-residential premises of MKD, the amount of payment for housing and communal services is calculated according to the standards established by Russian legislation, as well as taking into account the amount of resources consumed.

The volume of consumed communal resources is determined as follows:

• for cold water and hot water - using the calculation method. Consumption standards are taken as a basis water resources. If they are not - the requirements and rules of building codes;
• for Wastewater- as the total volume of consumed hot and cold water;
• for gas and electricity - using the calculation method. The calculation scheme among themselves must be agreed upon by the resource supplying organization and the person with whom the organization has a contract. The basis for the calculation is the power and mode of operation of the consuming devices installed at the facility;
• for heating - in accordance with sub. 1 of paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules [note: according to the consumption standard in Gcal / sq.m, i.e. calculation is the same as for apartments]. At the same time, the contractor needs to adjust the amount of payment for heating once a year. The adjustment procedure is described in sub. 2 clause 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules.

In other situations, the volumes of consumed heat energy in non-residential premises, including non-residential facilities that are not part of the MKD and located separately, are calculated according to the Method for determining the need for fuel, electricity and water in the production and transmission of heat and heat carriers in the communal heat supply systems of the MKD. The methodology was approved by the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2003. For calculations, the Method for determining the amount of thermal energy and coolant in water systems of public heat supply MDS 41-4.2000, approved by order of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of 06.05.2000 No. 105, is also used.

Due to the fact that the legislative wording is very ambiguous, how the issue for the user of utilities will be resolved in practice is determined by the position of the energy-saving organization, the contractor (Criminal Code, HOA), the arguments of the participants and judicial practice.

How is the electricity consumption standard for heating related to the heating utility service provided by the MKD

Before the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, in the period from 1999 to 2005. the current legislation allowed turning off central heating in a single residential area of ​​an MKD and heating it with electricity. Since centralized heating in houses did not always function efficiently, a significant proportion of the population, having completed all the technical documents, began to use electric batteries.

The payment for heating in the MKD was calculated as follows. The owners of apartments where centralized heating functioned paid for the service in accordance with the consumption standard. Citizens who used apartment heating, the service was not paid, because they did not receive receipts for it. All this was consistent with the principles reflected in Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - "reasonableness and justice." However, in 2003–2013 everything has changed (table).

Formation of the amount of payment for heating in the Murmansk region

Difficulties with paying for heat appeared when common house meters were installed in the MKD. The amount of payment began to consist of two components: for heating residential or non-residential premises and common areas in the house.

As a result, from 2013 to the present day, in a number of Russian regions(for example, in the Kirov and Murmansk regions), where there are premises in MKDs heated by electricity, in accordance with the legislative translation into this species heating, the owners of these premises continue to issue receipts for payment for centralized heating services (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of distribution of thermal energy for heating the house No. 11 on the street. Soviet city of Kandalaksha (variant of the GZhI of the Murmansk region):

• 59.07 Gcal / 2617 sq. m = 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 36.06 Gcal.
• 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m x 206.5 sq. m = 4.66 Gcal.
• 4.66 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m x 812.8 sq. m = 1.57 Gcal.
• 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 3.09 Gcal.

At the same time, the regional authorities insist that the owners switch back to centralized heating. But they forget that the law has no retroactive effect.

Formula 3 from Appendix 2 of the Rules testifies in favor of the fact that the actions are lawful. In accordance with it, areas heated by electricity are not excluded from the calculation scheme for district heating services.

At the same time, on March 12, 2015, a meeting of the working group was held on the formation of payment for centralized heating for owners of residential premises with electric batteries ( working group instructed to create the governor of the Murmansk region). The minutes of the meeting included a recommendation to the administrations of all municipalities in the Murmansk region to inform the owners that the living quarters should be transferred to centralized heating. However, it is not clear how this relates to the non-retroactive provision of the law.

It turns out that today the essence of conflicts between interested parties is as follows:

• heat supply companies want owners to pay for services not rendered;
• the owners of residential properties do not intend to pay for services not rendered.

In a number of Russian regions today (for example, in the Bryansk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Stavropol Territory), the situation is somewhat different. Formula 3 of Appendix 2 of the Rules is used taking into account the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2015 No. AKPI15-198. At the same time, in these regions, the issue related to paying for heating is decided on the basis of Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, including its main provisions - rationality and justice.

Problem Solving Possibilities

The main element confirming that the owner of the facility receives a public service for central heating is a radiator battery. It is part of the central heating, as it is attached to it, and maintains the required temperature in the housing. Premises apartment building heated with electricity are not equipped with these elements. Accordingly, according to the law, there is no service for heating.

Below are parts of the MKD, which serve as evidence that the owners of non-residential and residential premises, where heating is supplied by electric heating, are required to pay for part of the utilities:

• staircases (common house property of all owners of MKD objects);
• heating risers that pass through the residential and non-residential areas of the owners, where electric heating operates.

A number of problems remain to be solved. Among them:

• As owners of facilities where electric heating is used, they must pay for heating consumed for common property, which is the norm for heating consumption for common house needs.
• How to pay for the heat energy emitted by the risers of the heating system passing through objects with electric heating.

The Expert Council of the system of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region has developed a number of proposals for the formation of the amount of payment for heating in MKD with residential premises with electric batteries (Fig. 2, 3).

Rice. 2. The diagram shows how heat energy is distributed for heating house No. 11 on Sovetskaya Street in Kandalaksha (represented by the expert council of the public control system in the housing and communal services sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region):

• 0.1712 Gcal/month - heat losses from the supply and return risers (average value) that pass through residential facilities. For calculations, the instruction of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated December 30, 2008 No. 325 was used.
• 8 sq. x 0.1712 Gcal = 1.3696 Gcal.
• 59.07 Gcal - 1.3696 Gcal = 57.70 Gcal.
• 57.7 Gcal / 1804.2 sq. m = 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 51.09 Gcal.
• 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m x 206.5 sq. m = 6.6 Gcal.
• 6.6 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m x 812.8 sq. m = 2.227 Gcal.
• 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 4.38 Gcal.

Rice. 3. Payment plan central heating owners of objects where electric heating operates.

In this case, you can:

• Use the standard for heating consumption for general house needs (analogue, according to Article 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
• Install heat meters on heating risers of common property.
• Apply the instrument-calculation method of the volume of heat energy emitted by heating risers.

In the above diagrams, the positions of the parties are justified and fair:

• the heat supply organization is interested in selling heating services and receiving payment for it;
• the owners of the premises want to receive a high-quality communal heating service and pay for it.

Alas, the proposals put forward by the expert council of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region will not even be considered. At the same time, the owners of objects heated by electricity, as before, receive invoices for double payment for heating services. The same problem was found in the Crimea in Krasnoperekopsk. It should be decided directly by the Government of the country.

Often utilities offer new tariffs for heat energy payment and rules for their calculation. The cost of payment changes every year, including the change in tariffs occurred in 2015 and 2016. Tariffs depend on the availability of metering devices, i.e. whether there is a counter or not. An important factor is reference temperature, because it often happens that the apartment is cold, and payment is made for a warm room. In apartments high-rise building it is not always possible to regulate the heating power, and not everywhere a heat energy meter is installed.

Features of calculating the cost of heating

Reference temperature

The normative air temperature in the room is determined by the documentation "Building Norms and Rules" (SNiP). In the event of a temperature mismatch normative value in winter period you need to contact the relevant organization. They will send a specialist or a commission to make sure that the temperature does not meet the standard value, about which an appropriate act will be drawn up.

The room temperature is determined by measuring it with a thermometer at the point y inner wall. To determine this point, you need to deviate from outer wall not less than one meter and from the floor - not less than one and a half meters.

The act of measuring the temperature of the room must be drawn up in duplicate, one of them belongs to the owner of the apartment.

Table of values ​​of optimal and allowable temperature premises

The temperature must remain within the acceptable range throughout the year. If it is lower, this should lead to a reduction in the cost of paying for heating. In practice, it often happens that the commission deliberately comes at a time when the temperature is satisfactory and no act is drawn up. Such a visit can not be considered, because it will not give any result.

Heating in cold period year can be switched off for a total of no more than 24 hours per month and no more than 16 hours in a row. Each hour of exceeding the norm should reduce the cost of payment by 0.15%.

The feasibility of installing a meter

Even the installation of a common meter for the house does not guarantee that the distribution of costs will be fair, because. someone could increase the number of sections of radiators or even arrange underfloor heating, due to which heat consumption increases, and the payment for it is distributed to all residents of the house.

You can solve this problem by installing individual equipment heat calculation. One such device is installed at the supply, and the other at the exit from the apartment. The difference in heat values ​​is the true value of its consumption. In addition, with the presence of an individual meter, it is easier to prove the lack of an adequate level of heating. If the room temperature is below the allowed value, the heating fee is not charged.

It is advisable to install this method of heat metering for horizontal wiring. But most often the house has a vertical wiring, where a separate riser passes in each room. Installing two meters for each riser will be too expensive.

It is unacceptable to install the meter on your own; this must be done by representatives of a licensed organization.

Another option for individual heat calculation is the installation of a switchgear for each heating radiator.

He collects the heat consumption from one radiator, and then the utility employee reads the distributor and determines the cost of payment.

This method has a number of features:

• a distributor must be installed on each radiator;
• the distributor does not take into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe radiator, but removes the amount of heat only at the installation site of the device;
• it is necessary to have a common meter for the house, it will help to calculate consumption more correctly;
• radiators must have a thermostat;
• it is possible to count by distributors only if at least 75% of apartments in a multi-storey building are equipped with such devices.

Calculation of the cost of heating

Method number 1

The calculation of the cost of heating in an apartment building with an installed common house meter in the absence of individual heat meters is carried out in two directions:

• apartment heating;

The calculation is carried out according to the formula approved by the Government of the Russian Federation:

P i \u003d V d * S і / S d * T T, where:

• V d - the total consumption of all consumers of an apartment building for the heating season, is determined by a common house meter;
• S i - area of ​​the apartment;
• S d - the area of ​​\u200b\u200ball rooms, including common use;
• T t - the established tariff for a given period of time.

Let us give an example of how the payment for heating a conditional apartment of a multi-storey building is calculated.

Initial data:

• area of ​​the apartment - 55 sq. meter.
• total area houses - 5000 sq. meter.
• conditional tariff - 1000 rubles. per gigacalorie.
• the previous meter reading is 1540 gigacalories.
• the current meter reading is 1615 gigacalories.

Cost calculation:

1. The amount of heat energy consumption = 1615 - 1540 = 75 gigacalories.
2. 75 * 55 / 5000 * 1000 = 825 rubles.

• heating for general house needs (ODN).

This item is calculated using two formulas. The first determines the volume of services provided, and the second determines their cost.

The definition of flow is determined by the formula:

V i one \u003d V d * (1 - S about / S d) * S і / S about, where:

• V d - the total consumption of all consumers of an apartment building for the heating season, determined by a common house meter, presumably is 75 gigacalories;
• S about - the total area of ​​​​all apartments, presumably 4000 square meters. meter;
• S d - the total area of ​​​​the house is 5000 square meters. meter;
• S i - the area of ​​​​the apartment is 55 square meters. meter.

V i one \u003d 75 * (1 - 4000 / 5000) * 55 / 4000 \u003d 0.21 gigacalories.

P i one \u003d V i one * T cr, where:

• T kr - the tariff for a communal resource in a given period of time, presumably 1000 rubles. per gigacalorie.

P i one \u003d 0.21 * 1000 \u003d 210 rubles.

Thus, the conditional total cost of heating for a given period of time is (825 + 210) = 1035 rubles.

Method number 2

The calculation of the cost of heating a house with an installed common house meter and if there are individual metering devices in some apartments has two options:

• The apartment is equipped with an accounting device.

P i \u003d V i p * T cr, where:

• V і p - the amount of heat per apartment with an installed individual meter. It is determined by the difference between the previous and current values ​​of the meter. The previous value is assumed to be 94 gigacalories, and the current value is 96 gigacalories.
• T kr - the cost of heating for a given period of time per gigacalorie. Presumably 1000 rubles. per gigacalorie.
• V і p \u003d 96 - 94 \u003d 2 gigacalories.

Calculation according to the formula:

2 * 1000 = 2000 rubles.

• The apartment is not equipped with a metering device.

P i \u003d S i * N t * T t, where:

• N t is the normative consumption of thermal energy in the given region. Presumably it will be 0.014 Gcal per sq. m. meter.
• T t - cost for heating (1000 rubles per 1 gigacalorie).

P i \u003d 55 * 0.014 * 1000 \u003d 770 rubles.

Calculation of the fee for ODN:

(V d - V cr) * S i / S about, where:

• Vd - the amount of heat consumed by the house for a certain period (75 gigacalories).
• N t - standard heat consumption (0.014 Gcal per sq. meter).
• S v - the area of ​​\u200b\u200ball apartments that are not equipped with an individual metering device (1700 square meters).
• S i - the area of ​​​​this apartment (55 sq. Meter).
• S about - the total area of ​​\u200b\u200ball apartments (5000 square meters).
• V cr - the amount of thermal energy spent on heating water (4 gigacalories).
• V W - the amount of heat consumed by all residents for billing period(3 Gcal).

All values ​​in brackets are conditional for the calculation example.

(75 - 5 - 0.014 * 1700 - 3 - 4) * 55 / 5000 = 0.43 Gcal.

The cost of heating ODN: 0.43 Gcal * 1000 rubles. = 430 rubles.

The cost of payment for one unit is added to the cost of paying for an apartment, depending on whether there is an individual heat meter or not. Thus, the total cost of heating payment is obtained.

Method number 3

The calculation determines how much it costs to heat a house where a common house meter is not installed. In this case, it is worth counting according to known formulas.

• For apartments that do not have an individual meter:

P i \u003d V i p * T cr

• For apartments with an individual heat meter:

P i \u003d S i * N t * T t

Examples of how the cost is calculated using these formulas are given above.

Determination of heat consumption:

V i one \u003d N one * S oi * S i / S about, where:

• N one - standard heating consumption (0.014 Gcal per sq. meter).
• S oi - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe common use room (450 sq. Meter).
• S i - the area of ​​​​the apartment (55 square meters).
• S about - the area of ​​\u200b\u200ball apartments in the house (5000 square meters).

Calculation example:

V i one \u003d 0.014 * 450 * 55 / 5000 \u003d 0.07 gigacalories.

The following formula is used to determine how much the cost of the ODN costs:

P i \u003d V i p * T cr

With a conditional tariff of 1000 rubles for 1 gigacalorie, ODN is:

0.07 * 1000 \u003d 70 rubles.

To determine how much it costs to heat an apartment in a house without a common house meter, it is enough to sum up the indicators of the cost of heating an apartment and the cost of one unit.

Tariffs 2015 and 2016

In order to determine the cost for heating in a given region, it is necessary to know the current tariffs. They change with enviable regularity. The cost of heating in 2015 was 990 rubles 50 kopecks. for 1 gigacalorie.

The normative consumption of thermal energy for the heating season was 0.0366 Gcal / sq. m. meter.

Since May 2015, the standard consumption amounted to 0.0122 Gcal/sq. meter.

With the onset of the new heating season in October 2015, tariffs rose and began to amount to 1170 rubles 57 kopecks. Standard consumption was 0.0322 Gcal/sq. meter, and since November increased to 0.0366 Gcal/sq. meter.

In 2016, the standard consumption during the heating season is 0.0366 Gcal/sq. meter, and the fee for 1 gigacalorie is 1170 rubles 57 kopecks.

With the end of the heating season, the value of standard consumption will be 0.0122 Gcal/sq. meter, and the cost for 1 gigacalorie will not change until July 1, 2016.

We do the calculation. Video

How to determine the cost of heating and water heating in 2016, this video tells.

IN this moment utility prices are high. To reduce them, it is necessary to take all necessary measures for warming the room and eliminate unnecessary costs. If you learn how to count correctly, you can find that often the payment is made not for the resources consumed. It is important to optimize costs here. The correct calculation will help to perform an online calculator. Based on the calculation, it is necessary to determine the feasibility of installing a common house or even an individual heat meter.

In contact with

The calculation of the amount of payment for heating from 06/01/2013 should be carried out according to the calculation rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 No. 354 with amendments of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04/16/2013 No. 344 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules).

From June 01, 2013, heating consumers in an apartment building pay for this service in aggregate without dividing the payment for heating provided in a residential or non-residential building and for heating provided for general house needs, as previously provided.

Thus, in the invoice-receipts for payment of utility bills, the “heating” service should appear in only one line. This rule applies to both apartment buildings having centralized system heat supply, and for houses where such a system is not available.

The calculation of the payment for heating depends, first of all, on the equipment of the apartment building and the premises located in it with metering devices (common house (collective), individual and common (apartment)) and is carried out in the following order.

Calculation No. 1

A common house (collective) heat energy meter is not installed in an apartment building, and in all residential and non-residential premises there are no individual or common (apartment) meters for heating.

In this case, the payment for heating is calculated as the product of the heating consumption standard, the total area of ​​the occupied premises and the tariff set for thermal energy ( formula No. 2 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules).

P i = S i x N T x T T

N T - consumption standard set for heating,

S i - the total area of ​​your premises,

T T - heat energy tariff set for your region and service provider.

CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

Your house does not have a common house metering device for thermal energy (heating). Residential and non-residential premises located in the house are not equipped with individual and common (apartment) meters for heating.

» The consumption standard for heating for your region is set at 0.03 gigacalories per 1 square meter of total area.
» The tariff for thermal energy for your region and service provider is 1200 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating fee for your apartment will be calculated in the following order:

0.03 Gkl x 60 m2 x 1200 rubles. = 2160.00 rubles.

Calculation No. 2

An apartment building has a common building meter for heat energy (heating), but not all residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual and common (apartment) meters for heating.

In this case, the payment for heating will be calculated based on the readings of the common house meter, the total area of ​​the occupied premises and the tariff established for thermal energy (formula No. 3 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules).

V D - the amount of thermal energy, determined according to the indications of a common house meter,

S i - total area of ​​residential or non-residential premises,

S about - the total area of ​​​​all residential and non-residential premises located in an apartment building,

T T - tariff for thermal energy, established for your region.

CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

Your apartment building has a common building metering device for thermal energy (heating). Not all residential and non-residential premises located in the house are equipped with individual or common (apartment) meters for heating.

» The total area of ​​your apartment is 60 square meters.
» The total area of ​​residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 8,000 square meters.
» The tariff for thermal energy set for your region and service provider is 1200 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating bill for your apartment will be calculated as follows:

200 Gkl x 60m 2 / 8000 m 2 x 1200 rubles. = 1800 rubles.

Calculation No. 3

A common building (collective) metering device for thermal energy is installed on an apartment building. All residential and non-residential premises located in the house are equipped with individual or common (apartment) heating meters.

In this case, the payment for heating is calculated based on the readings of the general house and individual heat energy meters, the total area of ​​the occupied premises and all residential and non-residential premises in the house, as well as the tariff established for heat energy (formula No. 3 (1) of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules).

V i n - the amount of thermal energy determined by the readings of an individual meter for which the fee is calculated,

V i ODN - the amount of heat energy provided for general house needs, which is defined as the difference between the readings of a common house meter, the amount of heat energy determined from the readings of all individual meters installed in the house, and the amount of heat energy used to heat hot water . Moreover, the last component is used in houses that do not have a centralized hot water supply system.

S i - total area of ​​the occupied premises,

S about - the total area of ​​​​all residential and non-residential premises located in the house,

Тcr - the tariff for thermal energy established for your region.

In other words, payment for heating in this case consists of heat energy consumed according to an individual meter and heat energy allocated to general house needs, which is distributed in proportion to the total area occupied.

CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

Your house is equipped with a common house heat meter. All residential and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heating meters. The apartment building does not have a centralized hot water supply system.

» The amount of thermal energy determined by the indications of the common house metering device is 200 gigacalories.
» the amount of heat energy determined by the readings of an individual meter installed in your apartment is 2 gigacalories.
» The amount of heat energy determined from the readings of individual meters installed in all residential and non-residential premises of an apartment building is 160 gigacalories.
» The volume of thermal energy used in the production of hot water is 20 gigacalories.
» The total area of ​​your apartment is 60 square meters.
» The total area of ​​all residential and non-residential premises located in the house is 8,000 square meters.
» The tariff for thermal energy is set for your region and supplier in the amount of 1200 rubles per 1 gigacalorie.

The heating bill for your apartment will be calculated as follows:

(2 + (200 - 160 - 20) x 60/8000) x 1200 = 2580 rubles.

The level of comfort in a residential building or in a city apartment largely depends on the quality of heating and the operation of all other communications and engineering networks life support of the building. However, it is not uncommon for our comfort to become an expensive pleasure. Payments for centralized heat supply and hot water supply are becoming more and more every year. Why does the fee remain unchanged if the heating is in city ​​apartment not served? Is it possible during the whole heating season?

What possible steps can be taken to save on heating bills

The main advice that thermal engineers give is to reduce the loss of thermal energy. Such events do not present any difficulties if the solution of the problem is approached in a balanced and competent way. Everyone can increase the thermal efficiency of their own apartment. Already only sealing windows, sealing cracks in window openings and insulation entrance doors gives a noticeable effect. If everything is done in an appropriate way, it is possible to achieve an increase in thermal efficiency by 15-20%. Ways to insulate own apartment enough. We are talking about installing reflective screens behind the radiators, thermal insulation of the coldest areas building structures building.

Usually, such actions on the part of residents of apartment buildings are capable of ensuring normal temperature conditions in apartments for the winter period. In terms of efficiency, it is easier to achieve heat retention inside a dwelling by improving thermal insulation than by increasing the production of new kilocalories of thermal energy. By setting special devices accounting for the consumption of thermal energy, you can save a significant amount on paying bills.

There are the following ways to save on heating:

• collective, associated with the efforts of all residents of the house;
• individual, which are carried out by the tenants of each apartment on their own;
• combined, providing for a technical and legal solution to the problem.

One of the effective mechanisms real savings today is the installation of a heat energy meter for the whole house, which allows you to regulate the supply of coolant to apartments. In this case, the heating costs are borne equally by all residents of the house.

On a note: The joint collective efforts of the residents of the building to save heat can have a significant effect, including control of the heat supply to the residential building, adjusting the temperature of the coolant in the system and its subsequent distribution to the apartments.

On the other hand, when it is impossible to unite the efforts of all the residents of the house, one has to take on individual heat metering. Today there are a sufficient number of devices with which you can calculate the heat consumption for each individual apartment. How to pay for heating your apartment an order of magnitude less individually? Let's try to deal with this issue.

You can calculate the amount of heat supplied by the central heating system in each apartment using a device that records the heat energy in each battery. After taking readings from each radiator, we simply summarize all the parameters. The result is the number of kilocalories spent on heating your apartment. You can buy such a counter today on your own. In addition, if you are determined to fight for a fair price for heating, such expenses will quickly pay off.

Such devices are very beneficial to use for those residents who do not permanently live in the apartment. Frequent business trips, trips make us pay for the heat that we do not use for a certain time. If you have a thermal energy meter and the necessary shut-off and control valves, you can safely shut off radiators that are not needed to heat the entire apartment. As a result, you will receive kilocalories that were spent on maintaining the minimum duty temperature in your apartment.

The heat meter idea is very promising, but it is more suitable for new homes, which are more adapted to the installation of such devices.

We put an individual heat meter

In multi-apartment buildings of a new layout, the distribution of central heating pipes is built in such a way that each apartment has its own separate branch. This configuration is ideal for installation heat meter in your own apartment.

For comparison. Make calculations: how much heating costs without installing a meter and how much it will cost you to heat an apartment with a heat energy meter.

For example, an apartment has the following characteristics:

• living area 80 m 2 , the walls of the building are brick;
• ceiling height 2500 mm;
• glazing - two-chamber double-glazed windows;
• two balconies - glazed;

Living in such an apartment, you will have to spend 2000 x 7 = 14000 rubles for heating during the entire heating season, where 2000 is the average monthly payment for heating, 7 is the number of months in the heating season.

After installing the meter, the costs for actually spent kilocalories are much less, given the frequent absences from home, the decrease in the temperature of the coolant due to warming outside.

- main article.

How is the heating bill calculated? formal approach

The heating season has begun. With trepidation, we expect payment for heating and are trying to understand how the payment for heating services in the apartment is calculated. Without going into deep mathematical calculations, we use general logic, which often does not always work in our conditions.

The heat supplied to our homes is measured in kilocalories. It is their quantity that determines the thermal energy that enters the apartments. Getting into the system, the coolant, heated to a certain temperature, gives part of its energy to heating radiators, risers and coils. But how to find out how many kilocalories are spent on heating each individual apartment.

If you have a heat meter - no questions. How much the meter shows, how many kilocalories it took to heat your home. But that's not all. To the readings obtained, it is necessary to add the heat that goes to heating staircase, lobby of the building (common house needs). As a result, you will reach the figure that characterizes the amount of heat consumption spent on heating your house and apartment in particular.

Important! In accordance with the current legislation in force, when calculating the payment for heating, taking into account the readings of the meter, such devices must be installed in all living quarters of the house.

The situation when the heat meter is at the entrance to the house is more common. A collective meter is a commonplace today and, based on its readings, you can calculate how many kilocalories go to heat each apartment. Calculations are carried out in proportion to the area of ​​each apartment. The situation is worse when the house is not equipped with a collective common house heat meter. In such a situation, standards are taken for calculation, showing how much heat is needed to heat one square meter living area. Each region has its own standards for heating, taking into account climatic conditions and the availability of energy resources. The only negative is that the collective meter will allow you to determine only the average heat consumption of each apartment. According to the calculation method, each unit of area receives the same amount of heat, which means that it will not be possible to save much on turning off your heating during the absence.

On a note: To date, service fees centralized heating calculated taking into account the standards contained in the "Rules for the provision of public services in apartment buildings". This document was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 dated May 6, 2011.

Summing up, we can say with confidence that the figures indicated in your heating bills reflect the real picture of the state of the heating system in your home. Charges can be made based on the following data:

• readings of an individual heat meter for each apartment;
• readings of the collective heat meter;
• on the basis of standards for heating services, in the absence of a house heat meter.

The diagram shows an approximate calculation of the payment for heating in Yekaterinburg. In other cities and towns of our country, the situation looks about the same.