We make apartment heating: paperwork, schemes, reviews. What tenants need to know about heating in an apartment building

S.L. Filimonov, Associate Professor, Head of the Department "Legal Regulation of Construction and Housing and Communal Services", State Academy for Advanced Studies and Retraining of Personnel for Construction and Housing and Communal Services of Russia, Moscow

The never-ending growth of tariffs for communal resources, especially for heating, led to the fact that the population began to refuse this type of service. Typically, such phenomena are observed in areas where resource supply and management organizations are not able to provide consumers with utilities (resources) of adequate quality. Increasingly, disputes began to appear between the owners of premises - individuals who are consumers of communal resources (services), and heat supply organizations, as well as authorities local government.

The owners of the premises purchase individual (apartment) heating devices, install them on their own or handle them in accordance with Art. 26 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation for the approval of the reorganization into local governments.

In support of their actions, they refer to Art. 546 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes a mechanism for changing and terminating an energy supply agreement. In accordance with this article, in the case when a citizen using energy for domestic consumption acts as a subscriber under an energy supply agreement, he has the right to terminate the agreement unilaterally, subject to notification of the energy supply organization and full payment for the energy used.

The civil law establishes a general rule in matters of changing or terminating voluntarily assumed obligations - termination or change of the contract is carried out by agreement of the parties, unless otherwise provided by law.

The right to unilaterally withdraw from a contract is always regarded in civil law as an exception to the general rule.

Unilateral withdrawal from the contract is possible only in cases where it is expressly provided for by law. In this case, Art. 546 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation just contains an exception to the general rule. To terminate the energy supply contract to an individual it is enough to pay for previously consumed resources and notify the resource supplying organization of the unilateral withdrawal from the contract. The energy supply contract is considered terminated from the moment of such notification. Consequently, from that moment on, a citizen may not pay for heat energy. Formally, the contract is considered terminated, but the citizen continues to be a consumer of thermal energy, because. there are heating elements (batteries) in his room and they are connected through the house heating system to the networks of the resource supplying organization.

Some citizens, having established individual appliances heating, they do not even turn on and consume thermal energy for free. There is an abuse of the right.

In accordance with Art. 540 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in the case when a citizen using energy for domestic consumption acts as a subscriber under an energy supply agreement, the agreement is considered concluded from the moment the subscriber is first actually connected in the prescribed manner to the connected network. And in judicial practice from the moment of acceptance - payment for the resource provided. Thus, the citizen remains a subscriber and actually consumes thermal energy. This means that he must pay for the amount of energy actually received in accordance with the energy accounting data, unless otherwise provided by law, other legal acts or agreement of the parties (Article 544 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Therefore, in order to terminate the energy supply contract, the consumer must stop using thermal energy, and for this he must disconnect from the connected networks heat supply organization or disconnect the indoor heating elements from the risers. The first option is unrealistic, because intra-house networks are in the shared ownership of all owners of premises and it is necessary to obtain the consent of all owners in such a house. As a result, all owners will not receive heat energy. But a variant is possible when all owners refuse district heating and switch to individual apartment heating. AT practical activities Such cases are no longer isolated and there are judicial precedents for them.

The second option is conditionally possible. For its implementation, it is necessary to establish whether the heating elements (batteries) inside the owner's premises are part of the common property in apartment building. This question is answered by paragraph 6 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 2006 No. 491 “On approval of the Rules for the content common property in an apartment building and the Rules for changing the amount of payment for the maintenance and repair of residential premises in the case of the provision of services and performance of work on the management, maintenance and repair of common property in an apartment building inadequate quality and (or) with interruptions exceeding the established duration ”(hereinafter referred to as the Rules), - the common property includes an in-house heating system, consisting of risers, heating elements, control and shutoff valves, collective (common house) heat meters, as well as other equipment located on these networks.

Thus, the heating element (battery) is an obligatory link in the thermal circuit of the building and belongs to the common property. As can be seen from clause 6 of the Rules, the in-house heating system consists of dissimilar elements and together forms a single whole, which is used for a general purpose.

By virtue of Art. 134 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, if heterogeneous things form a single whole, involving their use for a general purpose, they are considered as one thing (complex thing).

The effect of a transaction concluded in connection with a complex thing shall apply to all its constituent parts, unless otherwise provided by the contract.

Turning off the heating elements is in principle possible, but this will lead to a decrease in the common property.

Now it is necessary to determine who has the right to give permission to turn off the heating element and does this work relate to the reconstruction of equipment inside the dwelling?

A residential refurbishment is the installation, replacement, or relocation of engineering networks, sanitary, electrical or other equipment that require changes to the technical passport of the residential premises (Article 25 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).

Reconstruction and / or redevelopment of residential premises are carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law in agreement with the local government on the basis of a decision made by it (Article 26 of the LC RF).

It should be noted that Art. 25 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation provides only for the installation, replacement or transfer of engineering networks, but not their reduction. The decision to reduce the common property does not fall within the competence of local governments.

In accordance with Part. 3. Art. 36 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, a reduction in the size of common property in an apartment building is possible only with the consent of all owners of premises in this house through its reconstruction.

The concept of reorganization and reconstruction are two different legal institutions and are regulated by different regulations. Consequently, the reduction of common property is not a reorganization, and local governments do not have the right to give consent to such types of work.

The mechanism for unilateral termination of an energy supply contract is currently controversial, and in practice there is an ambiguous judicial practice. For example: the owner of the premises does not receive thermal energy for a long period of time or receives it of inadequate quality. To him, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 23, 2006 No. 307 “On the procedure for providing utilities» recalculation of the fee for a service not provided or for the provision of a service of inadequate quality. But the owner does not get warmer from this. The owner applies to various authorities and everywhere receives the same answer - there are no funds for the modernization of the se-

tei and boiler room. As a result, the owner decides to heat his premises on his own. He purchases an individual heating device, installs it himself and refuses to pay for district heating. The managing or resource-supplying organization, in turn, forces the owner to pay for the consumed service (resource), since it is not disconnected from the district heating networks. This situation does not suit the owner and he unilaterally terminates the energy supply contract and applies to local authorities for permission to rebuild the in-house equipment. To carry out the conversion, he submits to the approval authority at the location of the residential premises to be converted, the following documents:

1. application for reorganization in the form approved by the Government of the Russian Federation;

2. title documents for the residential premises to be rebuilt (originals or notarized copies);

3. a project for the reorganization of residential premises prepared and executed in the prescribed manner;

4. technical passport of the residential premises to be converted;

5. conclusion of the body for the protection of monuments of architecture, history and culture on the admissibility of the reorganization of residential premises, if such residential premises or the house in which it is located is a monument of architecture, history or culture.

The body carrying out the coordination is not entitled to require the submission of other documents other than those listed above. Formally, the owner must be issued a decision on approval, but he is denied approval of the reorganization on the following grounds:

■ turning off the heating element will reduce the common property, so the decision to reduce the common property is within the competence of the general meeting and 100% consent of all owners is required;

■ reduction of common property is possible only during reconstruction, and not during reorganization;

■ turning off the heating element disturbs the heat balance of the house;

■ the thermal regime of the boiler house is violated;

■ when the apartment heating device is turned off, significant temperature differences occur on the supporting structures of the building, which can lead to their damage. The approval authority refers to the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated September 27, 2003 No. 170 “On approval of rules and regulations technical operation housing stock": "P. 1.7.2. Re-equipment and re-planning of residential buildings and apartments (rooms), leading to a violation of strength or destruction load-bearing structures buildings, disruption engineering systems and (or) equipment installed on it, deterioration in the safety and appearance of facades, violation fire fighting devices, not allowed".

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that one of the conditions for refusal of approval is the non-compliance of the reconstruction project with the requirements of the law. The concept of "legislative requirements" is an expansive concept. Those. the project must comply with both the requirements of housing, urban planning and civil legislation, as well as other regulatory acts issued in the development of these legislative acts. According to Art. 26 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the reconstruction of residential premises must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law. This type of activity should not detract from the rights of other owners of premises in an apartment building.

The transition to apartment heating systems is increasingly typical for new buildings. However, with central heating new houses are also being built. This article is addressed to those who are now looking at new housing and are considering which option is better to stay.

What is this about

The main idea is clear: new house not connected to central heating. What is the result?

1. The developer, thus, saves on the wiring of communications and the installation of heating appliances; in addition, complex calculations and countless agreements with heat energy suppliers are not required.
2. The fact that they do not sell housing with an already concluded contract for the supply of thermal energy should also be beneficial for a potential buyer of an apartment. At a minimum, he himself can choose a heat source and temperature regime heating.

However: in practice, most of the new buildings are rented with pre-installed double-circuit gas boilers. It is clear that their price is included in the cost of housing.

Apartments with connected communications, but without a pre-installed heating system any type, however, can also be seen on sale. Let's look at both cases.

A gas boiler

It should be said right away: gas REALLY is the cheapest source of heat for heating. At least on this moment. Let's weigh the pros and cons of this scenario.

Advantages

Practice shows that the difference in payment between centralized heating and autonomous heating, using gas, ranges from 2 to 3 times with the same temperature regime.

Why is DH so expensive?

It is clear that the first, already almost unconditional reflex is to blame the greedy officials for everything. However, the tariffs for heat housing and communal services have, in addition to someone's evil will, and quite sound justification.

• Gas, which is used for the production of heat by boiler houses and thermal power plants, they pay at a higher rate than private individuals.
• Depreciation of equipment has not been canceled. Boilers need periodic repair and maintenance; in addition, the tariffs are forced to include the planned replacement of equipment.
• Annual repairs and planned replacement of heating mains also put a burden on your pocket.
• Your heating system needs to be serviced. This expense item includes the planned replacement and repair of risers, the elimination of radiator leaks, the revision and replacement of valves in the elevator assembly, the verification and boring of the nozzle, the control of the temperature regime of the elevator, and another hundred various works which we often don't notice.
• Finally, all heat losses: on a heating main with torn off thermal insulation, in an open entrance, even in the CHP plant itself, you pay ... that's right, you too.

Another important advantage that an apartment heating system has is independence. It seems that anyone had to freeze at home waiting for the heating to start and suffer from stuffiness on a hot April day. implies that you provide at any time the temperature regime you need, in accordance with ONLY with your own comfort.

disadvantages

Of course, not without them.

• Using the removal of combustion products through a coaxial duct to the facade of the house means that it is better not to open the windows once again. The soot that is inevitable during the combustion of gas will get inside the premises.

However: in houses, the design of which was originally optimized for individual heating, there are often more complex scheme boiler operation: air is taken from the facade, and combustion products are discharged into the ventilation duct, throughput which allows all boilers in the riser to operate at full power at the same time.

The photo shows the new building. The façade has air intake ducts.

• Gas consumption in the corner and middle apartments of the house will vary. In the case of central heating, this, albeit somewhat comical, problem of social inequality is solved by the same amount of payment for heat.
• The greater the total amount gas equipment in the building, the greater the likelihood of a gas leak with the corresponding consequences. Yes, modern boilers much safer than gas stoves Soviet sample; however, in general, the gas is still explosive.

Apartment without heating equipment: solving the problem of heating

Well, what options are possible when buying an apartment without a pre-installed boiler? Are there heating schemes that are at least close to gas in terms of convenience and efficiency?

Actually, the choice is small. Most of heat sources in a city apartment is not applicable.

• Solid fuel boilers disappear not even because of the need for frequent maintenance, but because there is no place to store firewood and coal in the apartment.
• Solara is VERY loud burner noise and a capacity of at least a couple of cubes. And then, imagine the process of filling it in an apartment building ...
• Heating with electricity (more precisely, direct heating with its help) is very expensive. All energy-saving technologies (heat-insulated floors, infrared radiators, and even more so a variety of electric radiators and others like them) can, at best, reduce costs by a couple of tens of percent. The costs will still be 6-8 times higher than the cost of gas heating.

What remains? Actually, only heat pumps. And only two types - air-air and air-water.

Costs in budget option it is easy to estimate: for example, for a two-room apartment with an area of ​​​​60 squares, two household heat pumps C [email protected] Nordic CH-S09FTXN worth 22,000 rubles each. This particular model was chosen not only for low price, but also for excellent energy efficiency in combination with a wide range of operating temperatures for heating (up to -25C).

Let's try to estimate the costs in this case. Do-it-yourself calculations are more than easy:

• According to SNiP, heating 10 m2 requires one kilowatt of thermal power.

Please note: new houses are being built with active use energy saving technologies, so in practice this value can be safely divided by two. However, we will proceed from the worst-case scenario.

• For an apartment of 60 M2, therefore, 6 kilowatts will be required. The rated power of one CH-S09FTXN is 3600 watts; however, the inverter control technology allows flexible power adjustment without stopping and restarting the compressor.
• The C.O.P. parameter, which means the ratio of effective thermal power and electric power, for our air conditioners is 4.2. In order to provide a rated power of 6 kW, they will have to continuously spend 6 / 4.2 = 1.43 kilowatts.

Let us dwell on this value: on the one hand, as practice shows, with a correctly calculated heat output, the AVERAGE power consumption for the heating season does not exceed half of the nominal value, on the other hand, the efficiency of heat pumps depends on the street temperature.

It is clear that at +15 and at -25 per kilowatt-hour taken from atmospheric air heat and electricity costs will be different.

• At the current cost of a kilowatt-hour, a day of heating will cost 1.43 kW * 4 r / kW / h * 24 hours = 137 rubles. The month is in 4110.

Is it a lot or a little?

On the one hand, the costs seem to be comparable to the costs of central heating. From other sides:

• In reality, in a house with an insulated facade, the costs will be MUCH less.
• The heating season starts when it suits you.
• It is worth considering the future prospects. It is not difficult to predict the exponential rise in fossil fuel prices in the coming years. But electricity prices will grow much more slowly: the energy industry of all countries is switching to renewable sources.

Which heating scheme is better to stop on is, of course, up to you to decide.

How to switch to autonomous heating

Is there an instruction for documentation transition to heating system for houses with central heating?

Here is an example procedure.

1. The owner of the apartment specifies technical capability disconnecting the apartment from the central heating. You will either have to communicate with housing organization, or, which is more reasonable, directly with the heat supplier. The current communal legislation provides for the theoretical possibility of switching to individual heating.
2. Technical conditions for the installation of gas equipment are being prepared - consumption calculation, gas supply drawings, etc. Of course, if you switch to gas. When using electric heating of any type, your path lies to Energosbyt.
3. The act of fire supervision is being prepared. In city apartments, the walls are usually made of non-combustible material, so there should not be any obstacles.
4. If you plan to use a coaxial duct with an outlet to the facade of the building, you will need permission from the Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision.
5. Next, you need to contact a licensed installation company and prepare a package of documents: certificates for the equipment to be installed, installation instructions, a copy of the installers' license, and a service agreement.
6. After complete installation systems gas heating you will have to invite a gas service specialist to connect and start the boiler for the first time. In the case of heat pumps, this, of course, is not necessary.
7. It remains to put the boiler on service maintenance and inform the gas service about the transition to autonomous heat supply.

However: under certain circumstances, the costs and terms of preparing documentation may turn out to be such that a reasonable question arises: is it not easier to exchange an apartment for a cottage?

Conclusion

You can learn a little more about how individual heating can be implemented in an apartment building from the video attached to the article.

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

• apartment system heating, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
• Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for themselves when to start the heating season.
• Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

• Water heating water is used as the heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems, where the temperature of the coolant does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
• Steam heating apartments in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks, it has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

• Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
• "Leningradka" - an improved version single pipe system, which, due to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

• The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, accurate regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator

• The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

We will make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with the executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

• First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. How more quantity floors, the higher it can be test pressure, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. Exact value can be obtained from the local operating authority. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators not suitable for apartment buildings.
• Is it possible and how much to change thermal power radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data various types radiators, may vary depending on specific model

• The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality of the coolant. The least sensitive to pollution traditional cast iron batteries, aluminum reacts worst of all to an aggressive environment. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. With regard to the existing housing stock with typical systems heating, this possibility is by no means always available. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

Alternative apartment meter- heat metering devices placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

A large number of companies today offer their services in the supply of equipment for individual heating. In Russia, the market for apartment heating in multi-apartment buildings is mainly being expanded. Including, there are firms that work fruitfully with Gosstroy Russian Federation and other major construction companies. The time has come when individual heating should be on a par with central heating or even higher in importance. The task is to draw the attention of construction investors and consumers to this area. Segment of construction of residential buildings with apartment heating albeit new, but quite promising.

In Russia, they began to talk about individual heating for residential buildings relatively recently, in the late 90s of the last century. And already in the early 2000s, the first objects with software appeared on the territory of our country, including in Smolensk. It is necessary to pay attention to the number of storeys of houses with apartment heating. The fact is that for this technology it does not matter how many floors the house has, at least two, at least ten. There are technical solutions for buildings of any height. The problem exists, perhaps, for fire services, but not for construction companies and not for equipment suppliers. In northern Italy, for example, there is a complex of three seventeen-story buildings that has been successfully operated for more than two decades.

In this article, we will comparative analysis various heating systems and prove why houses with apartment heating are more promising for the consumer than all the others.

Apartment heating in apartment buildings and central heating: comparison

The comparison will be carried out based on the main criteria for evaluating the feasibility different types heating. Namely, these are investment, efficiency, property, availability of maintenance and comfort for the consumer. We will not consider the cases of district heating, which uses free heat sources, as, for example, in Denmark, where garbage is used in the DH.

Central heating

Investments in this area are practically not invested, as is known, the authorities never have money for DH. Therefore, new equipment is almost never used, and what is available is worn out. The efficiency factor for central heating in Russia is 45-50 percent. The owner of the central heating is understandable, this is the state, that's why it is central heating, that is, general. Maintenance is carried out, but irregularly and not always with high quality, management companies are responsible for it. Let's take a closer look at comfort. What kind of comfort can we talk about if people have to either open the windows, or, on the contrary, use additional heat sources in the form of heaters? It is clear that central heating cannot be called comfortable for the consumer.

Block boiler house in a residential building

Situation for of this type heating systems looks much better. Funds are being invested, as construction companies must hand over the house, and without a heating system, this will not be possible. Since heating networks put forward high requirements for heating systems, they have to be met. The efficiency is quite high, since there is no need to transport heat. But as far as ownership is concerned, the question arises. On the one hand, the owners are all owners of apartments in a residential building. But in fact, when equipment breaks down, people do not want to invest in it, since after all it is common, and not their personal. Maintenance of block boiler houses is carried out, private companies are responsible for it, which are ready to take on such work. Usually these are the same companies that were engaged in the installation and commissioning of the system. Another question: who will pay for it? Let's leave the question unanswered, because this species activity is not very profitable and requires significant costs. The level of comfort, however, heating systems with block boilers give a high, but not individually, although higher than in the case of central heating. To do ideal conditions for yourself personally, you will have to buy quite expensive equipment, such as thermostatic heads.

Apartment heating in an apartment building

The investments required are the same as in the case of the block boiler house described above. Calculations have shown that PO and BC for a standard ten-story building are almost equal and vary by 10-15 percent in one direction or the other. It all depends on what equipment is used and what the cost is. installation work. System efficiency very high, in fact, it equals the efficiency of the boiler. There are no problems with the property, since the entire heating system is owned by the owner of the apartment. The issue of service is also practically resolved: young firms act as service companies. True, the owners of individual heating systems do not yet think too much about the need for maintenance. Comfort for the consumer in this case is very high. Each person can customize the settings they need. For example, one will need a temperature of 19 degrees, while the other feels good at 25 degrees. It is enough just to put it on the boiler or on room thermostat desired temperature, nothing more needs to be done.

Investment attractiveness of apartments with apartment heating

Often the question arises about the investment attractiveness of houses with apartment heating. We have already mentioned above that software and BC are almost equal in terms of investment, and DH is much more expensive. The difference between software and BC is exceptionally comfortable and solving problems with property heating equipment. Real studies were carried out and the costs of individual heating were calculated in order to compare them with the calculations for BK and DH. It turned out that in terms of investment, that is, at the construction stage, apartment heating is a little cheaper than BC, and much cheaper than central heating.

Saving gas and money

Turning to foreign experience, we note that in Italy tax benefits are provided to citizens who switch to apartment heating. In this case, they disconnect from the boiler room and put a wall-mounted boiler in their home. However, even before this mechanism of "sponsoring" the population was launched, the country's authorities conducted a rather interesting study.

In two almost identical residential complexes in Milan (one of them installed a block boiler room, and the other used wall boilers) over a period of four years, measurements were made on a variety of data related to the costs of operating the system. In particular, the absolute volume of gas used in one apartment was taken into account. In the process of research, the equipment became more and more perfect, thermostatic heads and wall thermostats were installed in the apartments. As for the results, it turned out that the software saves up to a third of gas. Quite an impressive result of the experiment, you must agree.

At present, there is similar data, but already from Russian sources (for example, an article by V.A. Eltsov, first deputy. Director General JSC "Smolenskoblgaz", "Flame", number 4 of 2000 considers an example in the city of Smolensk). It is important to note that the consumer also pays significantly less for utility bills with the software, since he consumes less gas.

Let's return to the Western experience

Installation of wall-mounted boilers is popular in Italy, as this equipment has a perfect design and has many useful features. Approximately one million wall-mounted boilers are sold annually in Italy, and around four million throughout Europe. And the entire fleet of existing equipment is approximately 15 million boilers. And there is nothing strange in this, because apartments with apartment heating are really beneficial for the consumer, and most importantly, they are comfortable.

Of the million boilers that are installed in Italy every year, about 800,000 replace old systems. Statistics show that on average every family in Italy changes the boiler once every 8 years. The service life of the boiler is much longer (15-20 years), however, the equipment becomes morally obsolete over time. That is why it needs to be replaced. It can be assumed that after a certain number of years, mass replacement of wall-mounted boilers will also be needed in our country.

What do consumers think about houses with apartment heating?

Let's return to Russian realities and turn to a survey that was conducted in Smolensk, where there are a lot of houses with apartment heating. His results were very encouraging. 250 people answered the questions, their housing had an area of ​​up to 70 squares (there were 25 percent of them) and from 70 to 150 squares (71 percent). A question was asked about how they assess their financial situation, 93 percent rated it as prosperous. The family of 62 percent of the respondents consists of three or more members. At the same time, individual heating systems are used by citizens for up to one year (a quarter of respondents), up to three years (67 percent) and more than three years (all other respondents).

Based on the above, the average respondent is a person of mature age (41-55 years) who has permanent job and more than average income, lives in an apartment of about 100 square meters and has a family of three, and uses apartment heating for about 2 years.

Then the most important question was asked, which, in fact, is the subject of our entire article. The respondents were asked what influenced the choice of this particular apartment. It was necessary to build several factors based on their significance. There were eight factors in total, ranging from the layout to the location of the house. Among them was the presence of apartment heating in the apartment. The results were as follows: software came in second place in importance! Recall that the questions were answered by citizens with an income above the average. As you know, they determine the state of the investment climate in construction in general. And a study conducted in Smolensk suggests that apartment heating has ceased to be experimental and has become a factor in the growth and success of construction companies. Representatives of companies need to realize that the cost of houses with apartment heating is not higher, and often lower, while selling apartments in them can be more high price because they are more attractive to the consumer. As a result, the construction company will be able to earn much more.

In general, even before the survey described above, there was scattered data on the assessment of consumer properties of software. Including, these are numerous conversations with residents, installers of wall-mounted boilers, builders, representatives of service companies. Here is one of good examples. In one of the cities of the Moscow region, apartments in houses with individual heating cost 500-550 dollars per square, and in houses with central heating - 350-400 dollars per square. It would seem that the latter should be more attractive because of the price, however, in reality, apartments with apartment heating are much more popular and sell out faster. One more example. When the construction company completed the settlement of the first ten-story building with the software, people overwhelmed her with questions about when the new objects with wall-mounted boilers would be available.

Here is a rather interesting and revealing moment. In the same Smolensk, almost 90% of apartment owners know what brand the boiler installed in their home has. Whereas in Italy this figure does not even reach 30 percent. We can conclude from this: since people are interested in the brand, it means that they look at this factor when choosing an apartment for purchase. Accordingly, some brands are more prestigious.

Finally, all the same survey participants from Smolensk had to tell in their own words about the advantages of the software for them personally. The respondents were divided into three large groups. The first mentioned savings, the second talked about comfort, and the third about a variety of reasons. It should be noted that the second group also noted independence from central heating as one of the comfort components.

Features of apartment heating in Russia

With the results of a sociological survey, everything is clear, and what kind of boilers are generally installed in our country construction companies? Statistics show that about half of the boilers purchased are equipment with an open combustion chamber. And this is not good, since many have heard about low culture building systems supply ventilation and smoke removal. In addition, today they are popular plastic windows, and the boiler needs a large number of combustion air. It is known that boilers with an open combustion chamber take air from the apartment where they are located, and devices with closed camera- from external environment. Of course, the second type of boilers is more expensive. However, it guarantees safety and comfort to the fullest.

We go further. The bulk of the installed boilers has a capacity of 24 kilowatts. Do not forget that the Russians use a lot hot water, as well as the fact that wealthy people live in apartments with apartment heating (this was shown by the survey mentioned earlier). Recall that in their families, according to statistics, from three people. It is clear that at the same time in the apartment they can take a shower, wash dishes and do other household chores. Equipment with a capacity of 24 kilowatts gives about 12-13 liters per minute at Dt \u003d 25. And this, you see, is not enough for Russian winters and the habits of our compatriots. Therefore, it would not be superfluous to switch to boilers with a capacity of 28 or 32 kilowatts. In the heating circuit, equipment for 24 and 28 kilowatts is interchangeable, and the latter gives higher comfort. Moreover, the price in terms of square area changes very little.

In conclusion, we add that 90% of the boilers have practically no additional options, although they are in high-comfort apartments.

Let's summarize. Definitely, consumers put comfort and efficiency, which provide apartment heating systems, in the first place. When purchasing apartments with software, they are willing to pay more. At present, individual heating has ceased to be only a forced measure for abandoning central heating. Now apartment heating in an apartment building is necessary to meet the high demand of wealthy consumers. So, it is necessary to pay attention to it close attention to all construction companies.

Heating apartments in high-rise buildings

The heating market is most accurately characterized by the term "conservative". If we compare the changes in the design of heating boilers and the development of computer technology in recent years, then it will be about the same as the running of a turtle and a cheetah. But, on the other hand, the main thing for the heating system is not constant updating, but provenness, durability and reliability. It is these characteristics that encourage many residents to install individual heating in an apartment building.

Why is apartment heating becoming more and more popular?

Despite the fact that there are no radical changes in the design of boilers, their areas of use are constantly growing. One of the fastest growing areas of application is apartment buildings with individual heating.

The fundamental Russian problem is the disgusting state of housing and communal services. Those who officially work in DEPs, ZhEKs and other similar organizations officially earn mere pennies. Nobody goes to work in these organizations, and one gets the feeling that everything is left to chance. At the same time, the payment for the maintenance of housing for the population, and especially the price tag for central heating, is growing rapidly. In this regard, almost all new buildings are being built with individual apartment heating systems. Such systems are implemented on the basis of modern wall-mounted double-circuit gas boilers.

At the same time, builders do not have to spend money on summing up an expensive heating main, and each resident of the house gets the opportunity to consume as much heat as he needs specifically. As a result, energy sources are used in the most rational way, and apartment owners understand that it is better to have properly insulated housing, and not pay extra money for heating.

It is also important that the owner of an apartment with an individual heating system, in principle, is not familiar with such a problem as the annual “scheduled” and a bunch of “unscheduled” hot water shutdowns. When using an individual heating system, you can set the desired temperature in the room, and not open the windows completely if the batteries are too hot. In the same way, you can not turn on the electric heater if the utilities were late with the introduction of central heating, or it was not cold enough in winter.

French boilers De Dietrich

In general, wall-mounted boilers for individual apartment heating systems can be divided into three large groups:

• The most expensive and high-quality German (Viessmann, Vaillant), French (De Dietrich) and Swedish models.
• High-quality equipment of the average price range. This is Italian boilers Ariston, Baxi, Beretta, Czech Dakon, Mora, Slovak, Spanish and South Korean models.
• The cheapest are Russian boilers manufactured at the Zhukovsky Machine-Building Plant, in Podolsk, Nizhny Novgorod.

At the same time, one must understand that such a division is rather arbitrary, since even German manufacturers have relatively inexpensive models of wall-mounted boilers that are cheaper than their Italian and Czech counterparts.

A number of companies specialize in the production of only certain types of boiler equipment. A typical example is Vaillant, which offers equipment that runs exclusively on gas or liquid fuel. And the Czechs from Dakon produce the whole range of boiler equipment, and not just wall-mounted models.

Vaillant boiler

It is worth noting that now houses with individual heating are so popular also because energy saving issues are increasingly coming to the fore. This problem is solved in a complex way, and apartment heating is just one of the moments of the introduction of energy-saving technologies.

New technologies are actively used in the construction of heating mains and thermal insulation of buildings. When designing apartment buildings, heat energy recovery is used. They try to use all the allocated heat to heat the air entering the building. This further reduces heating costs.

So, you have to switch to individual heating. If you have a new building in which builders will make apartment heating immediately, everything is easier. But if you wish, it can be arranged in a separate apartment, even if your house has a central hot water supply and heating system. It is difficult, but there is nothing unrealistic with due perseverance.

To implement such a project, it is worth choosing a double-circuit boiler equipped with a combustion chamber closed type. You can do without a hot water circuit, but only if you do not have interruptions in hot water.

Switching from central to individual heating

For individual system heating will not fit old cast iron radiators. Fortunately, aluminum or steel models are now mostly common on the market. Here, buy them. Pipes are better to take polypropylene. And if the budget allows, then copper ones are also possible. But in general, in terms of price / quality ratio, there are no equal pipes made of polypropylene on the market.

In addition to the boiler, radiator and pipes, you will need shut-off valves. Without it, the heating control will be defective. Install radiator valves with thermal heads.

Heating scheme and paper side of the issue

An important point is the correctly chosen heating scheme. It can be one-pipe and two-pipe. The first is simpler and more budgetary, but it is only appropriate when the number of radiators is small.

Two-pipe is much more efficient and is used in millions of residential and work spaces. But in general, the question of choosing a wiring diagram should be left to the experts who will install your heating system.

Warm, nice and cozy

The most difficult moment in the implementation of an individual scheme is not even technical side business, but paper. You will have to face a number of bureaucratic obstacles and collect a bunch of necessary permits. Moreover, in each case, the kit will be different, which depends on the specific administration.

But the result is worth it, because then you can seriously save on the operation of the heating system and achieve real comfort in your home. You will spend about 1.5 months to obtain a permit, and then you can safely start working. Plan it with heating season, and even better, move to a new building with already organized system individual apartment heating.