How to prove the illegality of payment for the circulation of hot water. Water supply in an apartment building: schemes, features and replacement of risers

Hot water supply networks (HW) have much in common with cold water supply networks. The hot water supply network happens with the lower and upper wiring. The hot water supply network can be dead-end and looped, but, unlike cold water supply networks, network looping is necessary to maintain a high water temperature.

Simple (dead-end) HW networks are used in small low-rise buildings, in domestic premises of industrial buildings and in buildings with a stable consumption of hot water (baths, laundries).

Schemes of hot water supply networks with a circulation pipeline should be used in residential buildings, hotels, hostels, medical institutions, sanatoriums and rest homes, in children's preschool institutions, as well as in all cases where uneven and short-term water withdrawal is possible.

Typically, a hot water supply network consists of horizontal supply lines and vertical distribution pipelines-risers, from which apartment-by-apartment wiring is arranged. Hot water risers are laid as close as possible to the appliances.

Figure 1. Scheme with the upper distribution of the supply line: 1 - water heater; 2 - supply riser; 3 - distribution risers; 4 - circulation network

In addition, hot water supply networks are divided into two-pipe (with looped risers) and single-pipe (with dead-end risers).

Let's look at some of a large number possible schemes of hot water supply networks.

With the upper wiring of the mains, the prefabricated circulation pipeline is closed in the form of a ring. The circulation of water in the pipeline ring in the absence of water intake is carried out under the action of the gravitational pressure that occurs in the system due to the difference in the density of chilled and hot water. The water cooled in the risers goes down into the water heater and displaces water from it with more high temperature. Thus, there is a continuous water exchange in the system.

Dead end network diagram(Fig. 2) has the lowest metal consumption, but due to significant cooling and irrational discharge of cooled water, it is used in residential buildings up to 4 floors high, if a heated towel rail is not provided on the risers and the length of the main pipes is small.

Figure 2. Dead-end scheme of hot water supply: 1 - water heater; 2 - distribution risers

If the length of the main pipes is large, and the height of the risers is limited, apply scheme with looped supply and circulation lines with the installation of a circulation pump on them (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Scheme with looped main pipelines: 1 - water heater; 2 - distribution risers; 3 - diaphragm (additional hydraulic resistance); 4 - circulation pump; 5 - check valve

The most widespread two-pipe scheme(Fig. 4), in which circulation through risers and mains is carried out using a pump that takes water from the return line and supplies it to the water heater. A system with one-sided connection of water points to the supply riser and with the installation of heated towel rails on the return riser is the most common variant of such a scheme. The two-pipe scheme turned out to be reliable in operation and convenient for consumers, but it is characterized by a high metal consumption.

Figure 4. Two-pipe hot water supply scheme: 1 - water heater; 2 - supply line; 3 - circulation line; 4 - circulation pump; 5 - supply riser; 6 - circulation riser; 7 - water intake; 8 - heated towel rails

To reduce metal consumption in last years began to use a scheme in which several supply risers are combined by a jumper with one circulation riser(Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Scheme with one unifying circulation riser: 1 - water heater; 2 - supply line; 3 - circulation line; 4 - circulation pump; 5 - water risers; 6 - circulation riser; 7 - check valve

Recently appeared scheme single pipe system hot water supply with one single supply riser per group of water risers(Fig. 6). The idle riser is insulated and is installed in pair with one water-folding or in a sectional unit, consisting of 2-3 looped water-folding risers. The main purpose of the idle riser is to transport hot water from the main to the upper jumper and then to the water risers. In each riser, an independent additional circulation takes place due to the gravitational pressure that occurs in the circuit of the sectional unit due to the cooling of water in the water risers. An idle riser helps to properly distribute flows within the sectional node.

Figure 6. Sectional single-pipe hot water supply scheme: 1 - supply line; 2 - circulation line; 3 - idle supply riser; 4 - water riser; 5 - ring jumper; 6 - shutoff valves; 7 - heated towel rail.

The constant supply of hot water to an apartment building can be carried out by two methods using different principles of operation:

  1. In the first case, hot water supply apartment building takes water from the cold water pipeline (cold water supply), then the water is heated by an autonomous heat generator: an apartment boiler, a gas water heater or a boiler, a heat exchanger using the heat of a local boiler room or a thermal power plant;
  2. In the second case, the hot water supply scheme of an apartment building takes hot water directly from the heating main, and this principle is used in the residential sector much more often - in 90% of cases of organizing hot water supply in the housing stock.

Important: the advantage of the second version of the water supply system for a residential building is the best quality water, which is regulated by GOST R 51232-98. Also, when hot water is taken from a centralized heating main, the temperature and pressure of the liquid are quite stable and do not deviate from the specified parameters: pressure in the pipeline hot system water supply is maintained at the level of cold water supply, and the temperature is stabilized in a common heat generator.

Consider the water supply of an apartment building according to the second option in more detail, since it is this scheme that is used most often both in the city and in country houses, including country or garden houses.

What elements does the water supply scheme of an apartment building include?

The water meter unit, which organizes the supply of water to the house, is responsible for the operation of several functions:

  1. Takes into account the consumption of cold water supply, that is, it performs the function of a water meter;
  2. Can cut off supply cold water to the house at emergency situations or if it is necessary to repair components and parts, as well as to eliminate leaks;
  3. Serves as a filter coarse cleaning water: such a mud filter should contain any scheme for hot water supply in an apartment building.

The device itself consists of the following nodes:

  1. A set of shut-off valves (faucets, gate valves and gates) at the inlet and outlet of the device. Standardly these are gate valves, ball valves, valves;
  2. Mechanical water meter, which is installed on one of the risers;
  3. Mud filter (coarse water filter from large solid particles). It could be metal grid in a housing, or a container in which solid debris settles to the bottom;
  4. Pressure gauge or adapter for inserting a pressure gauge into the water supply circuit;
  5. Bypass (bypass from a pipe section), which serves to turn off the water meter during repairs or reconciliation of data. Bypass supplied shutoff valves as ball valve or valve.

It is also an elevator unit that performs the following functions:

  1. Ensures the full and continuous operation of the heating system in an apartment building, and also regulates its parameters;
  2. Delivers hot water to the house, that is, provides hot water supply (hot water supply). The coolant itself in the heating system enters the hot water supply system of an apartment building straight from the centralized heating main;
  3. The substation can switch the hot water supply between return and supply. This is sometimes necessary during severe frosts, since at this time the temperature of the coolant on the supply pipe can rise to 130-150 0 C, and this despite the fact that normative indicator supply temperature should not exceed 750C.


The main element of the heating point is a water-jet elevator, where hot water from the pipeline scheme for supplying the working fluid in the house is mixed in the mixing chamber with the return coolant by injection through a special nozzle. Thus, the elevator allows a larger volume of coolant with a low temperature to pass through the heating circuit, and, since the injection is performed through a nozzle, the supply volume is small.

Insert adapters for DHW connections it is possible between the valves at the entrance of the route and the heat point - this is the most common connection scheme. The number of tie-ins - two or four (one or two on the supply and return). Two tie-ins are typical for old houses, four adapters are practiced in new buildings.

On the cold water route, a dead-end tie-in scheme with two connections is usually used: the water metering unit is connected to the bottling, and the bottling itself is connected to the risers, through which the pipes are routed to the apartments. Water will move in such a cold water circuit only when disassembled, that is, when any mixers, taps, valves or gates are opened.

Disadvantages of this connection:

  1. At prolonged absence water intake for a specific riser, the water will be cold for a long time when draining;
  2. Heated towel rails embedded on the hot water supply from the boiler rooms, which simultaneously heat the bathroom or bathroom, will be hot only when the hot water supply is drawn from a particular riser of the apartment. That is, they will almost always be cold, which will cause moisture to appear on the walls, mold or fungal diseases of the building materials of the room.

The heating station with four hot water connections in the house makes the circulation of hot water continuous, and this happens through two bottlings and risers connected to each other by jumpers.

Important: if mechanical water meters are installed on the DHW tie-ins, then the water supply consumption will be taken into account without taking into account the water temperature, which is wrong, since you will have to overpay for hot water that was not in use.

Hot water supply can function in three ways:

  1. From the supply pipe to the return pipe to the boiler room. Such DHW system effective only in the warm season with the heating system turned off;
  2. From supply pipe to supply pipe. Such a connection will bring maximum return in the demi-season - in autumn and spring, when the coolant temperature is low and far from the maximum;
  3. From return pipe to return pipe. This DHW scheme it is most efficient in severe cold, when the temperature on the supply pipe rises ≥ 75 0 С.

The continuous movement of water requires a pressure drop between the start and end points of the tie-in into one circuit, and this drop is provided by flow restriction. Such a limiter is a special retaining washer - a steel pancake with a hole in the middle. Thus, the water that is transported from the inlet tie-in to the elevator encounters an obstacle in the form of a washer body, and this obstacle is adjusted by turning, which opens or closes the retaining hole.

But too much restriction of water movement in the pipeline route will disrupt the operation of the heat point, so the retaining washer should have a diameter 1 mm larger than the diameter of the heat point nozzle. This dimension is calculated by the representatives of the heat supplier so that the temperature at the heating return elevator node was within normal temperature limits.

What is pipe filling and riser

These are pipes laid horizontally and carried through the basement of a residential building, which connect the risers with a heat point and a water meter. The bottling of cold water supply is done single, bottling hot water - in two copies.

The diameter of the DHW or cold water filling pipes can be 32-100 mm, and depends on the number of connected consumers. For any water supply scheme, ø 100 mm is too large, but this size is taken taking into account not only the actual condition of the route, but also taking into account the size of salt deposits and rust on the inner walls of metal pipes.

The pipe vertical riser distributes water to the apartments that are located above it. Standard scheme such wiring includes several risers - for cold and hot water supply, sometimes - separately for heated towel rails. More wiring options:

  1. Several groups of risers passing through one apartment and providing water to draw-off points located at a great distance from each other;
  2. A group of risers in one apartment, which provides water to a neighboring apartment or several apartments;
  3. When organizing hot water supply with pipe jumpers, you can combine up to seven groups of risers by apartments. Jumpers are equipped with Mayevsky cranes. This is called a circulating pipeline, or CHP.

The standard diameter of pipes for cold and hot water supply for risers is 25-40 mm. Risers for heated towel rails and idle risers are mounted from pipes ø 20 mm. Such risers provide both single-pipe and two-pipe system home heating.

Closed hot water system

The constant circulation of water in a closed hot water supply system is based on the principle of taking cold water from the pipeline and supplying it to the heat exchanger. After heating, the water is supplied to the distribution system around the apartment. Working fluid in the heating system and hot water for the technical needs of consumers are separated, since the coolant may have toxic inclusions to improve its heat transfer qualities. In addition, hot water pipes rust faster. Such a scheme is called closed due to the fact that the consumer uses heat, and not the coolant itself.

Pipe connection

The main function of the piping is to distribute water to the points of water intake in the apartment. The standard diameter of the supply pipes is 15 mm, the pipe grade is DN15, the material is steel. For PVC or metal-plastic pipes, the diameter must be the same. When repairing or replacing a liner, it is not recommended to use a smaller diameter so as not to change the design pressure parameters that must be observed circulation system hot or cold water supply.

To organize the correct eyeliner, tees are most often used, with more complex scheme wiring - collectors. Collector connection requires concealed installation, so the collector should be installed when servicing a large number of rooms in the house. After 10-15 years, metal pipes are overgrown from the inside with salt mineral deposits and rust, therefore, preventive work to restore the system's performance consists in cleaning the pipes steel wire or replacing old pipes with new ones.

With the seeming functionality and durability of PVC or metal-plastic pipes, it is recommended to use steel products for piping - they hold water hammer and temperature changes well. Similar deviations in the working DHW mode can often be observed when turning on or emergency shutdown of the heating system. The pipe material should be laid in the plan for the water supply scheme of a residential building at the stage of drafting the project and the estimate.

  1. Galvanized metal pipes - they have been used for many decades, and they have proven themselves from the very better side. The layer of zinc on the metal does not allow corrosion to develop, salt deposits do not hold on it. When purchasing galvanized products, it should be remembered that welding work on such a surface is not carried out, since the weld will remain unprotected by zinc - all connections must be made on the thread;
  2. Pipe connections on fittings for soldering copper joints last much longer than steel and even galvanized pipes. Such connections with a solder connection do not need to be serviced, and they can be laid in both open and hidden ways;
  3. Corrugated pipe connection for cold or hot water supply from of stainless steel. These products are easy and quick to install threaded connections or compression fittings. None special equipment, except for two adjustable wrenches, this is not required. The guaranteed service life of stainless steel is not limited by the manufacturer. The only thing that will have to be changed over time is silicone seals.

Features of hot water supply and calculation of the volume of hot water

The calculation of the amount of hot water in the system depends on technical and operational factors:

  1. Estimated hot water temperature;
  2. The number of residents in an apartment building;
  3. Parameters that plumbing fixtures can withstand, and the frequency of their work in general scheme water supply;
  4. the number of plumbing fixtures that are connected to the hot water supply.

Calculation example:

  1. A family of four uses a 140 l bath. The bath is filled in 10 minutes, the bathroom has a shower with a water consumption of 30 liters.
  2. Within 10 minutes, the device for heating water should heat it up to the design temperature in the amount of 170 liters.

These theoretical calculations work assuming average water consumption by residents.

Breakdowns in the hot or cold water distribution system

With your own hands, you can fix the following emergencies:

Leaking valve or faucet. This happens most often due to wear of the oil seal or seal. To eliminate the malfunction, it is necessary to open the valve completely and with force so that the raised stuffing box closes the leak. This technique will help for a while, in the future the valve must be sorted out and worn parts replaced.

Noise and vibration of a valve or tap when opening in a hot water supply system (less often - cold). The cause of noise is most often wear, deformation or crushing of the gasket in the crane box of the mechanism. Noises appear if the valve does not open completely. This malfunction can cause a series of water hammers in the pipes, so its elimination is of paramount importance. In a few milliseconds, the crane box valve is able to close the valve seat in the valve or valve body, if it is not a ball valve, but a screw one. Why is the risk of water hammer higher in DHW? Because in pipes with hot water more working pressure.

How to troubleshoot:

  1. Shut off the water at the inlet;
  2. Unscrew the crane box of the noisy crane;
  3. Replace the gasket, but bevel the new gasket before installing to prevent the valve from vibrating when opening at high pressure.

The towel warmer does not heat up. The cause of the breakdown may be the presence of air in the water supply system with constant circulation of the coolant. Usually, air accumulates in a pipe jumper, which is mounted between adjacent risers, after an emergency or planned drain of water. The problem is eliminated by bleeding air jams. For this you need:

  1. Bleed air at the highest point of the system - on the top floor;
  2. Shut off the hot water riser, which is located in the apartment (the riser is blocked in the basement of the house);
  3. Open all hot water taps in the apartment;
  4. After bleeding through the taps and mixers, you need to close them. And on the riser, open the shut-off valve.

Hidden faults

At the end heating season the pressure difference between the pipes of the heating main may not be observed, and because of this, heated towel rails connected directly to the hot water supply will be cold. This is not a cause for concern - you need to bleed the air, which equalizes the pressure, and the heating will be restored.

Hello Timur!

Such a service as DHW circulation exists, and was introduced by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 8, 2012 N 1149 “On Amendments to the Fundamentals of Pricing in the Field of Activities of Public Utilities Organizations”.

In accordance with the review of the said document conducted by Garant.ru:

Hot water: tariffs are introduced for open and closed water supply systems. The Fundamentals of pricing in the field of activity of organizations of the communal complex have been adjusted. It has been established that regulatory authorities choose the type of tariff (one- or two-part) for cold water, sewerage and treatment Wastewater established for a specific organization of the communal complex, in the manner determined by guidelines. It is also fixed that these authorities set 2 tariffs for hot water: in a closed hot water supply system and in an open hot water supply (heat supply) system. Under closed system is understood as a complex of technologically interconnected engineering structures intended for hot water supply. It can be carried out by taking hot water from hot water supply networks or by heating cold water using a central heating point (without taking hot water from a heating network). In such a system, the hot water tariff consists of a cold water component and a thermal energy. Under open system is understood as a technologically connected complex of engineering structures intended for heat supply and hot water supply, carried out by taking hot water from the heating network. Here, the tariff for hot water consists of a component for a heat carrier and a component for thermal energy. It is fixed that the surcharge to tariffs for hot water is set in the form of a surcharge to the component for cold water at the rate of payment for 1 cubic meter. meter of cold water. In order to establish tariffs for hot water for 2013, documents provided for by the Rules regulation of tariffs, surcharges and marginal indices in the field of activity of organizations of the communal complex, are submitted to the regional authorities in the field of regulation of tariffs and surcharges before December 1, 2012. The Ministry of Regional Development was instructed to prepare amendments to the Rules for establishing and determining consumption standards utilities. They should fix the procedure for establishing a standard for the consumption of utilities, which determines the consumption of thermal energy for heating water for the purpose of hot water supply. Amendments are also needed to the Rules, which are mandatory when a management organization or an HOA or a specialized consumer cooperative concludes agreements with resource supply organizations. They should establish the procedure for determining the volumes of hot water supplied under a heat supply and (or) hot water supply agreement in order to provide hot water supply services.

Water supply is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. The water supply system of an apartment building is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house piping and piping for water supply to an apartment.

It is very difficult to establish water supply high-rise building with multiple users. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes of different diameters represent a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that it is considered very difficult to supply water to a multi-storey building.

The system is a complex pumping equipment with installed filters and metering devices, as well as with shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Mandatory in this scheme will be pressure regulators. The water that enters the apartments first goes through several stages of purification from mechanical impurities. Also very often carry out disinfection of water by means of chlorination.

Central water supply and plumbing

The most convenient for people who live in apartment buildings is the water supply from the central water supply. Such a system involves quality water under good pressure. Central water supply is carried out by means of a water supply system, which is available in all cities and villages. As a rule, water enters pumping stations from surface reservoirs, which are located far from sources of pollution.

System central water supply has three components:

  • water intake facilities;
  • cleaning stations;
  • distribution network.

Water flows from the pumping station to a certain reservoir. There it goes through numerous stages of purification and only then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities.

The water supply system functions normally if high-quality and correct piping is done. System pressure also plays a big role.

For a large number of users, the central water supply system may have a well, which is arranged using a special water intake tower. Best to use artesian well: water is drawn from a great depth, the water quality is high.

But this method of water intake is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.


Scheme and arrangement of the water supply system of an apartment building

Water supply system with water tower

Such a system has several basic elements: a caisson, the main tank for water intake and pumping station.

The principle of operation of the water tower

The caisson is a metal container, which is located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is mounted in it to bring water out of the well. A concrete ring caisson is considered less sealed, since it is often flooded by rising groundwater.

Through the pumping station and the caisson, water enters the storage tank. It has an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container falls and does not reach a certain level.

The total pressure in the system is directly related to the volume storage capacity or tank. Even in case of shutdown electrical energy, water in the apartments will flow steadily. But until the moment when the water level in the tank drops and, accordingly, the pressure decreases.


Scheme of the device of the water tower

Types of pipes that are used for water supply

Steel pipes

To date, steel pipes have practically ceased to be used. Over a fairly long period of time, such materials for plumbing have used up their resource. In addition, the price of steel pipes is quite high.

Mounting steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate is strongly collected on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and scale will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, the throughput is also reduced.

Copper pipes

The main advantage of using copper pipes- service life, which reaches 50 years. Steel pipes are quite expensive, and not everyone can afford to buy them. The advantage of steel pipes is that they do not form rust. In addition, copper has antibacterial properties.


Copper pipe wiring

Metal-plastic pipes

Metals are very popular these days. plastic pipes. They are quite practical and are considered reliable. Installation of a metal-plastic water supply system is very simple. All you need is a special tool. Pipes are joined with fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical stress.

Metal-plastic pipes

Apartment water supply schemes

The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how competently the installation of the water supply system is performed.

The water supply scheme must provide the apartment with water from central water supply to all necessary supply points. For some equipment, it will be necessary to ensure a constant pressure of water in the pipes. On the this moment plumbing for an apartment can be done in several ways: scheme serial connection, collector and mixed system.

The scheme of the consistent water supply of the apartment

The simplest and most practical way The water supply of the apartment is considered to be a serial connection scheme. This is affordable option for the price and for engineering communications. Such a scheme, as a rule, is found in the buildings of residential buildings.

According to this installation scheme main pipelines with the supply of hot and cold water is produced in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that very often the series connection scheme is also called a tee.

The serial scheme implies the presence of a common highway for a large number of users. From such a central pipe, wiring is also done using tees. The main pipe has a fairly large diameter and plays the role of an elongated collector.

Read also

Septic tanks for home and garden


Consistent piping in the apartment

Such a water supply system is currently considered not only common, but also the most ideal for use in ordinary apartment which has one bathroom and not a large number of household appliances that work on the basis of water supply.

The sequential scheme has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

  • significant pipe savings;
  • simplicity and ease of the project;
  • reducing plumbing costs.

Disadvantages:

  1. Pressure drop at the end points of the water supply if several open appliances are used at the same time.
  2. The lack of the possibility of selective shutdown (in the event of a breakdown of one of the pipes, it will be necessary to completely turn off the apartment).
  3. Difficulty in locating a leak.
  4. Lack of free access to all distribution tees of the system.
  5. In the event of an accident, it will be necessary to break the finishing layer on the surface of the floor or wall.

The distribution of pipes in the apartment should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists. Only then the probability that the pipe will start to leak will be small, and the pressure in the system will be normal.

Collector scheme

Due to the fact that at the moment the apartment uses a large number of devices that operate from water supply, their work may be disrupted, since the pressure in the general system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to choose a collector connection scheme.

Installation of such a water supply system is considered expensive and rather complicated. Initially, the pressure drop in the system is already excluded, and it is for this reason that all points of the plumbing equipment can be used at the same time.

This is due to the fact that each such point of water supply is laid separate pipe. It can be simply closed if necessary. The main pipe with this type of connection has no branches, which ensures the safety of using the water supply system. Also, the possibility of leaks will be greatly reduced, since the collector pipe runs parallel to the main water supply pipe and has only one connection with it.


Collector scheme of water supply of the apartment

The advantages of such a system:

  • due to the small number of connections - the reliability of the system;
  • adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
  • ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
  • hidden installation of pipes that will not spoil the interior.

Sewerage in the apartment

Water supply and sewerage systems at home play an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of a person. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate and carry out the installation of engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Proper installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of the sewage disposal. Often, the installation of sewer waste in an apartment is associated with turning off the water supply through the riser. Works are carried out quite quickly and very high quality.

Advice. If the sewer pipes in the apartment are being laid for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.

It would be better to use the old scheme. At the same time, it is recommended to sketch out an approximate work plan on paper and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet bowl, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Do not forget about quality material in this process.

Before you lay or change the sewer in the apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.


Sewerage and water supply risers in the apartment

If the common sewer pipe does not have external signs corrosion, you can not change it. If replacement is necessary, then this must be done very carefully due to the fact that a damaged pipe can be very easily deformed, and then the entire riser will have to be completely changed.

It happens that sewer pipes in an apartment are laid for the purpose that appeared large quantity equipment that runs on water supply. For example, dishwasher or washing machine. Another option for laying sewers as an additional structure may be when it is necessary to connect additional plumbing equipment.


Scheme of the sewerage device in the apartment

Necessary equipment for the installation of high-quality sewage:

  • pipes;
  • accessories;
  • compositions for fixing and sealing;
  • instruments;
  • fitting;
  • appliances.

When installing a new sewer riser, it will be necessary to take into account the fact that plastic pipes for draining water will not be able to withstand the compressive loads of a piece of cast-iron pipe that may be on top of the riser. It will be necessary to attach a special replaced fragment to such a pipe in order to ensure a tight and durable fixation of the junction of pipes made of different material. For the tightness of such connections, adapters-cuffs are used, which are made for such combinations (“cast iron-plastic”, “plastic-cast iron”).

Dismantling the sewer in the apartment

Replacing an old sewer pipe with a new one has many nuances that must be taken into account in this process. Initially, it is necessary to determine the most vulnerable places in the pipe to deformation. It is also required to disconnect all existing connections from the pipe and remove all debris. All this is necessary to ensure more convenient work.

Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement is long, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment, you must carefully dismantle cast iron pipes sewerage. All this can be done with adjustable wrenches or other tools.

mount new pipe you need a complete set with a variety of adapters and couplings, since then it will not be possible to do it qualitatively. All connections must be coated with sealant to protect the riser from leakage.


Proper installation of plastic sewerage

Advice. All fittings or cuffs must be clean. Silicone Grease should be designed specifically for connecting sewer pipes.

Hot water supply

Hot water supply in the apartment is a whole system of pipelines and variety of devices which are used for heating cold water and distributing hot consumers. In some cases, they are used special pipes in bathrooms or toilets for heating such rooms in the apartment. They have additional function dryers.

Read also

Heating of an apartment building


Standard diagram of a hot and cold water supply system at home

All hot water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria:

According to the radius of action, hot water supply systems are divided into local and central.

Local hot water systems

Local hot water supply systems are equipped for a group of small objects or one building. Water in this case is heated directly by the consumer. Water heating is carried out using gas or electric flow-type boilers.

Such systems require regular Maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.


Local hot water system

The advantage of local hot water supply systems:

  • offline work;
  • ease of repair;
  • small heat losses.

Central hot water systems

Appearance central systems supply of hot water to the apartment is due to the elimination of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water systems will be much more practical.

Scheme of the device for centralized hot water supply of an apartment building

All this depends on the fact that there is no need to install appropriate equipment for heating cold water and additional wiring. Also, the system of such hot water supply has its drawbacks. Pipes need to be constantly maintained and repaired, but local utilities can rarely fulfill customer requests. There are also large drops in water pressure in the system and insufficient temperature, which cannot be said about local water supply systems.

To heat water and supply it to the consumer, centralized systems can use open or closed heating networks. Open heating networks provide for mixing network water already heated in special equipment. After that, the water is supplied to consumers. Closed heating networks provide for heating water through the surface. The heat carrier (superheated water or steam) and the heated water do not come into contact in any way.

Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water in the section can significantly deteriorate. temperature regime. Such systems are currently very rare to find.


closed circuit home heating and water supply

Hot water supply in the apartment can be carried out in several ways:

  1. Heating water in the boiler room with subsequent supply to the consumer.
  2. Water heating is carried out in special points located in neighborhoods or districts.
  3. Water heating is carried out using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-storey building.
  4. Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.

Hot water supply can be circulating. In this case, water is constantly moving through the pipes and provides not only the supply of hot water, but also heating. The water is constantly heated. There is also a dead-end hot water supply. In this case, the water is not used immediately and may simply cool down over time. It is for this reason that special containers are installed in the apartment to heat and maintain the temperature of the water.

With regard to savings, it will be rational to use individual systems providing hot water to the apartment. The user must pay a monthly fee for the centralized supply of hot water.

Diagram of a boiler device for heating water

If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, since water is paid for by a cold water meter. The consumer provides himself with hot water.

Imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings of the sleeping area of ​​our beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for the cat (or in any other order) - and go to work ... Everything is automatic and without hesitation. As long as cold water flows from the cold water tap, and hot water flows from the hot water. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there - boiling water!! 11#^*¿>.

Let's figure it out.

Cold water supply or cold water

The local pumping station supplies water to the main from the water utility network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water meter.

In short, the water meter assembly consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.



Some have an additional check valve.

and water meter bypass.

The water meter bypass is an additional meter with valves that can feed the system if the main water meter is serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house main


where it is distributed along risers that lead water to apartments on floors.



What is the pressure in the system?

9 floors

Houses up to 9 floors high have bottom pouring from bottom to top. Those. from the water meter through a large pipe, water leaves through the risers to the 9th floor. If the vodokanal is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be approximately 4 kg/cm2. Given a pressure drop of one kilogram, for every 10 meters of water column, residents on the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses, the input pressure is only 3.6 kg. And the inhabitants of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1kg / cm2

12-20 floors

If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Upper and lower. Where the same conditions remain for the lower zone, and for the upper zone the pressure is raised to about 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply line, and with it the water rises up to the 10th floor. In houses above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With such a supply scheme, the water in the system does not circulate, it stands on a backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average, we get pressure from 1 to 4 kg. There are other values, but we will not consider them now.

Hot water supply or DHW

In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected in the same way, it stands on a backwater without circulation, which explains the fact that when you open a hot water tap, cold, cooled water flows for some time. If we take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house the hot water system is arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes to the house main

which raises the water to the attic where it is distributed along the risers and descends to the very bottom into the return line. By the way, DHW meters consider not only the volume of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count the temperature loss (hygocalories)

The temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which play the role of risers.

With this scheme, hot water always circulates. As soon as you turn on the faucet, hot water is already there. The pressure in such a system is approximately 6-7 kg. on the supply and slightly lower on the return to ensure circulation.

Due to circulation, we get pressure in the riser, in the apartment 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is precisely the essence of squeezing hot water into cold water in the event of a malfunction of plumbing fixtures. If you have noticed that hot water if your pressure is still higher than at the cold one, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold inlet, and at the hot inlet, control valves can be included in the system, which will help equalize the pressure by about one digit with the cold one. Pressure regulator installation example

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