Temperature regime in the boiler room in winter. Temperature chart of the heating system

When autumn confidently walks across the country, snow flies beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word form “heating season” sounds appropriate. People recall past winters and try to figure out the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully revise the valves and nozzles of the boilers. Residents apartment building by October 1 they are waiting like Santa Claus, a plumber from management company. The ruler of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays on five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house has a calorie supply system.

The economy class apartment building is heated through a centralized heat supply system. Pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of heat carrier is regulated by inlet valves, after which water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through risers, and from them it is supplied to batteries and radiators that heat housing.

The number of gate valves correlates with the number of risers. While doing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partially leaves through the return pipe, and partially is supplied to the hot water supply network.

degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP plant or in a boiler house. The water temperature standards in the heating system are prescribed in building regulations Oh: the component must be heated to 130-150 °C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure tear them up like a heating pad.

An extensible concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here it performs an energy-saving function elevator unit- jumper between the direct and return pipe. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the return in winter allow the preservation of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

The liquid from the straight pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The carrier temperature is lowered by mixing the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

Hot gone

Temperature hot water according to sanitary rules at the points of analysis, it should lie in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - from the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - with a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

A temperature chart is drawn up. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming a home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the temperature norms of the coolant in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter time in the range of 70-90 °C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In the summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to the range of 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that in a neighboring apartment, the heating elements are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser is the way the hot water is distributed.

In a single-pipe design, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature is upper floors higher than on the bottom;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

In a two-pipe system, the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° C in the forward direction and 70 ° C in the opposite direction.

Warm like a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk through the attics, stairwells and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

We assume that the coolant in the riser complies with the building regulations. It remains to find out what is the norm for the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in terms of the house;
• residential or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important, not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

Happy in corner rooms the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and 18 ° C is allowed in centrally located rooms.

At night, air in the dwelling is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is household, denoting a number of identical items. In relation to the heating of housing, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually they put a lattice fence that does not interfere with air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

Aesthetics cast iron radiators- a parable in the language. They require periodic painting, as the regulations require that the work surface should have a smooth surface and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters cast iron products on high:

• little susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• they have a high thermal power per 1 section, therefore they are compact;
• they are inert in heat transfer, therefore they smooth out temperature fluctuations in the room well.

Another type of radiators is made of aluminum. Lightweight construction, painted in the factory, does not require painting, easy to clean.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in aquatic environment. Certainly, inner surface heaters are insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then it will begin chemical reaction with the release of hydrogen, when creating overpressure gas aluminum appliance may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much heating that matters metal object how much air heating in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from working surface heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Stairwell heating

Since we are talking about apartment building, then it should be mentioned stairwells. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system state: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of the tenants requires that the doors be closed tightly. entrance group, do not leave the transoms of stair windows open, keep the glass intact and promptly report any problems to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate points of probable heat loss and comply with temperature regime in the house, an application for the recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating devices in the apartment is carried out with the obligatory coordination with the management company. Unauthorized change in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and sites will be recorded. Technical inspection premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - trial - fine.

So the situation is resolved like this:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to apply to the Criminal Code is to turn off the riser for the duration of the repair;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat energy metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the cubic capacity of water passed through the house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat at temperatures in the apartment below the norm, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.

From a series of articles "What to do if it's cold in the apartment"

What is a temperature chart?

The temperature of the water in the heating system must be maintained depending on the actual temperature of the outside air according to the temperature schedule, which is developed by specialists in heat engineering from design and energy supply organizations according to special technique for each source of heat supply, taking into account specific local conditions. These schedules should be developed based on the requirement that, in cold period years in living rooms the optimal temperature* was maintained, equal to 20–22 °С.

When calculating the schedule, heat losses (water temperatures) in the area from the heat supply source to residential buildings are taken into account.

Temperature graphs should be drawn up both for the heating network at the outlet of the heat supply source (boiler house, CHPP), and for pipelines after the heating points of residential buildings (groups of houses), i.e. directly at the entrance to the heating system of the house.

From heat supply sources to heating network hot water is supplied according to the following temperature charts:*

• from large CHP plants: 150/70°С, 130/70°С or 105/70°С;
• from boiler houses and small CHP plants: 105/70°С or 95/70°С.

*first digit - Maximum temperature direct network water, the second digit is its minimum temperature.

Other temperature schedules may be applied depending on specific local conditions.

So, in Moscow, at the exit from the main sources of heat supply, schedules of 150/70°С, 130/70°С and 105/70°С (maximum/minimum water temperature in the heating system) are used.

Until 1991, such temperature charts annually before the autumn-winter heating season were approved by the administrations of cities and other settlements, which was regulated by the relevant regulatory and technical documents (NTD).

Subsequently, unfortunately, this norm disappeared from the NTD, everything was given to the owners of boiler houses, thermal power plants, and other factories - steamships, who at the same time did not want to lose profits.

However regulatory requirement on the obligation to draw up temperature schedules for heating restored federal law No. 190-FZ of July 27, 2010 "On heat supply". Here is what is regulated in FZ-190 according to temperature chart(the articles of the Law are arranged by the author in their logical sequence):

“... Article 23. Organization of the development of heat supply systems for settlements, urban districts
…3. Authorized ... bodies [see. Art. 5 and 6 FZ-190] should develop, statement and annual update* * heat supply schemes, which should contain:
…7) Optimal temperature chart…
Article 20 heating period
…5. Check readiness for heating period heat supply organizations... is carried out in order to ... readiness of these organizations to fulfill the heat load schedule, maintaining temperature chart approved by the heat supply scheme…
Article 6. Powers of bodies local government settlements, urban districts in the field of heat supply
1. The powers of local self-government bodies of settlements, urban districts for the organization of heat supply in the respective territories include:
…4) fulfillment of requirements, established rules assessing the readiness of settlements, urban districts for the heating period, and readiness control heat supply organizations, heat network organizations, certain categories of consumers for the heating season;
…6) approval of heat supply schemes settlements, urban districts with a population of less than five hundred thousand people ...;
Article 4, paragraph 2. To the powers of the fed. organ isp. authority authorized to implement the state. heating policies include:
11) approval of heat supply schemes for settlements, mountains. districts with a population of five hundred thousand or more ...
Article 29. Final provisions
…3. Approval of heat supply schemes for settlements ... must be carried out before December 31, 2011.”

And here is what is said about the temperature graphs of heating in the "Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock" (approved by the Post. Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170):

“…5.2. Central heating
5.2.1. System operation central heating residential buildings should provide:
- maintaining the optimum (not below the permissible) air temperature in heated rooms;
- maintaining the temperature of the water entering and returning from the heating system in accordance with the schedule quality regulation water temperature in the heating system (Appendix N 11);
- uniform heating of all heating devices;
5.2.6. The premises of the operating personnel should have:
... e) a graph of the temperature of the supply and return water in the heating network and in the heating system, depending on the outdoor temperature, indicating the working water pressure at the inlet, static and maximum allowable pressure in system;…"

Due to the fact that a heat carrier with a temperature not higher than can be supplied to house heating systems: for two-pipe systems - 95 ° С; for single-pipe - 105 ° С, at heating points (individual house or group for several houses), before water is supplied to houses, hydraulic elevator units are installed in which direct network water having high temperature, is mixed with chilled return water returning from the home's heating system. After mixing in the hydraulic elevator, the water enters the house system with a temperature according to the "house" temperature chart 95/70 or 105/70 ° С.

The following, as an example, shows the temperature graph of the heating system after heating point residential building for radiators according to the top-down and bottom-up scheme (at intervals outdoor temperature 2 °С), for a city with an estimated outdoor air temperature of 15 °С (Moscow, Voronezh, Orel):

WATER TEMPERATURE IN DISCHARGE PIPELINES, deg. C

AT DESIGN OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE

Explanations:
1. In gr. 2 and 4 show the values ​​of the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating system:
in the numerator - at a calculated water temperature drop of 95 - 70 °C;
in the denominator - with a calculated difference of 105 - 70 °C.
In gr. 3 and 5 show the water temperatures in the return pipeline, which coincide in their values ​​with calculated differences of 95 - 70 and 105 - 70 °C.

Temperature graph of the heating system of a residential building after a heat point

Source: Rules and Regulations technical operation housing stock, adj. 20
(approved by order of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1997 No. 17-139).

Since 2003 they have been operating "Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock"(approved by the Post. Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170), adj. eleven.

The basis of an economical approach to energy consumption in a heating system of any type is the temperature graph. Its parameters indicate optimal value heating water, thereby optimizing costs. In order to apply these data in practice, it is necessary to learn more about the principles of its construction.

Terminology

Temperature graph - the optimal value of heating the coolant to create comfortable temperature in room. It consists of several parameters, each of which directly affects the quality of the entire heating system.

1. The temperature in the inlet and outlet pipes of the heating boiler.
2. The difference between these indicators of heating the coolant.
3. Temperature indoors and outdoors.

The latter characteristics are decisive for the regulation of the first two. Theoretically, the need to increase the heating of water in the pipes comes with a decrease in the temperature outside. But how much should be increased so that the heating of the air in the room is optimal? To do this, draw up a graph of the dependence of the parameters of the heating system.

When calculating it, the parameters of the heating system and the residential building are taken into account. For district heating the following temperature parameters systems:

• 150°C/70°C. Before reaching the users, the coolant is diluted with water from the return pipe to normalize the incoming temperature.
• 90°C/70°C. In this case, there is no need to install equipment for mixing streams.

According to the current parameters of the system, utilities must monitor compliance with the heating medium heating value in the return pipe. If this parameter is less than normal, it means that the room is not warming up properly. The excess indicates the opposite - the temperature in the apartments is too high.

Temperature chart for a private house

The practice of drawing up such a schedule for autonomous heating not very developed. This is explained by his fundamental difference from centralized. It is possible to control the water temperature in the pipes in manual and automatic mode. If during design and practical implementation the installation of sensors for automatic regulation operation of the boiler and thermostats in each room, then there will be no urgent need to calculate the temperature schedule.

But to calculate future expenses depending on weather conditions he will be irreplaceable. In order to compose it according to current rules, the following conditions must be taken into account:

Only after these conditions are met, you can proceed to the calculation part. At this stage, difficulties may arise. The correct calculation of an individual temperature graph is a complex mathematical scheme that takes into account all possible indicators.

However, to facilitate the task, there are ready-made tables with indicators. Below are examples of the most common modes of operation of heating equipment. The following input data were taken as initial conditions:

• The minimum air temperature outside is 30°С
• The optimum room temperature is +22°C.

Based on these data, charts were drawn up for the following types operation of heating systems.

It is worth remembering that these data do not take into account the design features of the heating system. They only show the recommended values ​​\u200b\u200bof the temperature and power of heating equipment, depending on weather conditions.

Most city apartments are connected to the central heating network. The main source of heat in major cities usually are boiler houses and CHP. A coolant is used to provide heat in the house. Typically, this is water. It is heated to a certain temperature and fed into the heating system. But the temperature in the heating system can be different and is related to the temperature indicators of the outside air.

To effectively provide city apartments with heat, regulation is necessary. Follow set mode heating helps the temperature chart. What is the heating temperature chart, what types of it are, where is it used and how to compile it - the article will tell about all this.

Under the temperature graph is understood a graph that shows the required mode of water temperature in the heat supply system, depending on the level of outdoor temperature. Most often, the heating temperature schedule is determined for central heating. According to this schedule, heat is supplied to city apartments and other objects that are used by people. This schedule allows optimum temperature and save resources on heating.

When is a temperature chart needed?

Apart from district heating the schedule is widely used in domestic autonomous heating systems. In addition to the need to adjust the temperature in the room, the schedule is also used in order to provide for safety measures during operation. household systems heating. This is especially true for those who install the system. Since the choice of equipment parameters for heating an apartment directly depends on the temperature graph.

Based on the climatic features and the temperature schedule of the region, a boiler and heating pipes are selected. The power of the radiator, the length of the system and the number of sections also depend on the temperature established by the standard. After all, the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should be within the standard. O technical specifications cast iron radiators can be read.

What are temperature charts?

Graphs may vary. The standard for the temperature of the apartment heating batteries depends on the option chosen.

The choice of a specific schedule depends on:

1. climate of the region;
2. boiler room equipment;
3. technical and economic indicators heating system.

Allocate graphs of one and two-pipe system heat supply.

Designate the heating temperature graph with two digits. For example, the temperature graph for heating 95-70 is deciphered as follows. To maintain the desired air temperature in the apartment, the coolant must enter the system with a temperature of +95 degrees, and exit - with a temperature of +70 degrees. As a rule, such a schedule is used for autonomous heating. All old houses with a height of up to 10 floors are designed for a heating schedule of 95 70. But if the house has a large number of storeys, then the heating temperature schedule of 130 70 is more suitable.

In modern new buildings, when calculating heating systems, the schedule 90-70 or 80-60 is most often adopted. True, another option may be approved at the discretion of the designer. The lower the air temperature, the coolant must have a higher temperature when entering the heating system. The temperature schedule is chosen, as a rule, when designing the heating system of a building.

Features of scheduling

The temperature graph indicators are developed based on the capabilities of the heating system, the heating boiler, and temperature fluctuations in the street. By creating a temperature balance, you can use the system more carefully, which means it will last much longer. Indeed, depending on the materials of the pipes, the fuel used, not all devices are always able to withstand sudden temperature changes.

When choosing the optimal temperature, they are usually guided by the following factors:

It should be noted that the temperature of the water in the central heating batteries should be such that it will warm the building well. For different rooms different standards have been developed. For example, for a residential apartment, the air temperature should not be less than +18 degrees. In kindergartens and hospitals, this figure is higher: +21 degrees.

When the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment is low and does not allow the room to warm up to +18 degrees, the owner of the apartment has the right to contact the utility service to increase the efficiency of heating.

Since the temperature in the room depends on the season and climatic features, the temperature standard for heating batteries may be different. Heating of water in the heat supply system of the building can vary from +30 to +90 degrees. When the temperature of the water in the heating system is above +90 degrees, then decomposition begins paintwork, dust. Therefore, above this mark, heating the coolant is prohibited by sanitary standards.

It must be said that the design outdoor temperature for heating design depends on the diameter of the distributing pipelines, the size heating devices and coolant flow in heating system. There is a special heating temperature table that facilitates the calculation of the schedule.

The optimum temperature in the heating batteries, the norms of which are set according to the heating temperature chart, allows you to create comfortable conditions residence. More details about bimetallic radiators heating can be found.

The temperature schedule is set for each heating system.

Thanks to him, the temperature in the home is maintained at optimal level. Graphs may vary. Many factors are taken into account in their development. Any schedule before being put into practice needs to be approved by the authorized institution of the city.