Pest control methods. Biological methods of pest control
Against insect pests, their natural enemies are used - predatory insects and birds.
Consider the main insects that will help us save the crop.
ladybugs
An important assistant to the gardener in the fight against voracious aphids, mites, scale insects, psyllids. It remains only to create suitable conditions for the life and reproduction of ladybugs in our gardens, and these beneficial insects will remain here for permanent residence.
Under the name ladybug, a whole variety of small beetles belonging to the Coccinellidae family are combined. The most common ladybugs are a red-orange or black insect 5-8 mm long with several (2 to 7) contrasting spots on the elytra.
Ladybug larvae emerging from eggs eat 100-150 aphids per day, and ladybugs breed quickly.
Ants guarding aphids interfere with the "work" of ladybugs, engaging in battle with larvae and even adults. To distract ants from guarding aphids, place sweet fruit peels under the tree or leave some old jam, syrup, or condensed milk. The ants will eventually relocate to a more readily available source of sugar, and the ladybugs will be able to do their job of killing the aphids.
In order for new generations of ladybugs to settle in your garden, create the right conditions for them. For example, hang special houses that are sold at garden centers and pet stores.
Such houses imitate the preferred natural habitat and wintering grounds of these insects. Houses for ladybugs are made of wood logs, from which the middle is taken out. Such logs are filled with natural materials, and the roof of the house is removed for cleaning the house or observing insects. Ladybug houses can also be made by drilling holes in an old log. Place your ladybug nests in a warm and wind-sheltered area in your garden, preferably near aphid-prone plants.
Spiders
For many of us, meeting a spider causes a not entirely pleasant feeling and a desire to immediately destroy it. In such a case, you should stop and remember that in front of you is not only a defenseless creature, but also your assistant in the fight against harmful insects.
The female is a caring mother. She builds a house for future spider children, bending the edge of the sheet and thickly braiding it with cobwebs. Inside this "burrow" there are two chambers: one for the cocoon with eggs, the other for the female.
Especially many networks are stretched between flowering plants in the hope of catching a proper catch in them. They feed on those caught in the net different insects, but most often - small flies. Some spiders catch hundreds of insects in a net per day. Caterpillars and larvae of various insects serve as food for them. Therefore, spiders in the garden, as well as beneficial insects, should be protected in every possible way.
Krasotel (ground beetle)
The garden beetle is a very useful insect in the garden, a representative of one of the largest families of beetles, numbering up to 50 thousand species. One adult in one season can destroy up to 400 caterpillars. The ground beetle is a predator that destroys many types of garden pests. During the day, ground beetles sit in a shelter, and after dark they come out to hunt. They attack adult pests, their larvae, pupae, caterpillars, and feed on slugs and snails. The ground beetle, grabbing another victim with its jaws, injects a liquid onto it that dissolves the tissues of the insect. Then the ground beetle eats a semi-liquid mass of dissolved tissues.
Bug beetles (Meloidae)
Goldeneye (Chrysopa)
Lacewings (Chrysopidae) are a family of lacewing insects, the most common species in our country is the common lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea).
In adulthood, they feed exclusively on pollen or nectar, however, the larvae hunt by predation, prey on small insects (aphids, psyllids, mealybugs, mites). Due to the large number of devoured pests, lacewing larvae are useful insects in agriculture and forestry and are artificially bred. The lacewings were the first beneficial insects that large quantities bred to protect greenhouse plants from pests.
Hoverfly (Syrphidae)
Hoverflies (lat. Syrphidae) - a family of two-winged insects from the suborder of short-whiskers. They look like wasps, but they are actually harmless.
Hoverfly larvae are mainly predators, feeding on aphids, psyllids and others. small insects. But there are types of hoverflies, the larvae of which harm plant bulbs. Hoverfly species, whose larvae are active predators, are bred to control aphids.
Trichogramma (Trichogramma)
Biologicals
Biological preparations for plant pest control are made on the basis of the culture of the bacterium BT (Bacillus thuringiensis). Biological products are used to combat caterpillars, larvae colorado potato beetle, spider mites, cruciferous fleas and other pests. The instructions for each drug lists which pests it is most effective against. Biological products: Bitoxibacillin (BTB-202), Bactoculicide (bacticide), Batsikol, Bicol, Lepidocid, Nemabakt, Antonem-F,
There are also biochemical preparations (fitoverm, akarin (agravertin), actofit and gaupsin. The last of them contains two strains of bacteria, it is effective against a number of pests, at the same time against some diseases. In addition to bacteria, biochemical preparations contain insecticides.
Sexual pheromones - attractants
Attractants - natural and synthetic substances that attract insects with their smell act on long distances, luring pests into traps. The primacy in the use of attractants belongs to drugs against the codling moth. In addition, sex pheromones of a number of insects have been synthesized: plum and eastern codling moth, grape leafworm, and California scale insect. By the number of trapped males, the number of pests in the territory is judged. If there are a lot of them, then chemical methods are used to protect the garden from pests.
On Earth, there are a huge number of different types of harmful insects. Some damage the ground parts from the outside, others settle inside the plants, others live in the soil, eating the roots. However, at present, there are many means, preparations and methods that quite effectively cope with the destruction of pests and reduce their populations.
To defeat insects, the use of chemical poisonous compounds is not enough. Only correct complex various methods effective for getting rid of plant pests. All means of struggle are grouped into three large groups according to their origin.
It is aimed at improving the living conditions of cultivated plants, increasing their resistance to adverse factors. At the same time, reproduction is suppressed. harmful insects, already existing ones are destroyed.
Microbiological preparations
The main active ingredient of such drugs is pathogenic microorganisms, which are the causative agents of many diseases. These include various viruses, fungi, bacteria.
One of the latest developments is avermectins, which are the result of the activity of radiant fungi. They effectively get rid of a whole range of pests without violating the ecological situation. These include Agravertin, Fitoverm, Akarin.
Pests and types of control
Common grass aphid. The pest is light green in color with a bright green stripe along the back, body length is 3-3.5 mm. Damages crops.
Control measures: resistant varieties. Rotation of crops, application of fertilizers. Chemical - the use of insecticides.
Cereal or bread bug. The body length of adult bugs is 4.7-6.4 mm, the body is elongated, pale green. Damages crops.
Control measures: as in ordinary cereal aphids.
Oatmeal and barley flies. Midge 1.5-2.7 mm long, with a black shiny body. Legs are black, paws are yellow.
Control measures: resistant varieties.
Bread beetle. The length of the beetle is 14-16 mm, pitch black. Causes harm on crops of wheat, barley, rye, some types of oats and corn.
Control measures: timely harvesting of grain in a short time, excluding shedding of grain.
Bread bugs. The kuzka beetle has a length of 12-15 mm, the red beetle is 8-12 mm, the crusader beetle is 14-17 mm. Damages wheat, rye and barley.
Control measures: agrotechnical - alternation of crops, harvesting in a short time, peeling the soil to a depth of 10-12 cm. Chemical - the use of insecticides.
sawyers. Length 7-9 mm. Sawfly eggs are white, oval, 0.8 mm long. Damages crops.
Control measures: resistant varieties that do not have an internal cavity. Agrotechnical - alternation of crops, optimal timing sowing, harvesting early dates, stubble soil. Chemical - the use of insecticides.
Colorado beetle- the main pest of potatoes. Its size is 9-11 mm. In spring, the female emerges from the soil and lays shiny orange oblong-oval eggs 2-4 mm long, attaching them in groups of 18-20 on the underside of the potato leaf. The larvae take 24 days to develop. From 1 to 4 generations of the pest breeds per year.
potato scoop- This is a butterfly with a wingspan of 28-40 mm. Prefers damp shaded areas. The butterfly lays its eggs in the stems and they die.
locust- an insect that destroys the green mass of plants, much larger than its own weight. Locusts completely devastate the fields. The Italian locust and the Siberian bull are the most harmful of the locusts.
The main methods of combating diseases and pests of agricultural crops are:
Agrotechnical method;
Organizational and economic activities;
biological method;
Mechanical method;
Chemical method;
integral method.
Agricultural method is based on the use of measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants that help increase resistance to pests by inhibiting their development, reducing the number of pests, diseases and wasteland.
In the system of organizational and economic activities use the following methods:
Mandatory alternation of crops in crop rotation;
Deep autumn plowing;
Cleaning fields from post-harvest residues;
Right choice sowing dates;
Creation of new varieties of plants resistant to diseases;
Short harvest time;
The introduction of microelements into the soil and mineral fertilizers;
Liming of acidic soils.
biological method is based on the use of living organisms or their metabolic products in order to prevent or reduce the damage caused by harmful organisms.
The basis mechanical method the use of various methods and devices against pests is laid down, preventing their movement and resettlement, and contribute to concentration in special places with their further destruction.
physical method. Usage physical phenomena(low or high temperatures, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet rays, ultrasound).
genetic method aims to change the functions of reproduction of insects by chemical sterilization or under chemical influence leads to a sharp reduction in offspring, or the appearance of mutants with signs of deformity (underdevelopment of the oral apparatus).
chemical method has a chemical effect on pests, individual plants for pathogenic microbes. Such chemicals are called pesticides. Groups of pesticides: insecticides and acaricides, nematocides, radencitides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators and stimulants, aphicides.
Insecticides and acaricides are used to control harmful insects and mites. Nematocides are used to control harmful nematodes. Radencitides are used to control mice, rats and other rodents. Fungicides are used to control fungal diseases of plants, herbicides - to control weeds, aphicides - aphids.
integral protection plants is the fight against pests, taking into account economic thresholds, their harmfulness and use natural factors that limit them. Elements of integral systems: high agricultural technology, preservation and activation of the action of entomophages, antagonists, pathogens, the use of active measures to suppress the number and development of harmful organisms.
The most promising is the biological method, but is still widely used. chemical method with the use of pesticides, causing great harm to the environment.
Topic: " biological methods crop pest control».
Completed by: Astasheva K.S.
Group: I-33
Lecturer: Agaltsova S.I.
Moscow, 2011
1.Introduction …………………………………………………………………..3 2. The history of the development of biological control methods……………….…...4 3. Pest control……………………………………………………….8
4. Biological methods of weed control…………………………..11
5. Genetic struggle……………………………………………………..14
6. Development and application of biological methods today…………..15
7. References…………………………………………………………17
Introduction.
Since ancient times, people have been fighting pests. Agriculture and vectors various diseases. In the middle of this century, when chemicals began to be used on a large scale, it seemed that the final victory over our eternal enemies was already close. However, chemicals killed not only harmful, but also beneficial insects, poisoned birds, animals. In this regard, it became necessary to develop new methods of dealing with the insidious enemy. The most promising of them are biological methods for the destruction of pests. That is why it is so important to reveal this topic now, when the state of the environment is deteriorating every day, in order to understand how to get the most out of nature, without polluting it and without violating it. natural processes flowing in it.
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS
The harm caused to plants by diseases and pests has been known to man since ancient times. So, in Assyrian cuneiform writings and Egyptian frescoes (3rd millennium BC), devastating raids of the desert locust are mentioned; ancient Greek and Roman writers describe rust, smut, cancer of trees, and other diseases that were considered a manifestation of "God's wrath." At the beginning of the 18th century attempts are made to classify plant diseases (French botanist J. Tournefort). In the 2nd half of the 18th century. numerous experiments prove the contagiousness of many diseases (in Russia - A. T. Bolotov, in France - A. Tillet, in Italy - F. Fontana, in Denmark - J. Fabricius, etc.). In the 2nd half of the 19th century. The German scientist A. de Bari, the Russian scientist M. S. Voronin, and others discovered new species of phytopathogenic fungi and studied their morphology and developmental characteristics. Since the 19th century works of a generalizing nature about harmful insects also appear. Huge losses inflicted on the economies of many countries in the second half of the 19th century. harmful insects and diseases (phylloxera, locust, potato late blight, etc.), necessitated the centralization of their study and the development of measures to combat them. IN different countries state bureaus, departments, departments for entomology and phytopathology appear, scientific research work is organized. In the USA, in 1853, the post of state entomologist was established, and entomological stations appeared in 1888. In Russia in the late 70s - early 80s of the 19th century. permanent Odessa and Kharkov entomological commissions are organized; in 1887, the post of provincial entomologist was established for the first time; in 1894, the Bureau of Entomology was created under the Department of Agriculture, headed by I. A. Porchinskii, who did much to organize plant protection. in the country. Since 1904, entomological stations have arisen in Kyiv, Voronezh, Kharkov, Stavropol, Tashkent, and others; departments of entomology are organized at some agricultural experimental stations. Phytopathological research in 1903-07 was carried out by the Central Phytopathological Station at the Petersburg botanical garden; Since 1907, the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology has been established under the Department of Agriculture. By 1916 there were 30 plant protection institutions in Russia. At the end of the 19th - 1st half of the 20th centuries. thousands of new species of phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes were discovered (Russian scientists A. A. Yachevsky, D. I. Ivanovsky, I. L. Serbinov, G. K. Burgwitz, American scientists E. Smith, W. Stanley and others); the species composition of the main pests, their biology and physiology are being studied. Phytopathological and entomological studies are based on the principles and methods of ecology and biocenology. Pest control measures are being improved. Agrotechnical, biological, chemical, biophysical and other control methods are being developed, including both methods of direct destruction of harmful organisms, and indirect effects through environmental factors, a host plant or a complex of other organisms associated in development with pests or other pathogens. The Russian scientists N. M. Kulagin, N. V. Kurdyumov, and others were the first to put forward the principle of a comprehensive, differentiated use of plant protection methods, primarily preventive ones, which, as a rule, give the greatest success.
Pest control.
Most species of ladybugs are voracious predators that feed on harmful insects. About 100 species of ladybugs live in Russia, all of them small sizes(body length of adults from 1 to 18 mm), differ in shape and degree of body flattening.
Very helpful and most normal view family - seven-spotted cow. Beetles and larvae of the seven-spot ladybird feed on aphids, scale insects, and plant mites. Insects are quite voracious: in one day, a ladybug larva eats up to 70, and an adult beetle - up to 200 aphids. In addition to the seven-spot ladybird, more than 20 species of ladybirds can live in the garden. Cows, laying eggs, attach them in places of accumulation of sucking insects, and the emerging larvae immediately attack the prey. Not a single insecticide, even biological action, does not cope with the suppression of the number of aphids as successfully as the ladybug.
The method of intra-areal dispersal consists in the relocation of entomophages within their range from old breeding centers of the pest to new ones, where the entomophage has not yet had time to accumulate. One of the pests tea bush is the tea pulvinaria (Holiptera detachment, the family of grasshoppers and false scale insects). In the fight against it, the predatory hyperaspis beetle is settled, which destroys the eggs and larvae of the pest.
In the microbiological method of control, pathogens of pests are used - bacteria, viruses and fungi. Back in the USSR, the bacterial preparation entobacterin (powder gray color, which is used as a suspension for spraying fruits in the fight against gnawing pests). More than 50 species of insects are known to be effective against; it is used, for example, in the fight against apple moth, hawthorn, cabbage moth, American white butterfly. However, it must be remembered that biological preparations in high concentrations can be harmful, and some substances even in minimum volume can be deadly. Therefore, you need to use them, following exactly the manufacturer's instructions. Plant protection products contain, in particular, the following substances of natural origin:
Bikol- acaricide. Prepared on the basis of the bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiesis var. thuringiesis. Used in the destruction of spider mites. Has an intestinal effect on pests.
Bitoxibacillin- acaricide. Prepared on the basis of the bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiesis var. tenebrionis. Used in the destruction of spider mites. Has an intestinal effect on pests. It differs from the previous preparation in some additives (various special wetting agents and adhesives are added to them).
Boverin is an insecticide based on the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Used against thrips. Plants are sprayed with a 1% solution of the drug.
Verticillin- an insecticide prepared on the basis of spores of the fungus Verticillium lecanii. This drug is used in the fight against whitefly. Its action lies in the fact that the conidia or blastospores of the fungus penetrate the integument of the insect and penetrate into its body, growing and affecting its organs. The fungus Verticillium lecanii reproduces particularly well when high humidity air, so before using the drug, you should thoroughly spray the soil in the pot. Before using the drug for 12-24 hours, it is soaked in water to accelerate the germination of spores.
Gaupsin- a bioinsecticide and fungicide, a two-strain broad-spectrum preparation intended for treating gardens and kitchen gardens, as well as for protecting indoor plants from fungal diseases and various pests (curly, black spot, powdery mildew, bacteriosis, late blight, septoria, black rot, aphids, spider mite, caterpillars, thrips, etc.). The manufacturer claims that the effectiveness of gaupsin in the fight against fungal diseases is 90-92%, with pests 92-94%. The biological product is not toxic to humans, animals, fish, bees, does not accumulate in plants, soil. In addition, gaupsin is compatible with many pesticides (except Bordeaux mixture and other copper-containing chemicals - after their use, the first treatment with gaupsin is only after 21 days). The drug is diluted with water at room temperature at the rate of 200-250 g of gaupsin per 10-12 liters of water. Use only freshly prepared solution. Freezing of the drug is not allowed.
Many harmful insects are destroyed by insectivorous birds (tits, flycatchers, starlings and rooks), as well as frogs, toads, lizards, moles, shrews, hedgehogs and bats. Of the birds of prey, the most useful species is one of the small falcons - the kestrel, which eats rodents and insects. The common buzzard, or buzzard, mainly feeds on rodents. Most species of owls are useful.
Biological methods of weed control.
The tasks of the biological method of weed control also include improving the development and growth of cultivated plants and increasing their competitiveness in relation to weeds. Well-developed, fast-growing crops, evenly occupying the sown area, are able to inhibit any weeds. In this regard, cultures are conditionally divided into three groups:
1) highly competitive with respect to weeds (winter, perennial herbs, silage grasses of continuous sowing, buckwheat, peas);
2) with average competitiveness (spring wheat, barley, oats, fodder);
3) with weak competitiveness (corn, potatoes, beets, vegetables).
Biological methods for protecting crops from weeds are diverse. First of all, they are aimed at breeding and releasing insect species into agrocenoses that could reduce the number of plants that are undesirable on agricultural plots, and in each region, depending on natural conditions, their bioregulators are common. A very promising method in the fight against weeds is the use of highly specialized phytophages for this purpose - herbiphages, which, in turn, are divided into
- rhizophagi - consumers of roots;
– phyllophagi – consumers of leaves;
- antophages - consumers of flowers;
– palynophages (pollinophages) – consumers of pollen;
- carpophages - consumers of fruits and seeds.
Leaf beetles can act as herbivores.
About 450 species of these insects are distributed on the territory of Russia. Herbiphages also include weevils, humpback beetles, higher hymenoptera (larvae of many species of chalcides and gall wasps are active specialized phytophages).
The effectiveness of herbiphages in the fight against weeds primarily lies in the fact that they prefer certain plants, therefore, the possibility of their spread to cultivated plants is excluded. It is possible to use several groups of herbiphages at once, for example, Hymenoptera, whose larvae damage seeds and stems from the inside, and leaf beetles, since these groups of insects are not direct competitors to each other and increase the destructive effect on the plant. This method of protection allows you to completely abandon the use of herbicides in the fight against field thistle, many types of thistles, cornflowers, cruciferous, milkweed, buttercups, bindweed, shepherd's purse, horsetail, creeping wheatgrass, sharpworm, some types of chaff, ragweed, i.e. against most of those weeds for the destruction of which herbicides are usually used. When using herbiphages, much less money is spent than in the manufacture of herbicides. The work on the use of herbifigs is mainly aimed at studying the species composition (fauna) and ecology (primarily food specificity). different types), as well as selection, as a result of which it was possible to increase the resistance of some crops to herbicides.
Currently developed effective method fight against ragweed, which is not only field weed but also a strong allergen. Used to suppress this plant agrotechnical and chemical methods sometimes not effective enough, and often unsafe for the environment due to their toxicity. Against ragweed, it is recommended to use the drug bialaphos, which is a producer of Streptomyces hygrospopicus actinomycetate. This drug does not accumulate in the soil and is quickly decomposed by its microflora. Bialafos is used in the phase of 6-8 leaves in the weed at doses of 0.25-0.5 kg/ha, while the death of the weed is 55-78%. Increasing the dosage to 1–2.5 kg/ha leads to the complete extermination of the weed, and the re-growth of the weed does not occur until the very end of the growing season.
The ragweed leaf beetle, specially imported for this purpose from the USA in 1985 and acclimatized in the vicinity of Krasnodar, is highly effective in the fight against ragweed using the biological method. With the number of ragweed leaf beetle 400 beetles/m 2 complete destruction of the weed is achieved. This approach is most effective in spring time when ragweed sprouts are in the 4–8 leaf phase.
A method using the mustard nematode is being developed against creeping mustard. The conducted experiments (Ivannikov A.I.) showed that when artificially infecting bitterness curtains with this nematode, up to 50-60% of plants died, and the rest were affected by the nematode to one degree or another.
Biological methods include the use of antibiotics. For example, the antibiotic blasticidin-S is successfully used against Egyptian broomrape on watermelon plantations (application at a concentration of 0.0008% with double spraying with an interval of 20-35 days); 67% of broomrape plants were destroyed, and the germination of its seeds decreased by 16 times.
For the complete destruction of perennial and juvenile weeds, agrotechnical and biological measures, unfortunately, are not enough, their combination with modern chemicals- herbicides.
Genetic struggle.
A similar possibility exists in the case of resistance to insect pests. Its features can be divided into two groups: chemical And physical barriers.
Chemical barriers
Chemical barrier implies that the plant is producing some chemical that is poisonous to, or at least repels, a potential pest. An example is the relationship between wheat and the Hessian fly. These insects lay their eggs on the leaves of wheat, and their larvae move, feeding, to the stem and inside it. This weakens the stem so much that it withers or breaks in the wind. The Hessian fly was brought to the United States with the straw mattresses of Hessian soldiers during the Revolutionary War. Over time, it spread throughout the Midwest, causing severe damage, until scientists at the University of Kansas developed a wheat variety that killed leaf-eating larvae.
How did they do it? In progress natural selection some plants have developed the ability to produce their own pesticide substances. Breeders through artificial selection enhance this property. However, some of these substances are toxic to humans, and some are known to be carcinogens. An excellent example is tobacco nicotine. When breeding pest-resistant plants, care must be taken to ensure that they remain suitable for human or farm animal consumption.
Strengthening resistance in this way may not provide 100% crop protection, but in any case it will increase the profits of crop growers. In addition, any degree of resistance reduces the need for chemical pesticides.
Physical barriers
Physical barriers represent morphological features, preventing pest attacks. For example, leafhoppers - dangerous, worldwide pests of cotton, soybeans, alfalfa, clover, beans and potatoes - can only infect plants with relatively smooth leaves. Hooked hairs on their surface in some plants form a trap for young cicadas, in which they die. Similarly, alfalfa weevil larvae are caught by glandular hairs that secrete a sticky substance. Such features can be enhanced by artificial selection.
Unfortunately, pests can develop the ability to overcome genetic barriers (as well as resistance to pesticides). This means that breeders must constantly bring out new stable varieties to replace the old ones. In the case of wheat and Hessian fly, the replacement has already been carried out seven times. Often this happens unnoticed by the public, which is not even aware of a possible catastrophe. Again, pay attention to the importance of maintaining biodiversity providing such an opportunity.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS TODAY.
The constitution of the International Organization for Biological Plant Protection defines this method as "the use of living things or their metabolic products to prevent or reduce the damage caused by harmful organisms."
Most biological methods are based on:
firstly, the natural interconnection of living beings in nature, the relationship between predator and prey, and the resulting natural balance of harmful and beneficial organisms for humans;
secondly, the reaction of pests to chemical or physical pathogens and stimuli, such as sound, light, hormones that inhibit the development of harmful organisms, and sex hormones - pheromones that allow you to regulate the activity of pests.
An agricultural plot is a living organism, a microcosm created in a limited area, but not cut off from the surrounding world. Close to natural, natural farming practices without harsh chemicals, and species diversity plants on it are the main prerequisites for the gradual establishment of a balance between desirable and undesirable living organisms. If the natural balance is achieved, we will be relieved of the need to fight the invasion of pests, since their population will be controlled and maintained at a constant level by birds, insects, and other organisms that feed on pests.
Tips for summer residents
All garden pests and methods of dealing with them (detailed instructions)
The season is coming! The season is not only gardening, but also mosquito, fly and gadfly ...))) Yes, soon in all gardens of the country we will endure the bites of mosquitoes, gadflies and annoying flies!
It is known that it is possible to fight all pests with chemistry, but
- firstly, it is harmful to our health,
- secondly, it is harmful to the environment,
- thirdly, in such a struggle we exterminate beneficial insects
So what to do? And there is a way out! Nature has thought of everything for us a long time ago! The main thing is to learn to read the Book of Nature!
We consider many plants to be weeds and as a result, the more well-groomed the site, the more pests. And Nature has long taken care of this and solved the problem. Green pharmacy, not only heals, but also has repellent properties.
Plants containing certain specific substances are called repellents.. Phytoncides, standing out in environment, have a depressing or irritating effect on certain animals.
As a result, many pests "without a fight" leave the occupied territory and go in search of a better life.
The best way to expel pests is to plant the most suitable repellents next to the cultivated plants.
The role of plants - repellents!
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First of all, these plants act as protectors! They protect our gardens and gardens, as soon as they are planted in certain areas of our gardens. Who are they protecting from?
From the whitefly
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Effective infusion of garlic. Chopped garlic cloves (150-170 g) pour 1 liter of water and insist in a tightly sealed container for five days.
For spraying, 6 g of concentrate diluted in 1 liter of water is enough. Keep in mind that folk remedies can help if there are not too many pests.
It is more effective to plant nearby repellent plants: nasturtium, peppermint, thyme, bitter wormwood.
From white cabbage
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10 g of white mustard powder is infused for two days in 1 liter of water, filtered and before spraying, bring 200 ml of the solution to a volume of 1 liter
Chamomile infusion and hellebore infusion give good results. For 10 liters of water, take either 1 kg of raw, or 500 g of semi-dry, or 100-250 g of dry hellebore.
This solution is infused for about two days or boiled for 30 minutes. A decoction or infusion is filtered and used for spraying.
It is more effective to plant nearby repellent plants: celery, tomatoes, peppermint, sage, bitter and medicinal wormwood.
From the cabbage caterpillar
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repellent plants: onion, sage, tansy, thyme, medicinal wormwood, nasturtium.
From an earthen flea
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when fleas appear, the plants are pollinated using sifted wood ash, tobacco dust (in equal proportions) by dew.
And one more recipe for an old, undeservedly forgotten means of dealing with a wide variety of insects:
In an enameled or metal vessel with a capacity of at least 5 liters, boil 1-2 liters of water, dissolve 200 grams of laundry or green soap in it and bring to a boil, after which 200 grams of kerosene are added.
The mixture is forced to boil two or three times, removing from heat when it rises in foam above the level of the dish. The resulting emulsion concentrate is diluted with warm (30-40 °) water to 10 liters.
But it is more effective: plant repellent plants nearby: catnip, peppermint, bitter and medicinal wormwood, tobacco, tansy, head and leaf lettuce.
From the five-point hawk
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good results are given by infusion of calendula and peppermint. For 10 liters of water, take either 1 kg of raw or 500 g of a semi-dry mixture of plants.
But it is more effective to plant nearby repellent plants: dill, borage, basil.
From the Colorado potato beetle
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for successful use folk remedies and methods of dealing with the Colorado potato beetle, it is necessary to fulfill a number of simple requirements when using them.
1) It is recommended to process plantings in warm (at a temperature of 18-25 ° C), calm weather, in the morning after the dew has dried or in the evening before it appears. It is better to spray herbal preparations in the evening hours, since in the sun they lose their insecticidal properties faster.
2) Working solutions must be prepared 1-3 hours before spraying. For better adhesion, they add green (potassium), laundry soap, liquid soap or washing powder. Usually 20-40 g per 10 liters of solution. Having previously cut and diluted the soap in a jar of water, pour it into the working solution.
3) Treatment with infusions and decoctions is repeated after 5-10 days as needed. The last spraying is carried out 20 days before harvest.
Folk ways to deal with the Colorado potato beetle:
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A week or two before planting potatoes in the garden, dig several holes up to 10 cm deep. The earth around them is sprinkled with hot coal ash and slag taken from the furnace of a boiler or stove. Beetles crawl into these holes and die. In the same way, peat or wood ash has a detrimental effect on the pest.
In the spring, before the emergence of potato shoots, 3-4 pieces of tubers are placed in half-liter jars. Then the banks at 10-11 o'clock are placed on the site in the recesses previously dug in the ground. Beetles caught in jars are destroyed.
It is recommended to soak tubers in the spring for 1 day in a solution of urea. Lay out on the site in cloudy weather or at night. The beetle dies by attacking poisoned baits. This method is repeated in the fall after harvest. (CHEMISTRY)
An infusion of wormwood with ash is also used: a glass of wood ash is added to 150-200 g of chopped fresh wormwood, everything is poured hot water, insist 2-3 hours, stir, filter and spray potato bushes with the resulting liquid.
Potato bushes can be pollinated with sifted ash (preferably birch). About 10 kg of ash per 1 hundred square meters of plantings. (1 kg per 10 sq.m). After a day or two, not only the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle die, but also most of the adults. Together with organic matter, pour wood ash into the furrows. The soil, flavored in this way, is disastrous for the beetle.
After hilling around each bush, sprinkle 1 tbsp. a spoonful of ash. When the stems rise by about 15-18 cm, the planting is sprayed with ash-soap infusion.
Gives good results spraying potatoes with an infusion of fresh leaves walnut. Leaves, fruits and walnut shells are used to combat the Colorado potato beetle. From autumn, fallen leaves are harvested and stored in a dry, ventilated place. 3-4 weeks before the mass appearance of the beetle, the leaves are soaked in a bucket (2 kg per 10 liters of water). Before use, the infusion is filtered twice.
The Colorado beetle does not tolerate marigolds (this plant is also called calendula). Where potato beds are “circled” by a row of calendula, and additionally “stitched” diagonally by this flower, there is no pest, although neighboring plantings are affected by the Colorado potato beetle.
Repel the Colorado potato beetle and beans planted next to potatoes. In addition, potatoes are more productive from such a neighborhood, and beans are not superfluous on the farm.
In the aisles of potatoes (or in the rows of bushes), plant sidun beans. These two cultures grow without interfering with one another. But bean beetles do not tolerate and leave the site.
In a bucket of water (10 l) dilute 100 g of birch tar. Spray plantings with a solution 3 times a week.
Good results are obtained by using a 4% solution chicken manure(for 1 weave - about 80 buckets). In the cases described, the beetle disappears for several years (up to 10 years). Processing should be carried out only after harvest.
But it is easier and more efficient to plant nearby repellent plants: catnip, coriander, nasturtium, onion, tansy, horseradish, vegetable beans, white yasnitka.
From moles
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Old grandfather's, truly natural way. You have to be like an animal. They (mainly males) mark their territory to scare and warn their own kind. And we mark - with urine (male), pouring it into molehills. The effectiveness of the method exceeds expectations.
Throughout the site, in a spread of 2 - 3 m, we drive thin metal rods into the ground, empty beer cans, put them upside down. Any breeze, rocking the banks, creates a very unpleasant noise for the moles.
The surest way is to get a dog. People who have done so say they have forgotten what a mole is and how to deal with it. Apparently the dog also marks its territory with urine.
Any bottle is dug into the ground, into the mole's hole at an angle of 45 degrees. The howling of the wind in empty bottles scares away this animal
A good way is a piece of ordinary water pipe and plastic bottle. Pieces of pipes are hammered into the ground so that their lower end is deeper than the level of the animal's moves. IN upper part pipes clog a pin with a diameter of 8-10 mm, reinforcing it in the center of the pipe with a wooden plug. A hot nail or metal pin is used to burn a hole in the bottom of the bottle with a diameter greater than the diameter of the pin. Cuts are made on the bottle along a solid line, and along a dotted line, the plastic is bent. There should be 4 such bends. At the slightest breath of wind, the bottle rotates, the hollow pipe resonates and creates noise that the animals are afraid of.
But it is more effective to plant nearby repellent plants: castor beans, daffodils.
How to get rid of ants in the garden:
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Loosen their nest and sprinkle with lime or tobacco dust;
Ants do not tolerate strong odors. On the anthill, you can put the head of a smoked herring, sliced \u200b\u200bgarlic cloves into several parts, spread out tomato tops or parsley leaves;
A decoction of tomato tops helps well. The more concentrated the solution, the better;
Take corrugated cardboard about 20 cm wide, sprinkle it with a soot solution or powder it with cinnamon. Ants cannot stand the smell of soot and cinnamon;
Not a very pleasant way, but you can water the nests of ants with urine, this often helps;
Make a solution: take ten liters of water, two glasses vegetable oil, some cheap shampoo and vinegar. Poke a hole in the center of the anthill and pour this mixture into it. Close with foil for a few days;
Bring large red ants from the forest and settle in the garden, and after that the black ants themselves will leave your territory
Plant nearby repellent plants: Peppermint and spike, tansy, bitter wormwood, lavender, small valerian, peppermint and spike, tansy, bitter wormwood, lavender, small valerian.
From the larva cabbage fly
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Sprinkle the soil under the plants wood ash, from which cabbage has a double benefit: both scaring away the cabbage fly, and good fertilizer.
Exclusion from the crop rotation of radish, which most attracts cabbage flies.
To repel flies, sprinkle with naphthalene, after mixing it with sand in a ratio of 5-8 parts of sand and 1 part of naphthalene; instead of naphthalene, tobacco dust is used in a mixture with an equal amount of lime (300 g of the mixture per 10 m2).
You can also soak peat chips (200 g per bucket of peat) with creolin and sprinkle around the plants.
In the fight against larvae, a tobacco solution is also used: 200 g of tobacco and 1 tbsp. a spoonful of soap for 10 liters hot water. The drug is filtered and sprayed with plants and soil.
Plant nearby repellent plants: garlic, marigolds, radishes, sage, wormwood, hyssop.
From the carrot fly
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You can prepare a spray solution from dry tomato plants. Pour 1 kg of dry mass into 10 liters of water, leave for 4-5 hours, then boil for 2-3 hours on low heat, dilute with water 2 times, add 30-40 g of soap per 10 liters of solution. The decoction retains toxicity to pests for a year when stored in a cool place.
Sowing carrots in early or late dates in dry, unshaded areas. Sowing is important to make it sparse right away: then you don’t have to thin out the plants, during which a strong smell of carrots appears, and flies to it. a large number of flies.
To scare away the carrot fly, the aisles are pollinated with ground hot pepper or ash.
Spray the soil and plants with infusions of black or red pepper (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water), garlic, onion peel, marigolds, tomato tops, wild rosemary, spruce and pine needles and other odorous plants. But for the smell of these herbs to stand over carrot patch constantly, spray it every three days.
Pour boiling water over crushed bitter wormwood. Infusion to process the beds.
Between the rows of carrots, especially in May and June, pest repellents are added: mustard, ground red or black pepper (1 teaspoon).
It’s great if onions, garlic or tomatoes grow next to a bed of carrots.
To protect crops from carrot flies, which cause a lot of trouble, onion is placed on a green feather on one side of the garden, and garlic on the other;
Plant nearby repellent plants: lettuce, leek, onion, rosemary, sage, tobacco, wormwood.
From wasps, hornets, gadflies, horseflies and bees
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All of them are similar in many ways, and therefore the methods of struggle do not differ.
If a wasp, a bee or a gadfly flies up to you, remain calm, stay still, do not wave your arms or make sudden movements - this can provoke aggression.
After bathing in the river, dry your body immediately, it attracts insects, as does sweat and various perfumes. They don't like strong odors.
Lubricate open areas body with any cologne to which a little mint oil or mint drops are added (5 drops per tablespoon of cologne). The tool works for about an hour.
You can make a trap for wasps. Take 250 ml of water, 4 teaspoons of honey and some vinegar. Heat water, dissolve honey, cool, add vinegar. Pour the solution into a dark glass bottle and place it near the place where the wasps roam.
If found in or near the house vespiary, wait until it gets dark and the wasps gather in the nest, soak a cloth in turpentine, wind it around the end of the pole and plug the entrance tightly with it. Leave it like this for a day (But in my opinion, this is not humane!)
If wild bees, wasps, hornets try to make their home near you, plant a bush of peppermint or plucked greens.
But given that the benefits of wasps are not commensurate with the inconvenience of their neighborhood, it is best to contact a beekeeper. They know how to deal with them. In the evening, they fumigate, put a bag on the nest, cutting the nest to disconnect it and take it away to the forest. The bag is left untied along with the nest, hastily moving away. All this time you should be in a mosquito net, tight clothing and gloves.
If this is a garden plot, plant repellent plants nearby: peppermint.
From mice
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It’s not bad to prepare baits from vegetable oil, flour and gypsum, which will harden in the stomach of a rodent and cause death (I AGAINST daring!) A similar remedy: spread a mixture of alabaster and sugar (or flour) near the holes and put a saucer with water next to it.
Rats and mice cannot stand the smell of mothballs and mint, which can also be used as a rodent control.
Finely chop the cork and fry it in pork fat. Then throw the bait to the mouse holes. After eating the cork, the mice immediately die from the swollen mass in the stomach.
Scatter hot pepper and dried chamomile flowers along the trajectory of the possible movement of rodents, scatter burdock thorns in the corners of the rooms.
Quicklime is mixed with sugar and scattered in places where rodents are most concentrated. Mice and rats willingly eat the bait and soon die. Quicklime in the stomach is heated by the action of water and gastric juice, causing the death of the animal.
When using means of control such as mousetraps, it should be remembered that mice have an extremely acute sense of smell and will try to stay away from a mousetrap that their compatriot has landed in. Therefore, when re-installation trap, you need to douse it with boiling water, and take the bait with gloves so as not to leave your smell on it.
In the garden, plant repellent plants nearby: at home, where we keep food, lay out dry branches: wormwood, garlic, rank, daffodils.
From apple honeydew
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To destroy the larvae in the period from bud break to flowering, sprinkle the plants with infusion of yarrow, ash, tobacco, shag, soap solution.
Fledged psyllids and those that have returned to lay eggs can be destroyed tobacco smoke. Pour 1.5-2 kg of tobacco waste on pre-prepared heaps of straw and fumigate for two hours for two plants inhabited by adult suckers. Foolish from the smoke, copperheads fall to the ground. Now it is important to immediately collect them from the ground under the plants, otherwise many will come to their senses and rise into the crown.
Some gardeners use spraying with bitter pepper infusion (1 kg of fresh or 0.5 kg of dry red pepper per 10 liters of water). The infusion is boiled for 1 hour over low heat, then infused for 24 hours. The resulting concentrate can be bottled and stored in a dark, cool place. Before spraying, 125 g of concentrate and 40 g of laundry soap are added to 10 liters of water. Plants are sprayed with an interval of 10-15 days.
Plant repellent plants nearby: black henbane, common harmala, creeping mustard, vine clematis, medicinal dandelion, bittersweet nightshade, real tobacco, garlic.
From nematodes
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Arranging quarantine for new plants. Disinfection of dishes, tools (the simplest measure is scalding with boiling water). Sterilization of the substrate in a water bath at a temperature of +50-55C for at least 10 minutes.
After spraying the plants, allow them to dry quickly, with low temperatures keep plants in relatively dry conditions.
Nematodes are very sensitive to heat and can be killed by a 30 minute water bath with a water temperature of 45 C.
Among garden plants everyone knows how hostile to nematodes, erect marigolds and asparagus. They can be planted between rows or occupy a plot intended for potatoes for the entire season to destroy the pest.
An effective preparation is well-made ripe compost. Therefore, where the soil is fertilized with compost, the risk of mass spread of nematodes is minimized.
Plant nearby repellent plants: marigolds, calendula, erect marigolds, asparagus.
From codling moth apple
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After the end of the collection of fruits - collection and destruction of the remnants of the packaging material; cleaning dead bark from boles and branches on old trees.
Mulching between rows and minimal tillage in tree trunks.
Satisfactory results are achieved by hanging on trees special pheromone evaporators (polyethylene and rubber tubes, rings, cords, paper tapes with a consumption of 20-100 g/ha of pheromone) in order to disorient males.
To destroy the caterpillars of the first generation in the second decade of June, belts are placed on the boles of productive trees. They can be agile, requiring periodic review, and suicidal. For the manufacture of hunting belts, paper, gauze, burlap, matting and other materials are taken.
Most of the codling moth caterpillars gather under belts made of burlap and old cloth. Belts are applied at a height of 30-40 cm from the ground, they are examined weekly, crawled caterpillars are selected and destroyed.
Self-killing belts are imposed on trees no younger than 15 years old. For the preparation of belts, wrapping paper is used, cutting it 40-45 cm wide, and one of the longitudinal halves is impregnated on both sides with the composition of chlorophos - 1.5%, preparation No. 30 - 5%, earth - 50% and water - 43.5% . The belts, applied to the trees with the oiled side, ensure the death of the apple codling moth and other pests that have crawled under them throughout the season and do not require viewing.
The fight against apple codling moth can be successfully carried out with an infusion of wormwood. For this, wormwood is harvested from the moment of its flowering, dried and stored in the attic. To prepare the infusion, finely chopped plants are placed in a cauldron (half or 3/4 of the volume) and poured with water; after a day, boil for 30 minutes, cool, filter through gauze and dilute with the same amount of water. Spray trees with an interval of 10-12 days.
This method is effective, and in combination with light traps, it allows you to save the crop without the use of poisons.
There is another way to deal with the apple codling moth. In the garden, immediately after flowering, hang jars of apple syrup seasoned with yeast. It can be prepared from apple juice dry or green fruits, previously mashed together with the rotting part. Butterflies fly on such syrup and die in it.
Plant repellent plants nearby: garlic, wormwood.
From slugs and snails
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A good neighbor for strawberries is parsley, if you sow it with a border around strawberry beds, then they will not be afraid of snails and slugs.
Spread between rows of plants on which snails have become accustomed wet rags or burdock leaves, in the morning the mucus will hide under their shadow, and you will go and collect them in the morning.
Arrange saucers with dark beer for the night in the aisles of strawberries. Pour beer somewhere up to a height of 1.5 -2 cm so that the slugs drown.
Sand and sawdust. Snails cannot crawl on sand and sawdust, so a sawdust and sand circle around the plant can be very effective.
An ordinary cup of coffee will scare away pests and will not harm plants. USDA research staff in Hilo, Hawaii, tested caffeine sprays on houseplant-eating slugs. They noticed that a 1-2% solution of caffeine kills almost all snails and slugs in two days, and lower concentrations (about 0.01%) scare them away.
In comparison, a cup of instant coffee contains approximately 0.05% caffeine, coffee brewed from ground beans has even more. Coffee grounds can also be used as a snail repellent, but spraying with a caffeine solution is much more effective: slugs crawl away as soon as they come into contact with caffeinated soil.
Caffeine can kill small snails and slugs, and scare away large ones. garden plot. It is best to use caffeine for small gardens and plots. Unfortunately, it can act not only on snails and slugs, but also on beneficial insects. High concentrations (from 2%) can damage foliage and cause yellowing of plants.
To kill snails (slugs), the surface of the soil should be sprinkled with freshly slaked lime powder, in the amount of 40 quarters per tithe. Sprinkling of the soil with lime is carried out in 2 steps in the interval of 10-15 minutes. At the first sprinkling, the snail is protected from lime by secreting mucus from itself, while at the second sprinkling, the snail is no longer able to excrete mucus, turns black and dies. Sprinkling the soil with lime in this way for two days in a row, in the morning, you can finally destroy all the snails.
Sprinkle the earth in the evening or in wet weather with finely crushed iron sulphate mixed with sand. None of these animals will pass where iron vitriol is poured, since they die from contact with this substance.
Hedgehogs, frogs and toads eat slugs and snails with great pleasure. True, in the conditions of our sites, quite often these natural enemies simply have nowhere to stumble, and therefore they bypass the gardens.
As for hedgehogs, there is definitely no place for them on 6 acres: it’s too crowded and noisy. And frogs and toads can be completely lured to your site by making some mini-shelters for them in the form of piles of leaves and branches, or even digging a small pond.
Perhaps the simplest remedy is to sprinkle (or, rather, pollinate) the aisles with lime after rain or watering, when the slugs begin to move actively. Getting on strips of lime, they burn their abdomen and die. You can take not pure lime, but mixed with ash or tobacco dust (1: 1). In the absence of rain, the soil is treated in this way late in the evening or at night, when the slugs are on the soil or on plants.
Soil treatment is periodically repeated (after 7-15 days), which leads to the gradual death of mollusks.