Manure mineral fertilizer. Types of mineral fertilizers, names and descriptions

The term "nitrogen-containing fertilizers" usually causes a negative reaction among summer residents with little experience in growing garden and garden plants, as well as among supporters organic farming. Few people think that “environmentally friendly” manure or bird droppings are organic nitrogen fertilizers, and their excess is harmful to human health no less than the so-called “chemistry”. This article will address questions about what nitrogen fertilizers are and what varieties are used in household plots.

Nitrogen in plant life

The role of nitrogen and its derivatives in plant life is difficult to overestimate. metabolic processes on the cellular level occur in plants with the participation of protein, which is a building material in cell division, the synthesis of chlorophyll, trace elements, vitamins, etc.

Nitrogen is a chemical element, an important component of vegetable protein. With its deficiency, all organic processes in cells slow down, plants stop developing, begin to get sick and wither.

Nitrogen is as important and necessary for all plants as sunlight and water; without it, the process of photosynthesis is impossible.

Most of the nitrogen in a bound form (organic chemical compounds) is found in soil rich in humus and waste products of worms (vermicompost). The maximum concentration of nitrogen (up to 5%) was recorded in the chernozem, the minimum - in sandy and sandy loam types of soil. AT natural conditions The release of nitrogen in a form suitable for absorption by plants occurs rather slowly, therefore, when growing crops, it is customary to use fertilizers containing nitrogen in a form easily absorbed by the roots. They contribute:

• accelerated vegetation of crops;
• elimination of deficiency of amino acids, vitamins and microelements;
• increasing the green mass of plants;
• easier absorption of nutrients from the soil by plants;
• normalization of soil microflora;
• increase resistance to diseases;
• productivity growth.

However, it should be remembered that not only a lack of nitrogen in plants is harmful, but also its excess, which contributes to the accumulation of nitrates in vegetables and fruits. An excess of nitrates consumed in food can cause significant harm to human health.

Signs of deficiency and excess of nitrogen in plants

The use of fertilizers directly depends on the composition of the soil, its chemical composition, fertility, acidity, structure, etc. Depending on these factors, required amount fertilizers and fertilizing.

Lack of nitrogen

With insufficient nitrogen concentration, this immediately affects the appearance of plants, their tone, namely:

• leaves become small;
• green mass is thinning;
• foliage loses color, turns yellow;
• leaves, shoots and fruit ovaries die off en masse;
• plants stop growing
• stops the emergence of young shoots.

When such symptoms appear, it is necessary to fertilize with nitrogen-containing fertilizers.

excess nitrogen

With an excessive nitrogen content, all the strength of plants goes to building up green mass, they begin to fatten and the following signs appear:

• large, "fat" leaves;
• darkening of the green mass, its excessive juiciness;
• there is a delay in flowering;
• ovaries either do not appear, or there are very few of them;
• fruits and berries are small, inconspicuous.

The main types of nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen fertilizers are chemical compounds containing nitrogen molecules in various forms used in agriculture to improve crop growth and improve the quality and quantity of crops. Initially, their classification involves dividing into two large groups:

1. Mineral.
2. Organic.

Mineral nitrogen fertilizers and their types (by groups):

• nitrate;
• ammonium;
• complex (ammonium nitrate);
• amide;
• liquid form.

Each of the groups includes its own types of fertilizers, which have different names and special properties, the effect on plants and the procedure for feeding.

Nitrate group

This group includes fertilizers, which include the so-called nitrate nitrogen, its formula is written as follows: NO3. Nitrates are salts of nitric acid HNO3. Nitrate fertilizers include sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate.

Chemical formula- NaNO3, is sodium nitrate (another name is sodium nitrate), in which the concentration of nitrogen is up to 16%, and sodium is up to 26%. Outwardly, it resembles an ordinary coarse-grained salt, it is perfectly soluble in water. The disadvantage is that during long-term storage, sodium nitrate cakes, although it does not absorb moisture from the air well.

By consuming the nitrate component of the fertilizer, plants deoxidize the soil, reducing its acidity. Thus, sodium nitrate and its use on soils with an acidic reaction gives an additional deoxidizing effect.

The use of this species is especially effective in the cultivation of potatoes, beets, berry bushes, fruit crops, etc.

calcium nitrate

The chemical formula - Ca (NO3) 2, is calcium nitrate (another name is calcium nitrate), in which the nitrogen concentration reaches 13%. It also looks very similar to table salt, but it is highly hygroscopic, absorbs moisture well from the air, and becomes damp. Stored in moisture-proof packaging.

Its granulated form is produced, during the production the granules are processed with special water-repellent additives. Calcium nitrate copes well with excessive soil acidity, additionally providing a structuring effect. Calcium improves the absorption of nitrogen, has a general strengthening effect on almost all crops.

Potassium nitrate

The chemical formula is KNO3, it is potassium nitrate, the concentration of nitrogen is 13%, potassium is 44%. Outwardly, it is a white powder with a crystalline structure of particles. It is used throughout the season, and especially during the formation of ovaries, when plants need in large numbers potassium, which stimulates fruit formation.

Usually, potassium nitrate is applied under fruit-bearing and berry crops, such as strawberries, raspberries, beets, carrots, tomatoes, etc. For all types of greens, cabbage, potatoes, it is not used.

Ammonium group

Ammonium is a positively charged NH4+ ion. When interacting with sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride are formed, respectively.

The chemical formula is (NH4)2SO4, it contains up to 21% nitrogen and up to 24% sulfur. Outwardly, it is a crystallized salt, which dissolves well in water. Poorly absorbs water, so it is stored for a long time. Produced as a by-product in the chemical industry. Usually has White color, but upon receipt in the coke industry it is colored in different colors impurities (shades of grey, blue or red).

Chemical formula - NH4Cl, nitrogen content - 25%, chlorine - 67%. Another name is ammonium chloride. Obtained as an accompanying substance in the production of soda. Due to the high concentration of chlorine is not widely used. Many agricultural crops react negatively to the presence of chlorine in the soil.

It should be noted that fertilizers of the ammonium group, when used regularly, significantly increase the acidity of the soil, since plants absorb mainly ammonium as a source of nitrogen, and acid residues accumulate in the soil.

To prevent acidification of the soil, lime, chalk or dolomite flour at the rate of 1.15 kg of deoxidizer per 1 kg of fertilizer.

Ammonium nitrate group

Basic fertilizer. Chemical formula - NH4NO3, nitrogen content - 34%. Another name is ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrate. It is a reaction product between ammonia and nitric acid. Appearance- white crystalline powder, soluble in water. Sometimes it is produced in granular form, since ordinary saltpeter has an increased ability to absorb moisture and become very caked during storage. Granulation eliminates this disadvantage. It is stored as an explosive and flammable substance in compliance with safety standards, because it can detonate.

Due to the double content of nitrogen in different forms ah is universal fertilizer, which can be used for all types of agricultural plants on any soils. Both ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen are perfectly absorbed by all crops and do not change the chemical composition of the soil.

Saltpeter can be applied for digging in autumn, in spring when preparing the soil for planting, as well as in planting holes directly when planting seedlings.

As a result, the shoots and deciduous mass are strengthened, the endurance of crops increases. To prevent acidification of the earth, acid neutralizing additives are added to the fertilizer - dolomite flour, chalk or lime.

Amide group

Urea

Is an prominent representative group, another name is urea. Chemical formula - CO(NH2)2, nitrogen content - not less than 46%. Outwardly, it is a white salt with small crystals, it quickly dissolves in water. Moisture absorbs moderately, with proper storage practically does not stick. Also available in granular form.

According to the mechanism of chemical action on the soil, the amide type of fertilizer has a dual effect - it temporarily alkalizes the soil, then acidifies it. Considered one of the most effective fertilizers comparable to ammonium nitrate.

The main advantage of urea is that when it gets on the leaves, it does not cause burns, even at high concentrations, and is perfectly absorbed by the roots.

Liquid fertilizers

Liquid nitrogen fertilizers are distinguished by a greater degree of absorption by plants, prolonged action and uniform distribution in the soil. This type includes:

• anhydrous ammonia;
• ammonia water;
• ammonia.

Liquid ammonia. Chemical formula - NH3, nitrogen content - 82%. It is produced by liquefying its gaseous form under pressure. Outwardly, it is a colorless liquid, with a pungent odor, it evaporates easily. It is stored and transported in steel thick-walled containers.

Ammonia water. The chemical formula is NH4OH. In fact, it is a 22-25% ammonia solution, colorless, with a pungent odor. It is transported in sealed containers under low pressure, easily evaporates in the air. It is more suitable for use as a top dressing than anhydrous ammonia, but its main disadvantage is the low concentration of nitrogen.

UAN - carbamide-ammonia mixture. These are ammonium nitrate and carbamide (urea) dissolved in water. The nitrogen content is from 28 to 32%. The cost of these types is much lower, since there are no expensive evaporation, granulation, etc. procedures. The solutions contain almost no ammonia, so they can be freely transported and applied to plants by spraying or watering. They are widely used due to their relatively low cost, ease of transportation and storage, and versatility of use.

Ammonia. Chemical composition- dissolved in ammonia ammonium and calcium nitrate, urea, etc. Nitrogen concentration - 30-50%. In terms of effectiveness, they are comparable to solid forms, but significant disadvantage is the difficulty of transportation and storage - in sealed aluminum containers low pressure.

organic fertilizers

Various types of organic matter also contain nitrogen, which is used to feed plants. Its concentrations are small, for example:

• manure - 0.1–1%;
• bird droppings - 1-1.25%;
• compost based on peat and food waste - up to 1.5%;
• green mass of plants - 1-1.2%;
• sludge mass - 1.7-2.5%.

Experts believe that the use of personal plot organic matter alone does not give the desired effect, and sometimes it can harm the composition of the soil. Therefore, it is preferable to use all types nitrogen fertilizers.

How to use nitrogen fertilizers

It should be remembered that these are chemically active substances that can cause severe poisoning if they enter the human body. That is why you should strictly adhere to the recommendations on dosage and frequency of top dressing.

Each package contains full information and instructions for use, they must be carefully studied before processing the beds.

When working with chemicals, use individual funds protection - gloves, goggles and suits to protect the skin and mucous membranes. When working with liquid forms fertilizer, you must use a mask or respirator to protect the respiratory tract.

Special attention it is necessary to devote attention to the storage of fertilizers and in no case use them after the expiration of the guaranteed shelf life and expiration date. Under all conditions, there will be no unpleasant consequences from the use of nitrogen fertilizers.

Thus, nitrogen fertilizers and their use in the household plot can multiply the yield of crops, increase their resistance to diseases and pests, as well as restore the structure and fertility of the soil.

Mineral fertilizers are characterized by a high concentration of nutrients and in some cases are indispensable. It is important to apply them small quantities while monitoring soil nutrient levels. In this case mineral fertilizers will not be able to cause significant harm to the ecology of the garden.

The chemical industry produces mineral fertilizers in various forms, therefore, depending on the complexity of the composition, they are divided into simple (one-sided) and complex (complex). In addition, there are microfertilizers containing trace elements that plants use in limited quantities, but cannot completely do without them.

Simple mineral fertilizers have differences in active ingredients, i.e. the amount of the main nutrient in its composition. Therefore, simple mineral fertilizers, in turn, are divided into nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.

potash fertilizers

Potash fertilizers help plants gain resistance to adverse weather factors and extreme lack of moisture, increase their cold resistance and activate resistance to various diseases.

Potassium sulfate (potassium sulfate)

The best potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate (potassium sulphate), which does not contain chlorine and is highly soluble in water. The level of potassium in its composition reaches 45%.

Potassium sulphate can be used as a basic fertilizer by applying it under spring processing soil, or as top dressing.

Potassium chloride

It is a saturated potash fertilizer, since the potassium content reaches 63%. Chlorine, which is present in the composition of the fertilizer, dissolves well in water and enters the soil in an exchangeable form, which is easily available to plants, and therefore is well absorbed. During long-term storage, potassium chloride strongly cakes.

Potassium salts

This species is classified as a potent potash fertilizer, since it contains up to 40% potassium. But the composition of salts contains much more chlorine than potassium chloride and potassium magnesia.

Potassium salts are suitable for many vegetable crops, but care must be taken when growing chlorine-sensitive crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers or potatoes. In this case, potassium salts are best applied under autumn processing soil, and the rest of the time it is used very limitedly.

In some cases, gardeners use the following potash fertilizers: kainite (11% potassium), carnallite (13% potassium), ground sulvinite (22% potassium) and potash (55% potassium).

Phosphate fertilizers

Phosphorus fertilizers contribute to the rapid maturation of the crop, which is explained by the property of phosphorus to shorten the growing season, which is necessary for plants for the normal development of the root system.

Superphosphate

This most popular phosphate fertilizer contains up to 21% phosphorus, as well as gypsum, which serves as a source of sulfur for crops that need it. It dissolves well in water and soil and can be used as the main fertilizer for all types of vegetable crops, as well as top dressing (20 g per 1 m 2).

Superphosphate gives a good effect when applied to the furrows during seed sowing.

Double superphosphate

Fertilizer is different high content(up to 50%) phosphoric acid in a form available to plants for absorption. However, this fertilizer does not contain gypsum.

Double superphosphate is used similarly to superphosphate.

Precipitate

This species is also characterized by a high content (up to 40%) of phosphoric acid in a form available to plants for assimilation.

❧ Indicator plants help the gardener determine the depth of groundwater. In areas with a close occurrence of groundwater, oak, willow, gray and black alder, goose cinquefoil, coltsfoot grow well, but cherries and apple trees feel bad.

Phosphorite flour, or ground phosphorite

The fertilizer has a long-term effect and contains up to 20% phosphoric acid in a form available to plants. However, it is a sparingly soluble form of phosphate fertilizers.

The action of phosphate rock is enhanced in combination with acidic nitric and potash fertilizers, but should not be mixed with alkaline fertilizers. A good effect is the addition of phosphate rock to composts.

nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen mineral fertilizers contribute to the intensive growth of leaves and other vegetative parts of plants. With their help, you can increase the green leafy mass.

Urea

Gardeners use urea (carbamide) fertilizer more often than others. The fact is that urea contains up to 46% nitrogen, is very hygroscopic, dissolves well in water and soil, and plants absorb it easily and quickly. It is better to purchase granular fertilizer, as it does not cake.

Carbamide can be applied as the main fertilizer for spring digging of the soil, as well as outside root dressing. For feeding in the fall, a solution is prepared with a concentration of 4-5%, in the spring - 1%.

Ammonium nitrate

The main nitrogen fertilizer is characterized by a nitrogen content of up to 35%. Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate) is very hygroscopic, easily soluble in water and soil, quickly absorbed by plants.

Ammonium nitrate can be applied in the spring to the soil for digging as the main fertilizer and raked or used as top dressing. Ammonium nitrate is most often produced in granular form.

Ammonium sulfate

This valuable nitrogen fertilizer with a nitrogen content of up to 21% dissolves well in water, binds in the soil at normal moisture levels and is slightly washed out by water from the soil composition.

The disadvantages of ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulphate) include its ability to cake during storage.

calcium nitrate

Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate) is characterized by a nitrogen content of up to 17%, high hygroscopicity and excellent solubility in water and soil.

Calcium nitrate is quickly absorbed by plants, while the best effect is the use of fertilizer as a liquid top dressing. To prepare the solution, you need to dilute 100 g of saltpeter in 10 liters of water, this amount is enough to feed 1 m 2 of plantings.

Fertilizer is produced in granular form, and since it tends to cake, it is best to store it in airtight packaging.

sodium nitrate

Sodium nitrate (sodium nitrate, sodium nitrate) is a hygroscopic fertilizer containing up to 16.5% nitrogen and 26% sodium, it dissolves well in water and soil with a sufficient level of moisture.

Sodium nitrate can be applied as the main fertilizer for spring tillage at the rate of 50 g per 1 m2, used as top dressing in dry form (20 g per 1 m2) or as a solution. Liquid top dressing is prepared in a ratio of 20 g per 1 liter of water, which is calculated for application per 1 m 2 of soil.

Sodium nitrate is best used in a mixture with superphosphate, since in this case it can be applied under all vegetable crops. The disadvantages of sodium nitrate include its property of caking during storage.

Magnesium and iron fertilizers

Magnesium is an element necessary for the formation of chlorophyll. Of the magnesium fertilizers, dolomite (21% magnesium oxide), magnesium sulfate (16% magnesium oxide) and boron-magnesium waste containing 1-2% boron and 13-14% magnesium oxide are noteworthy.

When applying such potash fertilizers as Kalimag and Kalimagneziya, there is a simultaneous enrichment of the soil with both potassium and magnesium.

Most often, magnesium is applied during soil liming, using magnesium-containing fertilizers, which helps to increase yields. It is best to carry out such activities during the autumn digging of the soil, as this will provide the plants with magnesium for a long time.

Iron is necessary for plants to form chlorophyll, as well as to support other vital important processes. Especially those crops that take it out of the soil in large volumes need it: cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, beets, radishes, dill, spinach.

Plants are usually satisfied with the natural content of iron in the soil in the form of various salts. Especially ferruginous fertilizers are rarely used, mainly for foliar top dressing with obvious manifestations of iron deficiency (necrosis) on the leaves.

Dolomite flour

The substance is a lime fertilizer that neutralizes soil acidity and contains up to 56% calcium and 42% magnesium in the form of carbonates. As impurities in dolomite flour, there are a number of trace elements, as well as sand and clay (1.5-4%).

In spring, dolomite flour can be applied to the soil at least 3 weeks before sowing or planting crops in open ground or a greenhouse. This period of time is especially important to observe if manure has previously been applied to the soil.

Kalimagnesia

Kalimagnesia (potassium-magnesium sulfate) contains up to 30% potassium, a small amount of chlorine, magnesium and sulfur and is highly soluble in water, therefore it is easily absorbed by soil and plants. It can be used as a basic fertilizer.

Kieserite

Kieserite (magnesium sulfate) is a valuable source of magnesium and sulfur for agricultural crops, it is a water-soluble fertilizer.

Magnesium sulfate contains sodium, chlorine, iron and manganese as impurities. This is a highly effective agent, the application rate of which is half that of magnesium sulfate.

Magnesium-ammopium-phosphate

The substance is a three-component compound fertilizer that contains 10-11% nitrogen, 39-40% phosphorus and 15-16% magnesium. All the main elements of the fertilizer are available to plants, but it can be classified as a slow-acting and poorly soluble in water means.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate can be applied as the main fertilizer for all vegetable crops in large doses without harm to plants. However, it gives a greater effect when growing vegetables in protected ground conditions.

magnesium nitrate

This fully water-soluble fertilizer is suitable for puff feeding in greenhouses and open fields, meeting the needs of plants in magnesium during the growing season. The application rate of this fertilizer differs depending on the crops being fed and is 1 tsp. for 10 liters of water for potatoes and root crops, 0.5 tsp. per 10 liters of water for vegetable crops.

Epsomite, or magnesium sulfate

Novofert

A water-soluble fertilizer containing the main nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and excluding chlorine. Novofert contains a balanced complex of trace elements: copper, iron, cobalt, zinc, boron and molybdenum.

The fertilizer, which dissolves well in water, is easily absorbed by plants, but is not absorbed by the soil, so it can be used through foliar top dressing, drip irrigation or processing of planting material.

Novofert should not be used in hot sunny weather and should be kept as far away from direct sunlight as possible.

❧ Plants-indicators will help the gardener to determine the degree of soil acidity in the area. On soils with increased level acidity, marsh marigold, buttercups, meadow core, European septenaria grow, but legumes do not take root here.

Complex fertilizers

Complex fertilizers contain two or three nutrients at once in the composition of one chemical compound. They are obtained in the process of chemical interaction of the initial components, so they are double, such as nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium or phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, or triple, like nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. By production method complex fertilizers are complex, complex-mixed, or combined and mixed.

Compound fertilizers usually contain two or three nutrients. So, ammophos contains nitrogen and phosphorus, and potassium nitrate contains nitrogen and potassium. The ratio between nutrients in complex fertilizers is determined by their formula.

Mixed fertilizers are mixtures of simple fertilizers that are obtained at the factory or at the place of their use using fertilizer mixing plants.

Complex-mixed, or combined fertilizers are obtained in the course of a single technological process by special chemical and physical processing of primary raw materials or various one- and two-component fertilizers. Each compound fertilizer granule contains the same two or three basic plant nutrients, but in the form of different chemical compounds. Complex fertilizers include: nitrophos and nitrophoska, nitroammophos and nitroammophoska, ammonium and potassium polyphosphates, carboammophos, phosphorus-potassium pressed fertilizers, liquid complex fertilizers.

The ratio between the nutrients in these fertilizers is determined by the amount of materials that were involved in their production. They are distinguished by a high concentration of essential nutrients. In addition, ballast substances in them are either completely absent or present in a very small volume.

In the specialized market, complex fertilizers are mainly represented by the following forms:

Double nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers (ammophos, nitroammophos and nitrophos);

Double phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (potassium phosphates);

Triple complex fertilizers (ammofoska, nitroammofoska and nitrofoska).

Ammophos

Granular concentrated complex phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer, which contains nitrogen and phosphorus in the ratio of 12: 52. The nutrients included in its composition are presented mainly in a water-soluble form, which is easily absorbed by plants.

Ammophos is beneficial in that 1 kg of this fertilizer can simultaneously replace 2.5 kg of simple superphosphate and 0.35 kg ammonium nitrate. It can be applied when sowing as the main fertilizer for all vegetable crops and potatoes. At the same time, it almost does not absorb moisture from the air, so it is well sown and does not cake.

The disadvantage of this fertilizer is that the nitrogen content in it is much less than phosphorus, although in practice they are usually applied in equal doses, so you have to add right amount unilateral nitrogen fertilizer.

Diammophos

Compound phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer containing 20-21% nitrogen and 51-53% phosphorus. The effectiveness of this substance is higher than that of ammophos, therefore, when using it, it is not necessary to add additional nitrogen.

Diammophos dissolves well in water, does not contain ballast substances, therefore it does not impair soil properties, although it slightly acidifies it. The fertilizer does not cake during storage.

Nitrophos and nitrophoska

Double and triple fertilizers obtained by processing apatite or phosphorite. By adding various components, carbonate nitrophoska and phosphorus nitrophoska are obtained.

In nitrophoska, nitrogen and potassium are present in the form of easily soluble compounds. Phosphorus can be contained both in a water-insoluble form, but available to plants, and partially in a water-soluble form (up to 59%). This ratio may vary depending on the technological scheme of production.

Nitrophoska can be applied as the main fertilizer before sowing, in rows or holes during sowing, as well as top dressing.

Azofoska

Azofoska, or nitroammophoska, is a granular, highly effective complete mineral fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in an easily digestible form in a ratio of 16: 16: 16. This three-component fertilizer provides a significant increase in yield, with its use there is no need to add additional substances. In addition, it is good because it is not hygroscopic, non-toxic and non-explosive, has 100% friability and does not cake during long-term storage.

Azofoska can be used for all crops as the main fertilizer or as a top dressing.

Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer 13:19:19

Universal granular compound fertilizer does not contain nitrates and can be used for any crops, as its nutrients are well absorbed by plants.

Fertilizer has a good effect on plant growth in initial period development, rooting of seedlings when planting in the ground, increases the resistance of crops to short frosts and lack of moisture, reduces the accumulation of nitrates in fruits and vegetables, and prolongs the shelf life.

It can be used as the main fertilizer when digging in spring or autumn and before sowing by applying to rows, furrows or holes, as well as for top dressing in dry and liquid form.

diammofoska

Diammofoska (DAFC) is a highly effective concentrated granular fertilizer containing three main nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and macronutrients such as sulfur, magnesium and calcium. In addition, in small quantities, it also contains other trace elements (salts of copper, zinc, manganese, iron and silicon), which increase the agrochemical value of the fertilizer.

Diammofoska can be used to fertilize vineyards and fruit plantations. Greatest Benefit this fertilizer brings with a local (tape) method of application.

Fertilizers containing trace elements

Microfertilizers are fertilizers containing small amounts of boron, copper, molybdenum, zinc and other trace elements.

The need of plants for trace elements increases with increasing doses. organic and mineral fertilizers. For example, when a large amount of phosphate fertilizers is applied, the need for zinc increases in plants, and when potash fertilizers are applied, the need for boron increases.

To replenish microelements in the soil, various types of microfertilizers are used, which are produced in the form of powders, granules and tablets. They are included as needed. mixed fertilizers, applied together with foliar top dressing and used for pre-sowing treatment seeds.

Boric

This group is represented primarily by boron superphosphate containing 20% ​​phosphorus and 0.2% boron, boron-magnesium waste (1-2% boron and 13-14% magnesium oxide) and boric acid (17.1-17. 3% boron).

Boric superphosphate is usually applied in the spring for pre-sowing plowing at a rate of 300-350 g per 10 m2. Boric acid in the form of a 0.02-0.04% solution is used for pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding of plants.

Copper

If necessary, pyrite cinders containing about 0.2-0.3% copper are used to feed plants. For pre-sowing treatment of seeds and foliar dressings, a 0.02-0.05% solution of copper sulfate is used.

❧ Plants such as stinging nettle, hazel, raspberry, black currant grow well on slightly acidic soil. If solonchak aster, warty quinoa, crescent alfalfa, coltsfoot or wormwood feel good on the site, then this indicates alkaline soils.

molybdenum

Contribute to the increase in yield, increase in the content in different parts plant proteins, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and vitamins. Molybdenum superphosphate containing 0.1-0.2% molybdenum can be applied as a main fertilizer or as top dressing in rows.

manganese

Manganese is involved in plant respiration and photosynthesis, therefore, manganese fertilizers are necessary for plants to normalize redox processes. For this purpose, manganese sludge (9-15% manganese) and manganese superphosphate (2-3% manganese) are used, which are suitable for basic and row application to the soil, while seed treatment and foliar top dressing are carried out using manganese sulfate (21-22 % manganese), on the basis of which a 0.01-0.05% aqueous solution is prepared.

Zinc

This group, which is also necessary for plants to normalize redox processes, is represented by zinc sulfate (25% zinc). For foliar feeding of plants, a 0.01-0.02% aqueous solution of zinc sulfate is prepared, and for pre-sowing seed treatment, a 0.05-0.1% aqueous solution is prepared.

Not all gardeners can boast of the presence of organic raw materials in the form of manure, litter. Not everyone has time to prepare compost and green manure.

People living in a private house, having a large farm in the form of animals and birds, as well as a large land plot– can afford to keep a source of organic fertilizer and at the same time grow vegetables and fruits.

All the rest, who occasionally travel out of town, can use mineral fertilizers - their types allow you to choose mixtures for each type of soil and for crops separately.

Mineral fertilizers are top dressings in the form of salts not organic origin. They are also called chemical fertilizers. The source is natural minerals that are mined industrial way, as well as substances obtained artificially.

Mineral fertilizers are a good substitute for organics

There are one-component, two-component, three-component and multi-component compositions of mineral fertilizers. This means that the composition includes 1, 2, 3 or more components, the main of which are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Auxiliary - calcium, sulfur, magnesium, boron and other trace elements, necessary for plants for growth.

Advantages of mineral mixtures:

• are cheaper;
• easier to get;
• small doses are used;
• can be selected for specific plants and soil types.

The effect of the use of mineral fertilizers is no different from the effect of organic matter, but when using mineral dressings, it is necessary to strictly observe the dosages of the substance, that is, to be guided by the gardener's golden rule: it is better to underfeed a little than to overfeed and destroy the plant.

Types and characteristics of mineral fertilizers

The types can be classified as follows:

• nitrogen containing one component - nitrogen;
• potassium, consisting of potassium salts and microadditives;
• phosphoric are salts of phosphoric acid or natural minerals;
• mixtures having an equal composition of active substances or other proportions.

Video: Distinctive features and methods of applying mineral fertilizers

Most often, types of mineral fertilizers are used that have a complete composition - nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, since this eliminates the need to calculate how much and what is needed for a specific piece of land. Each type of mineral fertilizer corresponds to the type of soil on which the additives will be most effective.

Potash

Potash types of fertilizers contain a large amount of potassium salts, other additives may be present in microdoses. Such mono-fertilizers are recommended for all types of soils, but especially for sandy and sandy loam. Potassium salts are mined industrially from natural minerals - carnallite and sylvinite.

There are two varieties - potassium chloride and sulfate. Chloride must be applied to the soil in the fall so that chlorine harmful to plants disappears during the winter. Such a mineral fertilizer is not suitable for spring application. Potassium sulphate is suitable for all plants and can be used at any time of the year.

Phosphoric

The main mineral for fertilizers is phosphorus, isolated from natural phosphorites and apatites. There are many types of phosphorus compounds that are used in complex mixtures:

• superphosphates and double superphosphates - soluble in water;
• precipitate - dissolves in a weak acid solution;
• metaphosphate is an insoluble or sparingly soluble compound;
• tomasshlak - acid is needed for dissolution;
• ammophos and diammophos are substances that are sparingly soluble in water.

Phosphate fertilizers are varied and suitable for all types of soil

Water-soluble substances are suitable for all types of soils and plants. Semi-soluble and sparingly soluble have an advantage on acidic soils - there their action is stronger.

In order for phosphate mineral fertilizers to be well absorbed by plants, the soil must be saturated with potassium and nitrogen.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen types of fertilizers, their classification:

• nitrate forms - calcium or sodium nitrate;
• ammonia form - ammonia water;
• ammonium - sulfate or ammonium chloride;
• ammonium nitrate - ammonium nitrate;
• the amide form is urea.

Nitrogen substances, which also belong to mineral fertilizers, form the basis of plant nutrition, contribute to the set of green mass. Without sufficient nitrogen supply, the leaves are yellowish or pale green. The efficiency of nitrogen increases if the soil is well fertilized with phosphorus and potassium.

Video: How to properly feed plants with nitrogen

Nitrogen is often included in the composition of mineral fertilizers, which are called complex. In such mixtures, the amount of nutrients is maximally balanced.

Complex mixtures

Complex mineral fertilizers are obtained in various ways - chemical reaction by mixing simple components. The concentration of active substances is very high, so the consumption of fertilizers is small. For different types of soil, you can choose the appropriate mixture for the optimal balance of nutrients.

What is a complex mineral fertilizer - these are mixtures that contain 2 or more kinds of salts. Distinguish:

• nitrogen-phosphorus mixtures;
• potassium-nitrogen;
• nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compounds.

When applying to the soil, you need to know the needs of garden crops. If necessary, you can adjust the mixture yourself, adding those substances that you need more. But with a rich choice of names and compositions of fertilizers for plants, this is not required.

Complex mineral mixtures should be applied in spring or summer, since active nitrogen loses its qualities during the winter and it will be necessary to re-fertilize the land with nitrogen fertilizer

Two-component

Apply in the spring, as the composition includes nitrogen, which is most effective in plant growth. The need for this type of fertilizer is determined by the type of soil. If the plants are constantly lacking in potassium, it is recommended to feed them with nitrogen-potassium mixtures several times during the growing season. If phosphorus is washed out of the soil, then nitrogen-phosphorus.

The names of complex mineral fertilizers that can be found in gardening stores are: potassium nitrate, ammophos, ammophosphate, nitroammophoska, diammophos, nitrophoska.

Potassium nitrate contains two components - potassium and nitrogen

Some fertilizers that have a low percentage of nitrogen and consist mainly of phosphates can be applied in the fall.

Three-component

Mixtures, which are also called complete mineral fertilizers. All three necessary element- nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, are in it in equal proportions, or some components are more, some are less. It is necessary to focus on the needs of plants.

Complete mineral fertilizer, which includes all macronutrients, can fertilize absolutely all soils and garden crops. It is possible to combine types of organic and mineral fertilizers in one area, introducing minerals in the fall, organics in the spring, while reducing the dosage of minerals by 2-3 times.

Names: azofoska, ammophoska, nitrophoska, diammofoska.

Multicomponent

Multi-component nutrient mixtures consist of the main elements and microfertilizers: calcium, boron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese and others. On poor soils, such compounds are indispensable - they protect plants from diseases and allow you to get good harvest annually.

Microadditives should be considered as additional support for various types soils. For example:

• zinc - for alkaline soils;
• copper - on swampy soils and peat bogs;
• manganese - for chernozem regions with an alkaline soil reaction;
• boron - on sandy soils;
• molybdenum - for acidic soils.

Multicomponent formulations contain trace elements in addition to the main elements

Knowing the characteristics of the soil in your area, you can optimally select a multi-component mixture and use it throughout the entire period of growth and fruiting of crops.

Trace elements (microfertilizers)

Microfertilizers can be found not only in multicomponent fertilizers. One and two-component substances, complex microfertilizers are on sale.

Trace elements are consumed by plants in small amounts. They are used both for root application and for foliar top dressing - by spraying. In this way, the deficiency of a certain element can be quickly eliminated.

Microfertilizers can be used both for foliar top dressing and added under the root.

What can be found on sale from complex microfertilizers:

• Reacom;
• Master;
• Oracle;
• Sizam.

This type of top dressing is sold in liquid and dry form, which must be diluted with water to the desired concentration, which is described in detail in the instructions.

The effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil

Many gardeners are afraid to use mineral fertilizers because of the popular legend about the dangers of nitrates. Similar stories are told by people who violated the instructions. There is an assertion that poison differs from medicine only in dosage - the same can be said about mineral fertilizers.

There are several rules, subject to which safety for human health is guaranteed.

1. Do not exceed manufacturer's recommended dosages. If there is a need to mix several types of mineral fertilizers, then it is better to take a minimum of both. In case of deficiency, you can always make a weak solution of fertilizer and apply to the leaves.
2. 2 weeks before the removal of the fruits, feeding with mineral mixtures must be stopped.
3. Overdue mineral complexes do not use.

Healthy soil without an excess of nitrates is the result of using mineral mixtures strictly according to the instructions.

It is worth knowing that excess dosages have a bad effect on the plant itself - the roots can burn out if fertilizers are applied incorrectly. Moreover, this applies equally to both minerals and organic matter. You can disrupt the growth and destroy the plant by using top dressing according to the principle: the more, the better.

It is not recommended to use acidic mineral fertilizers without periodic liming. This can adversely affect plants - the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil will decrease, which will lead to a decrease in the humus part.

This happens because the microflora also needs minerals for nutrition, therefore, if their amount is not exceeded, then it will be enough to feed both plants and microorganisms.

Acid mineral dressings are carried out along with liming

In the case of naturally high soil acidity, it is necessary to use organic matter that shifts the pH towards alkalinity. As an option - alternate mineral and organic complexes. For example, wood ash, bone meal, which can also be bought at the store.

The balance should be observed if the soil has a neutral or alkaline reaction. On such soils, you can safely use mineral fertilizers with an acidic reaction.

Mineral fertilizers (tuks) are the source of plant nutrition and soil fertility. They are used not only by summer residents and gardeners, but also by owners of farmland to obtain a rich harvest, enrich the soil and feed plants. In this article we will talk about the types, composition and methods of applying mineral fertilizers.

Types, composition, application of mineral fertilizers

Depending on their composition, mineral fertilizers are divided into two main types: simple and complex. Simple ones contain only one component, while complex ones have 2 or more. In terms of efficiency, complex fertilizers have an advantage over simple ones. Their advantage is associated not only with the characteristics of different acidity and the presence of substances in the soil, but also with the ease and simplicity of application (it is not necessary to independently determine the characteristics of the soil).

Simple fertilizers (single-sided)

Simple (another name is one-sided) fertilizers contain one nutrient.

Urea (urea)

• the most concentrated nitrogen fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen. Low hygroscopic, soluble in water. It is used when embedding into the soil and for non-root top dressing. With surface application, nitrogen losses reach 20%. Acidifies the soil. Urea cannot be mixed with lime, superphosphate.

Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate)

• contains 34-35% nitrogen in ammonium and nitrate forms. It is hygroscopic, dissolves well in water, acidifies the soil, therefore it is applied on limed soils. It can be mixed with potassium salts and before being applied with superphosphate, it is not mixed with lime and manure.

Ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulphate)

• contains 20% nitrogen, is highly soluble in water, strongly acidifies the soil, therefore, it is applied on limed soils or in combination (not in a mixture) with lime or phosphate rock. Ammonium sulfate is well retained in the soil, unlike other nitrogen fertilizers, it is most effective when the soil is strongly moistened.

sodium nitrate

• contains 16% nitrogen, alkaline fertilizer, used on acidic, non-calcified soils. Easily soluble in water. It is possible to mix with superphosphate and fertilizers only before entering into the soil.

Calcium nitrate (calcium nitrate, calcium nitrate)

• contains 15% nitrogen, alkalizes the soil. It is very hygroscopic, so store it in a package in a dry place. Highly soluble in water; do not mix with superphosphate.

Nitrogen

• it moves well in the soil in depth and along the radius from the point of application to 40 cm. Nitrogen enters plants in the form of nitrates and ammonia. Soil acidity plays a major role in the assimilation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen by plants. Ammonia (urea, ammonium sulfate) is the best source of nitrogen in neutral soils, and nitrates (sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate) in acidic soils. Without the application of nitrogen fertilizers, the amount of nitrogen in the soil is rarely sufficient.

Ammonia

• reduces the intake of potassium into the plant and increases the intake of phosphorus, therefore, with the systematic application of fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulfate, it is necessary to apply a sufficient amount of potassium fertilizers. Excess nitrogen is harmful not only to plants: being washed out of the soil, it penetrates into ground water by polluting them.

Superphosphate powder

• contains plant-assimilable phosphorus oxide 20%, water-soluble. It does not acidify the soil, quickly binds to the soil and slowly turns into an inaccessible form. Suitable for all soils, it works better on acidic soils after liming. Superphosphate can be mixed with nitrogen and potash fertilizers only before being applied to the soil; they are not mixed with lime.

Superphosphate granulated

• contains phosphorus oxide up to 22%, binds to the soil less quickly than powder.

Double superphosphate (granular)

• contains 42-49% soluble phosphorus oxide.

Phosphorite flour

• crushed natural phosphorites, contains 14-30% soluble phosphorus oxide. Does not dissolve in water. Weakens acidity, effective on acidic soils, it is not used on carbonate soils. It is not mixed with lime and manure, it is mixed with other fertilizers only before being applied to the soil. Submit under autumn digging, efficiency increases with simultaneous application with potash fertilizers. Used for composting.
• With the systematic introduction of high doses of phosphate fertilizers, the need for microfertilizers increases. Phosphorus moves poorly in the soil, so it can accumulate over time. In this regard, the introduction of phosphorus fertilizers can be periodically (not every year) in high doses.

Potassium chloride

• the main concentrated potash fertilizer containing 53-60% potassium oxide. It is low hygroscopic, contains chlorine, which, when applied in autumn, is washed out into the deep layers and does not harm plants. Leaching of chlorine occurs in conjunction with calcium, the loss of calcium in the soil can be compensated by the introduction of superphosphate.

Potassium salt

• a mixture of potassium chloride with sylvinite and kainite is similar in properties to potassium chloride, but contains more chlorine and sodium. Digestible potassium oxide is 40%.
• Chlorine-containing fertilizers should not be used for raspberries, currants, strawberries, gooseberries, as these crops are sensitive to chlorine and high doses of it in the soil reduce productivity.

Potassium carbonate (potash)

• contains 55-60% potassium oxide, does not contain chlorine, a good source of potassium for plants sensitive to chlorine. Apply on acidic soil types.

Potassium-magnesium concentrate (kalimag)

• contains 19% potassium oxide and 9% magnesium, non-hygroscopic, non-caking. Recommended for light soils.

Potassium-magnesium sulfate (potassium magnesia)

• chlorine-free fertilizer, contains 30% potassium oxide and 10% magnesium oxide, recommended for use on light soils poor in magnesium.

Potassium saltpeter

• does not contain chlorine, it contains 44% potassium oxide and 14% nitrogen, it is recommended for application in the spring due to the content of easily soluble nitrogen.

Dolomite flour

• contains 20% magnesium and 28% potassium, applied primarily on light soils as a magnesium fertilizer and as a calcareous material.

Magnesium sulfate

• contains 16% magnesium, it is highly soluble in water, it passes into the exchange state in the soil. Good results gives spraying after flowering trees 2-3 times at intervals of 10 days with a 1-2% solution of magnesium sulfate (200-250g / 10l of water).

Complex fertilizers (multilateral)

Complex fertilizers are called fertilizers containing 2 or 3 main nutrients. They may also include manganese, magnesium and trace elements. They are divided into double (phosphorus-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-potassium) and triple nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium.

Compound

Fertilizer	Approximate nitrogen content,%	Approximate phosphorus content,%	Approximate potassium content,%
Ammophos	10-12	40-50	—
Diammophos	19	49	—
Nitroammophos	16-25	20-24	—
Nitroammophoska	14-16	14-16	16-18
Nitrophos	24	14-17	—
Nitrophoska	11-17	9-17	10-17
Carboammophos	19-32	16-29	—
Carboammophoska	14-24	12-21	10-17

The labels accompanying each package of fertilizers indicate the content of the elements in them. Fertilizers that do not contain potassium (ammophos, diammophos, etc.) are used on soils rich in potassium. They are characterized by high solubility of the phosphorus component. Three-component fertilizers contain all three nutrients in different ratios.

For example, in nitrophoska, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be as follows:

• 1:1:1;
• 1:1,5:1;
• 1:1,5:1,5;
• 1:2:1, etc.

In their effect, these fertilizers can be superior to mixtures of simple fertilizers.

Fertilizer mixtures are produced by the industry for fertilizing the soil in gardens. Mixtures are prepared from different forms of mineral fertilizers with different compositions of the main nutrients and the addition of microelements. Mixtures of three grades are produced depending on the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in them:

• garden - 1: 1.6: 1.5;
• fruit and berry - 1:1.6:1.25;
• flower - 1:1.5:1.

Such fertilizers are used in the spring and summer.

It should be noted that for all fertilizers attached detailed instructions, we emphasize general rules that are important to keep in mind while working.

• Do not dilute fertilizers in dishes that are used for cooking.
• It is most safe to store fertilizers in vacuum packaging, which will further increase the shelf life.
• If the fertilizers are caked, grind them before applying, passing through a 3-5 mm sieve.
• When applying, do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended dosage.
• If top dressing is carried out through the soil, the solution should not fall on the vegetative mass of the fertilized crop. Alternatively, spray the plants with water after feeding.
• Fertilizers in dry form, as well as nitrogen-containing and potash fertilizers, immediately close up in upper layer soil. Not very deep so that they are available to the root system.
• Wet the beds before applying mineral fertilizers to the soil. This will soften the concentrate.
• For best results, apply phosphorus and potash fertilizers to nitrogen-depleted soil only in combination with this element.
• For clay soil increase the dose of applied fertilizers. From phosphorus, we recommend superphosphate.
• For sandy - reduce the amount of fertilizer, but increase the amount of top dressing. Any phosphate fertilizer is better suited.
• In central Russia, abundant in precipitation, apply 30% of the main fertilizer in the process of sowing seeds or planting seedlings in the soil in planting holes and grooves. To prevent root burns, mix well with soil.
• To increase soil fertility, alternate mineral and organic top dressings.
• If the plants in the beds have grown too large, use foliar top dressing(for leaves). In fruit and berry plants, spend it in spring on young, formed foliage.
• Carry out root dressing with potash fertilizers in the fall, planting them to a depth of 8-10 cm.
• If you apply as the main mineral fertilizers, scatter them on the ground with subsequent embedding in the soil.
• The most effective way is to apply mineral and organic fertilizers together. At the same time, reduce the dose of mineral by 30%.
• The most practical of fertilizers are granular. They are brought in for autumn digging.

Interesting on the topic

The centuries-old practice of applying fertilizers has proven beneficial effect them to the soil, improving the taste of the crop and restoring an environment in the soil that is favorable for plant growth. Many centuries ago, the only fertilizer was manure, which is still successfully used in the agricultural sector today. But technology has stepped forward and now various types are available in stock. Consider the classification of fertilizers, recommendations for their use.

All fertilizers, according to differences in their origin, are divided into the following groups:

• mineral;
• organic.

Organic and mineral groups of fertilizers each have their own subgroups and are divided according to the composition of active substances.

All fertilizers can be divided into 2 groups - organic and mineral

Classification of mineral fertilizers, their application

Mineral fertilizers are products industrial production. Such fertilizers do not contain a carbon base and are chemical components of an inorganic nature. Fertilizers of this type contain mineral compounds: salts, acids, oxides and others.

Mineral fertilizers as a type are divided into:

• phosphoric;
• nitrogen;
• potassium;
• microfertilizers;
• complex fertilizers.

They assist in the assimilation of carbon dioxide by plants and in the movement of hydrocarbons, increase the resistance of crops to frost and drought. Common potash fertilizers were potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, potassium salt. Potassium sulphate does not contain magnesium, sodium, chlorine harmful to plants. Potassium chloride is added to the soil in the fall during digging. Potassium sulfate is ideal for fertilizing cucumbers. Potassium salt is an excellent top dressing for all varieties berry crops, is added to the soil before autumn plowing.

Potash fertilizers improve the quality and taste characteristics of horticultural crops

They are offered by the manufacturer in three subspecies: ammonia (in the form of ammonium sulfate), amide (), nitrate (ammonium nitrate). Nitrogen fertilizers are endowed with an excellent property - they quickly dissolve in liquids. Distinctive feature ammonium nitrate was its ability to favorably affect the soil that was not yet sufficiently warmed by the sun. Nitrogen fertilizers are able to quickly release the necessary amount of nitrogen for further germination of crops and at the same time retain beneficial properties due to interaction with oxygen in the air. Therefore, such fertilizers are applied to the soil at the end of winter or early spring.

Nitrogen fertilizers increase crop yields

Attention! With an increase in air temperature, amide nitrogen very quickly turns into ammonia.

Often used because of their favorable effect on the resistance of crops to drought and frost. Due to the low mobility of phosphorus, fertilizers are applied deep enough into the soil. Fertilizers of this group are divided into the following subgroups: water-soluble (simple and double superphosphate - for soils with a pronounced phosphorus deficiency), semi-soluble (precipitate), sparingly soluble (phosphate rock - for the resistance of plants on acidic soils to negative changes). Semi-soluble and sparingly soluble phosphate fertilizers are practically insoluble in water, but can dissolve in weak acids. Related to this is their main use for the enrichment of acidic soils. Water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers can be applied to soils of any kind.

Phosphate fertilizers have a positive effect on the development and fruiting of plants

Advice. Water-soluble phosphate fertilizers do not need to be planted deep into the soil, and sometimes it is even harmful, as it can lead to a decrease in the absorption of fertilizer by plants.

Microfertilizers- This is a type of mineral fertilizer in which there are necessary trace elements. Boron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper, and fertilizers containing iodine are widely used. The use of phosphorus, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, unfortunately, does not always give the desired result due to lack of soil chemical elements contained in living organisms in low concentrations and necessary for life support. Therefore, it is so important to replenish the reserves of microelements in the soil.

Complex fertilizers maintain soil fertility and strengthen plant immunity

Mineral complex fertilizers contain a list of useful components that maintain soil fertility and strengthen plant immunity. To increase fertility and improve palatability, the use of fertilizers of only one type is not enough. To do this, manufacturers offer to choose the optimal composition that will work as safely and efficiently as possible on a particular soil and for a particular type of plant. Complex mineral fertilizers are (equal parts of nitrogen and phosphorus), nitrophoska (sodium, phosphorus, potassium), ammophos (potassium, magnesium, phosphorus), diammophos (potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, additional elements for flora nutrition).

Classification of organic fertilizers, their application

Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are obtained in the process of natural natural processing of organic matter. This type of fertilizer contains a huge concentration of nutrients.

- the most affordable and popular fertilizer of organic origin. Efficiency tested for centuries. Solid and liquid excretions of livestock normalize the water regime of the soil and restore the lost fertility of the soil. Manure is diluted with water and fertilized plants during the growing season.

Compost is a source of beneficial trace elements for plants

- the result of the decomposition of organic debris (leaves, husks, fish bones, meat, etc.)

Advice. Prefabricated compost can be prepared at home using vegetable and potato tops, fallen leaves, weeds, weeded or mowed before the seeds ripen, and household organic garbage.

Humus is a decomposition product of manure. It has the highest concentration of organic substances useful for the soil and has the highest fertilizing properties and performance. Humus is a universal remedy and is used to fertilize all crops.

Poultry manure can be purchased in granules, it has a positive effect on crop yields

- bird waste. Suitable for any type of soil and has a colossal concentration of substances necessary for good yields. This type of fertilizer is more endowed useful properties than animal manure. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce it into the soil in smaller quantities.

Peat- compressed and rotted remains of animals and plants, maximally saturated with nitrogen. Used for soil enrichment and plant fertilization. Peat is often used to make compotes or loosening material. Peat is introduced into the soil during spring digging.

Peat is best used in combination with other fertilizers, it enhances their effect on plants.