Storage of timber in stacks. Proper storage of wood, how to store roundwood and timber

Introduction date 01.01.77

This standard applies to softwood roundwood and hardwood and establishes general requirements for the rules for their storage. Definitions of terms found in the standard are given in Appendix 1.

1. CLASSIFICATION

1.1. According to the resistance of wood species during storage to damage by insects, fungi and cracking, round timber is divided into following classes indicated in Table. one.

Table 1

resistance class

Resistance to:

insect damage

fungi

cracking
I - persistent Fir, beech, hornbeam, maple, alder, aspen, poplar, sycamore Fir, oak, elm, maple, sycamore, ash Spruce, pine, fir, cedar, alder, aspen, linden, poplar
II - unstable Spruce, pine, larch, cedar, oak, elm, ash, birch Spruce, pine, larch, cedar, birch, beech, hornbeam, alder, aspen, poplar, linden Larch, beech, hornbeam, elm, sycamore, maple, oak, ash, birch
(Revised edition, Rev. No. 4). 1.2. For the storage of round timber, the territory of the USSR, depending on the duration of the warm period of the year, is divided into four climatic zones (see Appendix 2). 1.3. Warehouses for storing round timber, depending on the location, are divided into types indicated in Table. 2.

table 2

Warehouse type

Warehouse subtype

Location
1st - upper warehouse Rotational Near logging roads of year-round or seasonal action. On a logging site or near a seasonal logging road
2nd - lower warehouse Railroad At the junction of the logging road to the railway common use
Coastal At the junction of the logging road to the waterway
3rd - enterprise warehouse Railroad At the public railway
Coastal By a public waterway
1.4. Types of stacking and protection measures for round timber, depending on the methods of storage used, are divided in accordance with Table. 3 .

Table 3

Storage method

Type of laying

Protective Measures
Wet
Shading, chemical protection measures in terms of spraying - according to GOST 9014.3-81, end coating, sprinkling, flooding
Dense laying with bark
In whips
Dry Ordinary laying with barking
Drying, end coating, shading
(Changed edition, Rev. No. 1, 2, 4).

2. METHODS OF STORAGE, TYPES OF STACKING AND PROTECTION MEASURES

2.1. wet way storage is used for round timber intended for sawing, peeling and planing, as well as longitude for the production of mine racks and balances. 2.1.1. Types of stacking and protection measures for timber conifers with a wet method of storage, depending on the duration of storage and the type of warehouse, they should be selected according to the table. 4. 2.1.2. Types of stacking and protection measures for hardwood round timber with a wet storage method, depending on the duration of storage and the type of warehouse, should be selected according to Table. five.

Table 4

Resistance class of wood to insect damage and fungal attack

Climate zone

Warehouse type

Type of installation and protection measures
Up to three months Dense laying with preservation of bark. In whips
Dense laying with preservation of the bark
Dense laying with preservation of the bark
the entire warm season Dense laying with preservation of bark. In whips
Dense laying with preservation of the bark
Dense laying with preservation of bark and chemical protection measures. Whip storage and chemical protection measures
Dense laying with bark retention, end capping and chemical protection measures or sprinkler or flooding. Whip storage and chemical protection measures
Dense laying with bark retention, end capping and chemical protection measures or sprinkler or flooding. Dense laying with debarking and chemical protection measures or sprinkler or flooding

Table 5

Duration of storage in the warm season

Resistance class of wood to insect and fungal attack

Climate zone

Warehouse type

Type of installation and protection measures
Up to three months
Dense laying with preservation of the bark
Dense laying with preservation of bark. In whips
Dense laying with preservation of the bark and shading
Dense laying with preservation of bark and covering of ends. In whips
Dense laying with preservation of bark and covering of ends
the entire warm season Dense laying with preservation of bark. In whips
Dense laying with preservation of the bark and shading
Dense laying with preservation of bark and shading. In whips
Dense laying with preservation of the bark and shading
Dense laying with bark retention, edge coating and chemical protection measures. Storage in whips, end coating and chemical protection measures
Dense laying with bark retention, end capping and chemical protection measures or sprinkler or flooding
Notes: 1. If it is necessary to store hardwood timber in the upper and lower warehouses with mole alloy, it is allowed to pre-dry the wood before storing it in a wet way. 2. Chemical protection of timber intended for rafting is not allowed. 2.1.1, 2.1.2 (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 2.1.3. The sprinkling mode is selected according to GOST 9014.1-78. 2.1.4. View protective coating ends and application mode are selected according to GOST 9014.2-79. 2.1.5. It is allowed not to apply protective coatings on the ends and sprinkling of timber resistant to cracking and fungal attack. 2.1.6. Types of chemical protection of timber are selected according to GOST 9014.3-81. 2.1.3-2.1.6. (Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 4). 2.2. The dry storage method is used for timber used in a round form (construction, mast, hydraulic construction logs, ore rack, balance sheets). 2.2.1. Types of stacking and protection measures for coniferous and hardwood timber during dry storage, depending on the duration of storage and type of warehouse, should be selected according to Table. 6.

Table 6

Duration of storage in the warm season

Wood species

Wood crack resistance class

Climate zone

Warehouse type

Type of installation and measure of protection
One or two periods Conifers Ordinary laying with barking
Deciduous Drying, layering with debarking and shading
Line laying with debarking and shading
Withering, row laying with debarking and end coating
Row laying with debarking and end coating
2.3. A brief technological description of the chemical protection measures used is given in Appendix 3.

3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WAREHOUSE LAYOUT AND STACKING

3.1. The territory of the warehouse before stacking round timber in piles must be cleared of bark, wood chips, old wood, debris, leveled and compacted. Reservoirs used for flooding timber must be cleared of bark and driftwood at least once a year. Reservoirs of fishery significance are prohibited from being used for flooding timber. 3.2. The layout of the warehouse territory, the location and stacking of stacks, the placement of transport and handling mechanisms must be carried out taking into account the requirements of this standard, fire regulations building design timber warehouses and relevant regulatory and technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner. 3.3. For each stack, a stacked base of logs-linings must be equipped. The height of the stacked base must be at least 15 cm when stored wet and at least 25 cm when stored dry. Its design is selected depending on the soil. On the soft soils under the lining logs, a continuous flooring of low-grade logs should be made. For underlay logs and flooring, round timber that is not affected by biological agents of destruction should be used. In large permanent warehouses, it is recommended to use precast concrete bases. 3.4. The dimensions of the stack depend on the mechanism used for stacking. To prevent spillage, the end parts of the stacks should be laid out taking into account the angle of natural scattering of logs. 3.5. Round timber is placed in the same pile, differing in length: for coniferous - no more than 1 m, for hardwood - 0.5 m. Timber must be stacked with butts and tops in different directions and aligned on one side of the pile. The ends of the timber should not protrude beyond the leveled surface by more than 0.5 m. 3.3-3.5. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 3.6. Round timber in ground warehouses with a wet storage method is stacked in dense, densely-row or pack piles (Fig. 1-3).

The intervals between stacks of coniferous timber should be no more than 1 m with a stack height of up to 8 m and no more than 1.5 m - with a higher stack height, for hardwood - no more than 0.6 m. 3.7. Round timber with a dry storage method is stacked in ordinary stacks (Fig. 4), short-sized timber (balance sheets, ore rack) are stacked in ordinary cage stacks (Fig. 5) or in sparse package stacks (Fig. 6a) from cylindrical packages formed with using strapping (cable, wire). It is allowed to stack short-length timber in dense woodpile (Fig. 6).

The intervals between stacks and woodpile should not be less than their height. The intervals between stacks-cages should be: in a row - at least 0.5 m, between rows - at least 1 m. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 1). 3.8. To prevent waterlogging and erosion of the soil during sprinkling, drainage should be arranged on the territory of the warehouse. Drainage lines are placed in the gaps between the stacks and connected to the collector, through which water is discharged into the reservoir. Overgrowth of drainage water from warehouses of all types without treatment into water bodies of fishery importance is not allowed. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 3.9. Reservoirs intended for the storage of round timber by flooding are divided into courtyards by means of an appropriate setting of booms. One stack is placed in each yard. The gaps between the stacks should be made according to the width of the booms in such a way that, upon completion of their laying, the booms can be removed from the gap. 3.10. In the lower warehouses and warehouses of enterprises, each laid out stack of round timber is provided with a plate indicating the number of the stack, assortment, species, size, grade, number and cubic capacity of logs, start and end times of laying, storage mode and proposed dismantling time. In the lower warehouses and warehouses of enterprises, where the technology provides for the constant processing of stacks and the storage of timber does not exceed 3 months, it is allowed not to indicate on the stack the number and cubic capacity of logs, the start and end time of laying out and the estimated time of disassembly. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2). 3.10a. Stacking of whips in stacks is carried out in accordance with the normative and technical documentation. (Introduced additionally, Rev. No. 4). 3.11. Safety requirements for stacking - in accordance with GOST 12.3.015-78, when applying moisture-proof and moisture-protective antiseptic coatings of the ends - in accordance with GOST 9014.2-70, with chemical protection - in accordance with GOST 9014.3-81.

ATTACHMENT 1
Reference

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FOUND IN THE STANDARD

1. Warm period of the year- the duration of the period with a positive average daily temperature of +5 ° C and above, at which the development of biological agents of destruction and cracking of round timber occurs. 2. Duration of storage of round timber- calendar duration of storage of round timber from the moment of felling to their processing or use in a round form. 3. Storage protection period- part of the duration of storage attributable to the warm period of the year. 4. Storage conditions for round timber- conditions determined by the place of storage of round timber in the logging and transport process and the state of the environment during storage. five. Round timber warehouse- a production site that has the appropriate layout, equipment and facilities for the acceptance, storage and dispatch of round timber for further processing or for use in a round form. 6. Upper warehouse - according to GOST 17461-84. 7. Rotational warehouse of round timber- the upper warehouse with a rotational harvesting method. 8. Enterprise warehouse- warehouse of round timber at the enterprise. nine. Dense row stack of round timber- a pile in which round timber is stacked in multilayer rows, separated by horizontal spacers along the entire length of the pile. 10. Method of storage of round timber- storage in stacks of a certain design with the use of protective measures to prevent damage to wood by biological agents and cracking. eleven. Protective Measures for Round Timber Storage- a set of protection measures aimed at creating unfavorable conditions for the development of biological agents of destruction and cracking of wood. 12. Dense stacking of round timber- laying round timber in dense, dense-row or stacked piles. 13. Routine stacking of round timber- laying of round timber in an ordinary pile. fourteen. Moisture-proof and antiseptic coating- according to GOST 20022.1-90. 15. Waterproof coating- according to GOST 20022.1-90. 14, 15. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 4). 16. Wood drying- drying of freshly cut trunks through the crown. Note. It is carried out in the warm period of the year between felling trees and cutting branches for 10-15 days. 17. Protective wood moisture- moisture content of wood, which is in the range below 30 and above 80%, at which unfavorable conditions are created for the development of biological agents of destruction. eighteen. Driftwood- wood that was in the alloy. 19. fresh bark wood- wood, after debarking no more than 12 hours 20. Coating- according to GOST 9.008-82. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

APPENDIX 2
Reference

CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE USSR

Climate zones

Average duration of the thermal period

Name of republics, territories, regions and districts
June August Regions of the Arctic
Second half of May - first half of September Kaliningrad region; Lithuanian; Latvian and Estonian SSR; Karelian ASSR; Leningrad, Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions, Komi ASSR; the northern part of the Kirov and Perm regions; the northern part of the Sverdlovsk region (north of the city of Tavda), the Tyumen region north of Tobolsk, Krasnoyarsk region north of Yeniseisk, Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories; Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin regions
May-September Byelorussian SSR; Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Chernihiv, Sumy, Lvov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi, Pskov, Novgorod, Velikie Luki, Smolensk, Kaluga, Bryansk, Tula, Moscow, Kalinin, Vladimir, Ryazan, Gorky, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Ivanovo region; Mordovian, Mari, Tatar, Chuvash and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; South part Kirov and Perm regions; the southern part of the Sverdlovsk region (from the city of Tavda); Tyumen region south of Tobolsk, Chelyabinsk region; northern part of the Bashkir ASSR, Kurgan, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo region; Krasnoyarsk Territory south of Yeniseisk, Irkutsk Oblast; Buryat ASSR; northern part of the Chita region; Cherkasy region
Second half of April - October Moldavian SSR; Transcarpathian, Vinnitsa, Kirovograd, Poltava, Kharkov, Odessa, Nikolaev, Dnepropetrovsk, Kherson, Zaporozhye, Crimean, Oryol, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tambov, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Kuibyshev regions and the entire territory of the European part of the USSR, lying south of these regions; Orenburg region; southern part of the Bashkir ASSR; Kazakh SSR (to the north of the 45th parallel); Altai region; Tuva ASSR; southern part of the Chita region; in the Caucasus - mountain forest, steppe and mountain-steppe regions, Volgograd and Lugansk regions, Tajik SSR, Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Turkmen SSR
(Revised edition, Rev. No. 2).

APPENDIX 3
Reference

Brief technological characteristics of the protective equipment used

Name of protective agent

Technological characteristic

Purpose

Working concentration, %

Type of processing

Consumption rate, kg per

 Preparation GR 48-23PS according to GOST 28815-90 Sodium pentachlorophenolate - 40% Soda ash according to GOST 5100-85 - 60% Solubility in water up to 20% Protection against insects and fungi Dipping or spraying BB preparation according to GOST 28815-90 Technical borax (Na 2 B 7 O 7 × 10 H 2 O) according to GOST 8429-77 - 50% Boric acid according to GOST 18704-78 (H 3 VO 3) - 50% Solubility in water up to 24% PBT antiseptic preparation according to GOST 23951-80 Sodium pentachlorophenolate - 40% Decahydrate borax according to GOST 8429-77 - 35% Technical thiourea 2nd grade - 10% Solubility in water up to 15% Soda ash according to GOST 5100--85 - 13% Transformer oil according to GOST 982-80 - 2% Preparation P-2T Sodium pentachlorophenolate - 40% Technical thiourea - 10% Triphenyl phosphate - 1.5% Spindle oil - 2% Soda ash according to GOST 5100--85 - 46.5% Moisture-protective and antiseptic coating Carbafen-11 KF-Zh resin according to GOST 14231-88 - 35% KFZh-3011 resin according to GOST 20907-75 - 20% Water according to GOST 2874-82 - 15% Hardener: ammonium chloride according to GOST 3773-72 - 20% or ammonium fluoride according to GOST 4518-75 - 15% sodium fluoride according to GOST 4463-76 - 3% water according to GOST 2874-82 - 77-82% Bakelite varnish Bakelite lacquer brand LBS-1 or LBS-2 according to GOST 901-78 - 100% Protecting the ends of timber that is not resistant to fungus and cracking BP-11 according to GOST 26910-86 Bakelite varnish of the LBS-1 or LBS-2 brand in accordance with GOST 901-78 - 25-50% Wood-tar pitch varnish - 50-75% BP-12 according to GOST 26910-86 Bakelite varnish of the LBS-1 or LBS-2 brand in accordance with GOST 901-78 - 30-35% Wood-tar pitch varnish - 65-70% Moisture-proof and antiseptic coating: military-industrial complex Bakelite varnish grades LBS-1 or LBS-2 according to GOST 901-78 - 5-10% Pitch wood-tar varnish - 80% Oxidized rosin resin - 10-15% Protecting the ends of timber unstable against fungi and cracking Spray or painting application Moisture protective coating: Carbafen-11 KF-Zh resin according to GOST 14231-88 - 65% KFZh 3011 resin according to GOST 20907-75 - 20% Water according to GOST 2874-82 - 15% Hardener: ammonium chloride according to GOST 3773-72 - 20% or ammonium fluoride according to GOST 4518 -75 - 15%; water according to GOST 2874-82 - 80-85% Protection of timber from cracking Spraying or painting Moisture protective coating: PC-15 Chlorinated PVC resin - 15% Pine rosin according to GOST 19113-84 or rosin oil - 8% Acetone according to GOST 9768-84 - 77% PMK-15 Chlorinated PVC resin - 15% Rosin oil - 8% Acetone according to GOST 2768-84 - 77% Oil grade bitumen BN 50/50 according to GOST 6617-76 Product of petroleum distillation Painting application Sand and resin mixture Wood pitch - 50-65% Pine resin - 35-50% Moisture protective coating: Pine resin or gas distillation Resin dry distillation Product of heat treatment of wood by gas generator method Product of heat treatment of wood by dry distillation Gamma isomer HCH 16% mineral oil emulsion water emulsion Protecting unbarked roundwood not resistant to insect infestation Spraying or painting Same 90% technical product Solution in diesel fuel
(Revised edition, Rev. No. 5).

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Forest Industry of the USSRDEVELOPERSV.F. Annenkov,B . C. Koval 2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree State Committee standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 11/14/75 No. 2911 3. REPLACE GOST 9014-594. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

Item number, applications
GOST 9.008-82 Attachment 1
GOST 12.3.015-78 clause 3.11
GOST 901-78 Annex 3
GOST 982-80 Annex 3
GOST 2768-84 Annex 3
GOST 2874-82 Annex 3
GOST 3773-72 Annex 3
GOST 4463-76 Annex 3
GOST 4518-75 Annex 3
GOST 5100-85 Annex 3
GOST 6617-76 Annex 3
GOST 8429-77 Annex 3
GOST 9014.1-78 clause 2.1.3
GOST 9014.2-79 clause 2.1.4; 3.11
GOST 9014.3-81 clause 1.4; 2.1.6; 3.11
GOST 14231-88 Attachment 1
GOST 17461-84 Attachment 1
GOST 18200-90 Annex 3
GOST 18704-78 Annex 3
GOST 19113-84 Annex 3
GOST 20907-75 Annex 3
GOST 20022.1-90 Attachment 1
GOST 23951-80 Annex 3
GOST 26910-86 Annex 3
GOST 28815-90 Annex 3
5. The limitation of the validity period was removed by the Decree of the State StandardUSSR dated 12/27/91 No. 21936. Reissue (October 1995) with Changes No. 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 approved in December 1978, January 1981, November 1983, December 1984, February 1990 (IUS 1-79, 3-81, 2-84, 3-85, 5-90)

In order to prevent damage to the wood during work, it is necessary to lay out the plan on a blank, which must be prepared in advance. However, it is best to work with those wood materials that have already completely dried out. Otherwise, all your work may come to naught, and everything will have to be redone.

Before starting the process, the wood must be dried. Never edit again raw material. This will not speed up the drying process. Moreover, you run the risk of seriously damaging the material due to the fact that during drying, the wood fibers will shrink in different ways. The material shrinks least of all in the direction of fiber growth, and most of all - across.

Degrees of shrinkage of wood

All wood materials are divided into three categories, taking into account the degree of drying.

2) Moderately

Oak, linden, elm, alder and maple timber dry out the most. Willow, aspen, poplar and pine wood have a moderate degree of drying. But larch and spruce dry out the least.


Drying wood indoors

The drying process takes quite a long time. Most the best place for wood storage is a room with an air temperature lower than in a residential area. Wood should be kept away from drafts. Also, don't leave it in the sun. This will preserve the natural color of the wood and allow it to dry evenly.


When the wood dries a little, its ends must be covered with a layer of garden pitch. If not, then you can use PVA glue. Expensive wood is completely covered with these substances. This will not allow wooden blanks to crack. If there was no glue, then wrap the bars with the most ordinary paper. It must be glued to the material with a starch paste.

Now that the material is ready to use, place it near heat. A radiator and the like are suitable as a source. Periodically, the bars must be turned over. Remember that the air temperature in the room should be kept at the same level. Remember to protect the wood from drafts to prevent cracks. How long it takes the material to dry completely depends on the size of the blanks. The thicker and longer they are, the longer they will dry.

How to dry wood outdoors

If the wood is dried outdoors, the first thing you should do is protect it with a canopy. It will protect the material. negative impact sun, rain, snow and so on. The soil under the bars should be carefully leveled so that the material does not deform during the drying process. Then you need to lay only on it. After that, it is desirable to put a certain number of bars across to create a ventilation effect. The main material for further storage is laid directly on them.


Protection of wood from decay and cracks

All measures aimed at protecting wood materials must be carried out on time and with special care. This will protect the material from a variety of lesions. To understand what protection measures to take, you need to take into account some factors.

  1. Type and degree negative impact- this is humidity, fire and so on.
  2. The choice of wood species, which will be fully consistent with the purpose.
  3. Material pretreatment.
  4. Possible side effects as a result of chemical treatment.
  5. The time when protection work will be carried out.
  6. The need for further wood protection.
  7. Check the protective measures that are recommended.

To prevent wood materials from spoiling, it is necessary to use antiseptics. Such substances are usually very toxic. Therefore, before using them, you need to carefully study the properties of the selected drug. Antiseptics must not:

  • destroy wood
  • Difficult subsequent processing of the material.
  • Contains volatile components.
  • Have a strong odor.

Note that for the treatment of wood with antiseptics, you need to purchase special protective clothing - a bathrobe, an apron made of rubberized material, rubber gloves, goggles and a respirator. The latter is simply replaced by a bandage made of ordinary gauze, which must first be moistened with water.


It is necessary to carry out the process of processing wood materials in a deserted place. It would be ideal to do this outdoors. When the treatment is over, you will need to be sure to wash your face with soap and wash your hands in warm water.

Types of antiseptics

On sale there is immediately a number of antiseptics, which are considered basic. To dissolve some, ordinary water is sufficient, while others are diluted only with the help of special components. The first are considered the most convenient. They have virtually no smell at all and are very easy to use. You can apply antiseptics with brushes if there is no special sprayer.

Oil-based antiseptics are very toxic but effective. They contribute to the complete destruction of everything that can lead to the destruction of wood. Such substances do not volatilize. They are firmly absorbed into the treated surface, smell bad, change the color of the wood. In addition, wood burns more easily from this substance. Because of these factors, this type of antiseptic is used extremely rarely. But substances based on pentachlorophenol are used much more often. They do not volatilize and withstand moisture. Wooden bars treated with a similar antiseptic can be glued, polished and painted without problems.

The most commonly used antiseptics are:

1)sodium fluoride. Sold in powder form white color. He doesn't smell like anything. It is diluted in water to a 4% concentration. This substance does not change the color of the tree, does not affect its strength. This antiseptic is most often used when it is necessary to process the elements of an already finished wooden structure or product.

2) Fluorosilicic sodium. This substance is also a powder. Its color is both white and pale gray with a hint of yellow. To dissolve this antiseptic, water is also used. But to make it dissolve better, it can be mixed with soda ash or liquid glass. Sodium silicofluoride is used in the same way as sodium fluoride.

3) Fluorosilicic ammonium. This antiseptic is a white powder that has no odor. It retains the color of the wood and does not affect its strength. At the same time, it is able to increase the level of fire resistance of the material. Ammonium fluorosilicon is used as a solution of 8% concentration. This antiseptic is quite toxic and tends to wash out.

4) Chlorophos. This substance has a nasty odor. True, it fades quickly. The antiseptic is diluted with ordinary water to a 10 percent solution. It is very effective in protecting wood from wood beetles and wood borers.

5) Chlorodan. This antiseptic does not smell. Solvents of organic origin are needed to dissolve it. But it goes on sale as a 65% concentrate, which can be diluted with ordinary water to the required state.

It should be noted that lime, cement, gypsum and chalk substances have a bad effect on sodium fluoride and sodium silicofluoride. Interacting with these components, these antiseptics completely lose their effectiveness.


It is necessary to process wood in three visits every three hours. It is not scary if more time has passed between calls. It's even better. Antiseptic substances are able to penetrate the wood to a depth of 2 mm. To destroy harmful insects, you need to apply an antiseptic on wood materials in the spring. Repeat the treatment process four times every two weeks. If the wood is affected in places, then small sawdust must be completely removed from them. Using a syringe, inject a small amount of antiseptic to the affected area.

How to store lumber

Lumber should be stacked, sorted by length and width. The stack is erected so that air currents circulate inside it. This is necessary for better drying. Depending on how thick the wooden blanks are, additional spacers are placed between them every half a centimeter. Their size should be such that there is a gap of 10 cm between the blanks.


Place the stacks with the long side across the gusts of wind. Their ends must be covered with lime. She won't let them crack. It would be unwise to build very high stacks. In order to protect lumber from the vagaries of the weather, you need to build a canopy of roofing material and roofing felt. It should protrude half a meter beyond the boundaries of the stack.

Durability classes of wood materials

Speaking of ability wood material resist to various types lesions, they can be divided into three categories.

Damage to wood by pests

1) The first class is fir, birch, beech, hornbeam, maple, alder, poplar and sycamore types of wood.

2) The second class is a large part of coniferous, oak and ash wood species.

Fungal damage to wood

1) The first class is fir, oak, maple, elm, sycamore and ash tree species.

2) The second class is spruce, pine, deciduous, cedar, alder, aspen, poplar, birch, beech, hornbeam and linden types of wood.


1) The first class is spruce, pine, fir, alder, aspen, linden, poplar and birch types of wood.

2) The second class is hardwood, beech, hornbeam, elm, sycamore, maple, oak and ash species of wood materials.


About the wood moisture level

Fresh pine or spruce wood has a moisture percentage of about 60%. After a year and a half of drying, this figure will decrease to 18%. Then the wood can be called dry only half. If the percentage of moisture is even lower, then we can assume that the wood is completely dry.

For construction, materials with a moisture content below 20% are used. Otherwise, the wooden beams will rot. You should take into account that a constant positive air temperature will contribute to even greater shrinkage of the material. For internal works try to use absolutely dry wood. This will avoid the formation of cracks and distortions.


Storing your lumber

Warehouse complex "Nevsky" provides the following services:

  • office rent,
  • transport services,
  • customs services.

Timber warehouses are divided according to their purpose into transshipment and cutting and transshipment. Transshipment and cutting designed for the acceptance of trees, whips or assortments, their primary processing and partial processing, storage and shipment of finished products for further transportation to consumers or direct transfer to the appropriate workshops of woodworking enterprises.

On the transshipment warehouses no work on primary processing and partial processing of incoming logs or assortments is carried out, but only their transshipment from one type of transport to another is carried out.
According to the location, forest warehouses are divided into the following types:

§ lower warehouses of logging enterprises;

§ timber transshipment bases;

§ forest ports;

§ timber warehouses of consumers.

Harvested wood is delivered from cutting areas along logging roads to the lower warehouses. Most often they are transshipment and cutting; the finished products received on them are shipped to the rolling stock of public railways (railway warehouses) or handed over to the alloy (shore warehouses). Sometimes the lower warehouses serve only as transshipment; in this case, the whips or assortments arriving at them are reloaded without any processing into a railway rolling stock or handed over to the alloy.

Timber transshipment bases are placed at the destinations of the rafted timber. Whips or assortments on them are subjected to primary processing and partial processing. finished products shipped to the railroad. When the assortments arrive at the timber transshipment base, they are only reloaded to the railroad.

Forest ports designed for transshipment of round assortments and lumber delivered by railways public use or waterways to sea vessels. At the same time, round assortments are sometimes partially subjected to primary processing. Whips or assortments are delivered to the timber warehouses of consumers by rail, road or rafting, they are subjected to primary processing and transferred directly to production. Sometimes timber warehouses of consumers are both lower warehouses logging companies.

Storage of timber in warehouses should ensure their protection from the occurrence and development of defects that reduce the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Ways to store wood depend on the resistance of various species, climatic zones, shelf life, purpose of timber. There are two ways to store timber - wet and dry.

wet way based on the creation and maintenance of a wet state of wood during the entire period of storage. Sprinkling of logs is used, that is, periodic wetting with water, and water storage, in which they are partially or completely immersed in water. Dry way storage is based on bringing wood to an air-dry state and maintaining this state during the entire storage period.


To protect timber from insects and fungal attack, various methods are used. chemicals. Moisture-protective antiseptic coatings are used to protect against cracking and fungal attack. Treatment of timber with protective preparations is carried out by lowering into the solution, spraying or painting.

In warehouses, timber is stacked in piles of various types: dense, ordinary, dense-ordinary, pack, package (Fig. 15.7.). The types and sizes of stacks are selected taking into account the preservation of wood, the safety of people working in the warehouse, the full use of storage space and compliance with the technical characteristics of the stacking mechanisms.

Fig.15.7. Timber stacks

a - dense; b - private; in - dense-ordinary; g - pack; d - batch with parallel laying; e - batch with perpendicular laying

Dense the stack is characterized by good capacity; no spacers are required to form it. Air circulation in a dense pile is very weak and drying of wood in it is difficult.
IN Private the stack of timber is stacked in dense rows, separated from each other by horizontal spacers. In ordinary stacks, air circulates well, which contributes to the drying of wood. The formation of this type of stacks is costly. manual labor for uncoupling packs, rolling out gaskets and rows; manual labor is also required for slinging packs when disassembling stacks. The capacity of ordinary stacks is lower than that of dense ones.

Tight private called a stack in which timber is stacked in multilayer rows separated from each other by horizontal spacers. In terms of the intensity of air circulation, in terms of capacity and in terms of the possible degree of mechanization of work, dense-row stacks occupy intermediate value between dense and ordinary stacks.
IN pack a pile of timber is stacked in bundles separated from each other by horizontal, inclined or vertical spacers. These stacks are formed and dismantled by cranes or winches equipped with slings; the volumes of the packs correspond to the carrying capacity of the mechanisms.

Batch stack is formed from packages of the established shape and size, fixed by strapping, container or other device. Rows of packages can be stacked parallel or perpendicular to each other. The main advantage of such stacks is the readiness of packages for feeding them to wagons, rafts or for processing with the least amount of time and manual labor. The disadvantage of batch stacks is the greater need for strapping or containers.

Storage and warehousing of timber is a set of measures to ensure acceptable conditions of maintenance and prevent damage to them, starting from the production stage and throughout the entire period of their processing until the manufacture of the final product.

Wood raw materials and finished timber products can be stored in specially equipped forest warehouses or cutting areas.

Stack types

Round timber obtained by transverse division is stacked. When choosing the type and size of the stack, they are guided by the conditions for the best preservation of wood, which are possible with one or another method of laying materials. In addition, it also takes into account technical capabilities stacking machines, providing safe conditions for the flow of the workflow and the size of the storage area. There are the following types of stacks:

  1. dense;
  2. privates;
  3. densely ordinary;
  4. pack;
  5. batch.

Stacking in dense stacks is carried out without gaskets. This type is characterized by good capacity.

Ordinary stacks of timber are stacked in parallel rows, between which several laying lines (2-3) are organized.

Dense row stacks are stacked in multilayer rows and horizontal laying lines are made between them. It should also be noted here that this type of stacks occupies an intermediate position between dense and ordinary stacks. This is due to a number of criteria, including air circulation, the degree of capacity and the possibility of mechanizing the work process.

Pack stacks are stacked in packs and separated from each other by means of horizontal, vertical and inclined laying lines. This type of stacking, as well as the dismantling of such stacks, requires the use of special equipment– cranes or winches with rope slings.

Packet stacks are stacked in rows parallel or perpendicular to each other. They are packages of certain sizes and shapes, fixed with a latch. In the role of the latter, strapping, containers, etc. can be used.

As for other types of wood materials, the short-length assortment (short round, split timber) can be stored both in woodpile and in ordinary piles. Heaps also store logging residues and wood chips.

Types of wood damage

Prolonged improper storage of timber in the spring and summer can lead to the formation of wood defects.

Among the most common injuries are the following types:

  1. wormholes (damage caused by pests);
  2. fungal lesions (staining and rot);
  3. lesions caused by physico-chemical processes (chemical staining);
  4. cracking as a result of shrinkage (cracks on the side and on the end).

During the first summer storage season, coniferous wood is most likely to be damaged by insects or wood staining fungi. The latter are most susceptible to such species as pine, cedar and larch. Spruce and Siberian fir are the most resistant to them. Sap rot is less common in conifers.

The situation is more difficult with hardwood. In the first summer season, in addition to wood-staining fungi, they are susceptible to wood-destroying fungi, as well as the formation of such a type of mold as marble rot. Ring-vascular species such as ash, elm, oak, etc. are more resistant to fungal diseases. Scattered vascular species, such as beech, aspen, birch, alder, etc., on the contrary, are most often damaged by fungal pathogens. But with regard to insect pests, in contrast to softwood, hardwoods are less susceptible to their harmful effects.

Each type of damage can affect the quality of wood materials to a different extent. Their number is determined in accordance with the current standards for forest products. Security necessary conditions storage and organization of measures to protect timber is carried out based on the purpose of a particular type of assortment and its use in certain industries.

Timber storage

Immediately it should be noted that the most acceptable option is to store timber in timber warehouses. Stacking of logs in warehouses is carried out in order to form off-season (inter-operational) stocks. These reserves are required to ensure the smooth functioning of the equipment during their primary processing. Laying wood material can be done in bundles and in bulk. At the same time, the material can be stacked in packs with butts in one direction, in different sizes in the form of cells, in different sizes in rows on spacers. In bulk, the material can be laid at random with or without spacers.

The stacking factor depends on the method of laying and the type of wood material. For example, if stacks of whips are stacked with butts in one direction, then the variation of the coefficient value starts from 0.23. If the stacks lie apart in the form of cells, then its value can reach 0.35. It is noteworthy that for stacks of trees, it is permissible to reduce this coefficient by 5-7%.

The formation of stacks is carried out taking into account the type of wood and its dimensions. In coniferous species, stacking of assortments with a difference in length of up to 1 meter is acceptable. In hardwoods, this figure is about 5 meters. Creation of assortments in timber warehouses can be carried out at the shipping front and in processing shops. The latter is possible after cross-cutting the whips and distributing assortments by grades. Cut-to-length technology provides for the formation of stacks immediately after the arrival of assortments from the cutting area. Stacking short timber can be done in ordinary stacks, in dense woodpile, in the form of cages, in containers or bags with clamps.

If the development of logging sites is carried out on a rotational basis, or in situations where the wood cannot be sent to its destination for any reason, it is left for storage at logging sites or loading points. This option is undesirable and is possible only in extreme cases.

At the trails along which timber is delivered, the whips are stacked in piles. In this case, either jaw loaders or skidders with a dozer blade are used. The distance between the stacks and their dimensions in depth are determined in accordance with established standards.

Depending on the ability of wood to withstand various types of damage, it is divided into two classes: resistant and unstable species. General terms storage of resistant wood species in the cutting area is 4 months. In unstable breeds - 2 months. During the winter season, wood-based materials can be stored indefinitely and do not require special protection.

Timber protection

When storing timber, the following types of protection can be used: chemical, wet and dry.

Chemical method suggests pre-processing timber special formulations, which prevent the occurrence of fungal diseases and lesions caused by insects.

wet way provides for the laying of wood material in ordinary or dense piles with a number of measures to protect the timber. These include covering gaps between stacks, puttying and shading end sections, freezing, sprinkling, etc.

Dry way storage is the most common. To create favorable conditions for wood drying, timber is stacked in small piles in 2-3 rows, paying special attention to protecting the lower row. To prevent its damage, laying is carried out on debarked linings. It is from their height (35-40 cm) that the degree of preservation of wood depends. In addition, there should be no grass under the bottom stack. Failure to comply with the rules may lead to the defeat of the linings themselves.

Between the rows, debarked strips are laid, the diameter of which should be about 1/3 of the diameter of the logs themselves. In the cold northern regions, logs are stacked at intervals, while in the south, on the contrary, they are stacked closely.

In order to reduce the cracking of the stacks, logging residues are pushed aside. The greatest attention is paid to the end sections. The surfaces of the side sections are pushed aside only in concentrated clearings. Each stack has its own tag, which indicates its number, time of harvesting and the amount of stacked wood.

Without protective measures in spring and summer, assortments are allowed to be stored for no more than 10 days. If the specified period is exceeded, the logs are stacked in piles and covered with cutting residues. The end sections of the logs are treated with protective compounds.

Drying materials

Drying of oak, alder and aspen materials is best done during the summer season. As for round birch wood, it is destroyed more intensively, which is due to its dense birch bark, which retains moisture.

Cutting residues in clearings, obtained in the process of clear and sanitary felling and intended for use as fuel chips, should be stored in ventilated areas. The logging mound should be located in such a way that the prevailing wind currents pass along it. In order to dry them, it is advisable to store them in the warm season, in spring or summer.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)

LOADING AND UNLOADING AND WAREHOUSING

WAREHOUSING, SLINGING, LOADING AND UNLOADING OF TIMBER MATERIALS

1 AREA OF USE

1 AREA OF USE

A typical flow chart has been developed for warehousing, slinging, loading and unloading timber.

The TTK is intended to familiarize workers and engineering and technical workers with the rules for the production of work, as well as for the purpose of using it in the development of work production projects, construction organization projects, and other organizational and technological documentation.

2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Basic storage instructions

1. Materials, equipment should be placed on leveled and compacted areas, and in winter on cleared of snow and ice.

Withdrawal from storage areas should be organized surface water through drainage ditches.

2. In the warehouse, between the stacks, a passage should be left at least 1.0 m wide, and when vehicles move through the storage area - a passage at least 3.5 m wide.

3. It is necessary to store products in piles according to the brands of the same name, the inscriptions of the brands should be turned towards the aisles and a gap of 5-10 cm is left between them.

The stacks must be provided with signs facing the aisles indicating the quantity and type of product.

4. Liners and gaskets in stacks should be placed in the same vertical plane, near the mounting loops, and their thickness when storing panels, blocks, etc. must be more than the protruding mounting loops by 20 mm.

Use of O-rings in storage building materials stack is prohibited.

5. When performing work on a stack with a height of more than 1.5 m, it is necessary to use portable inventory ladders.

6. Leaning (supporting) materials and products to fences and elements of temporary and permanent structures is prohibited.

7. The distance from the stacks of materials and equipment to the crests of excavations (pits, trenches) should be assigned by the calculation for the stability of slopes (fastenings), as a rule, outside the collapse prism, but not less than 1.0 m from the crest of the natural slope or the fastening of the excavation.

8. Materials and products should be stored no closer than 3.5 m from the building under construction.

9. When storing materials and products near railway lines, the distance between the stacks and the nearest rail must be at least 2 m.

Timber storage

The storage area is cleared of dry grass, bark, wood chips. Gaskets are installed symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the stack at a distance from the ends of the logs of no more than 1 m on each side. Timber is stacked with butts and tops in opposite directions and aligned with one of the sides of the stack.

Lumber (blanks) of the same species, thickness, width and grade must be stacked in block packages and block sets. Overlapping lumber is not allowed.

Round and sawn timber stored in stacks should be laid on stacked bases made of antiseptic pads (Fig. 1, 2) or precast concrete elements with a height of at least 0.35 m.

Fig.1. Method for stacking block-packages of round wood in a stack

Timber must be stacked in the correct stacks. The dimensions of roundwood stacks should not exceed the width of the length of the log, along the length of 100 m. The stacks should be formed into groups. The number of stacks in one group should not exceed 12 with a maximum group length of 150 m and a width of 15 m.

Fig.2. Under-stack base for lumber

Gaps between stacks in one group should be at least 2 m (Fig. 3).

Fig.3. Location of timber stacks in the warehouse (four stacks in a group)

At long-term storage timber must be stacked and sorted in accordance with GOST 2292-88; in this case, the following requirements and rules must be observed:

Store round timber in stacks (Fig. 4), providing natural drying wood, between the rows of timber, install stops against rolling;

Fig.4. Roundwood stack

Stack hardwood before softwood;

When storing in a dry way, debarked round materials should be placed in normal stacks, in which the stacking of assortments in rows should be carried out tightly, or in sparse stacks with a distance between assortments in a row of at least 50 mm, laying gaskets from healthy wood between rows;

Sawn timber arriving at the warehouse in the summer should be stacked immediately if the delivery is carried out in block packages, or no later than two days if the delivery is carried out in bulk; at the same time, pine lumber should be stored separately from spruce lumber;

lumber higher grades(up to the second grade inclusive) with a moisture content of less than 25%, as well as dry lumber of hard hardwoods of the first grade, store under sheds or in closed ventilated warehouses, store dry lumber of other grades in open storage areas in dense stacks that provide protection from atmospheric precipitation;

Sawn timber with a moisture content of more than 25% should be stored in stacks that ensure natural drying; to protect stacks of lumber from exposure to direct sunlight and precipitation, arrange a solid roof over the stacks;

Fig.5. lumber

Fig.6. Dry timber, sleepers for manual laying

3. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE

Storage of logs and lumber

Logs and timber are stored in stacks under open sky, and lumber intended for joinery, parquet, finishing works - under a canopy. Stacks of logs are stacked on linings with a section of at least 250x250 mm. The dimensions of the stacks depend on the type of warehouse, its equipment. With manual stacking, the height of the stack can be taken as 2-3 m, with mechanized stacking 8-10 m, the length is 100-120 m. The width of the stack is determined maximum length logs. The distance between individual stacks should be at least 1 m. Gaps of at least 10 m wide are established between groups of stacks. Logs are laid according to forest species, grade and thickness in various ways: cellular (Fig. 7, but), ordinary with gaskets (see Fig. 7, b), private without gaskets (see Fig. 7, in), batch (see Fig. 7, G) in stacks.

Fig.7. Storage of logs and lumber:

but- cellular; b- ordinary with gaskets; in- ordinary without gaskets; G- batch; d- straight; e- cross stack

In the cell stack, the logs of each upper row are placed perpendicular to the logs of each lower row. This stacking method is mainly used for fastening unlined or stacked stacks (see Fig. 7, G). In an ordinary stack, logs are stacked in parallel rows, separated from each other by spacers 60-80 mm thick. Ordinary stacks have good air access and are convenient for loading. The package stack is stored in separate rhombic or rectangular packages, which are separated by spacers. The advantage of this type of stacks is the convenience and speed of slinging logs in large quantities, the maximum load of the crane, and the disadvantage is the significant need for spacers. Packed and unlined stacks are protected from rolling with stops (see Fig. 7, but, G).

Lumber is stored straight (see Fig. 7, d) or cross (see Fig. 7, e) stacks by species, brand and thickness of wood. With direct laying between the tiers of lumber, every 1-2 m lay gaskets with a thickness of 25-30 mm, a width of 50-75 mm. To ensure through ventilation, lumber of high humidity is laid in horizontal rows with an interval of 150 mm, medium humidity - 100 mm, and dry - 50 mm. The height of a manual stacking stack should not exceed 3 m, and that of a mechanized stacking stack should not exceed 8 m. Gaps of at least 2 m are left between stacks, gaps between groups of stacks should be at least 6 m.

Slinging logs, lumber and wood products

Slinging logs and lumber. Logs and lumber during loading and unloading are slinged with load-handling means. The simplest, most reliable and cheapest are universal and lightweight slings. Lifting logs with universal slings is shown in Fig. 8. The disadvantage of this method is the duration of the hook and slinging of the load.

Fig.8. Log slinging:

but- universal slings; b- lightweight slings with a free hook; in- traverse with self-opening hinges; G- capture-traverse; 1 - steel ropes with loops; 2 - chains; 3 - hinges; 4 - folding hooks; 5 - weights; 6 - traverse; 7 - rocker; 8 - traverse beam; 9 - hook; 10 - lightweight sling; 11 - earring

For slinging logs and lumber, you can successfully use a sling with a free hook that easily moves along the rope, depending on the size of the load being lifted. After lowering and stacking logs or lumber, the loop of the sling is quickly removed from the movable hook and easily pulled out from under the load. The device is very convenient to use and easy to manufacture.

A device with self-opening loops consists of steel ropes with loops, chains, folding hooks that rotate in hinges under the action of loads, and a traverse suspended from a crane hook. The release of the logs occurs automatically after lowering the hook and laying them in place. In this case, the ropes, released from tension, fall down. Folding hooks under the action of the mass of weights turn in hinges, and the loop of ropes slides off the hooks. To completely release the logs from the ropes, you need to raise the crane hook and pull the ends of the rope out from under the load.

Loading and unloading logs in batches. The advantage of the batch method of slinging logs is the maximum use of the power of cranes. When loading and unloading logs in packages, it is advisable to use a special grab-traverse with two long lightweight slings.

To sling a package laid on a platform or in a stack, two diagonal loops of slings are removed from the hooks of the traverse, after which the crane hook is raised and the slings are pulled until they are completely pulled out from under the load.

long roundwood packaged using multi-turn flexible slings. In these slings, the lower load-bearing part consists of short links made of flat steel and connected by square frames. The top closing part - chain with the lever lock. Cargo rings are attached to the end links of the bearing part. The section of the package is oval. When stacked in the car, it flattens out, ensuring good use of its capacity. The carrying capacity of the sling is 5 tons, its own weight is 15 kg, the maximum mass of the package is 10 tons, the length of the logs in the package is 4.5-6.5 m.

Single-piece transportation of logs of large diameter is carried out using tongs or special hooks. The pincer grip consists of a pair of levers and a traverse and is suitable for lifting one or two logs. The gripper with pointed hooks connected in pairs to a group sling simultaneously lifts two, four, six or more short but thick logs. The logs are grasped with tongs, their slinging is done by semi-automatic grips, and the slinging with sharpened hooks is done manually.

Slinging boards, beams and sleepers. For slinging such loads, in addition to conventional lifting equipment, a frame grip is used (Fig. 9). It consists of a frame, clamps, rope or chain stretch marks. Hangers are fixed on the frame. The gripper is lowered onto a pack of material to be lifted, previously laid on pads.

Fig.9. Slinging of boards, beams, sleepers with a frame grip:

1 - frame; 2 - clamps; 3 - chain extensions; 4 - pendants

Metal bars are brought under the package, the ends of which are threaded into the suspension loops. The lifted load is tightly compressed by the levers, protecting it from falling apart during rolling. Timber bundles that are not bound by rigid or semi-rigid fixtures can be reloaded using a special gripper. The gripper consists of two articulated four-bar links connected in the upper part by an I-beam, and in the lower part by a U-shaped beam sheathed with wood and serving as a clamp. In the middle part, the hinge system has two axles, to which hooks are suspended on chains. The ends of the slings are put on the hooks, their length should be equal to the perimeter of the package. The upper beam is hung on a crane hook. When lifting, each four-link tends to fold and its lower beam presses on the package, ensuring its safe and reliable reloading. The lifting capacity of the load gripping device is 5 tons.

Overloading of round wood packages - long lengths. To reload roundwood packages in semi-rigid slings, a semi-automatic gripping device is used, which consists of a traverse, which is suspended by means of cables and a ring on a crane hook. Hooks engaged with the package are attached to chains suspended from the lower part of the traverse. Two shafts are mounted in the traverse frame, on which levers with control cables are mounted. The shafts are connected by toothed sectors and return springs. To control the hooks, a lock is installed on the traverse, which is connected to the shaft. In the non-working state, the levers under the action of the mass of the load fall to the lowest position, and the cables weaken. The hooks are free and, when hovering over the package, they are wound into the rings of a semi-rigid sling. After slinging, the package is moved by crane to the warehouse or to the rolling stock. When laying in place, the traverse drops down. At the same time, the load chains weaken, the levers turn under the action of the springs, the rods rise and fix the lock in the upper position. When lifting the traverse, the control cables are pulled and the hooks are disengaged from the lugs of the sling, the grip is released from the load.

Overload short roundwood. To reload short-sized cargo - roundwood - slings (Fig. 10) and containers are used. Special slings are pre-laid into measuring machines. The sling consists of two ropes. One of them with loops and thimbles at both ends is placed under the package. Hooks with rollers in the eye of another rope are led into the loops of the first. In the process of lifting, the package is tightened. The rope is released in the process of laying the package in place by withdrawing one of the hooks from the loop of the first rope.

Fig.10. Overloading of short-length roundwood: but- slings previously laid in a measuring machine; b- tightening the package in the process of lifting; in- capture with the container "donugi"; 1 - steel sling; 2 - traverse; 3 - rods; 4 - hooks that engage the tubular angles at the bottom of the container

When reloading roundwood packages in special "donugi" containers, four steel slings are used, attached to a traverse suspended on a crane hook. Round steel rods are suspended from the lower part of the slings, which hook the tubular squares in the lower part of the container with hooks. The length of the rods must match the height of the container.

Figure 11 shows the ways of storing timber. When storing round timber (see Fig. 11, but) the storage area is cleared of dry grass, bark, wood chips or covered with a layer of sand, earth or gravel with a thickness of at least 150 mm. Gaskets are installed symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the stack no further than 1 m from the ends of the logs on each side. Timber is stacked with butts and tops in opposite directions and aligned with one of the sides of the stack. The ends of the timber should not protrude more than 0.5 m.

Fig.11. Timber storage:

but- round wood; b- row laying of lumber; in- laying lumber in cages; G- dry timber, sleepers for manual laying; 1 - emphasis; - lining length; - lumber length

Ways of stowage of goods should provide:

Stability of stacks, packages and cargoes in stacks;

Mechanized dismantling of the stack and lifting of cargo with hinged grippers of handling equipment;

Safety of workers on or near the stack;

Possibility of application and normal functioning of protective equipment for workers and fire fighting equipment;

circulation air currents with natural and artificial ventilation in closed warehouses;

Compliance with the requirements for security zones of power lines, nodes engineering communications and energy supply.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF WORK

lumber storage requirements

Sites for the storage of timber materials should be located on non-watered areas of the area. They should be carefully planned, cleared of vegetation, and in winter of snow, compacted and covered. thin layer quicklime. It is not allowed to level the sites with sawdust, bark and other wood waste.

In warehouses, it is necessary to arrange temporary roads with or without coating, depending on the service life of the warehouse, with a gravel-sand or crushed stone base. If necessary, ditches should be arranged to drain rain and flood waters. The width of access roads and the angles of their turns should be taken based on specifications used transport and handling equipment, but not less than 3 m, the width of the passages between the stacks - not less than 1 m. The site must be lit, fenced, have guards, and equipped with fire extinguishing equipment.

Timber must be stored in piles in sorted form. On the stack of timber there should be a plate indicating the number, species assortment, size, grade, quantity of timber, start and end times of laying, mode and expected storage time.

Delivery and acceptance of wood infected with fungi to warehouses and construction sites prohibited. Vehicles that have previously moved forest infected with fungi must be thoroughly cleaned of wood chips and debris before loading healthy wood; they must be disinfected with a 3% antiseptic solution.

Timber stored in a warehouse must be systematically inspected, at least once a month. If fungi or mold deposits are found on the wood, the stacks should be sorted out, the affected timber removed, and the site where the materials were stored should be disinfected in accordance with the requirements of GOST.

When transporting and storing timber, wooden products and structures, it is necessary to take measures against their moisture, warping, mechanical damage, cracking and contamination.

Wood products should be stored in dry ventilated rooms with a relative humidity of no more than 60%.

Timber storage

roundwood

Fig.12. Storage of round timber

The storage area is cleared of dry grass, bark, wood chips.

Gaskets are installed symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the stack at a distance from the ends of the logs of no more than 1 m on each side.

Timber is stacked with butts and tops in opposite directions and aligned with one of the sides of the stack.

Lumber storage

lumber

Fig.13. Row and cage stacking of lumber

lumber

Fig.14. Storage of dry timber, sleepers during manual laying

Safety requirements for laying lumber, building materials, structures and products

Materials, products, equipment

Laying method

Maximum stacking height

Additional laying instructions

roundwood

Stacked

With spacers between the rows and the installation of stops against rolling. Stack width less than its height is not allowed

lumber

Stacked

It is prohibited to lean or support the stack against products, walls and other elements of fencing

a) row laying

0.5 stack width

b) laying in cells

1.0 stack width

5. NEED FOR MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

lumber

Wood different breeds has various properties and is used for various purposes.

The most commonly used in construction is coniferous wood (pine, spruce, larch, cedar, fir), which are characterized by good external and mechanical properties: gloss, beautiful texture, smell of turpentine, microstructure from 3 to 25 annual layers per 1 cm of cut, quite high strength, low hardness, hold metal fasteners well. Conifers are not subject to bending, as they have a low ability to do so.

Hardwoods (oak, ash, birch, linden, beech, etc.) have different properties. So, for example, oak wood is distinguished by high strength and hardness, resistance to decay, has a beautiful texture and color. Ash wood has similar properties. Ash is often used for tool handles and stair railings.

Birch wood resists impact very well, is uniform in structure and color, but is prone to decay. Peeled veneer, plywood, chipboard, furniture, and packaging are made from it. Birch wood is also used in construction.

Linden has low mechanical properties, its soft and light wood is well cut, cracks little and slightly warps. It is often used for woodcarving, drawing boards, wooden utensils, pencils, etc.

Lumber used in construction has its own specific names. They differ depending on the thickness and the ratio of width to thickness.

For boards, this ratio should be no more than 2. The maximum thickness of the boards is 100 mm.

If the thickness of the lumber does not exceed 100 mm, but the ratio of width to thickness is less than 2, the lumber is called a bar.

Lumber with a thickness of more than 100 mm is called timber.

The maximum length of lumber made from hardwood trees is 5 m. Softwood lumber can be longer - up to 6.5 m.

An external examination is enough to reveal the defects of wood: knots, oblique, rot, wormhole.

A knot is a part of a branch enclosed in the wood of the trunk. When sawing wood, cuts of knots often end up on the surface. According to the shape and location relative to the edges of the board or beam, knots are divided into round, oval, oblong, sheet, edge, rib, stitched, end, scattered, group, branched (Fig. 15).

Fig.15. Types of knots:

but- round; b- oval; in- oblong; G- plastic; d- edging; e- rib; well- stitched; h- group; And- branched

The presence of knots significantly reduces the strength of wood, since it violates its uniformity, and if the knot is located perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (it is called a stepson), the board or timber is considered unsuitable for finishing work and critical sections of the structure. Such wood belongs to the third grade.

Lumber with tobacco knots of light or dark brown color is also of low quality - they are easy to distinguish from others, since the wood in knots is easily broken and ground into powder. The presence of such knots is allowed only in wood of the third grade, and then if the size of the knot does not exceed U5 of the diameter* of the log.

________________

* The text corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.

Too knotty wood is not good for the job. Depending on the density of the knots, the wood is divided into grades. In wood of the first grade, the knot diameter should not exceed a part of the diameter of the log, in wood of the second grade - 1/3. If the wood has a knot density greater than one knot in 2 running meters, it belongs to the third grade.

A sign of a skew layer is the spiral direction of the outer fibers and cracks. The presence of an oblique layer sharply reduces (up to 90%) the strength of wood. For 1 m of length, the displacement should not exceed 1/3 of the log diameter, depending on the type of wood.

Therefore, lumber with an oblique layer is not used in ceilings and in general where even minor loads are possible.

The rupture of wood along the grain is called a crack. According to their location, cracks can be formation, edge and end, and by type - metic, frost, shrinkage and peeling. Types of cracks are shown in Fig.16.

Fig.16. Types of cracks in wood:

I - reservoir; II - edging; III - end; but- methic; b- frosty; in- shrinkage cracks; G- shake-offs

Cracks also greatly reduce the strength of lumber, so they are allowed only if the total depth of cracks does not exceed -1/3 of the log diameter, depending on the type of wood. In this case, the length of each of the cracks should not exceed, respectively, 1/3-1/2 of the log diameter for the first and second grades.

The defects of wood also include a wormhole, that is, passages and holes that insects have made in wood. The degree of wormhole damage is determined by the depth of penetration into the solid wood and the diameter of the hole made.

If only the top layer of wood is affected by the wormhole and it has not yet penetrated deeply, lumber can be used in construction, however, with restrictions, since the wormhole also reduces the strength of the wood. With a deep penetration of the wormhole, the wood becomes loose and rotten.

Wood rot can be of several types, and not every one of them completely destroys the wood. Rot is the result of a fungal disease of wood, and many tree fungi make wood completely unusable. But there are also those who proper processing and storage of wood cease their action. Rot can appear in the wood while the tree is not felled, at the root (for example, white, sieve, rotting rot), or already in storage (sap rot). You can get rid of rot by drying the wood well; its action will not resume if the wood is stored correctly.

Lumber should be stored in stacks, and even before stacking, they need to be sorted by size. The stack must be constructed in such a way that air can freely pass inside it. This is necessary for air drying wood.

Depending on the thickness of the board, every 0.5-0.7 m between the stacked boards it is necessary to lay spacers of such a size that a gap of 10 cm remains. The stack should be positioned in such a way that the long side of the boards is perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing wind. To prevent the ends of thick boards and beams from cracking, they must be covered with lime.

Do not build a stack with a height of more than 3 meters. From rain and other precipitation stacked wood should be protected with a shed roof made of roofing felt or roofing material. It should overlap the stack by at least 0.5 m.

By resistance to damage and cracking, wood of different species is divided into two classes.

The wood of fir, birch, beech, hornbeam, maple, alder, poplar, sycamore resists better than others. These tree species give wood of the first class of durability. Most conifers, as well as oak and ash, belong to the second class.

They resist fungal attack well: fir, oak, maple, elm, sycamore, ash, which make up the first class of resistance. The second class includes: spruce, pine, larch, cedar, alder, aspen, poplar, birch, beech, hornbeam, linden.

The wood of spruce, pine, fir, alder, aspen, linden, poplar and birch is well resistant to cracking - these are species belonging to the first class of resistance. The second includes larch, beech, hornbeam, elm, sycamore, maple, oak and ash wood.

Humidity of freshly cut pine and spruce wood is 50-60%. After 1.5-2 years of drying, its moisture content decreases to 15-18%. Wood in this case is called semi-dry. Wood with less moisture is called dry wood. For work, you need to use wood with a moisture content of no more than 20%, otherwise it will rot. It should be noted that under conditions of constant positive temperature, the moisture content of wood decreases even more. Therefore, for internal doors, for example, dry wood should be used so that cracks and distortions do not appear in the door leaf during shrinkage.

Depending on the purpose of the structural element for which this or that lumber is used, it is necessary to determine its dimensions:

For rafters, beams of basement and interfloor ceilings, as well as treads of stairs and external architraves, sawn timber of the second and third grade 50 mm thick, 150-180 mm wide and 4.0-6.5 m long are used;

For racks of frame walls, partitions, strapping, crossbars, handrails of stairs railings and window sills - the second and third grades 50 mm thick, 100 mm wide and 2.7-6.5 m long;

For stair railing balusters and roof sheathing - second and third grade 50 mm thick, 50 mm wide and 3.5-6.5 m long;

For racks of frame walls, lower trim, elements of rafters and flooring of a clean floor - the second and third grades 40 mm thick, 100-150 mm wide and 2.7-6.5 m long;

For cranial bars, roof battens and gable frames - third grade 40 mm thick, 50 mm wide and 1.5-6.5 m long;

For platbands for interior decoration of windows and doors - the second grade with a thickness of 25 mm, a width of 80-150 mm and a length of 2.4-6.5 m;

For architectural elements of the facade, platbands and wall cladding - the second grade with a thickness of 19 mm, a width of 50-150 mm and a length of 2.4-6.5 m;

For sheathing partitions and flashings - the third grade 16 mm thick, 80-150 mm wide and 3.5-6.5 m long;

As tongue-and-groove boards for filing ceilings, for sheathing walls and gables - the second grade 16 mm thick, 80-150 mm wide and 3.5-6.5 m long.

For finishing wooden elements, you can purchase a shalevka with a thickness of 7-19 mm, a board with a thickness of 22-35 mm, thin and thick boards. Boards can be taken as neatly edged, having a rectangular section along the entire length, and with a blunt or sharp wane, as well as unedged (Fig. 17).

Fig.17. Types of lumber:

but- two-edged timber; b- three-edged timber; in- four-edged timber; G- unedged board; d- clean-edged board: 1 - layer; 2 - edge; 3 - rib; 4 - butt; e- edged board with a blunt wane; well- edged board with a sharp wane; h- bar; And- obapol slab; to- boardwalk; l- unedged sleeper; m- edged sleeper

To protect wood from decay, antiseptics are used: in aqueous solution- oily, in organic solution - in the form of a paste. Antiseptics must be safe, easily penetrate into the wood to the required depth, not be washed out and not reduce the strength of the wood when impregnated. In addition, the following requirements are imposed on them: antiseptics must be poisonous to fungi, be low-volatile, not cause metal corrosion and have a low cost.

Oil antiseptics are highly toxic and completely destroy wood-destroying fungi, insects and marine woodworms. They are not volatile and do not wash out of the wood. Oil antiseptics are used on a limited scale, since they have a sharp unpleasant odor, stain the wood in a dark color and increase its combustibility.

Antiseptics dissolved in pentachlorophenol are used in carpentry. They are non-volatile and resistant to washing out, the wood treated with them is well glued, polished and painted.

Table 5.1

Density of wood of various species, kg/m

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