Figurative meaning of the word examples 2. Figurative meaning of the word

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 6

(teacher: Nesvat L.N., teacher of Russian language and literature, MKOU OOSH s.

Ershovka, Vyatskopolyansky district, Kirov region)

TOPIC OF THE LESSON:

direct and figurative meaning words.

Goals: 1)

To acquaint students with the direct and figurative lexical meaning of the word

2)

To form the ability to find words with a figurative meaning in the text,

4)

Develop spelling and punctuation skills.

During the classes:

Motivation.

1) Teacher's word:

Friends, before announcing the topic of today's lesson, I want to ask you a question,

associated with literature, do you know who Ilya Muromets is?

(National hero, hero of many epics)

In one of the epics about Ilya Muromets there are these words: “The word is like an apple: from one

green on the side, ruddy on the other, you know how to turn it, girl .. "

Think about the meaning of this sentence: The word, when viewed from different angles,

different - “green on one side”, “ruddy on the other”. And most importantly: "You know how, girl

turn over”, i.e. know how to master the word, since a word can have more than one meaning

It turns out that a word, in addition to its direct meaning, can also have another,

portable. Here is the topic of the lesson: "Direct and figurative meaning of the word"

(notebook entry).

2) Board writing:

iron nails, iron health.

Teacher's explanation: In the phrase iron nails, the adjective means

What is the meaning of the word green? (Unripe,

unripe)

11)

Information on the use of words with a figurative meaning in artistic

works. (Information from the textbook).

Vocabulary work: personification, metaphor

13) Run exercise 339

Teacher:

Words with a figurative meaning make bright, expressive not only

poetic speech, but also prose.

15) Let's turn to exercise 342.

a) Reading the text.

b) Determining the style of speech, type of speech.

c) Definition of the title of the text.

d) Dictionary work: azure, coral, sapphire.

16) Writing text, spelling explanation.

: I hope you can determine the direct and figurative meaning of the word. A

when you were very young, you probably didn’t understand a lot. Known

children's writer K.I. Chukovsky recorded several sayings of kids who did not know

Reading by roles of the following statements and explanation of the words used in

figurative meaning:

I will not go to school, - said the fifth grader Seryozha. - There on exams

cut.

b) - Here snow will fall in winter, frost will strike

-And then I won't go outside.

- Why?

- And so that the frosts do not hit me.

in) The boy is asked about his sister

- What does your sister Irinka go to bed with the roosters?

She does not lie down with roosters - they peck: she lies alone in her bed.

Mom washed the shirt and asked Petya to hang it up to dry in the sun.

Petya left, but soon returned with a shirt.

Why didn't you hang it up to dry?

- I do not got to the sun, - answered Petya.

19)

Teacher:

Children, did you hear funny stories. No less cheerful, I think

it will seem to you ex. 340.

20) The task: In each pair of sentences, indicate the words used in direct

figurative meaning.

The wind in the chimney howls and whistles. The dog howls.

The tired day turned to night. The tired boy bowed his head to

mother's shoulder.

Dad came home from work. The long-awaited day of departure has finally arrived.

The hostess warmed up the water. A cheerful song warmed us on the way.

21) Let's summarize the lesson.

a) How is a figurative meaning different from a direct one?

b) Why are words with a figurative meaning used in speech?

) Homework:

Theoretical information on pages 132-133, exercise 338

The main means of giving imagery to a word is its use in a figurative sense. The play of direct and figurative meaning generates both aesthetic and expressive effects of a literary text, makes this text figurative and expressive.

On the basis of the nominative (naming) function of the word and its connection with the subject in the process of cognition of reality, direct (basic, main, primary, initial) and figurative (derivative, secondary, indirect) meanings are distinguished.

In the derived meaning, the main, direct meaning and the new, indirect meaning, which appeared as a result of the transfer of the name from one object to another, are combined, coexist. If the word in direct meaning directly (directly) indicates a particular object, action, property, etc., naming them, then the words in portable meaning, the object is no longer called directly, but through certain comparisons and associations that arise in the minds of native speakers.

AIR– 1) ‘adj. to air (air jet)’;

2) ‘light, weightless ( airy dress)’.

The appearance of figurative meanings in a word makes it possible to save the lexical means of the language without endlessly expanding the vocabulary to designate new phenomena, concepts. In the presence of some common features between two objects, the name from one, already known, is transferred to another object, newly created, invented or known, which did not have a name before:

DIM- 1) ‘opaque, cloudy ( dull glass)’;

2) ‘matte, not shiny ( dull polish, dull hair)’;

3) ‘weak, not bright ( Low light, dull color)’;

4) ‘lifeless, inexpressive ( dull look, dull style)’.

D.N. Shmelev believes that the direct, basic meaning is one that is not determined by the context (the most paradigmatically conditioned and the least syntagmatically conditioned):

ROAD– 1) ‘way of communication, a strip of land intended for movement’;

2) ‘journey, trip’;

3) ‘route’;

4) ‘means achievement of a. goals'.

All secondary, figurative meanings depend on the context, on compatibility with other words: to pack(‘trip’), direct road to success, road to Moscow.

Historically, the relationship between direct, primary and figurative, secondary meaning may change. So, in the modern Russian language, the primary meanings for the words devour(‘eat, eat’), dense('dormant'), vale('valley'). Word thirst in our time, it has the main direct meaning ‘need to drink’ and figurative ‘strong, passionate desire’, but Old Russian texts indicate the primacy of the second, more abstract meaning, since the adjective is often used next to it water.

Value transfer paths

The transfer of meanings can be carried out in two main ways: metaphorical and metonymic.

Metaphor- this is the transfer of names according to the similarity of signs, concepts (metaphor - unexpressed comparison): pin stars; what crest won't you comb your head?

Signs of metaphorical transfer:

1. by color similarity gold leaves);
2. similarity of form ( ring boulevards);
3. by the similarity of the location of the object ( nose boats, sleeve rivers);
4. by similarity of actions ( rain drumming, wrinkles furrow face);
5. by the similarity of sensations, emotional associations ( gold character, velvet voice);
6. by similarity of functions ( electric candle in the lamp turn off/ignite light, wipers in car).

This classification is rather conditional. Proof - transfer on several grounds: leg chair(form, place); ladle excavator(function, form).

There are other classifications as well. For example, prof. Galina Al-dr. Cherkasova considers metaphorical transfer in connection with the category of animateness / inanimateness:

1. the action of an inanimate object is transferred to another inanimate object ( fireplace– ‘room stove’ and ‘electric heater’; wing- ‘birds’, ‘aircraft blade, mills’, ‘side extension’);
2. animate - also on an animate object, but of a different group ( bear, snake);
3. inanimate - to animate ( she blossomed );
4. animate to inanimate ( escort- 'patrol ship').

The main tendencies of metaphorical transfer: figurative meanings appear in words that are socially significant in given time. During the years of the Great Patriotic War household words were used as metaphors to define military concepts: comb through forest, get into boiler . Subsequently, on the contrary, military terms were transferred to other concepts: front works, take on armament . Sports vocabulary gives a lot of figurative meanings: finish, start, move. With the development of astronautics, metaphors appeared high point, space velocity, dock. Currently big number metaphors associated with the computer sphere: mouse, archive, maternal pay etc.

There are models of metaphorical transfer in the language: certain groups of words form certain metaphors.

• professional characteristics of a person artist, craftsman, philosopher, shoemaker, clown, chemist);
• disease-related names ulcer, plague, cholera, delirium);
• names of natural phenomena when they are transferred to human life ( Spring life, hail tears);
• names of household items rag, mattress etc.);
• transferring the names of animal actions to humans ( bark, mumble).

Metonymy(Greek ‘renaming’) is such a name transfer, which is based on the adjacency of the features of two or more concepts: paper– ‘document’.

Types of metonymic transfer:

1. transfer by spatial adjacency ( audience- 'people', Class– ‘children’): (a) transferring the name of the containing to the content ( all village came out city worried, all embankment ate plate, read Pushkin ); (b) the name of the material from which the object is made is transferred to the object ( To go to silks, in gold; in scarlet And gold dressed forests; dancing gold );
2. adjacency transfer about d – transfer of the name of the action to the result ( dictation, composition, cookies, jam, embroidery);
3. synecdoche(a) transferring the name of a part of the whole to the whole ( hundred goals livestock; behind him eye Yes eye needed; he is seven mouths feeds; he is mine right hand ; a heart heart the message) - often found in proverbs; (b) whole to part ( jasmine– ‘bush’ and ‘flowers’; plum- 'tree' and 'fruit'.

This classification does not cover the whole variety of metonymic transfers that exist in the language.

Sometimes when transferring grammatical features words, e.g. plural number: workers arms, rest on south, To go to silks . It is believed that the basis of metonymic transfer is nouns.

In addition to common language portable values, in the language of fiction there are also figurative use words that are characteristic of the work of a particular writer and are one of the means of artistic representation. For example, in L. Tolstoy: fair And Kind sky("War and Peace"); at A.P. Chekhov: crumbly ("The Last Mohican") cozy lady(“From the Memoirs of an Idealist”), faded aunties("Hopeless"); in the works of K.G. Paustovsky: shy sky("Mikhailovskaya grove"), sleepy dawn("The Third Date") molten noon("The Romantics") sleepy day("Marine habit"), white-blooded bulb("The Book of Wanderings"); V. Nabokov: overcast tense day("Protection of Luzhin"), etc.

Like metaphor, metonymy can be individual-author's - contextual, i.e. conditioned by the contextual use of the word, it does not exist outside the given context: "You're so stupid, brother!" - said reproachfully handset (E. Meek); redheads trousers sigh and think(A.P. Chekhov); Short fur coats, sheepskin coats crowded...(M. Sholokhov).

Such figurative meanings, as a rule, are not reflected in dictionary interpretations. Dictionaries reflect only regular, productive, generally accepted transfers fixed by language practice, which continue to arise, playing a large role in enriching the vocabulary of the language.

Many Russian words have both direct and figurative meanings. About what this phenomenon is, how to define a word in a figurative sense and how this transfer occurs, we will talk in our article.

On the direct and figurative meaning of the word

Even from the elementary grades of school, we know that words in the Russian language have a direct meaning, that is, the main one, directly related to some object or phenomenon. For example, for the noun " output" it is "an opening in a wall or fence through which one can leave an enclosed space" (Another output hid behind a secret door into the courtyard).

But besides the direct, there is also a figurative meaning of the word. Examples of such meanings for one lexical unit are often numerous. So, in the same word " output" this:

1) a way to get rid of the problem (Finally, we came up with a decent output from the situation)

2) the number of products produced (As a result output details turned out to be slightly lower than expected);

3) appearance on stage ( Output the protagonist was greeted with a standing ovation);

4) exposure rocks(In this place output limestone made the rocks almost white).

What affects the transfer of the meaning of the word

Depending on which feature can be associated with the transfer of the name of one object to another, linguists distinguish three types of it:

1. Metaphor (transfer is associated with the similarity of features of different objects).
2. Metonymy (based on the adjacency of objects).
3. Synecdoche (transfer general meaning for part of it).

The figurative meaning of the word by the similarity of functions is also considered separately.

Now let's take a closer look at each of these types.

What is a metaphor

As mentioned above, a metaphor is a transfer of meaning based on the similarity of features. For example, if the objects are similar in shape (the dome of the building - the dome of the sky) or in color (gold decoration - the golden sun).

Metaphor also implies the similarity of other meanings:

• by function ( a heart human is the main organ a heart cities - the main area);
• by the nature of the sound ( grumbles old lady - grumbles kettle on the stove);
• by location ( tail animal - tail trains);
• on other grounds ( green I am youth - not mature; deep longing - it is difficult to get out of it; silk hair - smooth; soft look is pleasant).

The figurative meaning of a word in the case of a metaphor can also be based on the animation of inanimate objects, and vice versa. For example: whisper of leaves, gentle warmth, nerves of steel, an empty look, etc.

Metaphorical rethinking is also frequent, based on the convergence of objects according to seemingly different signs: a gray mouse - a gray fog - a gray day - gray thoughts; sharp knife- sharp mind - sharp eye - sharp corners (dangerous events) in life.

Metonymy

Another trope using words used in a figurative sense, - this is metonymy. It is possible under the condition of contiguity of concepts. For example, moving the name of the room ( Class) to the group of children in it ( Class rose to meet the teacher) is a metonymy. The same happens when transferring the name of an action to its result (to do baking bread - fresh bakery) or properties on their owner (to have bass- a talented aria sang bass).

According to the same principles, the author's name is transferred to his works ( Gogol- staged in the theater Gogol; Bach- listen Bach) or the name of the container to the contents ( plate- he already two plates ate). Adjacency (proximity) is also tracked when transferring the name of the material to a product made from it ( silk- she in silks walked) or tools on a person working with him ( braid- seen here braid walked).

Metonymy is an important way of the word-formation process

With the help of metonymy, any word in a figurative sense acquires more and more new semantic loads. So, for example, the word " node" even in ancient times it turned out by transferring the meaning "a rectangular piece of matter into which some objects are tied" (take with you node). And today, in dictionaries, other meanings have been added to it, which appeared through metonymy:

• the place where the lines of roads or rivers intersect, converge;
• part of the mechanism, consisting of tightly interacting parts;
• an important place where something is concentrated.

Thus, as you can see, the new figurative meaning of words, which arose with the help of metonymy, serves the development of vocabulary. By the way, this also saves speech efforts, as it makes it possible to replace the whole descriptive construction with just one word. For example: "early Chekhov" instead of "Chekhov in early period your creativity" or " audience” instead of “people sitting in the room and listening to the lecturer.”

One of the varieties of metonymy in linguistics is the synecdoche.

What is synecdoche

Words in a figurative sense, examples of which were given earlier, acquired a new semantic load due to some similarity or closeness of concepts. A synecdoche is a way of pointing to an object through the mention of its characteristic detail or hallmark. That is, as mentioned above, this is the transfer of the general meaning of the word to its part.

Here are some of the most common types of this trail.

How and when to use synecdoche

Synecdoche always depends on the context or situation, and in order to understand which words are used in a figurative sense, the author must first describe the hero or his environment. For example, it is difficult to determine from a sentence taken out of context who is being referred to: “ Beard blew smoke from a clay pipe. But from the previous story, everything becomes clear: "Next to the look of an experienced sailor, a man with a thick beard sat."

Thus, the synecdoche can be called an anaphoric trope oriented towards subtext. The designation of an object by its characteristic detail is used in colloquial speech and in literary texts to make them grotesque or humorous.

Figurative meaning of the word: examples of transfer by similarity of functions

Some linguists separately consider the transfer of meaning, under which the condition that phenomena have the same functions is fulfilled. For example, a janitor is a person cleansing in the yard, and the janitor in the car is a window cleaning device.

The word "counter" also has a new meaning, which was used in the sense of "a person who counts something." Now the counter is also a device.

Depending on which words in a figurative sense arise as a result of the named process, their associative connection with the original sense may disappear altogether with time.

How sometimes the transfer process affects the main meaning of the word

As already mentioned, as figurative meanings develop, a word can expand its semantic load. For example, the noun " the foundation” meant only: “a longitudinal thread running along the fabric”. But as a result of the transfer, this meaning expanded and was added to it: “ main part, the essence of something”, as well as “a part of a word without an ending”.

Yes, the emerging figurative meaning of polysemantic words leads to an increase in their expressive properties and contributes to the development of the language as a whole, but it is interesting that in this case some meanings of the word become obsolete and are put out of use. For example, the word " nature' has several meanings:

1. Nature ( Nature beckons me with its purity).
2. Human temperament (passionate nature).
3. Natural conditions, environment (figure from nature).
4. Replacing money with goods or products (pay off in kind).

But the first of these meanings, with which, by the way, this word was borrowed from French, is already obsolete, in dictionaries it is indicated by the mark "obsolete." The rest, developed with the help of transference on its basis, are actively functioning in our time.

How words are used in a figurative sense: examples

Words in a figurative sense are often used as means of expression fiction, media, and advertising. In the latter case, the technique of intentional collision in the subtext is very popular. different values one word. So, oh mineral water advertising says: "Source of vivacity." The same technique is visible in the slogan for shoe cream: "Brilliant protection."

The authors works of art to give them brightness and imagery, they use not only the already known figurative meaning of words, but also create their own versions of metaphors. For example, Blok's “silence blooms” or Yesenin's “birch Russia”, which has become very popular over time.

There are also words in which the transfer of meaning has become “dry”, “erased”. As a rule, we use such words not to convey an attitude to something, but to name an action or object (go to the goal, the bow of the boat, the back of a chair, etc.). In lexicology, they are called nominative metaphors, and in dictionaries, by the way, they are not designated as a figurative meaning.

Incorrect use of words in a figurative sense

In order for words in the literal and figurative sense to always appear in the text in their places and be justified, you must follow the rules for their use.

It should be remembered that the use of a metaphor requires the presence of similarities in the features of the object of the name and in the meaning of the word applied to it. Meanwhile, this is not always observed, and the image used as a metaphor sometimes does not evoke the necessary associations and remains unclear. For example, a journalist, speaking of a ski race, calls it a "ski bullfight" or, reporting on inanimate objects, denotes their number as a duet, trio or quartet.

Such a pursuit of "beautifulness" leads to the opposite result, forcing the reader to be perplexed, and sometimes even laugh, as in the case when it was said about Tolstoy's portrait: "Tolstoy hung in the office by the window."

Examples of words and expressions with a figurative meaning:

As we can see, words acquire a figurative meaning when they are used together with certain words (which do not have such a quality in the literal sense). For example, nerves cannot literally be made of iron, so this is a figurative meaning, but iron ore just consists of iron (the phrase has a direct meaning).

Any word in Russian initially has one or more direct meanings. That is, the word Key can mean something with which we close the lock on front door and can mean water spouting from the ground. In both cases, this is a direct meaning polysemantic word. But almost every word in Russian can be given and figurative sense. For example, in the expression key to all doors, not a word key, not a word doors not used in direct meaning. Here the key is the possibility of solving the problem, and the doors are the very problem. The figurative meaning of words is often used by poets, for example, in the famous poem by Pushkin, every word has a figurative meaning:

Or here is the famous young man at Bryusov, who had a burning look, of course, burning in a figurative sense.

The direct meaning of the word strictly correlates with a certain thing, sign, action, quality, etc. A word may have a figurative meaning at points of contact, similarity with another object in form, function, color, purpose, etc.

Examples of the meaning of words:

table (furniture) - address table, table 9 (diet);

black color - back door (auxiliary), black thoughts (cheerless);

a bright room - a bright mind, a bright head;

dirty rag - dirty thoughts;

cold wind - cold heart;

golden cross - golden hands, golden heart;

heavy burden - heavy look;

heart valve - cardiac reception;

gray mouse - gray man.

A large number of words and figures of speech in the Russian language can be used both in the direct and figurative (figurative) sense.

The direct meaning usually completely coincides with the original meaning, the narrator means exactly what he says.

We use words in a figurative sense in order to give figurativeness to our speech, to emphasize some quality or action.

The examples below will help feel the differencequot ;:

The language is in constant development, those words that a few decades ago were used only in the literal sense, can begin to be used figuratively - a birdhouse - a starling's house, a birdhouse - a traffic police post, a zebra - an animal, a zebra - a pedestrian crossing.

The direct is the primary meaning of a word, the figurative is the secondary. Here are some examples:

Golden earrings - direct meaning.

My husband has golden hands - figurative meaning.

Rain worm- direct.

Book worm- portable.

Silver ring - straight.

Silver century - portable.

Burning in the sky star- direct.

Star screen - portable.

Icy sculpture - direct.

Icy smile is portable.

Sugar buns - straight.

Mouth sugar- portable.

Woolen a blanket- direct.

Winter covered everything around with snow blanket- portable.

mink fur coat- direct.

Herring under fur coat- portable.

Marble plate - straight.

Marble cupcake - portable.

The black suit - direct.

Leave for the black day - portable.

Sweet tea - sweet kitty, sweet music.

Crying in pain - the prison is crying (for someone).

Soft plasticine - soft light, soft heart.

Sunny day - sunny soul, sunny smile.

A plastic bag is a social package (about vacations, sick leave).

Wolverine skin is a venal skin.

Garden flowers - flowers of life (about children).

Green fruits - green generation.

Woodpecker (bird) - woodpecker (informer).

To poison with pills - to poison with moral violence.

The direct meaning of a word is when the word is used in the sense it originally was. For example: sweet porridge.

The figurative meaning of the word is when the word is not used in the literal sense, such as sweet deception.

In Russian, words can have both direct and figurative meanings. Under direct meaning understand words that name an object of reality or its property. At the same time, the meaning of such words does not depend on the context, we immediately imagine what they call. For example:

Based on the direct meaning, the word may have additional lexical meanings, which are called portable. The figurative meaning is based on the similarity of objects or phenomena according to appearance, properties, or actions to perform.

Compare: stone house and stone face. In the phrase stone house, the adjective stone is used in the literal sense (solid, motionless, strong), and in the phrase stone facequot ;, the same adjective is used in a figurative sense (insensitive, unfriendly, harsh).

Here are some examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words:

Many stylistic figures or literary tropes are built on the basis of figurative meaning (metonymy, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, epithet, hyperbole).

There are a lot of words with direct and figurative meaning in Russian. And as a rule, all these meanings are reflected in dictionaries. Periodically it is very useful to look there.

Examples of words and phrases with a figurative meaning:

• to step on a rake, figuratively - to get a negative experience.
• prick up your ears - become very attentive,
• reel fishing rods - leave, and not necessarily from fishing,
• stone heart - an insensitive person,
• sour mine - a displeased expression.
• work hard - work hard
• sharp tongue - the ability to formulate accurate, well-aimed and even caustic information.

Here, I remembered.

But in fact, the fact is very interesting that words can have not only a direct meaning, but also a figurative one.

If we talk about the direct meaning, then in the text we mean exactly the lexical meaning specific word. But the figurative meaning means the transfer of the meaning of the lexical initial in the consequence with comparison

And here are some examples:

Content

The word can be in both direct and figurative meaning. Such words are called polysemantic.

The direct meaning of the word

In order to directly designate an object, its action or the attribute that it possesses, the direct meaning of the word is used. Such lexical units do not raise doubts about the designation and do not change the semantic load or emotional coloring of the text. Examples:

There is a table in the middle of the room with textbooks on it.

The hare jumps along the edge of the forest among trees and bushes.

The sun's rays reflected in the window, creating glare.

Many words are used in speech only in their direct meaning: with eun, apartment, sun, sad, famous.

The direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning.

The emergence of the figurative meaning of the word

The main lexical meaning can serve as a basis for the formation of other secondary meanings. Such values ​​are called figurative meanings and give it a completely different meaning. The basis for using the word in a different sense is the similarity of one object with another, their signs or actions.

For example, when using the word " gold» in the phrase « Golden ring ”, the meaning of the adjective is clear, denoting a precious metal that determines the cost and value of an item.

In another example - golden hands", word " gold» acquires a figurative meaning, since it is used in a figurative lexical meaning and means "skillful", "active", "indispensable".

Replacement explained common features in meaning, outward resemblance. IN this example both direct and figurative meanings can be used as a synonym " precious". This justifies the ambiguity. Words that can be used not only in the literal sense are called ambiguous. Examples:

• soft carpet - soft character - soft light;
• iron door - iron will - iron discipline.

Examples of words in a figurative sense

• the heart muscle is the friend of the heart;
• earthworm - bookworm;
• hit with a stick - thunder struck;
• door handle - ballpoint pen;
• red language - English;
• an idea was born - a daughter was born;
• wave crest - hair comb;
• artistic brush - hand;
• the column of the building is a column of demonstrators;
• the sleeve of the garment is the sleeve of the river.

The figurative meaning allows you to add emotionality, figurativeness to artistic speech. Thanks to him, paths are formed - the ambiguous use of words in fiction(litote, metonymy, comparison, epithet, metaphor).