What is figurative expressive means in literature. Artistic techniques in literature: types and examples

The word, as is known, is the basic unit of the language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is associated primarily with the word.

The word in a literary text is a special world. The artistic word is a mirror of the author's individual attitude to reality, a special perception of the surrounding world. An artistic text has its own accuracy - metaphorical, its own truths - artistic revelations; the whole functions of the word change, which are given by the context: “I would like to merge into a single word / I merge my sadness and sadness ...” (G. Heine).
Metaphorical statements in a literary text are associated with the expression of individual perception of the surrounding world. Art is the self-expression of the individual. Literary fabric is woven from metaphors, which creates an image that excites us and emotionally affects us the image of a work of art. Words acquire additional meanings, stylistic coloring, create a special world in which we are immersed when reading fiction.
And in oral speech, not only in literary, but also in colloquial, we, without hesitation, use all the expressive means of speech so that the speech is more convincing, more emotional, more figurative. Metaphors give special expressiveness to our speech.

The word metaphor in Greek means "transfer". This refers to the transfer of the name from one subject to another. In order for such a transfer to take place, these objects must have some similarity, they must be something similar, adjacent. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis.
As a result of the transfer of meaning from one object or phenomenon to another, an image is created. Metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressiveness of poetic, artistic speech. But at the same time, their absence does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work of art. Let's compare two excerpts from different poems by B. Pasternak:

Being famous is not nice.
It's not what lifts you up.
No need to archive
Shake over manuscripts.

The goal of creativity is self-giving,
Not a hype, not a success.
It's shameful, meaning nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.
…………………………………
July dragging in clothes
Dandelion fluff, burdock.
July, entering home through the windows,
All loudly speaking out loud.

Steppe unkempt mess,
Smelling of linden and grass,
Tops and the smell of dill,
July meadow air.

In the first poem, B. Pasternak does not use metaphors, while the second poem is full of personification, epithets, metaphors, but each of these poems is artistically expressive. The first - conquers with sincerity, accuracy of language, deep meaning, the second - acts on an emotional level, creates a lyrical image.
Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the writer conveys the individuality, originality of objects, while showing his own associative nature of thinking, his own vision of the world.
Metaphor can be simple and detailed. In the poetry of the twentieth century, the use of detailed metaphors is being revived, the nature of simple metaphors is changing significantly.

METONYMY is a kind of metaphor. The Greek word "metonymy" means renaming, that is, giving one object the name of another. This is the replacement of one word with another based on the adjacency of two objects, concepts, etc. Metonymy is the imposition of one attribute on another, the imposition of a figurative meaning on a direct one. For example: 1. The village smokes into the cold clear sky with gray smoke - people warm up. (V.M. Shukshin) (Instead of: they smoke stove pipes). 2. The city was noisy, flags were crackling, wet roses were falling from flower girls' bowls, horses adorned with multi-colored feathers were jumping, carousels were spinning. (Yu.K. Olesha) (People living in the city were noisy). 3. I ate three plates. (I ate soup in bowls). All these transfers of meanings, their mixing are possible because objects that have the same name are nearby, that is, they are adjacent. This may be adjacency in space, time, etc. Such transfers of names are called metonymic.
SYNECDOCHE. The Greek word "synecdoche" means correlation. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. The transfer of meaning occurs when the less-neck is called instead of the greater; more instead of less; a part instead of a whole; whole instead of part.

EPITHET. This word, translated from Greek, means "application, attached", that is, one word is attached to another.
An epithet is a trope, a figure, a figurative definition, a word or a phrase that defines a person, object, phenomenon or action from the subjective position of the author. It differs from a simple definition by artistic expressiveness.
In folklore, constant epithets are used as a means of typification and one of the main means of its artistic expression. Tropes, in the strict sense of this term, include only epithets, the function of which is performed by words used in a figurative way, in contrast to exact epithets expressed by words used in a direct sense (beautiful flowers, red berry). The creation of figurative epithets is associated with the use of words in a figurative sense. Epithets expressed by words that act in figurative meanings are called metaphorical. The basis of the epithet may be a metonymic transfer of the name (... we will go to break the wall, we will stand with our heads for our homeland. M.Yu. Lermontov).

Contrasting epithets that form combinations of words opposite in meaning with definable nouns are called OXYMORONS. (“... joyful sadness, hating love.” I.B. Golub).

COMPARISON - a trope in which the characteristics of one object are given by comparing it with another object. Comparison is a trope that consists in comparing objects according to their similarity, which can be obvious or distant and unexpected. Usually, comparison is expressed using the words “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”, “like”. There may be comparisons in the form of instrumental case.

PERSONIFICATION - a kind of metaphor, the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often, personification is created by referring to natural phenomena as living and conscious beings. The transfer of human properties to animals is also called personification.

HYPERBOLE - one of the expressive means of speech, means "exaggeration". Hyperbole is a figure with the meaning of excessive exaggeration of what is being said.

LITOTA - translated from Greek, this word means "simplicity". If a hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of something, then the reverse hyperbole means the same excessive understatement. Litota is a figure that consists in the excessive understatement of what is being said. (A man with a fingernail. A boy with a finger. Thumbelina. Quieter than water, lower than grass. “You have to bow your head below a thin blade of grass” (N.A. Nekrasov).

The expressive means of speech are humor, irony, sarcasm, grotesque.
HUMOR is one of the expressive means of vocabulary, humor translated from English means temper, mood. Entire works can be written in a comic, comically pathetic, allegorical manner. They show a good-natured, mocking attitude towards something. Remember the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon". In this vein, many fables of I. Krylov are written.
IRONY - translated from Greek "pretense", "mockery", when one thing is affirmed in words, and in the subtext it means something completely different, the opposite of the thought expressed.
Sarcasm - translated from Greek means "I tear the meat." Sarcasm is a caustic mockery, malicious irony, caustic, caustic remarks. A comic effect is created, but at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt. The fantastic is combined with the real, the ordinary with everyday life. One of the varieties of painting - cartoons can be humorous, ironic, sarcastic and grotesque.
GROTESQUE means "fancy", "intricate". This artistic technique consists in violating the proportion of the depicted objects, phenomena, events. Many of the works of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin are built using these expressive means of speech (“History of a City”, “Lord Golovlevs”. Fairy tales). The stories of N.N. Gogol, A.P. Chekhov are full of humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque. Grotesque in its content and the work of J. Swift ("Gulliver's Travels").
Remember the stories of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon", "Thick and thin", "Man in a case". The grotesque was used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to create the image of Judas in the novel Lord Golovlevs. Sarcasm and irony in the satirical poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Kozma Prutkov, Zoshchenko, Vasily Shukshin are full of humor.
Such expressive means of word formation as paronyms and paronomases are used by satirists and humorists. Wordplay creates puns.

PUNS - figures based on the sound similarity of words or combinations of words that are completely different in meaning. In puns, a play on words based on ambiguity and homonymy. Jokes are made from puns. Puns can be found in the work of V. Mayakovsky, in his satirical poems, in Kozma Prutkov, Omar Khayyam, A.P. Chekhov.

What is a figure of speech?
The word "figure" is translated from Latin as "shape, appearance, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean when we talk about artistic speech? The figures include syntactic means of expressiveness of speech: rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals.
What is a trope?
Tropes are lexical means of speech expressiveness: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, litote and others. Trope means "turn" in Greek. This term denotes a word used in a figurative sense. Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of words that decorate speech, make it more expressive, more beautiful. A special place in the study of the discipline is occupied by the styles of fiction, expressive means are used in different styles of speech. The main thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a work of art (text) to have an emotional, aesthetic impact on the reader, to create vivid images and poetic pictures.

We live in a world of sounds. Some sounds evoke positive emotions, while others alert, excite, cause a feeling of anxiety, or soothe and induce sleep. Sounds evoke images. With the help of a combination of sounds, it is possible to have an emotional impact on a person, which we especially perceive when reading artistic literary works and works of Russian folk art.

K.D.Balmont gave a figurative description of the sounds of speech: the sound is “a small conjuring dwarf”, magic. M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “In the Russian language, as it seems, the frequent repetition of the letter “A” can contribute to the image of the magnificence of the great space, depth and height, also sudden (“remember the song “My native country is wide, there are many fields in it , forests and rivers…”); the increase in the letters “E”, “I”, “Yu” - to depict tenderness, caress, deplorable or small things (listen to the music of Yesenin’s verse: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees ... "). Through "I" you can show pleasantness, amusement, tenderness; through "O", "U", "Y" - terrible and strong things: anger, envy, sadness.

SOUND SIGNATURE: ASSONANCE, ALLITERATION, IMPETITION

The use of certain sounds in a certain order as an artistic method of expressiveness of speech to create an image is called sound recording.
SOUND-writing is an artistic technique that consists in the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world in the text.
ASSONANCE is a French word meaning consonance. This is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in the text to create a sound image. Assonance contributes to the expressiveness of speech. Assonance is used by poets in rhyme, in the rhythm of poems.
ALLITERATION is a word of Greek origin from the noun letter. Repetition of consonants in a literary text to create a sound image, enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.
Sound imitation - the transmission of auditory impressions in words reminiscent of the sound of the phenomena of the world around us.

Means of expressiveness give brightness to speech, enhance its emotional impact, attract the attention of the reader and listener to the statement. The means of speech expressiveness are diverse.

Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with a word-lexeme), syntactic (associated with a phrase and a sentence), phraseological (phraseological units), tropes (figurative figures of speech) pictorial means are distinguished. They are used in various areas of communication: artistic, journalistic, colloquial and even scientific speech. The poorest of them officially

business style of speech.

A special role is played by means of expressiveness in artistic speech. Facilities

the reader to enter the world of a work of art, to reveal the author's intention.

Dictionary- minimum

Lexical facilities expressiveness

SYNÓ NIMS- words that are close in meaning, but are not the same root, for example: enemy,

enemy, adversary. S. help to express the idea most accurately, allow

detail the description of phenomena or objects. The most important stylistic function

S. is a substitution function when it is necessary to avoid the repetition of words. S row,

arranged so that each next enhances the previous one, creates a gradation (see): “I was in a hurry, flew, trembled ...” (A.S. Griboedov). S. are used in artistic

text (along with antonyms (see), homonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as a means of thin .. express:

I'm talking to a friend of my youthful days;

In your features I look for other features;

In the mouth of the living, the mouth has long been mute,

In the eyes of the fire of extinguished eyes.

ANTONYMS- words that are opposite in meaning, helping to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena: “only a shine is whiter, a shadow is blacker”; “they came together: wave and stone / / poetry and prose,

ice and fire... A. may be present in the titles: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy,

"Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev. A. are used in a literary text (along with

synonyms (see), homonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as a lexical means

artistic expression, for example:

You are rich, I am very poor

You are a prose writer, I am a poet,

You are blush, like a poppy color,

I, like death, and thin and pale. A.S. Pushkin

HOMONYMS- words that have the same sound and spelling but different meanings: marriage

(matrimony) - marriage (poor-quality products). In addition to O. proper, they distinguish

homophones (words that sound the same but are spelled differently) and homographs

(words that only match in writing). O. are used in artistic

text (along with synonyms (see), antonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as

lexical means of artistic expression or language game:

You fed the white swans

Throwing back the weight of black braids...

I swam nearby; the helms came together;

The sunset beam was strangely oblique. (V.Ya. Bryusov)

OCCASIONALISMS- a kind of neologisms (see): individual author's words created

poet or writer in accordance with the laws of word formation of the language, according to

models that exist in it and are used in a literary text

as a lexical means of artistic expression (“... hammered,

crescent soviet passport”, “I don’t give a damn about the many bronzes…” V.

Mayakovsky) or the language game:

smart teacher,

bent over the table

squinting, bespectacled,

vicious pest.

A. Levin ("The Gray Teacher", 1983-95)

PARONYMS- cognate words that are similar (but not the same) in sound, but differ in individual morphemes (prefixes or suffixes) and do not match in meaning: dress -

put on, signature - painting, spectacular - effective. Items are used in

literary text (along with synonyms (see), homonyms (see) and antonyms (see))

Dark glory bunt,

not empty and not hateful,

but tired and cold

Vocabulary of limited scope

DIALECTISMS- words and expressions inherent in folk speech, local

I speak (chereviki - shoes, base - yard, biryuk - a lonely and gloomy person). D.

are used in a literary text, like other vocabulary that has a limited

scope of use (colloquial elements (see), professionalisms (see), jargon

(see)) as a means of artistic expression (for example, as one of

ways of speech characterization of the character).

ARCHAISMS- obsolete words and expressions,

used, as a rule, in a "high poetic" style and giving

solemnity of artistic speech “Fade away, like a beacon, wondrous genius” (M.Yu.

Lermontov); “Show off, city of Petrov, and stand steadfastly, like Russia ...” (A.S. Pushkin).

However, A. can also introduce an ironic connotation into the text: “I'm in the village again. I go to

hunting, // I write my verses - life is easy ... ”(N.A. Nekrasov); “Once upon a time there was a Beast...//

Ran to the amusement, // Gatherings and gatherings. // Loved the spectacle, // In particular -

disgrace ... "(B. Zakhoder

JARGON(from French jargon) - emotionally and expressively colored speech,

different from the common one; any non-normative conditional language

social group, containing many words and expressions that are not included in the colloquial

language. Varieties of Zh .: high-society or salon, student, army, thieves, sports, youth, family, etc.

to rat - to steal, goof - razin, an ingenuous person, and also - a businessman, a merchant;

PROFESSIONALISMS- words and expressions characteristic of people's speech

various professions and serving various areas of professional

activities, but not in common use. P., unlike the terms,

are considered "semi-official" words (lexemes) that do not have a strict

of a scientific nature, for example: organic - organic chemistry, steering wheel - steering wheel

car. In fiction, P., like other vocabulary that has

limited scope of use (colloquial elements, dialectisms,

jargon), are used as one of the ways to characterize

character, for example: “We are not talking about storms, but about storms” (V. Vysotsky).

NEOLOGISM- a newly formed or innovatively introduced into the language) word or expression that reflects the emergence in people's lives of new concepts, phenomena, objects. N. are formed as on the basis

existing forms, in accordance with the laws of language ("There will be a storm - we will bet

// And we will take courage with her” (N.M. Yazykov); “Oh, laugh, laughers” (V.

Khlebnikov).

Phraseological style

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS- phrases (expressions) that are stable in composition, the meaning of which is fundamentally

cannot be deduced from the meanings of their constituent words, for example: take water in your mouth -

be silent, the fifth wheel in the cart is superfluous, press all the pedals - apply everything

efforts to achieve a goal or perform some business, etc. For F.

characteristic: constant composition (instead of a cat crying, you can’t say a dog

cried), the inadmissibility of including new words in their structure (one cannot say

instead of seven Fridays this week - seven Fridays this week), sustainability

grammatical structure (it is impossible to say sewed with white threads instead of sewn with white threads)

thread), in most cases a strictly fixed word order (it is impossible instead of a beaten unbeaten lucky unbeaten beaten luck). By origin distinguish F.,

borrowed from the Old Slavonic language and, as a rule, dating back to the Bible

(the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the Babylonian pandemonium, etc.), who came from

ancient mythology (Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, etc.), primordially Russian (in full

Ivanovskaya, pull the gimp, etc.), tracing paper, that is, expressions, literally

translated from source language

Phonetic means of expression

ALLITERATION- one of the types of sound writing (cm): repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same

consonant sounds in order to enhance its expressiveness.

The hiss of foamy glasses

And punch flame blue.

ASSONANCE(from French assonance - consonance) - 1. One of the types of sound writing (see):

repeated repetition in a poem (less often in prose) of the same vowel sounds,

enhancing the expressiveness of artistic speech.

Do I wander along the noisy streets

I enter a crowded temple,

Am I sitting among the foolish youths,

I surrender to my dreams.

ONOMATOPOEIA- one of the types of sound recording (see): use

phonetic combinations that can convey the sound of the described phenomena (“echo

laughter", "the clatter of hooves").

Trails (words and phrases in a figurative sense)

METAPHOR(from the Greek. metaphora - transfer) - a kind of trail: figurative knowledge of the word,

based on likening one object or phenomenon to another; hidden comparison,

built on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words "as", "as if",

"as if" are absent, but implied. M.'s varieties are

personification (see) and reification (see).

Nineteenth century, iron,

Truly a cruel age!

You in the darkness of the night, starless

Careless abandoned man!

METONYMY(from the Greek metonymia - renaming) - type of trail: rapprochement,

comparison of concepts based on the replacement of the direct name of the subject with another

adjacency principle (containing - content, thing - material, author - its

work, etc.), for example: “The bows sang frenziedly ...” (A. Blok) - “they sang

bows” - the violinists played their instruments; "You led swords to a plentiful feast ..."

(A.S. Pushkin) - "swords" - warriors. “Porcelain and bronze on the table, // And, pampered feelings

joy, // Perfume in cut crystal...” (A.S. Pushkin) - “porcelain and bronze”, “in crystal”

Products from bronze, porcelain and crystal; “The theater is already full, // The boxes are shining, // The parterre and

armchairs - everything is in full swing ... "(A.S. Pushkin) - "boxes shine" - women's shine (shine)

decorations on the ladies sitting in the boxes, “parterre and armchairs” - the audience in the stalls

(space behind the seats) and seats (seats in front of the auditorium) of the theater.

reification- type of trail: likening an object. For example: "Nails b

make these people: Stronger if there were no nails in the world ”(N.S. Tikhonov). Variety

metaphors (see).

OXYMORON (OXYMORON)- type of trope: a phrase made up of words that are opposite in meaning, based on the paradox: “Look, it’s fun for her to be sad, // Such an elegant

naked” (A. Akhmatova); “Woman, take heart, nothing, // This is life, it happened

after all, it’s even worse ... ”(V. Vishnevsky). O. allows you to give more expressiveness to the image: bitter joy, sweet tears, “The Living Corpse” (L.N. Tolstoy)

PERSONALIZATION- type of trail: image of inanimate objects,

in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings (the gift of speech, the ability to think, feel, experience, act), they become like a living being. For example:

What are you howling about, night wind?

What are you complaining about so much?

PERIPHRASE- type of trope: a descriptive turn of speech used instead of a word or phrase.

In P., the name of an object or phenomenon is replaced for greater expressiveness

indicating its most characteristic features: "Venice of the North" (St.

Petersburg), "king of beasts" (lion). P. are figurative (wearing a metaphorical

character) and non-figurative (preserving the direct meaning of the words that form them,

for example: "city on the Neva" - Petersburg). Only figurative

P. In figurative P., some key feature stands out, and all the others, as it were

depicted objects and phenomena that are especially important for him in

artistic attitude. Unimaginative P. only rename objects,

qualities, actions and perform not so much an aesthetic as a semantic function: they help the author to more accurately express a thought, emphasize certain qualities of the described object or phenomenon, avoid repetition of words (for example, instead of A.S. Pushkin - “the author of“ Eugene Onegin ”“, "great Russian poet"). In the poem "The Death of a Poet" M.Yu. Lermontov the same A.S. Pushkin is called a "slave of honor", "a wondrous genius", and in a well-known obituary - "the sun of Russian poetry" - these are figurative P., tropes. P. - one of the leading tropes in the symbolist poetry of the early twentieth century.

SYNÉ ODOHA- type of trail: a kind of metonymy (see). The trope consists in replacing the plural

number singular; the use of the name of the part instead of the whole or general, and vice versa. For example:

From here we will threaten the Swede,

Here the city will be founded

To spite the arrogant neighbor ...

EPITHET(from Greek eritheton - application) - type of trail: figurative

a definition emphasizing some property of an object or phenomenon,

with a special artistic expression. For example: iron

since they are used in a figurative sense and carry a special semantic and

expressive-emotional load, while the same adjectives,

used in direct meaning (iron bed, silver coin),

are not epithets. Distinguish E. "decorating" - denoting permanent

sign (see PERMANENT EPITHET) and E. individual, author's, important

to create a specific image in a given text (for example, in a poem by M.Yu.

Lermontov's "Cliff": "golden cloud", "giant cliff", stands alone", "quietly

crying"). E. is usually expressed by an adjective, participle, adverb, or

noun as an application.

HYPERBOLA- type of trope: excessive exaggeration of feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc.

the same extraction of radium.

In a gram booty,

labor per year.

harassing

for one word

Thousand tons

verbal ore.

LITOTES(from the Greek litotes - simplicity, smallness, moderation) - a kind of trail,

opposite of hyperbole (see): artistic understatement of magnitude, strength,

the meaning of a phenomenon or object (“a boy with a finger”, “a man with a fingernail”). For example:

the same extraction of radium.

In a gram booty,

labor per year.

harassing

for one word

Thousand tons

verbal ore.

V. Mayakovsky

IRONY(from the Greek. eir?neia - pretense, mockery) - 1. Kind of comic:

subtle, hidden sneer. The comic effect is achieved by the fact that

says exactly the opposite of what is meant:

He [Onegin] sat down with a laudable purpose

Assign someone else's mind to yourself;

He set up a shelf with a detachment of books ... A.S. Pushkin

Syntactic figurative means (figures of speech )

PARALLELISM(from the Greek parall?los - walking beside) - 1. Identical or

a similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, which, when correlated, create a single poetic image:

Waves crash in the blue sea.

The stars are shining in the blue sky.

A.S. Pushkin

ANAPHORA(from the Greek anaphora - bringing up) - a stylistic figure:

monotony, repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of poetic lines or

prose phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slim look. A.S. Pushkin

EPIPHORA(from the Greek epophora - additive) - a stylistic figure: the repetition of a word or group of words at the end of lines of poetry or prose

phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions (cf.

PARALLELISM).

I won't deceive myself

Concern lay in the misty heart.

Why did I become known as a charlatan,

Why am I known as a brawler?

……………………………………….

And now I won't get sick.

The slough in the heart cleared up like a mist.

That's why I was known as a charlatan,

That's why I was known as a brawler. (Yesenin)

GRADATION(from Latin gradatio - gradual elevation) - a stylistic device: such an arrangement of words (phrases, parts of a complex sentence), in which each subsequent one strengthens (or weakens) the meaning of the previous one, which allows you to recreate events, actions, thoughts and feelings in

process, in development - from small to large (direct G.) or from large to small (reverse G.). Thanks to G., there is an increase in intonation and the emotionality of speech increases:

Thank you with heart and hand

Because you me - not knowing yourself! -

So love: for my peace of the night,

For the rarity of meetings at sunset,

For our non-walking under the moon,

For the sun is not over our heads ... (Tsvetaeva)

PARCELLATION(from French parcelle - particle) - intonation-

stylistic figure: syntactic highlighting of individual parts or words

phrases (most often homogeneous members) or parts of a compound

(complex) sentences as independent sentences with

in order to enhance their semantic weight and emotional load in the text:

And his shadow dances in the window

Along the embankment. In the autumn night.

There. For Araks. In that country.

P. Antokolsky

“And here Latyshev, if he is a scientist, an intellectual, had to push the harpooner under the elbow and scold the captain for thoughtlessness. And protect the white whale from fools, and let the handsome sail further into legends.

rhetorical exclamationÁ NIE

figure: an exclamatory sentence that enhances the emotionality of the statement:

"Troika! Three bird! (N.V. Gogol). R. v. may be accompanied by hyperbolization, for example: “Magnificent! It has no equal river in the world!” (about the Dnieper) (N.V. Gogol).

Rhetorical questionÓ FROM(from Greek rhetor - speaker) - stylistic

figure: an interrogative sentence containing an affirmation (or negation),

formatted as a question that does not require an answer:

Didn't you at first so viciously persecuted

His free, bold gift

And for fun inflated

Slightly lurking fire? ...

M.Yu. Lermontov

R. v. is put not in order to get an answer, but in order to draw the attention of the reader (listener) to a particular phenomenon. R. v. used in poetic and oratorical speech, in journalistic and scientific texts, in artistic prose, as well as in colloquial speech.

rhetorical addressÉ NIE(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) - a stylistic figure: an underlined, but conditional appeal to someone (something). In form, being an appeal, R. o. serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards this or that object or phenomenon: to give it an emotional assessment, to give the speech the intonation necessary for the author

(solemnity, cordiality, irony, etc.).

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you in soul. (A.S. Pushkin)

INVERSION(from lat. inversio - rearrangement) - stylistic figure: violation

generally accepted word order in the language. Rearranging words or parts of a phrase

gives speech a special expressiveness, for example:

He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious

Pillar of Alexandria... A.S. Pushkin

ASYNDETON- stylistic figure: such a construction of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Gives the statement swiftness, dynamism, helps to convey a quick change of pictures, impressions, actions.

Flickering past the booth, women,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,

Pharmacies, fashion stores,

Balconies, lions on the gates

And flocks of jackdaws on crosses.

A.S. Pushkin

POLYUNION- stylistic figure: intentional repetition of unions,

which is used for intonational and logical underlining

And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn,

And azure, and midday heat ...

Means of expressiveness of artistic speech

Lexical means of expression.

The word in the system of linguistic units is the most important means of expressing thought, because it contains inexhaustible possibilities for conveying the subtlest shades of thought, for revealing the deepest feelings. The significance of the word lies in the fact that it contributes to the understanding of the richness and expressiveness of the Russian language, “radiates poetry” (K. G. Paustovsky). The formation and improvement of the ability to analyze the means of expression begins with the word. Acquaintance with the visual and expressive means of the language begins in the fifth grade, and by the ninth grade, the study and analysis of expressive means becomes more complicated. And already in the 11th grade at the exam, students are invited to complete task No. 25, dedicated to the ability to analyze the means of expression in excerpts from the proposed reviews. Why is this task difficult for students? (often children determine the means of artistic expression by touch).

In order for students to accurately understand these tasks, we will try to present vivid illustrative examples of tools.

To begin with, students must clearly distinguish between tropes, lexical, syntactic means of expression.

Consider the lexical means of expression and tropes and try to define each concept.

Epithet - artistic, figurative definition.

And at night I will listen

Permanent epithet- an epithet that constantly accompanies a certain noun is characteristic of folk art (good fellow, the field is clean, the sun is red ...)

Comparison - a form of poetic speech based on the comparison of one phenomenon or object with another. Cool summer has come

It's like a new life has begun. (A. Akhmatova)

Metaphor - a hidden comparison, a figurative meaning of a word based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast.

In the darkness of the world, I am not alone. (O. Mandelstam)

My words are a pearl water cannon. (A. Bely)

Metonymy - a trope based on a general situation, which in reality can be very different: a common place (“the whole bus laughed”), form and content (“I have already drunk two cups”), a name and what it is called (“I’m getting out on Gorky" (instead of "I go out on Gorky Street"), the author and his work ("Pushkin is standing on the top shelf"), etc.

Hyperbola - a means of artistic representation based on exaggeration. When using hyperbole in colloquial speech, the speaker tries to pay attention to some event or object. And exaggerating so much that in reality it turns out to be beyond the bounds of the possible.

The eyes are huge, like searchlights.

“Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers in such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them” - N.V. Gogol.

“For four years we have been preparing an escape, we have saved three tons of grubs ...” - V. Vysotsky.

Litotes - a means of expression based on understatement.

Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no more than a thimble. (A.S. Griboyedov)

It is the litotes that are such well-known expressions as: the cat cried, at hand, the sky is like a sheepskin. Litota is created using the following techniques: the use of diminutive suffixes: “kolobok”, “leaflet”, double negations: “not without intent”, the transition of denial into modality: “I don’t think this is the right choice”, reverse hyperbolization: “ a few steps from here."

Allegory - this is an allegory that is intended to explain an abstract, non-material concept / phenomenon (“wisdom”, “cunning”, “kindness”, “childhood”) through an objectively existing, material image - a figurative-objective component.

Many feelings and properties of the human personality are perceived as an allegory, examples of which are clear to everyone: a hare is cowardice, a snake is wisdom, a lion is courage, a dog is devotion.

The term " paraphrase or paraphrase" goes back to the Greek word "periphrasis" (where peri - "around" and phradzo - "I say") and denotes a trope that is used instead of another word. This turn of phrase is descriptive.
“Look, the first-born of freedom: Frost on the banks of the Neva!” (Z. Gippius) We are talking about the Decembrists.

Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. But their ugly beauty

I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Lermontov)

Oxymorons in Russian are characterized by purposeful, conscious, intentional use by the author of a contradiction in a phrase in order to enhance the stylistic effect of speech. They often become very bright and unexpected expressions, therefore they attract attention and are remembered.

Irony - this is the use of words or sayings with the opposite meaning, the purpose of this manipulation is mockery. Irony is one of the types of tropes. Irony is an artistic technique for creating figurative and expressive speech based on the identification of objects by contrast, and not by similarity of features, as in metaphor, or by contiguity, as in metonymy. A deliberate “renaming” takes place, which expresses a mocking or even negative attitude of the speaker to the subject under discussion, for example: go to my mansions (an invitation to go to a small apartment); here comes a big man (about a baby who has just learned to walk); love like a dog stick; dreamed about it all my life! I only think about it! who needs such beauty.

personification is a speech device by which a thing, idea or animal is endowed with human features. Non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like humans. For example, when we say "the sky is crying", we endow the sky with the ability to cry, which is inherent in man.

Examples:

• The first rays of the morning sun crept across the meadow.
• Snow covered the ground like a mother of a baby.
• The moon winked through the clouds.
• At exactly 6:30 am my alarm went off.
• The ocean danced in the moonlight.
• I heard the island calling me.
• Thunder grumbled like an old man.

Synecdoche - This is a stylistic figure that allows the use of some words instead of others in a figurative sense, based on the quantitative relationship between them.

For example,

“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird” (N.V. Gogol). In this case, the plural is denoted by the singular; it is understood that many birds, beasts and people sleep.

“And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced” (M. Yu. Lermontov). Here, on the contrary, the singular is denoted by the plural; many French are implied.

“We all look at Napoleons” (A. S. Pushkin). In this example, it is obvious that one person is meant, i.e. the singular is also denoted by the plural.

“Do you need anything? - In the roof for my family ”(A. I. Herzen). This example shows how the whole is denoted by its part; "in the roof" means "in the house."

Lexical means of artistic expression are quite fully studied at school throughout the course of the Russian language and literature. Referring to the textbooks Gavrilina M., Piel E. “Russian language. Theory". Experimental textbook for grades 5-9. 1997 and Bystrova E.A., Kibireva L.V., Gosteva Yu.N. "Russian language: a textbook for the 5th grade of educational institutions." - M .: OOO "Russian Word - Textbook", 2013, we find:

« Homonyms Words that are different in meaning but have the same sound and spelling. The word homonym comes from the Greek. homos - identical + onima - name. For example,

1. DEFEND - protect (defend a friend).

2. DEFEND - stand (to stand in line).

3. DEFEND - to be at some distance from someone, something. (the airport is five kilometers away from the city).

1. BOW - borrowings. Garden plant with a spicy taste.

2. BOW - Art.-Russian. A hand-held weapon for throwing arrows, made from a flexible, resilient rod (usually wooden) tied into an arc with a bowstring.

Homonyms must be distinguished from polysemantic words. The meanings of homonyms are clear only in phrases and sentences. Separately taken the word ROD is not clear. But, if you introduce it into a phrase, it becomes clear what is at stake:

Example:

ancient gender, masculine.

Types of homonyms

Often homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs are used in puns - witty expressions, jokes.

Example:

You are NOT MINE this umbrella, because it is NOT MINE, you lost it MUMB.

Use homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs in your speech should be very careful. Sometimes they lead to unwanted ambiguity.

Example:

Yesterday I visited the Poetry DAY. Poetry day? Or the bottom of poetry?

Synonyms - these are words of the same part of speech that sound and are written differently, but are the same or close in meaning.

The word synonym comes from the Greek. syndnymos - eponymous.

Example:

The words WET, RAW, and WET are synonymous because

1) call the same sign of the object - "not dry";

2) refer to the same part of speech - adjectives;

3) differ in shades of meaning - RAW - “stronger than wet”, WET - “soaked through with moisture”.

Synonyms can differ not only in shades of meaning, but also in use in different styles of speech.

Example:

Synonyms LOOK - LOOK - STARE have the same meaning "look at someone." They differ as follows:

LOOK - the word has a book character, solemn: It is pleasant and easy for me to look At the marvelous creations of art! (I. Panaev);

LOOK - we meet both in book and in ordinary speech, i.e. it is neutral: Sadly, I look at our generation ... (M. Lermontov) and I sit high, I look far away.

STARING - is rude, used only in colloquial speech: Why are you staring at me?

Some synonyms are very close in meaning, but differ in their compatibility with other words.

Example:

BROWN, BROWN and CHESTNUT are synonyms. But both the jacket and the felt-tip pen can be brown, but only the eyes are brown, and only the hair is chestnut.

Synonyms enrich our speech. They help to express our thought more accurately, to convey the most subtle shades of meaning more vividly, make our speech figurative, expressive.

Antonyms - these are words of the same part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning.

The word antonym comes from the Greek. anty - against + onima - name.

Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast.

Example:

hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close

Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.

Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.

Example:

soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sharp movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.

Most antonyms are words of different roots. But there are also single-root antonyms.

The opposite value in such cases is created using negative prefixes not-, without-, anti-, counter-, etc.

Example:

experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution

Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.

Example:

You are rich, I am very poor;
You are a prose writer, I am a poet;
You are blush, like a poppy color,
I am like death, and thin and pale. (A. Pushkin)

This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.

Dialectisms - words characteristic of any territorial dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language.

For example: farrier (blacksmith), bruise (russula), hefty (very), kochet (rooster).

Some dialectisms in their sound coincide with the words of the literary language, but have a different meaning in the dialect.

For example: plow (revenge the floor), firefighter (burnt victim), bayat (talk, tell).

jargon - words used by people of certain interests or social groups.

For example: merge (copy digital information), lather (write and send an email), author burn! (the author succeeded perfectly in the idea, the text makes an indelible impression) - from the Internet jargon; teacher (teacher), spur (crib) - from the jargon of schoolchildren and students; score an arrow (arrange a meeting), a barrel (a unit of firearms).

colloquial vocabulary- words that are outside the literary norm and are not assigned to any territory or social group.

For example: inside, for free, brainy, theirs, here. These words are used in oral everyday speech.

Another category of vernacular vocabulary is words that are perceived as rude or frankly rude and even vulgar.

For example: heifer (in the meaning of a woman), snout (in the meaning of a person's face), etc.

The vernacular also includes obscene vocabulary, i.e. mat.

Professionalisms- words and expressions that make up the lexical fund of professional jargon.

For example: a saucepan (synchrophasotron) - from the jargon of physicists; compile (checking a program and recording information about this program), prog (program), executable (ready-to-use program) - from the jargon of programmers.

To develop the skill of the ability to correctly recognize lexical means of expression, students can be offered the following exercises:

Exercise 1. Read the passage. Find words with a figurative meaning, determine their role in the text. Thanks to this, personification is created in the text.

A shadow walks in an open field,
A song rushes from the forest
The green leaf touches
The yellow ear is calling
Behind the mound is given.

Behind the mound, behind the hills,
Smoke-fog stands over the field,
The light flickers in stripes
Dawn cloud sleeves
Closes shamefully.

Rye and forest, dawn radiance, -
Thought, God knows where it flies ...
Vaguely leaves outline,
The wind held its breath
Only lightning flashes.

Exercise 2. Read Sergei Yesenin's poem "Swan". State its theme and main idea. Did you like the text? What attracted you to it? Find words with a figurative meaning, determine their role in the text.

Because of the forest, the dark forest,
The red dawn rose,
Scattered with a clear rainbow
Lights-rays crimson.

Lit up with a bright flame
Pines old, mighty,
Dressed up coniferous nets
Covered in gold woven.

And all around pearl dew
She cast scarlet sparkles,
And over the silver lake
The reeds leaned over and whispered.

This morning with the sun
Is it from those dark thickets
Came out like a dawn,
White swan.

Behind a gang of slender
The swans moved.
And the mirror surface was crushed
Emerald rings.

And from that quiet backwater,
In the middle of that lake
A distant stream passed
Ribbon dark and wide.

A white swan swam away
On the other side of the expanse,
Where to the silent backwater
Silk grass lay down.

On the green coast
Tilting gentle heads,
whispered lilies
With silent streams.

As the swan began to call
Their little swans
Take a walk in the colorful meadow,
Pinch fragrant grass.

The swans came out
Pull grass-ant,
And silver dewdrops
Like pearls, crumbled.

And around the flowers are azure
Dissolved waves spicy
And, like foreign guests,
Smiling at a happy day.

And the little children were walking
Along the wide expanse,
And the winch is snow-white,
Without taking his eyes off, he watched.

Did the kite fly through the grove,
Or the snake crawled across the plain,
The white swan cackled,
Calling the little kids.

The swans were buried
Is it under the wing of the mother,
And when the storm hid
Again they ran and frolicked.

But the swan did not feel
I did not see with a valiant eye,
What is golden from the sun
A black cloud was approaching -

Young eagle under the cloud
Spread the mighty wing
And cast lightning eyes
To the endless plain.

He saw by the dark forest,
On a hillock near a crevasse,
Like a snake crawled out into the sun
And curled into a ring, basking.

And the eagle wanted with malice
Like an arrow to the ground to rush,
But the snake noticed him
And hid under a bump.

With a wave of his wings under the cloud
He spread his sharp claws
And, waiting for prey,
Frozen in the air flattened.

But his eyes are eagle
We saw the steppe in the distance,
And by the wide lake
He saw a white swan.

Terrible wave of the mighty wing
Driven away the gray cloud
And the eagle, like a black dot,
He began to descend to the ground in rings.

At this time the swan is white
Looked at the mirror surface
And reflected in the sky
I saw long wings.

The swan fluttered
Shouted to the swans,
Small children gathered
And buried under the wings.

And the eagle flapping its wings
Like an arrow rushed to the ground,
And sharp claws dug
Right in the neck of a swan.

She spread her white wings
snow white swan
And dead feet
Pushed the little kids away.

The children ran to the lake,
Rushed into the dense thickets,
And from the eyes of a mother
Bitter tears rolled down.

And the eagle with sharp claws
Tore apart her tender body,
And white feathers flew
Like spray, in all directions.

The lake swayed quietly
The reeds, bending down, whispered,
And under the green bumps
The swans were buried.

Exercise 3. Read Yevgeny Yevtushenko's poem "Volga". With the help of what figurative and expressive means does the author present to us the inner world of the lyrical hero? Determine how the theme and the main idea of ​​the work are revealed with the help of expressive means?

We are Russians. We are the children of the Volga.
For us the meanings are full
her slow waves,
heavy as boulders.

Russia's love for her is imperishable.
All souls are drawn to her
Kuban and Dnieper, Neva and Lena,
and Angara and Yenisei.

I love her all in spots of light,
all surrounded by willow...
But the Volga for Russia is
much more than a river.

And what is she - the story is not short.
As if linking the times
she is both Razin and Nekrasov,
and Lenin is all she is.

I am faithful to the Volga and Russia -
the hope of a suffering land.
I was raised in a big family
I was fed the best they could.

At an hour sad and cheerful
so let me live and sing
as if on a high mountain
I'm standing in front of the Volga.

I will fight, make mistakes
knowing no shame.
I will hurt hurt
but I will never cry.

And I live young and loud,
and forever I make noise and bloom,
as long as there is a Volga in the world,
as long as you, Russia, are.

Exercise 4. Read Boris Pasternak's poem "Golden Autumn". With the help of what figurative and expressive means does the author introduce the main character of the work to us?

Autumn. Fairy tale,
All open for review.
clearings of forest roads,
Looking into the lakes

Like in an art exhibition:
Halls, halls, halls, halls
Elm, ash, aspen
Unprecedented in gilding.

Linden hoop gold -
Like a crown on a newlywed.
Birch face - under the veil
Wedding and transparent.

buried earth
Under foliage in ditches, pits.
In the yellow maples of the wing,
As if in gilded frames.

Where are the trees in September
At dawn they stand in pairs,
And sunset on their bark
Leaves an amber trail.

Where you can not step into the ravine,
So that everyone does not know:
So raging that not a step
A tree leaf underfoot.

Where it sounds at the end of the alleys
Echoes at the steep slope
And dawn cherry glue
Freezes in the form of a clot.

Autumn. ancient corner
Old books, clothes, weapons,
Where is the treasure catalog
Flips through the cold.

Exercise 5 Read an excerpt from their poem by A.S. Pushkin "Winter Morning". What artistic and expressive means does the author use to create the atmosphere of a frosty morning? What is the role of epithets in the text? Does the author use the contrast technique, justify the answer.

Frost and sun; wonderful day!
You are still dozing, my lovely friend -
It's time, beauty, wake up:
Open eyes closed by bliss
Towards the northern Aurora,
Be the star of the north!

Evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry,
In the cloudy sky, a haze hovered;
The moon is like a pale spot
Turned yellow through the gloomy clouds,
And you sat sad -
And now ... look out the window:

Under blue skies
splendid carpets,
Shining in the sun, the snow lies;
The transparent forest alone turns black,
And the spruce turns green through the frost,
And the river under the ice glitters.

Syntactic means of expressiveness of artistic speech.

“The syntactic structure of the Russian language is enriched and improved. As a result of the constant interaction of individual elements in the general syntactic system of the language, parallel syntactic constructions appear to express the same content. Structural variability leads, in turn, to stylistic differentiation. The stylistic possibilities of modern Russian syntax are quite tangible and wide enough. The presence of options in the ways of expressing thoughts and, consequently, in the syntactic organization of speech allows us to develop a whole system of syntactic means adapted to functioning in various types of communication, in different speech situations (in different functional styles of speech). The study of syntactic units and their stylistic properties creates the possibility of purposeful selection of the expressive means of the language, their conscious use in different speech contexts. From this it is clear what great importance is the purposeful study of the syntactic system of the language ”(N.S. Valgina FROM modern Russian language. Syntax. - Moscow "Higher School" 2003)

Any text is a combination of sentences according to certain rules. A distinction is made between a chain and a parallel connection: with a parallel connection, sentences are compared, with a chain connection, they are linked by various means. The means of interphrase communication include: substitute words: pronouns (man-he), adverbs (in the garden-here), synonyms (hare-coward), generic words (flowers-cornflowers); lexical repetitions; interrogative sentences; unions, particles; introductory words. “Just as a sentence is built according to certain syntactic patterns, in the same way sentences in a text are combined according to certain rules.”
G.Ya. Solganik. The expressive and figurative qualities of speech are communicated to it by lexical, derivational and grammatical means, tropes and figures of speech, intonational and syntactic organization of sentences. Their skillful use helps the author to convey a complex labyrinth of thoughts and experiences, to create a world of characters' images."All means of language are expressive, you just need to skillfully use them." V.V. Vinogradov

The figurative and expressive means of the language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of yourself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.It is easy to see how rich the system of objective syntactic means that a person receives ready-made in the language and which allow him to independently, without resorting to extraneous extralinguistic means, not only reflect the most complex events, but also formulate the speaker's own attitude to the event.
To enhance the expressiveness of the text, a variety of structural, semantic and intonational features of the syntactic units of the language (phrases and sentences), as well as features of the compositional construction of the text, its division into paragraphs, and punctuation can be used. The most significant expressive means of syntax are: the syntactic structure of the sentence and punctuation marks; special syntactic expressive means (figures); special methods of compositional and speech design of the text (question-answer form of presentation, improperly direct speech, quoting, etc.).

Types of stylistic figures

Vocabulary reflects people's knowledge of objects, forms concepts (any word is always in some sense an understanding of the subject), and syntax reflects the relationship between objects and concepts. The task of syntax is to establish connections between these concepts. Syntax models the world in the same way as vocabulary.In a word, the syntactic pattern of the text depends on many factors. At the same time, many characteristic “violations of the norm” have been described and mastered by world culture, without which artistic speech is hardly possible today. These techniques are called "syntactic figures". Some of these techniques simultaneously concern vocabulary and syntax, they are usually calledlexico-syntactic, others mainly belong to the field of syntax, respectively, are called syntactic proper.

Fixing the material.

Place punctuation marks in sentences. Determine the artistic and expressive means presented in these sentences.

1. P I fall into the feather grasses near two trees intricately woven, as if in a dance with trunks, I put a backpack under my head.
2. Every minute then fills up like rising dough in a tub, swelling with meanings and symbols.
3. And all in order to find yourself in this place on this memorable day and hour in order to collapse under the weight of your fatigue into this grass under the white walls of the old monastery...
4. It was here on the island that I realized that if you treat your environment and your time carefully, carefully, that is, slowly, thoughtfully and seriously, then things begin to play with their faces, revealing new entities to the owner.
5. Warmed up in the sun, even took a nap.
6. Every minute then fills up like rising dough in a tub, swelling with meanings and symbols. Revealing to us the depth of everyday life.
7. “My dear child Nikolenka!
8. You see, the son of a man is lonely when he does not love anyone.
9. Will reciprocity await me? Or maybe I love more and they love me less?
10. And you will soon feel that jets of reciprocal love are flowing towards you from everywhere.
11. Whoever loves, his heart blooms and smells sweet, and he gives his love as a flower has its own smell.
12. They seem to be looking for something. It seems that a vague idea lives in their souls about some unknown land where life is more righteous and better.
13. They walked across the spacious Russian land from place to place from end to end.
14. This point of the Earth has been reached more than once by dog ​​sleds on motorized sledges, airships, submarines floated on it on planes, the domestic icebreaker Arktika reached here, and after it more than sixty icebreakers from different countries.
15. At the South Pole, the researchers once calculated the point and marked it with a flag and a circle of barrels. In the North, because of the ice constantly being moved by the current, the pole must be recalculated every time.
16. Young everywhere we have a road, old people everywhere we honor !
17. Dreams dreams where is your sweetness?
18. The whole world is theater.
19. In it, women, men, all actors.On the contrary, Ivan Nikiforovich has trousers with such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them.

List of terms:

1) anaphora

2) metaphor

3) hyperbole

4) professional vocabulary

5) parceling

6) lexical repetition

7) opposition

8) epithets

9) contextual synonyms

10)handling

11) interrogative sentences

12) Comparison

13) colloquial vocabulary

14) homogeneous members of the proposal

15) antithesis

Answers.

1. I fall into feather grasses near two trees, whimsically intertwined, as if in a dance, with trunks, I put a backpack under my head.
2. Every minute then fills up like rising dough in a tub, swelling with meanings and symbols.
3. And all in order to find yourself in this place on this memorable day and hour, to collapse under the weight of your fatigue into this grass under the white walls of the old monastery...
4. It was here, on the island, that I realized that if you treat your environment and your time carefully, carefully, that is, slowly, thoughtfully and seriously, then things begin to play with their faces, revealing new essences to the owner.
5. I wander enchantedly along the sleepy, grassy streets of the city-island of Sviyazhsk, immersed in deep patriarchy.
6. Having warmed up in the sun, he even took a nap.
7. Every minute then fills up like rising dough in a tub, swelling with meanings and symbols. Revealing to us the depth of everyday life.
8. “My dear child, Nikolenka!
9. You see, son, a man is lonely when he loves no one.
10. Will reciprocity await me? Or maybe I love more and they love me less?
11. Garlands and huge colored balls were hung everywhere.
12. And you will soon feel that jets of reciprocal love are flowing towards you from everywhere.
13. Whoever loves, his heart blooms and smells sweet, and he gives his love as a flower gives its scent.
14. They seem to be looking for something. It seems that a vague idea of ​​some unknown land lives in their souls, where life is more righteous and better.
15. They walked across the spacious Russian land from place to place, from end to end.
16. This point of the Earth was reached more than once by dog ​​sleds, motorized sleighs, airships, airplanes, submarines floated on it, the domestic icebreaker Arktika reached here, and after it more than sixty icebreakers from different countries.
17. At the South Pole, the researchers, having calculated the point once, marked it with a flag and a circle of barrels. In the North, because of the ice constantly being moved by the current, the pole must be recalculated each time.
18. Young everywhere we have a road, old people everywhere we honor !
19. Dreams, dreams, where is your sweetness?
20. The whole world is theater.

In it, women, men - all actors.

15
Bystrova E.A., Kibireva L.V., Gosteva Yu.N. "Russian language: a textbook for the 5th grade of educational institutions." - M .: LLC "Russian Word - Textbook", 2013. - 280 p.
Lvova S.I. "Russian language. Grade 5: a guide for students. M.: Bustard, 2007. - 222 p.

Means of expressiveness of artistic speech

The word, as is known, is the basic unit of the language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is associated primarily with the word.

The word in a literary text is a special world. The artistic word is a mirror of the author's individual attitude to reality, a special perception of the surrounding world. An artistic text has its own accuracy - metaphorical, its own truths - artistic revelations; the whole functions of the word change, which are given by the context: “I would like to merge into a single word / I merge my sadness and sadness ...” (G. Heine).

Metaphorical statements in a literary text are associated with the expression of individual perception of the surrounding world. Art is the self-expression of the individual. Literary fabric is woven from metaphors, which creates an image that excites us and emotionally affects us the image of a work of art. Words acquire additional meanings, stylistic coloring, create a special world in which we are immersed when reading fiction.

And in oral speech, not only in literary, but also in colloquial, we, without hesitation, use all the expressive means of speech so that the speech is more convincing, more emotional, more figurative. Metaphors give special expressiveness to our speech.

The word metaphor in Greek means "transfer". This refers to the transfer of the name from one subject to another. In order for such a transfer to take place, these objects must have some similarity, they must be something similar, adjacent. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis.

As a result of the transfer of meaning from one object or phenomenon to another, an image is created. Metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressiveness of poetic, artistic speech. But at the same time, their absence does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work of art. Let's compare two excerpts from different poems by B. Pasternak:

Being famous is not nice.

It's not what lifts you up.

No need to archive

Shake over manuscripts.

The goal of creativity is self-giving,

Not a hype, not a success.

It's shameful, meaning nothing

Be a parable on everyone's lips.

…………………………………

July dragging in clothes

Dandelion fluff, burdock.

July, entering home through the windows,

All loudly speaking out loud.

Steppe unkempt mess,

Smelling of linden and grass,

Tops and the smell of dill,

July meadow air.

In the first poem, B. Pasternak does not use metaphors, while the second poem is full of personification, epithets, metaphors, but each of these poems is artistically expressive. The first - conquers with sincerity, accuracy of language, deep meaning, the second - acts on an emotional level, creates a lyrical image.

Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the writer conveys the individuality, originality of objects, while showing his own associative nature of thinking, his own vision of the world.

Metaphor can be simple and detailed. In the poetry of the twentieth century, the use of detailed metaphors is being revived, the nature of simple metaphors is changing significantly.

METONYMY is a kind of metaphor. The Greek word "metonymy" means renaming, that is, giving one object the name of another. This is the replacement of one word with another based on the adjacency of two objects, concepts, etc. Metonymy is the imposition of one attribute on another, the imposition of a figurative meaning on a direct one. For example: 1. The village smokes into the cold clear sky with gray smoke - people warm up. (V.M. Shukshin) (Instead of: they smoke stove pipes). 2. The city was noisy, flags were crackling, wet roses were falling from flower girls' bowls, horses adorned with multi-colored feathers were jumping, carousels were spinning. (Yu.K. Olesha) (People living in the city were noisy). 3. I ate three plates. (I ate soup in bowls). All these transfers of meanings, their mixing are possible because objects that have the same name are nearby, that is, they are adjacent. This may be adjacency in space, time, etc. Such transfers of names are called metonymic.

SYNECDOCHE. The Greek word "synecdoche" means correlation. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. The transfer of meaning occurs when the less-neck is called instead of the greater; more instead of less; a part instead of a whole; whole instead of part.

EPITHET. This word, translated from Greek, means "application, attached", that is, one word is attached to another.

An epithet is a trope, a figure, a figurative definition, a word or a phrase that defines a person, object, phenomenon or action from the subjective position of the author. It differs from a simple definition by artistic expressiveness.

In folklore, constant epithets are used as a means of typification and one of the main means of its artistic expression. Tropes, in the strict sense of this term, include only epithets, the function of which is performed by words used in a figurative way, in contrast to exact epithets expressed by words used in a direct sense (beautiful flowers, red berry). The creation of figurative epithets is associated with the use of words in a figurative sense. Epithets expressed by words that act in figurative meanings are called metaphorical. The basis of the epithet may be a metonymic transfer of the name (... we will go to break the wall, we will stand with our heads for our homeland. M.Yu. Lermontov).

Contrasting epithets that form combinations of words opposite in meaning with definable nouns are called OXYMORONS. (“... joyful sadness, hating love.” I.B. Golub).

COMPARISON - a trope in which the characteristics of one object are given by comparing it with another object. Comparison is a trope that consists in comparing objects according to their similarity, which can be obvious or distant and unexpected. Usually, comparison is expressed using the words “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”, “like”. There may be comparisons in the form of instrumental case.

PERSONIFICATION - a kind of metaphor, the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often, personification is created by referring to natural phenomena as living and conscious beings. The transfer of human properties to animals is also called personification.

HYPERBOLE - one of the expressive means of speech, means "exaggeration". Hyperbole is a figure with the meaning of excessive exaggeration of what is being said.

LITOTA - translated from Greek, this word means "simplicity". If a hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of something, then the reverse hyperbole means the same excessive understatement. Litota is a figure that consists in the excessive understatement of what is being said. (A man with a fingernail. A boy with a finger. Thumbelina. Quieter than water, lower than grass. “You have to bow your head below a thin blade of grass” (N.A. Nekrasov).

The expressive means of speech are humor, irony, sarcasm, grotesque.

HUMOR is one of the expressive means of vocabulary, humor translated from English means temper, mood. Entire works can be written in a comic, comically pathetic, allegorical manner. They show a good-natured, mocking attitude towards something. Remember the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon". In this vein, many fables of I. Krylov are written.

IRONY - translated from Greek "pretense", "mockery", when one thing is affirmed in words, and in the subtext it means something completely different, the opposite of the thought expressed.

Sarcasm - translated from Greek means "I tear the meat." Sarcasm is a caustic mockery, malicious irony, caustic, caustic remarks. A comic effect is created, but at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt. The fantastic is combined with the real, the ordinary with everyday life. One of the varieties of painting - cartoons can be humorous, ironic, sarcastic and grotesque.

GROTESQUE means "fancy", "intricate". This artistic technique consists in violating the proportion of the depicted objects, phenomena, events. Many of the works of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin are built using these expressive means of speech (“History of a City”, “Lord Golovlevs”. Fairy tales). The stories of N.N. Gogol, A.P. Chekhov are full of humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque. Grotesque in its content and the work of J. Swift ("Gulliver's Travels").

Remember the stories of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon", "Thick and thin", "Man in a case". The grotesque was used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to create the image of Judas in the novel Lord Golovlevs. Sarcasm and irony in the satirical poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Kozma Prutkov, Zoshchenko, Vasily Shukshin are full of humor.

Such expressive means of word formation as paronyms and paronomases are used by satirists and humorists. Wordplay creates puns.

PUNS - figures based on the sound similarity of words or combinations of words that are completely different in meaning. In puns, a play on words based on ambiguity and homonymy. Jokes are made from puns. Puns can be found in the work of V. Mayakovsky, in his satirical poems, in Kozma Prutkov, Omar Khayyam, A.P. Chekhov.

What is a figure of speech?

The word "figure" is translated from Latin as "shape, appearance, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean when we talk about artistic speech? The figures include syntactic means of expressiveness of speech: rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals.

What is a trope?

Tropes are lexical means of speech expressiveness: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, litote and others. Trope means "turn" in Greek. This term denotes a word used in a figurative sense. Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of words that decorate speech, make it more expressive, more beautiful. A special place in the study of the discipline is occupied by the styles of fiction, expressive means are used in different styles of speech. The main thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a work of art (text) to have an emotional, aesthetic impact on the reader, to create vivid images and poetic pictures.

We live in a world of sounds. Some sounds evoke positive emotions, while others alert, excite, cause a feeling of anxiety, or soothe and induce sleep. Sounds evoke images. With the help of a combination of sounds, it is possible to have an emotional impact on a person, which we especially perceive when reading artistic literary works and works of Russian folk art.

K.D.Balmont gave a figurative description of the sounds of speech: the sound is “a small conjuring dwarf”, magic. M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “In the Russian language, as it seems, the frequent repetition of the letter “A” can contribute to the image of the magnificence of the great space, depth and height, also sudden (“remember the song “My native country is wide, there are many fields in it , forests and rivers…”); the increase in the letters “E”, “I”, “Yu” - to depict tenderness, caress, deplorable or small things (listen to the music of Yesenin’s verse: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees ... "). Through "I" you can show pleasantness, amusement, tenderness; through "O", "U", "Y" - terrible and strong things: anger, envy, sadness.

SOUND SIGNATURE: ASSONANCE, ALLITERATION, IMPETITION

The use of certain sounds in a certain order as an artistic method of expressiveness of speech to create an image is called sound recording.

SOUND-writing is an artistic technique that consists in the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world in the text.

ASSONANCE is a French word meaning consonance. This is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in the text to create a sound image. Assonance contributes to the expressiveness of speech. Assonance is used by poets in rhyme, in the rhythm of poems.

ALLITERATION is a word of Greek origin from the noun letter. Repetition of consonants in a literary text to create a sound image, enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.

Sound imitation - the transmission of auditory impressions in words reminiscent of the sound of the phenomena of the world around us.

Perhaps the most confusing and most difficult topic for those who are not friends with literature and verbal figures. If you have never been impressed by classical literature, and especially poetry, then perhaps familiarity with this topic will allow you to look at many works through the eyes of the author, will generate interest in the artistic word.

Trails - verbal turns

Paths make speech brighter and more expressive, more interesting and richer. These are words and their combinations used in a figurative sense, which is why the very expressiveness of the text appears. Paths help convey various shades of emotions, recreate true images and pictures in the mind of the reader, with their help, the master of the word evokes certain associations in the mind of the reader.

Along with the syntactic means of the language, tropes (relating to lexical means) are quite powerful weapons in the literary sphere. It is worth paying attention to the fact that many tropes have moved from the literary language to colloquial speech. We have become so accustomed to them that we have ceased to notice the indirect meaning of such words, which is why they have lost their expressiveness. It is not uncommon: the tropes are so "beaten" with colloquial speech that they become clichés and clichés. The once expressive phrases "black gold", "brilliant mind", "golden hands" have become habitual and hackneyed.

Trail classification

In order to understand and clearly find out which words and expressions, in what context, are referred to as figurative and expressive means of the language, let's turn to the following table.

From the examples it becomes clear that the figurative and expressive means of the language, namely the tropes, are used not only in works of art, but also in live colloquial speech. It is not necessary to be a poet in order to have a competent, juicy, expressive speech. It is enough to have a good vocabulary and the ability to express thoughts outside the box. Saturate your lexical pantries with reading quality literature, this is extremely useful.

Figurative means of phonetics

Paths are only part of the arsenal of artistic means of expression. That which is intended to act specifically on our hearing is called phonetic figurative and expressive means of language. Once having delved into the essence of the phonetic component of the artistry of the language, you begin to look at many things with different eyes. There comes an understanding of the play on words in the verses of the school curriculum, once studied "through force", the poetics and beauty of the syllable are revealed.

It is best to consider examples of the use of phonetic means of expression, relying on classical Russian literature, this is the richest source of alliteration and assonance, as well as other types of sound writing. But it would be wrong to think that examples of figurative and expressive means of language are not found in contemporary art. Advertising, journalism, songs and poems by modern performers, proverbs, sayings, tongue twisters - all this is an excellent base for finding figures of speech and tropes, you just need to learn to hear and see them.

Alliteration, assonance and others

Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants or their combinations in a poem, which gives the verse sound expressiveness, brightness, originality. For example, the sound [h] of Vladimir Mayakovsky in "A Cloud in Pants":

You entered

sharp, like "here!",

mucha suede gloves,

"You know -

I'm getting married".

or right there:

I'll get stronger.

See -

how calm!

Like the pulse of the dead.

Remember?...

And here is a modern example. From the singer Yuta ("Fall"):

I will smoke and eat bread,

Staring in the hallway at the dusty ceiling ...

Assonance - a specially organized repetition of consonant sounds (more often in a poetic text), which gives the verse musicality, harmony, song. Masterfully created phonetic device can convey the atmosphere, setting, state of mind and even surrounding sounds. Vladimir Mayakovsky's carefully crafted assonance bears a tinge of fluid hopelessness:

Your son is very sick!

He has a heart of fire.

Tell the sisters

Luda and Ole,—

he has nowhere to go.

In Vladimir Vladimirovich, in any poem, figurative and expressive means of a phonetic nature are combined with tropes and syntactic figures. This is the author's uniqueness.

Punning rhymes are combinations of words and sounds built on the similarity of sound.

The area of ​​rhymes is my element,

And I write poetry easily,

Without hesitation, without delay

I run to line from line

Even to the Finnish brown rocks

I'm dealing with a pun.

D. D. Minaev

Syntactic means of expression in the language

Epiphora and anaphora, inversion, parcellation and a number of other syntactic means help the master of verbal art to saturate his works with expressiveness, creating an individual style, character, rhythm.

Some syntactic techniques enhance the expressiveness of speech, logically highlight what the author wants to emphasize. Others give the narrative dynamism, tension, or, conversely, make you stop and think, re-read and feel. Many writers and poets have their own individual style based precisely on syntax. Suffice it to recall A. Blok:

"Night, street, lamp, pharmacy"

or A. Akhmatov:

"Twenty-one. Night. Monday"

The individual author's style, of course, consists not only of syntax, there is a whole set of all components: semantic, linguistic, as well as rhythm and vision of reality. And yet an important role is played by what figurative and expressive means of language the artist of the word prefers.

Syntax to help artistic expression

Inversion (permutation, reversal) is a reverse or non-standard word order in a sentence. In prose, it is used to semantic highlight any part of a sentence. In poetic form, it is necessary to create a rhyme, focusing on the most important points. In Marina Tsvetaeva's poem "An Attempted Jealousy", the inversion conveys an emotional strain:

How do you live - hello -

Maybe? Singing - how?

With a plague of immortal conscience

How are you, poor man?

A. S. Pushkin considered inversion to be perhaps the most important means of poetic expression, his poems are mostly inversion, which is why they are so musical, expressive, and simple.

A rhetorical question in a literary text is one that does not require an answer.

The day was innocent and the wind was fresh.

The dark stars went out.

- Grandmother! — This cruel rebellion

In my heart - is it not from you? ..

A. Akhmatova

In the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva, the favorite devices were a rhetorical question and a rhetorical exclamation:

I'll ask for a chair, I'll ask for a bed:

“For what, for what do I endure and suffer?”

I taught to live in the fire itself,

I threw it myself - into the icy steppe!

That's what you, dear, did to me!

My dear, what have I done to you?

Epiphora, Anaphora, Ellipse

Anaphora - the repetition of similar or identical sounds, words, phrases at the beginning of each line, stanza, sentence. A classic example is Yesenin's poems:

I did not know that love is an infection,

I didn't know love was a plague....

Ah, wait. I don't scold her.

Ah, wait. I don't curse her...

Epiphora - the repetition of the same elements at the end of phrases, stanzas, lines.

Foolish heart, don't beat!

We are all deceived by happiness

The beggar only asks for participation ...

Foolish heart, don't beat.

Both stylistic figures are more characteristic of poetry than prose. Such techniques are found in all types and genres of literature, including oral folk art, which is very natural, given its specificity.

An ellipse is an omission in a literary text of any language unit (it is easy to restore), while the meaning of the phrase does not suffer.

The fact that yesterday is waist-deep,

Suddenly - to the stars.

(Exaggerated, that is:

In all - growth.)

M. Tsvetaeva

This gives dynamism, brevity, highlights the desired element in the sentence intonationally.

In order to clearly navigate in all the variety of linguistic figures and professionally understand the name of a visual and expressive means, experience, knowledge of theory and language disciplines are needed.

The main thing is not to overdo it

If we perceive the surrounding information through the prism of linguistic means of expression, we can conclude that even colloquial speech refers to them quite often. It is not necessary to know the name of the figurative-expressive means of the language in order to use it in speech. Rather, it happens unintentionally, imperceptibly. Another thing is when various figures of speech flow in the media, to the point and not quite. The abuse of tropes, stylistic devices, and other means of expression makes speech hard to perceive, oversaturated. Publicism and advertising are especially guilty of this, apparently because they deliberately use the power of language to influence the audience. The poet, in the impulse of the creative process, does not think about what figurative and expressive means to use, this is a spontaneous, "emotional" process.

Language is the strongest tool in the hands of the classics

Each era leaves its mark on the language and its visual means. Pushkin's language is far from the creative style of Mayakovsky. The poetics of Tsvetaeva's heritage differs sharply from the unique texts of Vladimir Vysotsky. The poetic language of A. S. Pushkin is permeated with epithets, metaphors, personifications, I. A. Krylov is a fan of allegory, hyperbole, irony. Each writer has his own style, created by him in the creative process, in which his favorite pictorial images play an important role.