How to feed plants and vegetables in the spring? Proper fertilization of the soil.

The yield of fruit and vegetable crops directly depends on the composition, physical properties soil and its fertility. Negative qualities soils, such as poor air permeability, stagnant water, increased moisture permeability, lack nutrients, can be neutralized by adding . Here we consider the dependence of the composition and fertility of the soil on the type of fertilizer, what fertilizer is applied to specific soils and in what quantity. Fertilizers are the key to the future harvest, so you need to pay serious attention to this - what and how to fertilize the soil.
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How to fertilize the soil

Fertilizers are the key to future harvest

Acquaintance with the type and composition of soils

Proper use of fertilizers is impossible without taking into account the structure and mechanical composition of the soil. According to the number and size of mineral particles, soils are divided into the following types:

1. clayey- compacted, contain little air, but enough nutrients. They retain moisture, after drying they form a crust that makes it difficult to aerate plants and, as a result, poor decomposition of organic matter.
2. Sandy and sandy- infertile, this is due to an insufficient amount of organic matter. Soils contain a lot of sand and very few silt particles. Quickly pass water, with which nutrients are washed away. A sufficient amount of oxygen contributes to the rapid decomposition of organic residues.
3. Peaty swampy- contain enough organic matter, but they are often in an inaccessible, poorly absorbed form by plants, soils are poor in phosphorus and potassium.

Vegetable crops are demanding on soil fertility. In the process of growth, they consume a lot of nutrients. To get a good harvest, it is necessary to periodically replenish their quantity with fertilizers.

Brief classification of fertilizers

All fertilizers are divided into two main large groups:

Organic - manure, humus, peat, bird droppings, slurry, sapropel

Minerals - in turn are divided into:

1. Nitrogen - urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate.
2. Phosphorus - superphosphate, double superphosphate.
3. Potash - potassium sulfate, potassium chloride. Read in detail.

Complex - potassium nitrate, ammophos, nitrophoska, ash. The composition of these fertilizers includes more than two nutrients.

Microfertilizers - are required by plants in a minimum amount, affect their growth and quality. These are copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron, manganese.

Relationship between soil composition and fertilizers

Clay soils need additional application of organic fertilizers in the amount of 6 - 10 kg / sq. m during the first cultivation, 3-4 kg / sq. m - at the next. Organics are brought in for digging in spring or autumn. It can be humus, sapropel, peat. Fresh manure cannot be applied, it causes a burn of the underground part of the plants.

Sandy and sandy. To fill the deficiency and improve the moisture capacity of sandy and sandy loamy soils, you can constantly apply organic fertilizers. Usage mineral fertilizers without organic undesirable. This leads to an increase in the concentration of salts in the soil.

On peat-marshy soils it is required to improve the absorption of nitrogen by plants. To do this, it is necessary to increase the vital activity of soil microorganisms. For this purpose, slurry, manure, sapropel, bird droppings and microbiological preparations are used. In higher doses, phosphorus and potassium are added. Elements are contained in sufficient quantities in wood ash. It is applied at the rate of 50 - 60 g / m²

Bird droppings - economical, concentrated organic fertilizer, good for top dressing. It is applied to the soil in a dry crushed form between rows in the amount of 20-50 g/m². To obtain a solution for 15 - 20 parts of water, one part of bird droppings is taken. The composition is infused for 2 - 3 days. With a longer exposure, nitrogen begins to evaporate.

A high yield cannot be obtained using only organic fertilizers. Plants need minerals, but they cannot be used without measure. Doses of applied fertilizers are different and depend on the type of plant and nutrient content, and range from 3-4 to 16-24 grams per 10 liters of water. During top dressing, dissolved fertilizers are applied to the soil at the rate of 5 - 8 liters of water per m². After top dressing, the soil must be loosened.

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If the summer, followed by autumn, turned out to be dry, without sufficient rainfall, pre-winter watering fruit trees essential in the garden. Its time is the period of leaf fall, in October, until there are persistent frosts. Such watering is also called water-charging.

Late autumn watering great importance for the successful wintering of trees. Moist soil freezes less, which means there is less danger of freezing of the root system. Drying out of wood is also dangerous, which negatively affects the foliage of branches, the formation of fruit buds and, ultimately, the yield of the next year. Read completely "

October is the time to prepare the place for winter sowing cold hardy vegetables. The soil after deep digging is loosened, seasoned with fertilizers (humus, compost, ash). They form beds, because on loose beds the soil warms up and dries faster in spring. Grooves are cut. It is convenient to do this with the edge of a narrow board with rounded edges. Read completely "

Lilies are perennial flowers, but they cannot be grown constantly in one place either. Bushes thicken over time, flowers become smaller and degenerate. Therefore, they need to be seated after a while and preferably in a new place.

When is the best time to transplant lilies? Much here depends on the variety - the fact is that lilies bloom in different time. But general principle like this: at least 1 month after flowering should pass. First, the bulbs are very depleted, lose weight, become loose. Read completely "

Of all the local root crops, carrots are the most delicate and require special care during storage. How to save carrots until spring? Choose one of the following methods, depending on your capabilities. In any case, laying it for the winter should not be delayed - root crops extracted from the ground easily lose moisture. Having cut off the tops so as not to injure the head of the root crop, but without leaving greenery, the carrots are sorted out, cracked, frostbitten or damaged are discarded. Then they are placed in rows in a box and each row is poured with clean river sand, the humidity of which does not exceed 25 percent Read completely "

Who has not yet managed to put things in order in cucumber greenhouses and greenhouses, it is necessary to do this before the onset of persistent frosts. Since the causative agents of most diseases of cucumbers remain on the tops, roots, seeds, all the remains of dried plants must be burned. By the way, green borage can be put into compost only if the plants were healthy, without fungal and bacterial infections. The roots should also be removed from the ground, dried and destroyed by fire.

A good harvest depends not only on competent care and high-quality seed. An important factor is fertility, loose earth. It is unlikely that you will be able to grow large, healthy fruits or vegetables on poor, loose soils.

Does the earth need help?

Not only a deficiency, but also an excess of nutrients has a deplorable effect on the crop. Overfed land is in some cases even worse than underfed land. How to determine that the soil needs to be fertilized?

First, find out the type of soil that prevails in the country:

• on light sandy loams or sandstones useful elements go deep very quickly. Here most often there is a lack of potassium, sulfur, iodine, bromine, magnesium, nitrogen. Such soil, in addition to targeted mineral fertilizer, must be diluted with heavier alumina, structured with siderite and compost;
• alkaline soils, salt marshes are characterized by a lack of zinc, copper, phosphorus, manganese, boron, iron and magnesium;
• acid lacks phosphorus, calcium, sulfur, molybdenum, magnesium. Poor absorption of nitrogen. Peatlands need potassium, manganese, boron, copper.

Salt marshes and acidic lands require a lot of attention: most of garden and garden plants prefers neutral soils. Just deposit necessary elements into the ground is not enough. Reaction acidic soils lead to a neutral value by liming, structured with sand. Salt marshes - with peat or compost. Good results showed the landing and sealing of siderites.

Secondly, make sure that the plants are not getting sick, namely starving.

Starvation is massive and does not depend on the type of plant: it affects and fruit trees, and vegetable crops. Symptoms of diseases similar to starvation are selective and affect any one of the garden or horticultural crops.

fasting symptoms

There are a number of signs that indicate a lack of elements in the soil:

1. Nitrogen (N). Deficiency makes plant leaves weak. They turn yellow, slow down growth. With severe depletion, old leaves die off rapidly.
2. Potassium (K). With potassium deficiency pale leaves turn brown, dry along the edge. Along the veins, the tissue dries out and wrinkles. The internodes are shortened. Shoots become thin.
3. Phosphorus (P). There is little phosphorus in the soil, if new leaves become smaller, often become thin and narrow, change color to gray with brown spots. A bronze tint appears. Near the petioles or veins, the color changes to purple or red.
4. Iron (Fe). The veins of the leaves remain green against the background of a yellowing leaf plate. New leaves grow pale.
5. Calcium (Ca). Death of young sprouts, fragility of shoots in general. Rolling and dying of young leaves.
6. Copper (Cu). Green plants are full of pale and brown highlights, become lethargic. There is a slowdown in growth, the death of points of growth.
7. Magnesium (Mg). In case of magnesium deficiency sheet plate brown yellow or red spots grow between the veins.

How to improve productivity?

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These are the main elements that lay the harvest in the country. Of course, the list is not exhaustive. If the starvation problem is identified, fertilizing the land will help.

Time to improve the composition of the soil

Laying the foundation of the entire crop, namely soil fertilization, is a complex and ambiguous matter. Dry complex mineral supplements, their liquid solutions, organic or its infusions have different speed work in the soil, in plants, their roots. It is necessary to take into account these factors and correlate them with the structure of the soil in the country.

In heavy soil, nutrients, except for nitrogen, are introduced in the fall, for digging, and in the lungs - in the spring, since on sandy loam during the winter they go deeper, beyond the limits of active absorption by the roots.

It should be borne in mind that fertilizers applied for digging are far from a panacea for plant starvation. Regular top dressing will be required during the growth period, budding, ovary and fruit ripening.

Dry mineral fertilizers

Top dressing with dry compositions of mineral salts is carried out for digging, embedding in the soil. For use in the country they are produced in the form of granules or powder.

Nitrogen works best if applied in the spring in the form of nitrates. For winter application, it is possible in ammonia form.

Potassium salts are introduced into the soil not only in spring, but also in autumn. Sandy loam and sandstones can be fertilized even in summer. Phosphorus dressings are also universal - they are applied in spring or autumn.

Mineral top dressings are best used in granular form: they do not cake and, unlike powder, they are easier to distribute.

Aqueous solutions of mineral elements

In liquid form, complex mineral salts are absorbed by the roots faster and act immediately after application. They are used throughout the summer season.

The first time the plants are shed with a solution of mineral elements in open ground about 20 days after planting. Then at least once a month.

In addition to root dressing, you can spray on the leaf throughout the growing season. Such a fertilizer is used if the roots cannot get enough nutrition through the soil, due to, for example, low temperatures.

When to use organic

On the household plots organic is an affordable natural fertilizer that provides environmental cleanliness to grown fruits and vegetables.

Organics are easily absorbed by any plants.

Depending on the type, it can be used at different times:

How to fertilize the earth correctly

Knowing when to apply nutrients is important, but knowing how to do it right is even more important.

In dry form, mineral fertilizers and organic matter are embedded in the soil to such a depth that root system garden and horticultural crops had maximum access to nutrients. The optimum depth is up to 20 cm of wet soil. Left on the surface or buried shallow and in dry ground, nutrients will remain inaccessible to plants.

If the soil is poor and there is little fertilizer, they are applied at immediate landing plants - in the hole. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the roots do not come into direct contact with them, otherwise burns are possible.

Mineral fertilizers are often diluted not at the dosage recommended by the manufacturer, but at a 5-15% lower dosage. This prevents the accumulation of substances harmful to humans in vegetables and fruits.

There are some nuances to the introduction of organic matter. Manure is best used rotted or semi-rotted. Fresh releases ammonia toxic to plants.

Often, peat, chicken or bird droppings, compost and humus are embedded in the soil shallowly - up to 3 cm, while trying to distribute them as evenly as possible.

Separately, it must be said about sawdust. They are never included in fresh: they are able to deplete the soil to nitrogen starvation.

Liquid solutions of mineral salts and infusions of organic matter are applied in the area of ​​the root zone of plants into shallow furrows on moist soil. After this procedure, they are sprayed so that no active substances remain on the leaves.

How to properly cultivate the soil?

Increasing soil fertility is hard work. A simple addition of a complex of minerals will not change the structure of the soil, only temporarily and to a limited extent enrich it. You will not get ecologically clean, healthy vegetables and fruits from such a site. Only a comprehensive improvement of the soil structure and its enrichment with green manure, compost, peat, manure will make it possible to lay a long-term result.

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The area where potatoes are grown must be fertilized - only then is it possible to get a decent harvest.

Fertilizer for potatoes - manure

One of the best fertilizers that can be used effectively when growing is manure. But when fertilizing the area with it, be careful not to do more harm to the plants than good. It is especially dangerous to introduce fresh manure immediately before planting planting material in the ground. Fresh manure negatively affects potato tubers, causing various diseases and fungus. In addition, if fresh manure is thrown into a hole with potatoes, fertilizer can burn the sprouts. Therefore, it is desirable to make manure late autumn before the start of frost. If in the spring, then only rotted.

It is better if the manure is mixed with peat and compost. Such a fertilizer can be called ideal. It will not only positively affect the fertility of the soil, but also significantly improve its structure.

In order for the manure to rot faster, it is piled up in rather large piles and covered with a layer of earth, as well as a film. In the spring, heaps are scattered over the territory of the site, which is then dug up.

Fertilizer for potatoes - compost

The second most popular organic fertilizer is compost. This is a substance from well-rotted vegetation residues. For its preparation, large compost heaps are arranged (in special compost boxes or pits), in which vegetation and any vegetable and food waste are put. Tops from the most different cultures, damaged or unripe fruits, weeds. It is desirable to pour layers wood ash. Compost heaps are covered from above with a layer of earth, a film.

Some time later, the material compost heaps will begin to decompose and turn into fertilizer. A sufficient amount of moisture contributes to the acceleration of this process (heaps need to be watered from time to time), heat, as well as useful earthworms, which start up very quickly in such heaps. In the spring, before digging, compost is scattered around the site.

Fertilizer for potatoes - bird droppings

Many experienced gardeners claim that it is bird droppings that are the best fertilizer of all possible. It is able to significantly increase the fertility of the land, and hence the yield. If there are no chickens on the farm, you can buy litter in pellets. Packing convenient bags of various capacity. That is, you can always buy as much chicken manure as needed.

Fertilizer can be used in different ways. If you are using chicken coop litter, it must be overripe. The granules are either soaked in warm water, after which the earth is watered with the resulting solution, either scattered over the area with subsequent digging, or brought into each hole with planting material.

Fertilizer for potatoes - biohumus

Biohumus universal fertilizer, which contains in its composition almost everything that a plant needs for growth and development: beneficial microorganisms, nutrients, enzymes, natural growth hormones, trace elements. Biohumus does not contain harmful impurities, pathogens, weed seeds. In addition, it is easy for plants to extract from it. useful material. They are well absorbed and absorbed.

The yield of the crop under which vermicompost is introduced increases by at least 20%.
Biohumus is placed directly in the hole with planting material. However, if possible, you can purchase more of this fertilizer and apply it in the spring for digging, having previously scattered it over the entire area.

Fertilizer for potatoes - river silt

River silt is a greasy, nutrient-rich mixture containing the decayed remains of coastal and aquatic plants, as well as many different microorganisms.

Silt must be prepared in advance. It is mixed with earth, plant waste, and then placed in big piles. Two years later, the fertilizer is ready - it is scattered over the site before digging.

Mineral fertilizers for potatoes

In addition to organic fertilizers, the soil is also fertilized with mineral fertilizers. Particularly popular are such of them as potassium sulfate, superphosphate, potassium chloride and potassium salt.

Potassium is highly recommended for getting good harvests- it promotes speed dial masses of tubers, protects plants from diseases, even makes potatoes tastier.
Fertilize the earth with minerals better in autumn, or under digging.

For many, it may be a "discovery" that agronomy is an exact science that allows you to calculate the expected yield. Forecasts are made for each crop separately, taking into account the actual amount of fertilizer in the soil, data on fertilizer application per centner of production, plant species and variety, percentage of humus and temperature conditions development in different phases for each climate zone. With the help of such calculations, you can achieve maximum results with minimal financial costs.

In addition, precise rationing of applied fertilizers eliminates the appearance of nitrates in plants, which are very harmful to plants. human body substances. And the last. Improper application of mineral fertilizers can significantly reduce the natural fertility of the soil and worsen its structure, and this is very important characteristics any household plot.

In the spring, it is desirable to make a full range of fertilizers. Why?

1. You can more accurately calculate the dose for each individual culture. The predecessors are taken into account.
2. The amount of fertilizer is greatly reduced. The fact is that after the autumn application by spring, approximately 80% of the initial amount of active substances remains in the soil. This figure is not universal, some minerals (nitrogen) are very quickly washed out of the soil, while others tend to accumulate in it (potassium). If applied in autumn, the dose should be increased taking into account these factors.

An exception to this rule should be made for organic fertilizer (except for compost). The fresh organic matter brought in in the spring will not have time to rot and will not be fully absorbed by the plants. This, of course, does not matter, organics will remain for the next year, but labor costs increase.

Important note. You should never apply fresh cattle manure, this not only gives the plants a minimum of nutrients, but also brings big problems for growers. In fresh manure, more than 90% of weed seeds retain their germination capacity. If you apply such fertilizers in the spring, then mass sowing of weeds is done at the same time, it is very difficult to deal with them later.

All organic matter must be composted (composted) subject to special regimes. If these are ordinary leaves and waste from the beds, then it is enough for them to make special containers. Cattle manure should be stored in large piles for at least two years. During this time, weed seeds that have fallen into manure from grass or hay will lose their germination capacity.

When to Fertilize in the Spring

The question worries many summer residents, and not only them. In total, there are three periods of fertilization in the spring, each of them has its own characteristics.

In any case, you need to remember the main rule - fertilizers must be applied fractionally as the plants develop, at least three times during the growing season and maturation. You should never try to give the entire dose at once, except for harm, this will not bring anything. When, how much and what kind of fertilizer to apply depends on specific type plants, expected harvest. In addition, you should consider which part of the plant is used for food: roots, stems and leaves or fruits. This is a separate and complex topic, it needs to be discussed in a separate article.

Mineral fertilizers for spring application

First, a few words must be said about distinguishing features various kinds mineral fertilizers, so it will be easier to navigate with the timing. All mineral nutrients are divided into three groups according to the characteristics of their influence on plant development:

• nitrogen. Significantly increases the green mass of plants. Therefore, an increased dose should be for salads, cabbages, etc.;
• phosphorus. Increases the number and weight of fruits. It is required to increase the dose for all grains, strawberries, peas, etc.;
• potassium. Improves the development of the root system. Application rates increase for root crops: carrots, beets, potatoes, etc.

Of course, the action of fertilizers is much more complicated, but it is in these areas that the maximum return is noted. It must be remembered that there can be no fruit harvest without roots and leaves, plants require nourishment with all substances. For such purposes, complex fertilizers (liquid or granular) are produced. Before applying, you need to carefully study the percentage composition of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus, determine the required indicators, and only then buy and apply. For amateur gardeners, many manufacturers on the packaging immediately indicate the names of crops under which it is recommended to apply one or another complex fertilizer and an approximate dose.

As for quantity, there are no general advice does not exist in all cases. Experienced gardeners once every two or three years, soils are analyzed for the state of residual mineral substances (they are always present in one or another amount in the soil) and the percentage of humus. Next, the amount is calculated for each type of fertilizer necessary for the normal development of plants, and the missing dose is determined. In most cases, it is sufficient to apply 200-400 g per 10 m2 of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, the specific ratio of fertilizers depends on the crops grown and the natural fertility of the soil.

Fertilization

In the spring, during germination, it is first necessary to ensure the maximum development of the root system; for this, fertilizers containing a lot of potassium are applied to the soil. Further, to accelerate the development of green mass, plants should be fed with nitrogen and phosphorus is added during fruit ripening.

Important. Plants respond differently to each type of fertilizer. If the dose of potassium is not particularly necessary to monitor (plants will never consume too much), then nitrogen must be handled very carefully (nitrogen is not controlled by the amount of use by plants, the leaves become dark green, very large and unusable). Agronomists strongly recommend keeping a journal in which to make notes about the timing of fertilizer application, their name and quantity. In addition, a specific site should be indicated, which plants were grown on it and how much was harvested. To compile and control crop rotation, you need to have a separate notebook.

Complex mineral fertilizers

In the spring you can make full set complex fertilizers. Their use has a number of advantages over ordinary ones.

1. It is possible to choose the percentage composition of nutrients, taking into account the organic needs of each crop.
2. The frequency of application of fertilizers is significantly reduced, plant care is facilitated, and their productivity increases.

Depending on the type, they are used for incorporation into the soil before preparation or as top dressing during the growing season.

trace elements

Heal plants, reduce the likelihood of viral and bacterial diseases, improve their resistance to adverse growing conditions. Contributed in early spring during seedbed preparation soil. Doses must be carefully calculated independently or follow the recommendations of manufacturers. It is advisable to do before entering chemical analysis soil. Exceeding the recommended amount of trace elements can cause inhibition of plant growth.

Organic fertilizers for spring application

As mentioned above, fresh manure from animals that eat grass or hay should not be introduced in spring. Organic fertilizers have one very important advantage over inorganic fertilizers - they not only serve as excellent plant nutrition, but at the same time significantly improve the mechanical structure of heavy soils and increase the amount of natural humus. Humus - bacteria that take an active part in the assimilation of minerals by plants.

1. Humus. It is recommended to apply before the direct preparation of the soil for spring sowing, it needs immediate soil closure. Otherwise, most organic compounds quickly fade away.

   

   Humus

2. It is brought in in the same terms and on the same technology, as well as manure. But with this fertilizer you should be very careful. Some unscrupulous producers sell peat with hyperacidity. Its introduction not only reduces productivity, but also causes significant damage to the soil. Subsequently, they will have to be deoxidized, and these are additional losses of time and financial resources.

   

3. A very aggressive fertilizer, if the dose is exceeded, it can significantly damage plants. Litter must be diluted with water before application. It is advisable to water the plants in the spring after planting and during the next feeding.

   

4. . It is made from various organic waste, including food. It is introduced during pre-sowing soil preparation with simultaneous incorporation. Highly valuable fertilizer universal use, but only if prepared with unconditional observance of agricultural technology.

   

5. The quantity can not be regulated, it is not washed out of the soil, plants use only right amount nutrients. Disadvantages - difficulties during spring application, work should only be done in calm weather. Experienced gardeners recommend sprinkling spring snow with ashes - the soil under the beds warms up much faster.

   

6. . In our country, there is still an unusual fertilizer, one of the most effective and environmentally friendly. Worms are introduced into the ground in spring when it warms up to +12 at a depth of 10–15 cm. Work should be done carefully, upper layer can be subjected pre-sowing treatment a few days after the introduction of worms. The disadvantage is that highly productive heat-loving worms are used for breeding, most of them die in winter. If agricultural technology is followed correctly, then worms will live in ordinary land, however, their number is not enough to noticeably increase productivity.

   

7. They are widely used among flower growers and gardeners. The preparations contain microorganisms that improve the absorption of minerals from the soil. This is the same humus, only in a concentrated state. Apply in the spring at the time of sowing different cultures, soils should be warmed up to optimal temperatures. Some bacteria convert forms of mineral substances inaccessible to plants into accessible ones, and some accumulate nitrogen from the air and fix it on the root system of plants.

   

8. It is made from organic sediments of water bodies, it can be applied as before spring training soil and during sowing. Be sure to cover with earth.

   

Using the information provided, it will be possible to more consciously choose the time, method, name and amount of fertilizers for application in the spring.

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