Elevator unit of the heating system. Thermal node: principle of operation and scheme of the thermal node

The heating system is considered a key component of a comfortable human habitation in an apartment or private house. At the same time, depending on the category of living space, one or another type of heating is used. Most often used in private households standalone devices. In multi-apartment buildings, a centralized heating network is installed, in which, in most cases, an elevator unit is used.

About existence elevator node in the thermal system, even many plumbers involved in maintenance are not aware apartment buildings not to mention its structure and purpose. Therefore, in order to eliminate the gap in the knowledge of the heating sector, it is necessary to understand what an elevator is.

Thermal scheme of heating with an elevator unit

Under the elevator heating system implies a special design that performs injector or jet pump functions. The main task of a circuit with such a device is to increase the pressure inside the heating system. That is, improving the circulation of fluid through pipes and radiators by increasing the volume of the coolant.

Increasing the pressure in the circuit thermal unit based on standard physical laws. Moreover, if an elevator unit is found in the heating system, then such heating has a connection to the central line, through which heated coolant is supplied under pressure from a common boiler room.

In severe frosts, the temperature readings inside the main heat supply line can reach +150° C. But this is physically impossible, since at such a temperature water turns into steam. However, the transformation of a liquid from one state to another under the influence of high temperatures possibly in open containers without any pressure. But in heating pipes the coolant circulates under pressure, pumped with the help of circulation pumps, which prevents it from turning into steam.

Surely everyone understands that temperatures above 100 ° C are considered too high and it is not possible to supply such water to a dwelling for a number of specific reasons.

Therefore, before supplying the coolant directly to the apartment, it need to cool down. That is why the elevator was invented. To date, the elevator unit in the scheme of the thermal system is its integral part. This was due to its high stability of operation under any temperature changes in the heating network.

Design features of the elevator

This equipment includes the following structural elements: a jet-type elevator, a liquefying chamber and special nozzle. But in addition to the elevator assembly itself, it is necessary to perform its strapping, the essence of which is the installation stop valves, pressure gauge and thermometer.

Today, devices with electric drive adjustment of the nozzle, which makes it possible to automatically change the flow rate of the coolant in the heating system of apartment buildings.

The principle of operation of the elevator unit is based on the mixing of hot and cooled coolants. In the elevator chamber, the superheated liquid flowing through the main line is mixed with the already cooled coolant, which is returned from the radiators. In other words, return water mixed with superheated coolant. In this case, the elevator performs several functions at once:

The positive side of the elevator unit of the heating system, even considering the simplicity of the design, is its high efficiency. Also to positive qualities such an element can be credited with a relatively low cost of the device. Plus, it doesn't need a network connection. alternating current. Naturally, The elevator also has disadvantages:

• productive operation of the elevator unit can only be guaranteed if accurate calculation each of its components;
• the pressure difference between the main and return lines must not exceed 2 bar;
• lack of regulation of the temperature regime at the exit.

Such a device has become widespread in the heating mains of multi-apartment buildings due to its efficiency in case of sharp changes in thermal and hydraulic modes in the heating system.

Common breakdowns of the elevator assembly

The main malfunctions of the heating system elevator can be caused by the failure of the device itself due to clogging or an increase in the inner diameter of the nozzle. It can also cause damage clogging of the sump, breakage of shut-off valves and failure of the regulator settings.

It is possible to determine the breakdown of the elevator unit of the heating system by the temperature difference before and after the device. If a strong drop is detected, it can be stated that the elevator is broken due to clogging or an increase in the diameter of the nozzle. But regardless of the breakdown, the diagnosis is carried out by certified specialists. When the elevator assembly is clogged, it is cleaned.

If the initial diameter has increased due to corrosion, then there will be a complete imbalance of the entire heating system. At the same time, radiators in rooms on top floor they will not receive thermal energy in full, and the batteries in the lower apartments will overheat greatly. Troubleshooting nozzle is being replaced to a new analogue with the required diameter.

It is possible to detect clogging of the mud collectors in the heating elevator unit by changing the readings of the pressure sensors located immediately before and after the device. To remove contaminants in the heating system, they are discharged using a tap located at the bottom of the sump. If such actions do not give positive results, then dismantling and mechanical cleaning device.

Alternative thermal scheme

Thanks to new technologies that have found their application in the heating circuit apartment buildings it became possible to replace the elevator with a more advanced device. Automated system heating control - a complete alternative to the standard elevator unit. But the cost of such a device is much higher, although its use is more economical.

Main purpose automated node is the management temperature regime and the flow rate of the coolant inside the heating system, depending on the temperature outside it. For the operation of such a node, it is necessary to have a source of electricity sufficient high power. But, despite all the innovations in the field of heating technologies, the elevator unit is still popular in utility organizations.

To date, elevators in the heating system are popular. with electric adjustment drive. In addition, it becomes possible to control the flow of the coolant without human intervention. Due to the fact that such equipment has undeniable advantages, there is no indication that utilities will replace it in the near future.

To meet the heating needs of residents of high-rise buildings, they are well suited centralized systems heat supply. District heating involves the transfer of heated coolant from the boiler room through a network connected to a multi-storey building insulated pipes. Centralized boiler houses have sufficient efficiency and make it possible to combine low operating costs and acceptable indicators of heat supply efficiency multi-storey buildings.

But in order to be effective district heating was at the proper level, the heating circuit in apartment building compiled by professionals in their field - heating engineers. Fundamental principles, according to which the heating scheme of the house is designed, are to achieve maximum efficiency heating at minimum cost resources.

Contractors and builders are interested in providing apartment owners with a reliable and productive heat supply system, so the heating scheme for a multi-storey building is developed taking into account the current cost of heat resources, heat output indicators heating appliances, their energy efficiency and optimal connection sequence to the circuit.

Any scheme for heating an apartment building is fundamentally different from the method and sequence of connecting heating devices in private homes. It has a more complex structure and ensures that even in severe frosts, residents of apartments on all floors will be provided with heat and will not face such troubles as air-filled radiators, cold spots, leaks, water hammer and frozen walls.

A well-designed heating system for an apartment building, the scheme for which is developed individually, ensures that optimal conditions are maintained inside the apartments.

In particular, the temperature in winter will be at the level of 20-22 degrees, and relative humidity will be about 40%. To achieve such indicators, not only the basic heating scheme is important, but also high-quality insulation of apartments, which prevents heat from escaping to the street through cracks in walls, roofs and window openings.

Schema design

On the initial stage heating specialists are working on the development of the heating scheme, who carry out a series of calculations and achieve the same efficiency indicators of the heating system on all floors of the building. They draw up an axonometric diagram of the heating system, which is used later by installers. Correct calculations made by specialists guarantee that the designed heating system will be characterized by optimal coolant pressure, which will not lead to water hammer and interruptions in operation.

Inclusion in the heating scheme of the elevator unit

The scheme of central heating of an apartment building prepared by heat engineers assumes that a coolant of an acceptable temperature will flow into the radiators located in the apartment. However, at the outlet of the boiler room, the water temperature can exceed 100 degrees. To achieve cooling of the coolant by mixing cold water, the return line and the supply line are connected by an elevator unit.

A reasonable layout of the heating elevator allows the node to perform a number of functions. The main function of the node is direct participation in the heat exchange process, since hot coolant, getting into it, is dosed and mixed with the injected coolant from the return. As a result, the unit allows you to achieve optimal results in matters of mixing hot coolant from the boiler room and cooled water from the return. After that, the prepared coolant optimal temperature served in apartments.

Design features of the circuit

An efficient heating system in an apartment building, the scheme of which requires competent calculations, also implies the use of many other structural elements. Immediately after the elevator unit, special valves are integrated into the heating system that regulate the supply of coolant. They help control the heating process of the entire house and individual entrances, however, only employees of utility companies have access to these devices.

In the heating circuit, in addition to thermal valves, more sensitive devices are used to adjust and adjust the heating.

We are talking about devices that increase the performance of the heating system and allow you to achieve maximum automation of the heating process at home. These are devices such as collectors, thermostats, automation, heat meters, etc.

Piping layout

While heat engineers are discussing the optimal scheme for heating a central heating house, the issue of proper piping in the house is raised. In modern high-rise buildings the heating wiring diagram can be implemented according to one of two possible patterns.

Single pipe connection

The first template provides for a one-pipe connection from the top or bottom wiring and is the most used option when equipping multi-storey buildings with heating appliances. At the same time, the location of the return and supply is not strictly regulated and may vary depending on external conditions- the region in which the house was built, its layout, number of storeys and construction. The direct direction of movement of the coolant along the risers can also change. The variant of the movement of heated water in the direction from bottom to top or from top to bottom is provided.

Is different simple installation, affordable cost, reliability and long service life, however, it also has a number of shortcomings. Among them, the loss of coolant temperature during movement along the circuit and low efficiency indicators.

In practice, one can use various fixtures in order to compensate for the shortcomings that distinguish a single-pipe heating scheme, the beam system can become effective solution Problems. It is designed to use a collector that helps regulate temperature conditions.

Two-pipe connection

The two-pipe connection is the second version of the template. The two-pipe heating scheme of a five-story building (as an example) is devoid of the disadvantages described above, and has a completely different design than a single-pipe one. When implementing this scheme, the heated water from the radiator does not move to the next heater in the circuit, but immediately enters check valve and sent to the boiler room for heating. Thus, it is possible to avoid the loss of temperature of the coolant circulating along the contour of a multi-storey building.

The complexity of the connection, which involves heating batteries in the apartment, makes the implementation of this type of heating a long and laborious process, requiring large material and physical costs. Maintenance of the system is also not cheap, but at the same time high price compensated by high-quality and uniform heating of the house on all floors.

Among the advantages that a two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries gives, it is worth highlighting the possibility of installation on each radiator in the circuit special device- heat meter. It allows you to control the temperature of the coolant in the battery, and using it in the apartment, the owner will achieve significant results in saving money on payment utilities, because he will be able to independently regulate the heating if necessary.

Connecting radiators to the system

After the method of piping has been selected, heating batteries are connected to the circuit, while the scheme regulates the connection procedure and the type of radiators used. At this stage, the heating scheme three-storey house will not radically differ from the high-rise heating scheme.

Since the central heating system is characterized by stable operation, versatility and has an acceptable ratio of temperature and pressure of the coolant, the connection scheme for heating radiators in an apartment may involve the use of batteries made of various metals. In multi-storey buildings, cast iron, bimetallic, aluminum and can be used, which will complement the central heating system and provide apartment owners with the opportunity to live in comfortable temperature conditions.

Final stage of work

At the last stage, radiators are connected, while their inner diameter and volume of sections are calculated taking into account the type of supply and the cooling rate of the coolant. Since central heating is complex system interconnected components, it is quite difficult to replace radiators or repair jumpers in a particular apartment, because dismantling any element can cause interruptions in the heat supply of the whole house.

Therefore, apartment owners who use central heating for heating are not recommended to independently carry out any manipulations with radiators and the piping system, since the slightest intervention can turn into a serious problem.

In general, a well-designed, productive scheme for heating a residential apartment building allows you to achieve good performance in matters of heat supply and heating.

BTP - Block heating point - 1var. - this is a compact thermomechanical installation of complete factory readiness, located (placed) in a block container, which is an all-metal load-bearing frame with sandwich panels.

ITP in a block container is used to connect heating, ventilation, hot water supply systems and technological heat-using installations of the whole building or part of it.

BTP - Block heating point - 2 var. It is manufactured in the factory and supplied for installation in the form of ready-made blocks. It may consist of one or more blocks. The equipment of the blocks is mounted very compactly, as a rule, on one frame. Usually used when space is needed, in cramped conditions. By the nature and number of connected consumers, the BTP can refer to both ITP and CHP. Supply ITP equipment according to the specification - heat exchangers, pumps, automation, shut-off and control valves, pipelines, etc. - Supplied in separate items.

BTP is a product of full factory readiness, which makes it possible to connect objects under reconstruction or newly built to heating networks in the most short time. The compactness of the BTP helps to minimize the equipment placement area. An individual approach to the design and installation of block individual heat points allows us to take into account all the wishes of the client and translate them into a finished product. warranty for the BTP and all equipment from one manufacturer, one service partner for the entire BTP. ease of installation of the BTP at the installation site. Production and testing of BTP in the factory - quality. It is also worth noting that in case of mass, quarterly construction or volumetric reconstruction of heating points, the use of BTP is preferable compared to ITP. Since in this case it is necessary to mount a significant number of heating points in a short period of time. Such large-scale projects can be implemented in the shortest possible time using only standard factory-ready BTPs.

ITP (assembly) - the possibility of installing a heat point in cramped conditions, there is no need to transport the heat point as an assembly. Carriage only individual components. The equipment delivery time is much shorter than BTP. Cost is lower. -BTP - the need to transport the BTP to the installation site (transportation costs), the size of the openings for carrying the BTP impose restrictions on dimensions BTP. Delivery time from 4 weeks. Price.

ITP - a guarantee for various components of a heating point from different manufacturers; several different service partners for various equipment included in the heating substation; higher cost installation work, terms installation work, T. e. when installing the ITP are taken into account individual characteristics specific premises and "creative" solutions of a specific contractor, which, on the one hand, simplifies the organization of the process, and on the other hand, can reduce the quality. After all, a weld, a bend in a pipeline, etc., is much more difficult to perform qualitatively in a “place” than in a factory setting.

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

• apartment system heating, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
• Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new luxury housing, where the community of residents decides when to start heating season.
• Central heating in an apartment building, it is most common in standard housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

• Water heating water is used as the heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems where the coolant temperature does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
• Steam heating apartments in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant shortcomings, has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

• Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
• "Leningradka" - an improved version single pipe system, which, due to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

• The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, accurate regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator

• The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Let us make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

• First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. How more quantity floors, the higher it can be test pressure, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. Exact value can be obtained from the local operating authority. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators not suitable for apartment buildings.
• Is it possible and how much to change thermal power radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data various types radiators, may vary depending on specific model

• The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality coolant. The least sensitive to pollution traditional cast iron batteries, aluminum reacts worst of all to an aggressive environment. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. With regard to the existing housing stock with typical systems heating, this possibility is by no means always available. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

Alternative apartment meter- heat metering devices placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

Every building, whether a private house or high-rise apartment, is equipped with several life support systems. One of them is the heating system. Residents of high-rise buildings may be surprised, but in their basement there is a special place, which is called a heat unit or heat metering point. In this article, we will talk about it in more detail.

You will learn what a thermal energy metering unit is, why it is needed, how it functions, and who can service it.

We open the veil - what is UUTE

For those who hear this term for the first time, we will explain its meaning. UUTE is not just a device, but a set of equipment. The installation of each of them is necessary in order to provide basic accounting and regulation of energy, adjustment of the volume of coolant inside. The system registers and performs control parameters. Installation of such equipment is carried out on heating pipes in the basement of a multi-storey building.

Here are the main pieces of equipment:

1. Calculator.
2. Stop valve.
3. Pressure and temperature indication sensors in the system.
4. Pressure, flow and temperature transducers.

Why is such a system needed? All these were technological data, to put it simply, a thermal metering unit is installed at the pipe entry into the house. Its main task is to change the parameters of the internal coolant. What does it mean? Before the coolant enters your heating device (convector or radiator), the heat unit begins to reduce its pressure and temperature. Have you noticed that the heating pipes in the house are always the same temperature, you will not be able to burn yourself about them. This is even useful not only for you, but for the entire heating system. Nowadays, a metal pipeline is being replaced with polypropylene or metal-plastic. They don't like elevated temperature and high pressure.

Here are some regulated modes of operation of the heat energy metering unit:

• 110/70;
• 130/70;
• 150/17.

What do these numbers mean? They indicate the maximum and minimum allowable temperature indicators of the coolant in the pipes. Each node is equipped with a heat meter.

Types of schemes for installing thermal units

It becomes clear that the heating unit in an apartment building is located in the basement, where the heat supply to each apartment begins. The scheme of the thermal unit is shown in this photo.

As you can see from the picture, this elevator scheme. It can be called the simplest and not expensive. But, the disadvantage of this system is that it is impossible to adjust the temperature in the pipes. In this regard, there are some inconveniences for end users. Thermal energy overused during a thaw during the heating season. The main thing to do with such a scheme is the elevator. A pressure reducer can be installed in front of it. And the elevator itself serves to mix the cooled coolant with the hot one. At its output, a vacuum is created, which serves as the basis for the work. Due to this rarefaction, the coolant is under less pressure in the elevator, which is why mixing occurs.

But, there is another scheme for installing the system. It works on the basis of a heat exchanger. You can see her in this photo.

Due to the fact that the heating point is connected through this same heat exchanger, the coolant inside the house and the coolant from the heating main are separated. And due to this division, it is possible to carry out its preparation. For this purpose, additives and filtration are used. It is this scheme that opens the big doors for regulating the temperature and pressure of the coolant in the pipes. Why is it important? The fact is that a scheme based on a heat exchanger allows you to reduce heating costs.

If we talk about mixing the coolant, then for such a system it is performed by thermostatic valves. A feature of the use is that residents can afford to use aluminum radiators. Only here there is a small nuance - with poor-quality coolant inside the system, the service life of radiators is reduced. Naturally, you will not be able to control the quality of the coolant inside. That is why it is better not to take risks and be content with bimetallic or cast-iron radiators.

Note! At DHW connection through a heat exchanger, it becomes possible to control the pressure inside and the temperature of the water. I would like to note that some managers who like to cash in on conscientious payers can deceive the residents of the house. How? Lowering the water temperature by only a few degrees. As a result, it turns out that consumers do not notice this difference, however, taking into account the entire house, we can conclude that managers will be able to earn several tens of thousands of rubles in just one month.

Maintenance of an energy metering unit

Can any tenant of a multi-storey building carry out maintenance of heat energy metering stations? No. If we talk about the installation or maintenance of the energy metering system, then all this is done by specially trained personnel who have been instructed and allowed to perform these works. The thing is that such a place is a room of increased danger. Not only can you harm the equipment by paying several tens of thousands, but you yourself will suffer.

That is why you should not go inside and, out of curiosity, "make" everything in your own way. Don't risk your health. If there are any problems, it is better to immediately report to the appropriate authorities. And to learn more about the heat metering system, you can watch this video.

Conclusion

From this article, you could learn more about what a heat unit and a heat metering system are. As you can see, this is a must-have item for high-rise buildings. Thanks to the control of the temperature of the coolant inside, you can adjust it to optimal indicator. This will save money on heating and extend the life of your heaters. In addition, I would like to say that it is possible to install such nodes for a private house, if it is connected to centralized heating. Although the system will cost you a pretty penny, but you will be able to provide maximum level comfort in the future.