Independent construction of the roof of a private house. Roof ridge log and its purpose

By the way, looking ahead a little, we give a photo of a log bath already polished from the inside and outside, with already painted walls, below. Where does this angle come from, you ask? Yes, from the roof of the house, we were just discussing with the stove-makers how they would provide waterproofing for the passage of the fireplace chimney through the tiled roof.

But back to the topic of the article - the construction of the roof of a log sauna. At the time of the start of work, the log bath looked in the following way(see photo below). The only thing is that the builders have already managed to build scaffolding. Recall (see previous) that upon completion of the installation of the log house on my site (May 2017), we covered it with an awning to protect it from rain. Plus, your humble servant, together with his son, treated the future rafters and floor joists with an antiseptic, so do not be surprised at their color.

Unfortunately on early stages I was not present at work, so when I arrived at the dacha the next weekend, I saw the already erected bottom layer of the pie, made from ordinary unedged, but planed inch boards.

We will tell about the history of the emergence of this approach to the construction of roofs a little later, but now let's take a closer look at what has already been done at this point.

Of course, when I saw the pediments cut almost to the point and internal walls, I even felt a little uneasy, I really felt sorry for the tree, but I understood that such was the technology. By the way, let's talk a little about her. If you remember, when building the roof of a house from a log house (), we first formed the outer layer of the roofing pie (from bottom to top: rafters, waterproofing, sheathing and tiling), and subsequently we plan to build the bottom, the inner layer(from top to bottom: insulation, vapor barrier, attic ceiling).

Here we decided to use the Norwegian roofing technology - from the bottom up, i.e. the internal ceiling, vapor barrier, rafters are laid out in succession, insulation between them, waterproofing, crate and tiled roof on top. You can already see the material of the ceiling in the nearby photos.

What are the benefits of this approach? First, it creates single design, which moves evenly when the log shrinks. Secondly, you immediately get the whole roofing pie and completely forget about the roof, moving on to other things. Thirdly, it is much easier for builders to build such a pie for a log house (from bottom to top) - you don’t need to hold boards on the weight, etc., only two carpenters can handle this, so it costs you less.

Now let's open little secret, which is introduced or returned by the builders of Log Rus. Of course, the bottom-up method of building a pie, although not often, was previously used in Russia, but at the same time, lining was usually used to finish the attic ceiling, which was stuffed onto a draft ceiling made of bars, plywood, unplaned boards, etc. . To be honest, walls or ceilings made of lining (that is, narrow planed tongue-and-groove boards) caused us slight irritation and everyone was already pretty tired of socialist realism over the previous decades.

We wanted to get an appropriate in a log wooden house (more precisely, a log bath), nice, inexpensive and functional roof. We thought for a long time what to stop at and, having somehow visited Denis Migachev (general director of Rusya Log), we saw in his bath such a ceiling made of ordinary unedged boards. There was a certain charm in the unevenness of the edges of these boards, it was a reliable and beautiful (unlike lining) construction. At the same time, it is quite inexpensive. By the way, Maxim Marinin also stopped in his bath on this version of the ceiling in the attic and, according to him, was quite satisfied ().

In short, thinking about family council, we also settled on this ceiling design, as they say cheap and cheerful, sorry, ... aesthetically pleasing. Then, already in the process of construction, the carpenters told me that, in fact, Denis had introduced this approach with unedged planed boards, which many of his clients had already repeated, now including us.

Let's look at this technique in a little more detail. On the walls of the pediments, cuts are made on both sides, a shield of unedged boards will be laid on these saw cuts. Why are these cuts so big? Because the logs have round shape and you need to make the groove so that at the junction of the crowns the edge of the created ceiling shield is not visible. Probably, it is difficult to perceive by ear, but later we will show in the photo what was meant.

On the ridge, the boards of the future ceiling are rigidly attached to the ridge log on large nails (namely, nails, in this situation they are more reliable than fragile self-tapping screws).

These photos clearly show how the boards overlap. It can also be seen that, although these are unedged (i.e., the board does not have the same width) boards, they are qualitatively planed, including from narrow sides.

Consider the grooves in the place of support of the lower part of the roof - this is the upper log of the side wall of the log house (see Fig. next photo). As you can see, a special recess was made on which the boards of the future ceiling were laid. A gap was specially left so that the boards, and with them, the entire roof could move out when the log bath shrinks. I was immediately embarrassed by the nails with which the boards were fixed to this log, but the builders reassured me, saying that these are thin finishing nails (they are usually nailed to the door trim), which will not be an obstacle to the movement of the roof and serve only for the initial fastening of the boards (after this board will be pulled together, with transverse jumpers, etc. - there will be a real strong shield).

And this is how the process of splicing the ceiling shield mentioned above looked like. From above with self-tapping screws, but so that they do not go to the lower, front part, the ceiling is pulled together by our unedged boards. In order not to form gaps, the foreman from below determines the place of screwing in the screw and makes an emphasis on this point. The second master screws the self-tapping screw from above with a screwdriver. Everything seems to be easy, but the process actually turned out to be quite lengthy and scrupulous.

And here are our heroes. These are already familiar to us at the stage of installation of the log cabin of the bath foreman of carpenters Petr Markov(in the foreground), by the way, one of the best craftsmen company Rus Log, and his partner Mikhail.

This is what the roof looked like from a different angle. If you look closely, you can see the gaps between the boards, because they still hang only under their own weight, relying only on the ends.

Well, this is the bottom view of the future ceiling. True, this is not quite a ceiling, but rather a gable overhang, but the idea is essentially the same. Note that there are no visible gaps between vertical wall log baths on the left and the ceiling itself, despite the fact that the logs of the wall have a traditional round shape. The absence of cracks, but at the same time maintaining the ability of the ceiling and the entire roof pie to slide smoothly along the wall when the log house shrinks - this is the main advantage of the groove mentioned above in the gable walls (as promised, we explained the above phrase about cuts on the gables).

If you do not make such grooves in the walls themselves, but try (some craftsmen do this) to figuratively cut out the ceiling boards, gracefully bypassing all the roundness of the wall logs, then the result will be disastrous. Moreover, the problems, of course, will not appear immediately, but after a lapse of time, when the log house begins to sit down and the boards of your ceiling will, at best, simply break, and at worst, simply shoot out due to the tension and effort that has arisen.

Let's take another time jump and look at the picture that we saw on our next visit. After that, by the way, I left the camera to the guys and asked them to take pictures of the most significant moments, so further photo reporting will be more consistent.

So what has changed? Of course, the laid rafters immediately catch your eye. By the way, the guys were just engaged in the process of inserting them into the upper logs of the walls. Pay attention to the cord shown in the photo below. First, the first and last pair of rafters were laid, above the gables of the bath. They were very accurately measured in all planes, after which the mentioned cords were stretched. In the future, all the other rafters are laid exactly in the planes measured by the cords, this will be the key to a flat roof.

But the rafters, that was the next step. Prior to this, in addition to the fact that the boards of the shield were pulled together with self-tapping screws, the so-called vapor barrier- a special thread-reinforced durable film that does not allow water and steam to pass through, because the insulation in the roofing cake must remain dry.

On top of the film, transverse boards were laid and the rafters were already laid on them. When I asked Peter why the rafters are not immediately laid on the boards of the shield, he explained that, firstly, the surface of the shield is uneven due to overlapping boards, and, secondly, when laying and drawing the rafters, the waterproofing film may be damaged, and so everything turns out beautifully and reliably.

Nowadays, the construction of houses from wooden beam widely used in different regions countries. Even in ancient times, our ancestors built such houses not only because the wood was available material. Timber houses differ in appearance, excellent conditions for living, they breathe easier. After all, wood is a natural, environmentally friendly building material.

The roof is one of the most basic elements of a house. The overall picture of the building also depends on its quality, correct calculation and appearance. When building a roof on your own, the question always arises of how to cut down the roof. If there are no skills in the construction of the roof, then it is better to entrust its construction to professionals.

We build a roof for a house from a log house

The construction of the roof of a house made of timber can be of any type. It all depends on the desires and capabilities of the owner of the house. But the best and easiest, and therefore cheaper, is to make a gable roof that you can build with your own hands.

However, first of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the main parts of the structure and some construction rules. Only then can the roof be cut down. It consists of two main parts:

• rafter system;
• roof.

Log roof truss system

The roof truss system is its basis. If it is made efficiently and reliably, then the entire roof structure will delight the owner of the house. The rafter system in its composition has the following elements:

• mauerlat, which is the basis on which the entire system is created;
• rafters;
• skate;
• strut system;
• crate.

In a roof for a log house, where the load-bearing structures must rest on the middle wall, the rafters are positioned so that one end of the rafters is attached to outer wall, and the second should rest on the struts, which are fixed on middle wall Houses. Mauerlat in the truss system of houses from a bar is not built separately; for this purpose, the upper crowns of the log house or ceiling beams protruding beyond the wall are used.

The rafters are fastened with metal staples and nails. If a stove or stove is planned in a private house gas heating, then it is necessary to foresee openings for chimney or ventilation pipes strictly observing all fire safety regulations.

Second, no less important element when erecting a roof, this is the observance of the order of laying all its layers:

• special vapor barrier film;
• heat-insulating materials;
  waterproofing;
• counterlattice;
• crate;
• roofing.

Roof accessories include drainage system, skylights or skylights, ventilation equipment in the form of aerators, fencing, bridges, transitions, cornices and slats.

Thus, it becomes clear that the construction of the roof of a log house is no less difficult than at home, and requires careful preparation and high-quality painstaking work.

AT recent times log cabins with broken roof and become popular in private construction. Such a roof gives the house more volume and makes it look like an old wooden tower. Such a roof may have two or more slopes. More space is created under the sloping roof, which allows you to use the attic for economic needs, or make a living space - build an attic.

However, it must be borne in mind that a log house with a sloping roof has a large roof surface area. And this means that the load on the truss system will increase, and it needs to be strengthened. Rafters and sheathing boards that are thicker should be used. In this case, it is necessary to reduce the distance between the supporting structures of the roof.

When building a roof, especially a broken type, it is necessary to take into account the expected loads on it:

• weight of the roof
• wind loads,
• in winter time snow cover thickness.

That is, it is necessary to take into account temporary and permanent weight loads.

Installation and composition of the roof depends on the purpose attic space. If there is living space in the attic, then work is needed to quality insulation roofs.

For normal operation of the roof, it is always necessary to follow the sequence of work and make the necessary gaps for ventilation.

First you need to install the rafters, which are made from the board conifers section 25x150mm. The next step will be laying vapor barrier film, on which the slats of the counter-lattice are sewn and after that the crate is arranged. For different kind roofing lathing is performed differently. For sheet roofing materials the crate is made with gaps, for bituminous soft materials the crate should be arranged with a continuous flooring. As a rule, the thickness of the boards is 20-25 millimeters.. The insulation layer, if a living space is planned in the attic, is laid between rafter legs by surprise, and from the side of the attic it is supported by a frame that will serve as the basis for filing the attic ceiling. The final stage in the construction of a sloping roof will be the installation of roofing material and a drainage system.

All wooden elements, both the log house and the roof, should be treated with antiseptic compounds and flame retardants, for a longer service life of the entire house and protect it from fires.

How to make a roof on a log house with a roofing in the form of a metal tile.

Before starting the installation of roofing on the roof, the geometry of the entire roof should be checked. That is, so that there are no problems during the installation of the coating, the distances along the diagonal of the slopes should be approximately the same.

The rafters must be perpendicular to the ridge and external walls log house. The step of the crate should be chosen so that it is convenient to fasten the metal tile.

Some advice from professionals when building a roof in a log house and installing metal tiles.

They say that the roof of the house is the fifth facade. Any owner country cottage knows well that the overall perception of the structure depends on how well the roofing is chosen.

We have already told users of our site about the features of the choice of roofing.

But the roof is only the visible part of a complex system called the roof. The basis of any roof is a reliable and properly designed truss system.

In this article, FORUMHOUSE experts will talk about the main nuances of construction truss system wooden and stone houses.

From this article you will learn:

• Where does the design of the truss system begin;
• What nuances must be taken into account when installing the truss system of stone and wooden structure;
• What kind structural elements truss system compensate for shrinkage wooden house;
• What features does the truss system have chopped house;
• What is a Mauerlat, and why is it needed in a stone structure;
• What are the requirements for the materials of the wooden truss system;
• What is a truss system built using LSTK technology.

General principles for choosing a truss system for a stone and wooden cottage

Often, novice developers believe that the choice of the design of the truss system can be left "for later", when the walls are already erected. Practice shows that this is fundamentally wrong. Roof even country house- This a complex system, consisting of many elements. The construction of rafters must begin at the design stage of the house.

Company manager "DDM-Stroy" Vera Vavilova, Moscow:

- The rafter system is the basis (skeleton) of the roof of the house. The quality and durability of the roof directly depends on how competently it will be performed. The manufacture of this structure, especially complex, must begin with its design. This is the only way that will allow you to take into account all the nuances and mount it with high quality.

The service life of the roof largely depends on how competently this structure is selected and mounted. It is also necessary to strike a balance between functionality and design refinements.

Director of company " Smart-Build» Pavel Orlov:

- The design of the truss system begins with the choice of the type of roof - mansard or cold attic. For mansard roofs, the angle of inclination of the rafters is made from 35 degrees and above. For a cold attic, the base rafter angle is 25 degrees.

The simpler the shape of the roof, the simpler design, the faster it is in production, and the builders are less likely to make a mistake. Therefore, it is cheaper to build and easier to operate a roof that has simple form. Big square roofs, the presence of bay windows, the complex polygonal shape of the building significantly complicate and increase the cost of the construction of the truss system - it requires competent design and calculation.

The most cost-effective truss system is for a simple gable roof with a slope of at least 25 - 30 degrees.

The main factors that affect the complexity of manufacturing and the final price of the structure:

• Type of finishing roofing. The choice of one or another coating determines the composition of the roofing cake, the type of lathing and the load on the truss system. The most popular roofs are metal tiles, soft roof, TsCH (cement-sand tiles), ceramic or seam roofing;

• The angle of the roof. It determines the loads, and this is the main factor in the design of the structure;

• Will the structural elements (decor element) be visible or will it be completely hidden behind the ceiling lining;

• Large overhangs at the roof significantly increase the cost of the truss system.
  If in the design last floor Since the house has large unsupported spans, this entails an increase in the cost and complexity of the structure. In this case, depending on the distances, the truss system is performed using trusses.

• The presence in the project of large chimneys, skylights and other passage elements significantly affects both the complexity of manufacturing the structure and its price.

The design of the truss system (especially complex) should be handled by a person with relevant experience. This design is always calculated for a specific building. A common approach - "I will make a rafter, like a neighbor's" leads to disastrous construction results. The rafter does not withstand loads, which ultimately leads to costly alterations.

The design begins with the collection of expected loads on the roof.

1. Constant values, including the total weight of the roofing, thermal insulation material and fasteners;

2. Temporary values. These are the loads that climatic conditions exert on the roof, especially snow and wind.

Designers lay the calculated step of the rafters in accordance with the expected load. Let's see how true this is.

Pavel Orlov:

- In my opinion, it is better to choose the pitch of the rafters for mansard, well-insulated roofs, based on the size of the insulation - so that the distance between the rafters is 1 cm less than the width of the insulation. This will make it easier to install.

The main load on which the calculation of the truss system is made is snow. Usually, all such structures are designed with a margin, but if there is any doubt (it is supposed to mount a heavy roofing - natural tiles, etc.), you can slightly reduce the pitch of the rafters.

Although snow load is of a non-permanent nature, the rafter should be calculated taking into account the totality of all loads acting on it. The calculation must be carried out not “back to back”, but with some margin in case of heavy precipitation (prolonged snowfall) or increased wind load.

The "work" of the truss system is significantly influenced by the choice of material for the walls of the house.

Features of the truss system in a wooden and stone house

The main difference between the rafters of a stone house and a wooden one is that stone walls have a structure that is not subject to shrinkage and deformation.

Pavel Orlov:

– The rafters of a stone house do not need deformation elements, since stone house practically does not shrink. main feature the truss system of a stone house is the need for reliable fastening of the Mauerlat. AT wooden houses the role of the Mauerlat is performed by the wall.

Mauerlat is a roofing element (paired boards 50x150, timber 100x150 or 150x150 in size), which is laid around the entire perimeter of the upper wall of the house. Relies on Mauerlat Bottom part rafters. Thus, the Mauerlat redistributes the point load transmitted from the rafters to the entire area of ​​​​the upper part of the wall.

Also, when designing the rafter system of a stone house, it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the walls.

Pavel Orlov:

- The design requires the calculation of the permissible lateral load of the rafters on the wall with a fixed mauerlat.

A thin and high wall withstands less side load. This requires application for load-bearing structure rafters additional elements- retaining racks and runs.

At wooden houses there are also some nuances that must be taken into account in the manufacture of the truss system.

Vera Vavilova:

- The main feature is that the walls, which are the basis for the rafters, shrink and change their geometry when the weather, temperature and humidity change outside and inside the house.

The main element that compensates for the shrinkage of the walls relative to the rafters is a sliding support (it is also called a sliding support). sliding support necessary to compensate for distortions roof structure resulting from shrinkage of wood natural humidity.

The sliding support is a composite fastener, which includes a bent plate and a corner with a guide.

When the house shrinks, the rafter slides along the guide, thus compensating for all distortions general design rafter system of the house. The sliding part of the support is attached to rafter beam so that there is a gap between it and the rafter. And the corner with the guide is screwed to the beam.

The slipper must be installed strictly perpendicular to the rafters, with a cut in the timber for the installation of its base. In order to shrink wooden structures to ensure the maximum travel of the slide, when it is installed, it is installed in the most extreme position.

The degree of shrinkage of a wooden house (and hence the amount of movement acting on the rafters) depends on the material used in the construction of the walls. Natural moisture lumber shrinks more, dry profiled lumber shrinks less, and glued lumber shrinks minimally, etc.

The walls of a house made of dry timber can shrink by 6% of their total height. If we are talking about the walls of a house built from a bar of natural moisture, then shrinkage can be even greater. Our article details what are the pros and cons .

Building a roof on a log house

In addition to timber, wooden houses are built from the so-called log manual felling. Practice shows that the truss system of such a house has its own characteristics.

Dmitry Filippov, company specialist "Traditional Carpentry Technologies":

- AT log houses on the basis of the log house, a male-legged roofing system is used, plus a “sliding” one rafter part.

Roof in the house from a log, the device.

Roof for log house has its own design features. Slegs - horizontal logs cut into a log pediment (the top of them is a ridge) - sit down together with a log house. After that, a lining from a board (aka a ceiling) is laid on the logs (lay down). Next, the rafters are mounted (in gable roofs they are attached to each other on a ridge sliding fasteners). Then a roofing pie is formed - vapor barrier, insulation, waterproofing, counter-lattice, crate, roofing material is laid on top.

Dmitry Filippov:

- Thus, the rafter part with roofing cake are not tied to the frame, but as if “lying” on it, which allows the roof to retain its shape and integrity when the frame shrinks.

From our article you will learn about the types of structure and roof shapes of log houses.

Materials going to the rafters

In addition to taking into account the characteristics of wooden and stone houses, when designing a rafter system, it is necessary to understand the requirements for lumber.

Vera Vavilova:

- Pine and spruce will do. These are inexpensive and meet the basic strength characteristics of wood rafters.

It is important to follow and make sure that the lumber meets grade 0-2 according to GOST 8486. Rafter elements should not contain large falling knots, rot, wane and cracks. These vices weaken bearing capacity rafter system.

Pavel Orlov:

- Edged softwood with a moisture content of up to 20% is used on the rafter system. All lumber used must be treated with certified bio-fire retardant impregnations.

If you put freshly sawn, raw wood on the rafters, then in the process of drying, the already mounted rafters will lead. This will cause deformation of the roof and roofing.

To avoid this, it is better to make rafters from calibrated chamber-drying lumber.

Another option for materials used to make rafters can be trusses and glued beams.

The use of these materials is determined by the project, based on the size of the spans and the expected load on the structure.

Vera Vavilova:

In this case, the elements of the truss system are manufactured at the factory and brought to the site in the form of parts ready for assembly.

This eliminates the so-called "human factor". It also saves time, because such a design is assembled faster than the one that is done on the site with the inevitable sawing and fitting of parts on the spot.

Factory truss systems are made strictly according to the project and specifications. Thanks to this, it is achieved high quality the foundations of the future roof, because the wood has already been treated with antiseptic agents, and the entire truss system is assembled according to the principle of the designer.

Another material used in the construction of truss systems of a stone or wooden house can be light steel thin-walled structures (LSTK). Such a rafter does not need to be treated with antiseptic agents, it has a low weight, long service life and high fire resistance. Consider the main features of the truss system built using this technology.

Deputy commercial director of the company "Polymetal-M" Andrey Usachyov:

– The roof truss system, made according to the LSTK technology, includes galvanized rack-mount and guide profiles. If it is necessary to install a warm roof, a thermal profile is used (a profile with perforation along the entire length), which will remove the cold bridge and avoid heat loss.

The thickness and cross section of the profile used in the construction depends on the load that is expected on the truss system.

Each element of the system has strictly specified dimensions according to the project.

This greatly reduces assembly time and also avoids waste at the construction site.

Each profile is marked in accordance with the drawings and assembly instructions.

Andrey Usachyov:

– Thanks to the marking, assembly is simplified. Each profile is marked with a bulge (extrusion). Because the metal frame is fastened together with self-tapping screws, then thanks to the extrusion it is clear where the connection should be. Bulging increases rigidity assembled node, reducing the force acting on the cut, on the self-tapping screw.

In the FORUMHOUSE topic you can find out what begins. Also here you will find all the information about. Read how to build with your own hands, it is told.

Watch our video about roofing in Russian wooden architecture.

Timber roof construction

Traditionally, for log houses, several types of roofs are common. appearance and, as a consequence, by device and design. The main ones are - triangular gable roof, shed roof, mansard "broken" frame roof, hipped, four-pitched hip and semi-hip roofs. Let's consider them in a little more detail.

Triangular gable roof

The triangular gable roof of a log house is the most common, it is also the most stable in terms of geometry in relation to other types of roofs. A triangular roof can be with the correct proportional shape, or with a ridge offset to the side. Pictured below as good example presented log houses with a triangular gable roof

shed roof

Shed roofs are less common on log houses and are less common and, as a rule, are made on small buildings and outbuildings, toilets, gazebos. Also, such a roof plan is common in sheds and garages, sometimes in log baths. Example pitched roof can be seen in the photo below

Double-pitched "broken" roof

Double-sided "broken" mansard roof- from the word "with a break". This form allows you to frame second floor area, almost like the premises of the first floor. With a "broken" roof, unlike a triangular one, there is more clean living space - the second floor turns out to be full-fledged. We also note that the device of such a roof will be more expensive, since it uses a larger amount of material in the formation of the frame and labor costs, compared to the traditional triangular gable. The surface area of ​​the roof itself also increases, which somewhat increases the cost of the amount of material and the cost of covering the roof with roofing materials. In the photo below you can see an example of a log house with a "broken" roof.

hipped roof

Hip roof - from the word "tent". The design of this form of roof is relatively complex, the largest number of lumber is used in its formation, and the roof is also quite laborious, since almost every part of the hipped truss system and roofing materials is made and adjusted individually. As for the cost, such a roof is one of the most expensive. When hip roof and all the edges of the roof converge at one central point. Examples of a hipped roof are shown in the photo below.

hip roof

The hip roof is similar in design to a hipped roof, and in terms of the complexity of the rafter system, it also belongs to the class complex roofs. The main difference between hip and hip roofs is that the hip roof ribs do not converge at one point. The middle part of the roof is triangular in shape for a third of the length of the house and then the roof diverges to the edges at the corners of different points. Construction example hip roof shown in the photo below