Care of crops of buckwheat. How to grow buckwheat - all stages of work from preparing seeds for sowing to harvesting a good harvest

Buckwheat has long been perceived exclusively as a grain crop, and only recently gardeners have paid attention to other beneficial qualities of the plant. Except for the undeniable medicinal properties buckwheat is an excellent green manure that increases the fertility level of even the heaviest and most acidic soil. It is a beautiful and structural plant that holds its shape well and is great for design applications.

The natural habitat of the plant is East and Southeast Asia. Buckwheat is not demanding on the soil and is able to produce a good harvest even in the poorest and heaviest soils; this biological feature allows it to be grown in middle lane Russia and in certain climatic conditions in the Far East and Western Siberia.

Buckwheat has two types:

Ordinary (edible, sowing) - the main type of plant, porridge familiar to everyone consists of its fruits.

This is an annual plant that reaches up to 1 meter in height. It has a bare stem, large leaves and a stem root system. Small flowers are formed in a brush, at normal temperature white color, during a cold snap acquire pink shade. Despite the fact that buckwheat belongs to grain crops, the fruits of the plant are trihedral nuts, reaching a length of up to 6.5 mm. Buckwheat propagates by seeds.

Tatarskaya (kyrlyk) - unlike ordinary buckwheat, it is less demanding on tillage and more resistant to low temperatures. It is characterized by thick-skinned small fruits and is therefore used as livestock feed or green manure in personal plots.

The main conditions for growing a plant are the temperature regime, the optimum of which is rather narrow - at temperatures below + 13 ° C, the development of the plant slows down, with an increase of more than + 25 ° C, pollination stops.

Buckwheat is known as a capricious crop, the yield of which is not stable. And only a constructive approach to the plant, and knowledge of agricultural techniques help to achieve high yields.

The importance of grain crops in the household

7 reasons to plant buckwheat in your garden:

First of all, it is a valuable cereal known for its dietary and nutritional properties for the human body. In her chemical composition a lot of potassium, calcium, iodine, zinc and iron. The fruits of the plant contain a large number of vitamins.

Buckwheat is an insurance crop in case of death early landings she is planted in the vacant place as green manure.

The plant displaces weeds, suppresses and kills them at the root, leaving behind a perfectly clean area.

The waste left from the hulling of the grain and the chaff are excellent fodder for livestock. The ground husk or ash from it is a useful fertilizer for the garden. It is characterized by specific root secretions that reduce the susceptibility of other crops-followers to rot.

The plant is an excellent honey plant and is one of the significant crops for beekeeping. Planting in a buckwheat plot is a great way to attract beneficial insects to it.

The leaves of the plant have medicinal properties- antiseptic and sedative.

Soil preparation

Buckwheat grows well in lighted areas, protected from dry winds. For grain cultivation any will do type, with the only condition on the mechanical composition, it should be loamy or sandy loam, the acidity of which is close to neutral. In strongly acidified soils with a podzolic horizon of more than 10 cm, slaked lime at the rate of 0.5 kg per 1 sq. m.

In autumn, autumn plowing or digging of the site is carried out, at the same time phosphorus and potash fertilizers are introduced. A good role for moistening the soil will be played by a snow-retaining barrier, which is arranged from improvised means.

In the spring, loosen the topsoil, harrow and apply nitrogen fertilizers. Digging should be done only if there is excessive compaction and excess moisture.

plant predecessors

The ideal predecessors of buckwheat are plants that enrich the soil with plowed crop residues and with a developed root system that increases soil looseness. All legumes and winter crops have such qualities, as well as:

• lupine,

Buckwheat is not recommended to be planted after oats or potatoes affected by the nematode. The plant itself as a phytosanitary is an excellent predecessor for sugar beets, potatoes, corn, all fruit and berry and grain crops.

Preparing seeds for sowing

To receive good harvest use zoned seeds adapted to the climatic features of the area. Significantly increases their productivity seedbed preparation, This:

• selection of large and heavy seeds of the first class;
• dressing with fungicides to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases;
• treatment with microfertilizers containing molybdenum ammonium or boric acid;
• air-thermal heating 5 days before planting, for this, the seeds are scattered on a dry surface in a well-lit, dry room and periodically mixed.

The pre-sowing treatment of seeds performed in this way significantly increases the yield.

Sowing dates

Buckwheat is sensitive to low temperatures. When the temperature drops to -1 ° C, flowers begin to die, leaves and stems are damaged. And when the air temperature drops to -6 ° C, the plant dies. Therefore, sowing work begins only when the threat of frost has passed.

When choosing the sowing time for buckwheat, they are guided by the average statistical data on the air temperature during the flowering and fruit set period of the plant, which occurs approximately 40 days after sowing and lasts about a month. During this period, the optimum daily temperature for buckwheat is +25 ° C. Thus, they start sowing from the second half of May, and depending on regional climatic conditions, it may be the end of June.

If there is any doubt about the timing of sowing, you can measure the temperature of the soil at a depth of 10 cm, it should be at least + 12 ° C and focus on natural signs - the appearance of abundant dew on the grass, the flowering of alder and lilac.

Sowing work

The crop sowing scheme depends on the nature of the soil and the characteristics of the site. In gardens with mineral-poor soil and with no weeds, sowing with row spacings of 7.5 to 15 cm has an advantage. In heavily weedy and fertile areas, up to 45 cm between rows can be left - this allows for additional cultivation of the soil, which contributes to an increase in yield.

When planting seeds, they are guided by the mechanical composition of the soil. In heavy and prone to swimming soils, they are planted in a depth of 3 to 5 cm, in loose, characterized by a drying top layer - from 5 to 8 cm. After planting, the site is watered abundantly.

An important agricultural technique after sowing is rolling and leveling the soil.

This method draws moisture to the seeds - this contributes to the accelerated emergence of seedlings, uniform growth and maturation of the crop. Soil rolling is done with ringed or toothed rollers. Processing of heavy soils is carried out up to.

5 days after sowing, the soil is harrowed across or diagonally to the sown seeds. Thus, the crust formed from watering is removed.

culture care

Under optimal conditions, buckwheat sprouts in 5-6 days, and 6 days after that, the first leaves are formed. During this period, the task of the gardener is to provide the plant with the necessary moisture.

Subsequent work is a complex of agricultural practices, feeding the developing crop with essential minerals, preventing diseases and pests. This is:

• post-emergence harrowing - carried out after the appearance of weeds, during the development of the first or second leaf of the plant;
• inter-row cultivation in wide-row crops during the formation of the first or second leaf and subsequent, when the plant begins to bloom;
• hilling promotes the development of the root system and prevents lodging from exposure strong winds and rains;
• foliar top dressing - spraying the plant with nitrogen fertilizers and growth regulators after the appearance of the first leaf until the budding phase;
• top dressing with boric superphosphate at the beginning of flowering;
• with excessive development of weeds, soil herbicides are used until the plant buds;
• the main ones that can affect the plant are aphids and suckers, with a small lesion, it is enough to do ash-soap spraying, and in the presence of large colonies of insects, it is necessary to apply organic insecticides before the fruit formation phase;
• in the last decade of August, flowering tops may appear and in order to direct nutrients to ripening fruits they are cut off.

A feature of buckwheat is a large vegetative mass, which continues to develop during flowering and fruit set, affecting the yield.

Therefore, the main goal of the gardener is to prevent the excessive development of the vegetative organs of the plant, contributing to the rapid pollination of flowers and the filling of fruits.

Buckwheat is pollinated by bees, less often by other insects; wind or its shaking can also contribute to this. Many gardeners, in the absence of insects on the site, drag a parallel rope along the tops of the plant.

We would like to note that this culture is susceptible to a number of diseases, therefore it is worth considering their symptoms, prevention and treatment measures.

First of all, this is the molding of seeds. There are several types. gray green mold characterized musty smell. Develops due to Low quality planting material, landing it in insufficiently warmed ground. The disease reduces germination, provokes slow development and death of seedlings.

In the event of mechanical damage, dark mold develops on the seed coats.

If the weather is wet during active seed growth, pink mold may form. Another reason is improper storage of seeds in conditions high humidity. The disease greatly reduces germination.

As a preventive measure, we recommend using those varieties that are resistant to the described problems, as well as treating seeds before sowing in the ground. Still, you need to carefully clean and dry the grains, to avoid their mechanical damage.

A dangerous problem is late blight. It can manifest itself throughout the entire period of plant development. For everyone aboveground parts red-brown spots appear. If the condition is running, then the affected areas darken and die. Especially dangerous for young plants.

The source of the disease is infected litter. So you need to carefully clean plant remains along with the harvest. It is also important to observe crop rotation, fertilize plants in a timely manner, disinfect seeds and soil.

When infected with downy mildew, the foliage becomes covered with yellow oily spots. With back side off-white or gray coating. Places that are affected by the fungus dry out and fall off over time.

To prevent the disease, the same measures are suitable as for the defeat of late blight.

Brown spots on the root neck and other aerial parts of the plant indicate the development of gray rot. After these areas have rotted, something like gray dust appears on them. Young plants die. The leaves turn yellow and die.

The infection is spread from the soil, or by seed contamination.

To protect plants, agricultural practices are used, as well as late blight and gray rot, treatments are carried out. Bordeaux mixture, and with downy mildew, a 1% suspension of colloidal sulfur is used.

Harvesting

Buckwheat begins to ripen 25-35 days after flowering. Harvesting begins after the acquisition of 2/3 of the brown fruits. During this period, it is important to prevent root overgrowth, due to which a significant part of the crop can be lost.

In order to get the most dry and not clogged grain, a separate harvesting method is used. Beveled rolls are left in a lying position for a day. Next, sheaves are formed with a girth of no more than 50 cm, which are collected in a shock of 4 pieces, where they dry up before threshing.

For threshing at home, the tops of the plant are placed in a bag and knocked on it with a stick.

Packed in bags are stored in a dry and ventilated area for wooden deck. A careful approach to all stages of growing buckwheat allows you to collect at least 20 kilograms of grain from an area equal to one hundred square meters.

To obtain cereals from grains, it is necessary to crush them; for this, a cereal grinder is used. If it is absent, the manual method is used - this is steaming the grain in a wide container and collapsing it with a rolling pin.

Soil Requirements

Buckwheat is undemanding to soil fertility and is able to form a normal crop even on poor soils.

The best for growing buckwheat are sod-calcareous, sod-podzolic, light and medium loamy, sandy loamy soils underlain by moraine loam.

Buckwheat should not be sown on waterlogged heavy loamy and clay soils, drained peatlands.

Optimal agrochemical indicators of soils: pH - 5.5 and higher, humus content - not less than 1.5%, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium - not less than 150 mg/kg of soil.

Predecessor choice

The best predecessors for buckwheat are row crops and leguminous crops, good ones are winter cereals, under which organic and mineral fertilizers, which makes it possible to exclude the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers.

On light soils, lupine is the best predecessor.

The choice of a predecessor is also determined by the possibility of applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in autumn for autumn plowing.

Buckwheat is a good predecessor for all crops, especially for spiked crops, since the plowing of stubble and straw reduces their damage by root rot by 2-3 times.

With stubble and root residues, buckwheat leaves behind on a hectare of soil: N - 15.6 kg; P2O5 - 12.3; K2O - 67.5.

tillage

Plowing should be carried out no later than September 10-15. The late rise of fallow increases the infestation of buckwheat crops by 2-3 times.

Buckwheat crops should not be planted by spring plowing.

In early spring, the field is cultivated in two tracks. Number of cultivations for early term seva - two, for the late - three.

The first cultivation is carried out at the onset of physical ripeness of the soil to a depth of 8-10 cm; the second - in 7-10 days by 6-8 cm; the third - before sowing to the depth of seed placement. On light soils, the second cultivation can be replaced by harrowing.

Fertilization

Buckwheat responds well to the application of mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen.

Nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 30-45 kg/ha a.i. introduced under presowing cultivation.

It is acceptable to introduce mineral nitrogen in the form of UAN for vegetative plants before the budding phase in the same doses. Higher doses of nitrogen application are ineffective, as they lead to lodging of crops.

Phosphorus fertilizers at a dose of 40-50 kg/ha a.i. applied in autumn for the main tillage.

In spring, you can apply chlorine-free combined phosphorus-potassium fertilizers "Kalifos" at a dose of 2 q/ha.

Liming is carried out at a pH below 5.3. The dose of lime is calculated from the hydrolytic acidity of the soil. Lime materials are applied under the main tillage together with chlorine-containing potash fertilizers in order to neutralize the negative effect of chlorine.

Preparing seeds for sowing

For sowing, seeds of zoned varieties are used:

Diploid traditional morphotype - Anita Belarusian, Zhnyarka and others;

Determinant morphotype - Smuglyanka, Dozhdik, Dikul, Carmen;

Tetraploid varieties - Svityazyanka, Ilia, Lena.

Characteristics of buckwheat varieties of Belarusian breeding are given in Appendix A.

Seeds must comply with the first class of the sowing standard. The weight of 1000 seeds in diploid ones is not less than 25 g, in tetraploid ones - 35 g.

Buckwheat seeds proper storage suitable for sowing for at least 4 years, starting from the year of cultivation.

Seed treatment with microelements is carried out if the content is less than: boron - 0.4 mg/kg of soil, manganese - 3.0; copper - 1.5; zinc - 1.0, molybdenum - 0.3 mg/kg of soil.

For seed treatment use:

Boric acid - 100 g/t,

Ammonium molybdate - 600 g/t,

sulfate copper ( blue vitriol) - 1 kg/t,

Zinc sulfate - 300 g/t,

Manganese sulfate - 250 g/t,

Water consumption - 10 l / t.

The solution should contain no more than two deficient trace elements according to cartograms.

To increase the resistance of buckwheat to adverse environmental factors (frost, drought), it is advisable to treat the seeds with growth regulators before sowing. Maltamin, hydrohumate, phenomelan are used at a dose of 0.2-0.4 kg/c.

Processing is carried out on machines PS-10A, Mobitoks, etc.

Sowing

For buckwheat, the sowing time is a factor that forms the yield from 40 to 90%, depending on the variety.

The optimal sowing time for buckwheat is at a soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm +8 - +100C, air - from +10 to +130C.

The sowing method is wide-row with row spacing of 45-60 cm and row with row spacing of 15 cm, depending on varietal characteristics. Wide-row crops are effective on well-cultivated soils with low weed levels and technical feasibility inter-row treatments, on seed crops, for tetraploid and determinant varieties.

Diploid varieties of the traditional morphotype (Anita Belorusskaya) are sown in the ordinary way.

Early maturing varieties can be sown at a lower sowing density in a wide-row or row method; late-ripening - it is preferable to sow in an ordinary way.

Use seeders SZU-3.6; SZA-3.6; SZK-3.6; NWT-3.6; SPU-3; SPU-4; C-6; units APP-3, APP-4.5.

With wide-row sowing, the sowing units are blocked in accordance with the accepted row spacing. The speed of movement of the unit is 7.8 km / h.

In case of insufficient humidity of the upper arable horizon, the seeders are aggregated with ZKKSH-6 ring-spur rollers.

Seeding rate:

Tetraploid and determinant varieties

With a wide-row - 1.0-1.5 million germinating seeds / ha;

diploid varieties

With row sowing - 2.5-3.0 million germinating seeds/ha;

With a wide-row - 1.5-2.0 million germinating seeds / ha.

The seeding rate is set by sowing a sample on an area of ​​0.1 ha. The correctness of the setting of the seeding rate is checked by control sowing on an area of ​​1-2 hectares.

Seeding depth:

Tetraploid varieties - 4-5 cm,

Diploid - 3-4 cm.

On light soils, rolling is mandatory after sowing.

Crop care

Harrow ordinary and wide-row crops.

Pre-emergence harrowing is carried out 3-5 days after sowing until a loop appears on the soil surface. With a protracted spring, it can be carried out later. Pre-emergence harrowing is effective under conditions of lower air temperature and precipitation.

Post-emergence harrowing is carried out on ordinary crops, if necessary, in the phase of the appearance of the first true or second leaf in buckwheat.

Harrowing is carried out during the daytime. Harrows ZBP-0.6A or district harrows ZOR-0.7 are used, on cohesive soils - BZSS-1. Harrow across or diagonally to the seed drill. The speed of movement of the unit - no more than 5 km / h.

Inter-row cultivation of wide-row crops is carried out:

The first - in the phase of the first (second) true leaf by aggregates with razor paws to a depth of 5-6 cm with a protective zone of 8-10 cm;

The second - in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering in aggregates with lancet paws to a depth of 5-7 cm (dry year) or 10-12 cm (wet year).

The second inter-row treatment can be combined with fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 20 kg/ha ai. and (or) boric superphosphate - 20 kg/ha a.i.

Cultivators KRN-2, KRN-4, KRN-2.8 are used. In wet years, the second treatment can be done with hillers.

To increase the buckwheat yield and resistance to adverse conditions, especially if nitrogen fertilizers were not applied, wide-row crops are sprayed with UAN at a dose of 20 kg/ha ai. together with growth regulators:

Maltamin - 0.2-2.0 l / ha - in the budding phase,

Hydrohumate 0.2-2.0 l / ha - in the phase of the first true leaf and budding,

Phenomelan 0.2-2.0 l/ha - in the phase of the first true leaf and budding.

Consumption of working solution - 200 l/ha.

With severe contamination, it is advisable to use soil herbicides against weeds (table 1).

* Calculations use average data for Russia

Mankind has used many cultivated plants, and cereals among them occupy one of important places. A lot of grain plants are cultivated, and analogies have long been strengthened in the human mind: wheat is bread, barley is malt, oats are flakes, buckwheat is porridge. Buckwheat is loved by a very large number of people due to its good palatability and very high content of many useful elements. But buckwheat is grown primarily because of the groats, since the green parts of the plant are not of particular value. In general, it is often referred not to cereals, but directly to cereals. But it is the popularity of buckwheat porridge that generates a great demand for the production of this plant, especially since in Food Industry it has many uses, and not just the sale of grains. Thanks to this, you can start growing this useful plant, because a good harvest of quality goods will be of interest to buyers and therefore implemented without problems.

The first step is to register as a subject entrepreneurial activity. It is optimal to use the form of a peasant farm, in short - KFH. But no one establishes a ban on other forms of entrepreneurship and legal entities. As for the taxation system, today it is almost the same for all small businesses, whether it is a peasant farm, individual entrepreneur or LLC. The activity code best fits under (OKPD 2) 01.11 Grain crops (except rice), legumes, oilseeds. The procedure cannot be called complicated, especially if a non-legal entity is registered, so 20 thousand rubles should be enough to pay the state fee and other “paper” issues. Typically, registration takes place within a month, during which it is already possible to prepare for the start of work. Rarely, the state or municipal services interfere with the registration of their farm.

An important feature of growing buckwheat is that this plant is not self-pollinating, and therefore it needs insects for its reproduction. This task is best handled by honey bees, because they spread pollen efficiently without harming the plants themselves, as some pests do. The work of a beekeeper involves a constant search for fields where bees can collect nectar, which is subsequently converted into honey. Buckwheat fields are a very good source of honey for honey bees, flowering plants are pollinated by many insects. Therefore, we can say that its own apiary and buckwheat field are very good combination two types of business. You can get acquainted with the organization of your bee breeding business in more detail. Bees can provide more than half of the seed production of buckwheat, and for this to happen, you need at least two bee colonies on just one hectare planted with buckwheat. On the other hand, the buckwheat field produces a huge amount of honey, which leads to a double benefit on both sides.

If you are not supposed to deal with your apiary, then you can find fields located in the habitats of wild honey bees; in this case, it will not be possible to control the process of pollination, but at least it will take place.

But it is more optimal to find beekeepers and inform them about sowing buckwheat, in this case they will be in right time release their pets for pollination of flowers. By nature, this mechanism is perfected perfectly, beekeepers only control and slightly correlate the process of collecting honey, and hence the pollination of plants. Such a symbiosis is simply necessary for both the grower and the owner of the apiary.

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But it is recommended to combine the cultivation of buckwheat not only with the apiary. Like any other agricultural crop, buckwheat should not be constantly grown in the same place. After harvesting, the next time it is sown in a new territory. Therefore, it is better to combine the cultivation of buckwheat with some other plants that may be predecessors of each other. For buckwheat, such crops are potatoes and legumes, sugar beet and silage corn. It is the cultivation of these plants that can be combined with the cultivation of buckwheat or alternate them from season to season.

It is better, of course, to deal with several crops, having an apiary in addition. At the same time, about 20 hectares of land can be allocated for buckwheat, although, of course, the size of the plot is determined depending on the vision of the business by the farmer himself. On 20 hectares you can get a relatively good harvest, the profit from which will be a good addition to the profit from growing other plants and apiaries, but at the same time, in order to ensure the flowering of your plants, you will either have to have a lot of beehives, or turn to other beekeepers too. After all, for 20 hectares you need at least 40 active bee colonies, and these are thousands of insects.

The cost of one hectare of land varies greatly depending on the regional location and the type of soil itself. The most expensive soil is naturally black soil, the price for it can reach three and a half thousand rubles per hectare per year. In the central part of Russia, and even more so in the north, this price is much lower. Thus, the largest amount for renting 20 hectares of fertile land for a year is 70 thousand rubles. However, it should be noted that buckwheat is a very thermophilic plant, so it can be very difficult to grow it in cold regions. There it gives small yields, but can grow on infertile lands, which significantly reduces the cost of its cultivation. However, it is often sown precisely in order to increase the efficiency of the apiary, perceiving the plants themselves as a small additional income. At the same time, even if beekeeping is the main activity, you will also have to pay close attention to buckwheat, the volume of honey produced depends on the number of plants. Therefore, the better the deal with buckwheat goes, the more efficient the extraction of buckwheat honey goes.

Buckwheat is very demanding on heat, so it does not have winter varieties, but it grows well even on poor soils. Buckwheat is sown where no other crop will grow, this plant gives a good harvest even without fertilization. That is why it is so loved to be grown in non-chernozem regions of the country, especially in regions with infertile soil. As noted above, the presence of pollinating insects becomes the determining factor in the yield of buckwheat, and it is they that need to be taken care of in the first place.

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Buckwheat should be sown later than other crops, when the earth is well warmed up. The growing season of this plant is not too long - about 80 days - which allows you to use the planting of another early crop after it. If you still need to fertilize, then you first need to look at the level of nitrogen, since buckwheat absorbs phosphorus and potassium well, but an excess of nitrogen can lead to active growth green parts of the plant to the detriment of fruiting.

Buckwheat fights weeds very well, sometimes additional cleaning of weeds is not even necessary, since buckwheat, despite being a cultivated (and therefore vulnerable) plant, has a good root system that actively absorbs the necessary substances. Later, weed grass that enters the soil cannot withstand competition, and soon dies or simply grows weakly. But it is also sometimes necessary to carry out work to remove harmful plants. Buckwheat is sown at the end of May in order to make room for winter crops by autumn.

In order to cultivate twenty hectares of land for sowing a plant, it is desirable to have the appropriate equipment available. An ordinary tractor with a plow is sufficient, which can be used for field work intended for sowing any cereals. You can also purchase a special seeder that will place the seeds in the most optimal way for further plant growth. It is also a good idea to buy a threshing machine that will process the harvested plants, and the output will be grains with primary cleaning. Since buckwheat ripens gradually, and not all plants at once, large harvesting equipment may not be needed for harvesting, because only ripe plants can be harvested daily.

Buy necessary equipment can be leased or on credit, while banks, as a rule, have programs to support small businesses and agriculture, so you can count on normal and acceptable conditions. You can also consider buying used equipment, or even just hiring a person with a machine to do the necessary work.

In the most extreme case, equipment can be rented to work on it yourself. But in addition to machine labor, manual labor may be required, in which case it is quite possible to manage on your own or with the forces of your family. If you can’t cope on your own, then it’s quite realistic to find people in the nearest settlements who are ready to perform the necessary work for a small fee.

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Many buckwheat farmers do not only sell harvested plants, but also clean the grains themselves and even pack them. All this increases the presentation of the products sold and allows you to slightly increase the price of the product. But the well-established production of packaging and labels is a separate type of business in its own way, and it is much easier to order both labels and packaging from third-party companies. But only grains are packed, packing them, as a rule, per kilogram, but the green parts of the plant are not of particular interest to buyers. After all, some types of animals can be poisoned if they are overfed with buckwheat. But straw can be used as feed if you have your own farmed animals, or you can sell it for a small price. Buckwheat alone is rarely fed to animals, mixed with other dried plants.

Buckwheat can be sold on the market, in which case the price for it will be the highest, for retail sales, but there will be a very high risk that most of it will not be sold. Therefore, the market usually sells the surplus that remains after other types of transactions. Buckwheat is sold to intermediaries who take it at bargain prices, but in large quantities. If buckwheat is not the main crop for which the farmer wanted to earn a significant part of his income, then this path is optimal: all or almost all goods are taken in the shortest possible time.

But you can also independently find enterprises that use buckwheat in their production process, which need it as a raw material. But here it is worth mentioning the peculiarities of the demand for buckwheat in Russia, namely its inconstancy. People eat buckwheat, usually they consume it at the same level, but sometimes demand either increases sharply or drops sharply. As a rule, this is due to the yield of this crop, which is unstable. It is also important to note that practically no buckwheat is exported from Russia, that is, its entire amount is grown for domestic consumption. Abroad, countries grow enough buckwheat to satisfy the needs of the population, because only in Russia they love it so much.

The sowing rate for buckwheat is about 100 kilograms of seeds per hectare. In this case, you can count on a large number of plants. Thus, for 20 hectares of sown area, about two tons of seeds are needed. Buckwheat is distinguished by the relatively high cost of its grains (after all, it is grown for their sake) - from 20 to 30 rubles per kilogram, depending on whether it is an "elite" variety or not. Although very unique varieties can cost even more. It is recommended to grow exactly expensive varieties, they are a little more profitable due to the fact that the main consumer of buckwheat is the most capricious animal, that is, a person. If we take 20 rubles per kilogram as a calculation, then the total amount of seeds for sowing will be 40 thousand rubles. Seeding rates and the cost of varieties vary depending on the region, so this figure can be called an average.

The yield of buckwheat varies greatly depending on climatic conditions, because this plant gives the maximum yield under the condition of a constant temperature during its growing season and especially reproduction. It should be around 15 degrees Celsius. Buckwheat tolerates neither cold nor heat. In any case, the yield of this plant cannot be called large, and buckwheat is inferior in this indicator to very many cereals. In Russia, about one ton of buckwheat is harvested per hectare, which can be called relatively a good indicator for this culture. The cost of a kilogram of harvested buckwheat is about 8 rubles, that is, 8 thousand per ton. Twenty tons are collected from twenty hectares, the proceeds for the sale of which will be 160 thousand rubles. Some farmers sow and significantly more territory buckwheat, but in this case, you need to remember that profitability in this case grows relatively slowly, since each new leased hectare is an additional cost. Therefore, it is difficult to find large buckwheat fields, although they can be uncultivated and weedy areas for a long time.

Buckwheat is absolutely unprofitable to grow if it is the only crop that the farmer will deal with. Its yield, of course, is profitable, but for serious amounts you need to rent huge areas for planting this plant. At the same time, its overabundance can, of course, not be sold due to capricious demand. Or get a very poor harvest due to the heat or cold spring. Many factors speak against the cultivation of buckwheat, but only if the farm does not plan to do anything else. But the buckwheat field, combined with beekeeping, increases the profitability of both undertakings and allows you to get good profits from both types of activities. Buckwheat is also an important crop in crop rotation and many farmers grow it as a forerunner to improve soil performance.

Thus, we can say that this important crop is a good additional source of income in a diversified economy, for its separate cultivation, an unreasonably large investment is needed. material resources and strength. But beginner beekeepers need to seriously think about planting buckwheat near their hives. Buckwheat honey is quite tasty and healthy. But if a farmer specializes in plants and is going to open an apiary as an additional source of income and for pollination of planted buckwheat, then it is important to remember that just one hectare of buckwheat requires pollination by thousands of insects. Therefore, a small apiary and a small buckwheat field can become a good balanced type of management. It is better to combine it with other crops, preferring more productive cereals. Several cultivated plants will allow more efficient use of the soil and achieve good yields of each of them individually.

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Buckwheat is annual plant. Externally, it can be determined by characteristic features- reddish stem, branching leaves, white or pinkish flowers, collected in a brush. In height, this plant can reach up to 1.5 meters. It blooms in July, but fully ripens only in August.

White or pinkish flowers are collected in bunches. Buckwheat seeds, trihedral grains, are used for culinary purposes. This cereal is ideal for diabetics and lovers of weight loss diets. Buckwheat is considered a national Russian dish.

It is characterized by a high content of digestible proteins, carbohydrates and ash substances, a significant part of which falls on the share of P, Ca, Fe (it is also rich in Mn, Cu, Mg, Co and other trace elements).

The content of the article:

Where is it grown?

This crop is grown in regions with a warm climate, plus buckwheat is sown later than other crops, that is, after warm weather is guaranteed.

Grows only in moist soil. But it is desirable to grow it in fields that are surrounded by forest. This, in turn, will protect the culture from a sharp cold snap, strong winds and drought. And in cases where there is also a river or water stream near the field, then the crops will be more plentiful.

Soil preparation

Depending on the predecessor, the main processing can be carried out different ways: when placing buckwheat after winter crops and legumes, the stubble is peeled by 8-10 cm and autumn plowing is carried out. After tilling, the area is directly plowed to full depth.

Spring tillage consists of early thinning, harrowing and two to three cultivations. The first cultivation is recommended to be carried out to a depth of 10-12 cm, the second - to 8-10 cm and pre-sowing - to the depth of seed placement. On heavy soils, early spring plowing of the soil to a depth of 15-18 cm with simultaneous harrowing with rolling has a positive effect on the buckwheat yield.

predecessors

Fields after winter cereals, cereal legumes are suitable for growing buckwheat. Good predecessors are flax, sugar beets. It is not advisable to place buckwheat on millet, oats, barley and potatoes affected by the nematode, since in this case the yield may drop sharply.

Observed great combination buckwheat and cabbage, with the former acting as a kind of protector, masking the latter with a wide “carpet” from voracious butterflies, moths and scoops.

Fertilizers for growing buckwheat

The biological feature of buckwheat is the increased removal of nutrients per unit of yield. For example, with the same yields, buckwheat takes out twice as much phosphorus, three times as much potassium and five times as much lime from the soil as spring wheat.

Buckwheat straw ash contains up to 30-35% potassium oxide, while its content in rye straw ash does not exceed 15-16%.

Despite the increased ability to absorb nutrients from sparingly soluble compounds, buckwheat responds well to fertilization.

Mineral fertilizers give large yield increases, especially on poor podzolic soils. On more fertile loamy soils, nitrogen fertilizers give high yield increases.

The effect of potash fertilizers on the yield also depends on their composition. That is, fertilizers that contain a lot of chlorine (kainite, sylvinite, carnallite, etc.) negatively affect its yield. BUT potash fertilizer without chlorine, when they are introduced against the background of phosphorus and nitrogen, they can increase the future yield.

On chernozems, phosphate fertilizers are primarily applied at the rate of 45–60 kg of active ingredient per 1 hectare. Phosphorite flour can also be called an effective tool for growing buckwheat, especially on acidic soils.

A highly effective measure for increasing yields is the application of fertilizers when sowing in rows.

An effective measure to increase the yield of buckwheat when growing its podzolized and soddy-podzolic soils is the use of microfertilizers - boron, copper, molybdenum and zinc. Microfertilizers applied when sowing buckwheat with seeds at a rate of 25-50 g of active ingredient per hectare can increase the grain yield by 1.5-3 q/ha.

Before applying microfertilizers, they are thoroughly crushed, mixed with talc in the amount of 500 g, and the hectare norm of seeds is dusted with this mixture. The best results are given by microfertilizers when they are applied against the background of the full rate of min fertilizers.

Technology of growing buckwheat

Preparing seeds for sowing . In order to get a good harvest, you should use zoned seeds that are adapted to the climatic features of the area.

Their pre-sowing preparation, which consists of:

1. In the selection of large and heavy seeds of the first class;
2. In dressing with fungicides (to prevent fungal and bacterial diseases);
3. In the treatment of microfertilizers containing molybdenum ammonium or boric acid;
4. In the air thermal heating 5 days before planting, for which the seeds are scattered on a dry surface in a well-lit, dry room, while not forgetting to mix them periodically;

Thanks to pre-sowing treatment carried out in this way, it will be possible to significantly increase the yield.

Sowing dates . Buckwheat is quite sensitive to low temperatures. The consequence of cooling down to -1 ° C can be the death of flowers, damage to leaves and stems. But if the temperature drops to -6 ° C, then the plant may die altogether. Therefore, planting should only be started when you are sure that there is no more danger of frost.

When choosing the time for sowing buckwheat, one should be guided by the average data on the air temperature during the period of flowering and fruit set, which usually occurs approximately 40 days after sowing, with a duration of exactly one month.

In this period optimum temperature for buckwheat it can be +25 ° C. Thus, depending on the climatic conditions of a particular region, sowing can begin from the second half of May until the end of June.

In case you still have doubts about the sowing time, you can also measure the temperature of the soil at a depth of 10 cm, which here should be at least +12 ° C. Plus, we also focus on natural signs - the appearance of abundant dew on the grass , flowering alder and lilac.

Sowing work . The sowing scheme largely depends on the nature of the soil and the characteristics of the site. In areas with mineral-poor soil and without weeds, sowing between rows is usually from 7.5 to 15 cm. In heavily weedy and fertile areas, the distance between rows is left up to 45 cm, which will allow for additional cultivation of the soil. And this, in turn, can help increase productivity.

When planting seeds, the mechanical composition of the soil should also be oriented. In heavy and prone to swimming soils, we plant to a depth of 3 to 5 cm, in loose, with a drying top layer - from 5 to 8 cm. After planting, we water abundantly.

In this way, moisture is drawn to the seeds. This, in turn, can contribute to the accelerated growth of seedlings, uniform growth and maturation of the culture. Treatment of heavy soils should be carried out before sowing.

3 days after sowing, the soil should be booked across or diagonally to the sown seeds. This will remove the crust formed after watering.

Buckwheat care . At optimal conditions seedlings can be expected in 5-6 days, and 6 days after that, the first leaves are formed. During this period, the plant must be provided with the necessary moisture.

Subsequently, the complex of agrotechnical methods will consist in feeding the developing plant with the necessary minerals, in preventing diseases and pests.

That is, this set of works will consist of:

1. In post-harvest booking. It is carried out after the appearance of weeds, in the period of development of the first or second leaf of the plant.
2. In inter-row processing in wide row crops. It is carried out during the formation of the first or second leaf and subsequently, when the plant begins to bloom.
3. In hilling. It can contribute to the development of the plant's root system, as well as prevent lodging from exposure to strong winds and rains.
4. In foliar feeding. Plants are sprayed with nitrogen fertilizers and growth regulators (after the appearance of the first leaf until the budding phase).
5. In top dressing with boron superphosphate. At the beginning of the flowering period.

With excessive development of weeds, soil herbicides should be used before the plant buds.

In the last decade of August, flowering tops may appear on the plants, which must be cut off. This, in turn, will direct nutrients to ripening fruits.

Honey-bearing buckwheat is 80-95% pollinated by bees, so it is necessary to place hives near the fields a day or two before flowering at the rate of 2-3 bee colonies per 1 ha.

Diseases and pests of buckwheat

Downy mildew, or downy mildew (Peronospora fagopyri Elenev): 1 - affected leaves; 2 - conidiophore with conidia; 3 - oospores. Ascochyta (Ascochyta fagopyri Bres.): 4 - affected leaf. Late blight (Phytophthora fagopyri Takimoto): 5 - affected cotyledons; 6 - affected first leaf. Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Fr.): 7 - affected leaf. Phyllostictosis (Phyllosticta polygonorum Sacc.): 8 - affected leaf. Bacteriosis (Pseudomonas syringae van Hali): 9 - affected leaf. Mosaic (Cucumis virus 1 Smith): 10 - affected leaf.

late blight . Seedlings are most often affected. Signs of the disease - the appearance on the cotyledons, stalks and young leaves, rounded or elliptical brown spots arranged in concentric circles. In wet weather, the seedlings begin to rot, and then fall out.

In some cases, in wet weather, late blight can also appear during the period of flowering plants and fruit formation.

Downy mildew or downy mildew. As a rule, it appears at the beginning of the flowering period, in wet weather. Signs of the disease are the formation of vague yellowish oily spots on the upper side of the leaves, and a faint, loose, grayish-violet coating on the lower side. Leaves affected by this disease dry out and fall off. Although quite rare, it can also appear on flowers.

Gray rot . Able to hit both seedlings and adult plants. Signs of the disease are the appearance of brownish spots on the root neck, hypocotyl knee and lower part of the stalk, and then in places of spots, the tissues begin to thicken and rot.

powdery mildew . Signs of the disease are a white cobwebbed coating on the leaves. Over time, such a plaque acquires a dirty gray color, and the leaves become brittle.

Ascochitosis . Signs of the disease are the appearance on the leaves and stems of large, rounded, yellowish spots with a dark border and often concentric zoning. In the center of the spots, pycnidia are present in large numbers in the form of black spots. In some cases, pycnidia may also be found on the seed coat.

Phyllostictosis . Rounded, whitish spots (2-4 mm in diameter) with a light red border appear on the leaves. The consequences of the disease are the premature death of heavily affected leaves.

Mosaic . Signs of the disease are yellow mottling and lightening along the veins. In affected plants, the internodes may also be shortened. At a temperature of 30-35°C, the external signs of the disease are often masked, and when it drops to 20-25°C, they reappear.

Buckwheat disease control measures . The system of measures against buckwheat diseases consists in similar methods that are used on crops of other crops in order to destroy sources of infection and increase plant resistance to diseases.

Against late blight (when seedlings appear), peronosporosis, gray rot, ascochitosis (1-2 days before the start of flowering of buckwheat), crops should be sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid. Against powdery mildew spraying with a 1% suspension of colloidal sulfur (3-4 kg of preparation per 1 ha) or pollination with ground sulfur (15 kg/ha).

Pests . Of the pests that can infect the plant, aphids and suckers should be distinguished. With a small lesion, you can spray ash - soapy water. But in the presence of large colonies of insects, organic insecticides are used (before the formation of fruits).

Harvest and storage

Buckwheat begins to ripen 25-35 days after flowering. But you can remove it after 2/3 of the fruits turn brown. In this period, it is also necessary to try to prevent the overgrowth of the roots, which may result in the loss of a significant part of the crop.

To obtain the most dry and not clogged grain, a separate harvesting method is used. Beveled rolls are left lying down during the day. Next, sheaves are formed, the girth of which is no more than 50 cm. They are collected (as they dry before threshing) in a shock of 4 pieces.

For threshing at home, you can put the tops of the plants in a bag and tap it with a stick.

Storage of seeds packed in bags is carried out in a dry and ventilated area on a wooden floor.

In order to get groats from grains, they should be crushed. But you can do it with a grinder. You can also use the manual method - steaming the grain in a wide container and collapsing it with a rolling pin.

Growing buckwheat (video)

Where is buckwheat grown in Russia?

The main regions that are engaged in the cultivation of this crop in Russia can be called Transbaikalia, South Siberia, and the Far East. But best of all it grows in the Volga and Ural regions, in the south of Russia.

Varieties of buckwheat

Diploid varieties of buckwheat

Vlada . Is diploid upright plant, with a ribbed stem, the height of which can reach more than 1 meter. The leaves are heart-shaped - triangular, green. The inflorescence is racemose, the flowers are medium-sized, pale pink in color.

The fruit has a trihedral shape, elongated, dark Brown.

Dikul . According to its morphological characteristics, the variety is similar to the Vlada variety. The stem is undersized (height 70 - 95 cm), light green in color, with slight pubescence. The leaves are small, triangular-heart-shaped, green in color.

The fruit is medium in size, elongated, brown. The growing season is about 80 days.

Rain . It is characterized by the presence of a single brush instead of the corymbose, which is located at the top of the shoot. The inflorescence is large, the length of which can reach up to 7 cm. The plant has a well-developed main shoot.

The fruits are large, mid-ripening. Differs in resistance to lodging. Vegetation period 70 - 80 days.

Carmen . It is a determinant erect plant. The average stem height is 86 cm, with slight pubescence. The leaves are green, heart-shaped - triangular in shape, to the top of the stem they are arrow-shaped sessile, with a slight wax coating and without pubescence.

The inflorescence is dense, racemose, located on long peduncles. Pale pink flower small size. The fruit is trihedral, diamond-shaped, dark brown in color.

Darkie . The stem is erect, ribbed, ending in a single raceme. The height of the plant can reach from 72 to 102 cm. The leaves are heart-shaped - triangular in shape, green in color, without wax coating and pubescence.

The flowers are pale pink, the grain is trihedral, glabrous, diamond-shaped, black-chocolate.

Tetraploid varieties of buckwheat

Alexandrina . The stem is hollow, ribbed, the height of which can reach up to 89 cm. The leaves are green, heart-shaped, arrow-shaped, turning into sessile, do not have pubescence and wax coating. The inflorescences are corymbose, which are located on long peduncles, the flowers are large, pale pink in color.

The fruit has an elongated, trihedral shape, dark brown.

Or me . The plant is erect, with a ribbed hollow stem. The leaves are heart-shaped - triangular in shape, green, turning into sessile to arrow-shaped, without wax coating and pubescence. The inflorescences are racemose, the flowers are large, light pink in color.

The grain is large, diamond-shaped, trihedral, dark brown.

Lena . It is a tetraploid determinant plant of erect type, with a strong ribbed hollow stem, light greenish in color, up to 95 cm high. Leaves are green, wavy, heart-shaped - triangular, without pubescence. Inflorescence dense, racemose, on long peduncles, white-pink flowers.

The fruit has a rhombic shape, large size, brown color.

Martha . It is one of the representatives of new tetraploid varieties of buckwheat. It has a hollow, ribbed stem with a height of up to 1 meter. Leaves are medium sized, green. The inflorescence is racemose, the flower is large, pale pink.

The fruit is trihedral, diamond-shaped, dark brown in color.

Conclusion

And in conclusion, I would like to note that the cultivation of buckwheat is quite profitable business. At minimal cost, you can harvest the maximum yield, but this is only if all the necessary conditions are met.

Buckwheat in many regions of Russia it is one of the main field honey plants. In addition, it is the most important cereal crop, occupying large areas arable land. I’ll tell you about the meaning of this wonderful culture a little later, but I want to start with a well-aimed folk saying - or rather, sayings:

Seeding rate of buckwheat

Seeding rates for buckwheat used in its production vary widely. In different soil and climatic zones, the following seeding rates for buckwheat seeds are recommended: from 50 to 90 kg/ha.

The depth of seed placement depends on the mechanical composition and soil moisture. Shallow incorporation to a depth of 4-5 cm is generally recommended in heavy soils prone to flooding, and deeper, 5-7 cm, in more cultivated structural soils; when the top layer of soil is dry, the seeds are buried by 8-10 cm.

Buckwheat flowers

In this culture, as you know, one half of the plant has flowers with short pistils and long stamens, the other - on the contrary. Seed setting is possible only due to pollen transferred from the flowers of another plant.

The bees help the masters of the buckwheat field, because without them the seeds of the buckwheat crop do not set. In fairness, I’ll say that other types of insects also visit buckwheat flowers, but they are the main pollinators. At that time “the field smells like uncompressed buckwheat”. Surprisingly, it is a fact: during the flowering of buckwheat on a hectare of crops, up to a billion flowers open daily, and their life expectancy is only one day.

Buckwheat flowers bloom early in the morning. There is weather - the flower will be fertilized, there will be a seed. In bad weather, when the bees do not visit the buckwheat field, the flower that has not been pollinated during the day dries up and falls off.

Buckwheat flowers secrete the greatest amount of nectar from morning to afternoon. This is due to the peculiarities of the nectaries of buckwheat inflorescences, which are always open and strong wind, in the heat, the nectar dries up, and the bees stop visiting the buckwheat field.

Buckwheat harvest

The harvest of buckwheat depends on many conditions, in particular, weather, but the main condition for increasing the yield of this crop is to ensure the delivery of bees to the buckwheat field. The presence of 2 - 4 bee colonies per hectare will pollinate the flowers and double the yield of buckwheat. These are the best indicators, and on average, bringing apiaries to the fields during the flowering of buckwheat increases the yield of its grain by 50%. No other single agricultural technique can give such a tangible increase in yield as pollination by honey bees.

Buckwheat is a plant that requires not only pollination of crops, but also compliance with all elements of its cultivation technology. This requires:

• observance of terms of sowing;
• fertilizer application;
• high-quality processing soil;
• sowing of zoned varieties;
• selection of the most suitable buckwheat precursors. The best predecessors buckwheat are corn for silage, legumes, potatoes, winter cereals, etc.

The given basic agrotechnical requirements for growing buckwheat allow you to get high yields seeds, as well as collect marketable.

For the reader's information, here are the yield figures. It fluctuates from 10 to 25 q/ha and above.

Buckwheat harvesting

The actual yield is always significantly lower than the standing yield. It's a consequence big losses when cleaning.

Buckwheat is harvested when most of the fruits on the plant are browned. Full maturation of plants is usually not expected, as the best first fruits can crumble. Buckwheat is harvested in a separate way, that is, first there is mowing with a harvester, drying and ripening of plants in windrows for 5-7 days, and then threshing is carried out with a grain combine. The cutting height during mowing should be 15-20 cm so that the swaths do not fall through and dry well on the stubble.

To prevent grain losses during its collapse, the frequency of revolutions of the harvesting unit drum is reduced to 450-500 revolutions / min. The grain is immediately cleaned and brought to marketable conditions.

Buckwheat as fertilizer

Rhizomes and crop residues of buckwheat contain a large amount of phosphorus and potassium, so it is a good precursor for spring and winter crops as a fertilizer.

The value of buckwheat

more profitable and useful culture than buckwheat, just not. The cultivation of buckwheat contributes to the rise of the economy, the development of beekeeping, since grain is produced simultaneously for the production of cereals and. Farmers, agronomists, the Ministries of Agriculture and state authorities, on which the country's economy and food security depend, should be interested in increasing the production of these valuable food products.