THE GREEN SEA OF THE TAIGA If you look at the map of the distribution of vegetation, it will become obvious that the most common landscapes in our country are taiga landscapes. The taiga stretched from Kronstadt to Vladivostok. This belt is not equally wide everywhere, and if it is superimposed on a globe,

Cuttings Before describing several ways of vegetative propagation of clematis, we give a number of general tips and recommendations. spring pruning more shoots with vegetative buds should be left. Pruning clematis for vegetative propagation

Alley one: BLUE BEARD AND GREEN HEART In natural reservoirs, along with higher plants algae are always present - primary water plants. In the practice of a collector aquatic plants algae play a minor role: they have been cultivated in aquariums for a long time

Growing planting material by green cuttings

In solving the problem of intensifying horticulture, a system for the production of high-quality healthy planting material is essential. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in the country to transfer nursery breeding to the production of virus-free planting material. The demand for seedlings of promising varieties of fruit and berry crops with improved biological and agrotechnical qualities.

Further development of nursery farming is associated with the transfer of the industry to a modern industrial basis, as well as with the organization of fruit nurseries, agro-industrial complexes, research and production associations and small nurseries. Specialization and concentration of production provide great opportunities rapid growth in the volume of production of planting material, increasing labor productivity, reducing production costs.

An important direction technical progress is the use of promising technologies for plant propagation, in particular green cuttings. A high multiplication factor, dense placement of cuttings during rooting make it possible to speed up the process of growing seedlings, increase their yield per unit area, and improve quality. The presence of an active meristem and actively photosynthesizing leaves contributes to the rooting of green cuttings of many plant species that cannot be propagated vegetatively in other ways, and, therefore, green cuttings allow expanding the set of crops and varieties that can propagate vegetatively.

Green cuttings are carried out in protected ground conditions, which makes the cultivation of planting material less dependent on weather conditions.

The prospects for green cuttings are greatly expanded due to the possibility of its combination with other methods of plant propagation. With the help of this technology, it is possible to grow not only own-rooted, but also grafted plants, which for a number of crops is successfully combined with propagation by layering, lignified cuttings, picking rosettes and other methods. At the same time, the yield of seedlings increases, the organization of labor improves, and labor force is used more evenly. The technology of green cuttings, with the right selection of propagated crops and varieties, is highly profitable. The funds spent on the construction of protected ground and its equipment pay off in 1-2 years.

In the production of planting material Special attention call for protection environment. The organization of agrochemical laboratories makes it possible to rationally apply mineral fertilizers, use low-volume spraying to protect plants from diseases and pests, and reduce the use of pesticides to a minimum.

BIOLOGICAL BASES OF GREEN CUTTINGS

Green cuttings- one of the methods of vegetative propagation of plants by cuttings. Green cuttings in the process of regeneration form adventitious, or adventitious, roots from stem tissues. The growth of shoots is carried out due to the development of existing buds.

Green cuttings of many breeds, harvested from age-young mother plants, take root well. With increasing age of plants, the root-forming ability of cuttings weakens, and sometimes is completely lost. This feature is clearly expressed in hard-to-root plants.

A characteristic feature of young plants is a long period of shoot growth during the growing season. During this time, they reach a significant size, the lignification of cell walls is relatively slow.

Since, with age, the water content of tissues and their water-holding capacity, as well as the level of metabolic processes, they have structural changes associated with a decrease in the degree of meristematization of tissues. Therefore, various effects on mother plants that affect metabolism are important for the formation and implementation of regeneration mechanisms by changing the conditions for cultivating mother plants, exposure to chemical and other reagents.

The regeneration of adventitious roots, in addition to the age of the mother plant, largely depends on the state of the cutting itself, its location on the plant and on the shoot.

It is known that cuttings taken from different places tree or shrub, unequally show the ability to form roots. So, cuttings harvested from the shoots of the lower tier of the crown take root better than cuttings from the shoots of the upper tier. Apple cuttings from shoots of the crown of a fruit-bearing tree are distinguished by a low ability to regenerate roots, and cuttings from top shoots, on the contrary, have a high- like cuttings from the shoots of young seedlings. Cuttings harvested from coppice shoots have a high ability to root formation. Coppice shoots develop on roots from adventitious buds and play an important role in reversing the aging process. Secondary meristems take part in the formation of adventitious buds, the abundant occurrence of which in the roots determines the metabolism in plants at a level closer to juvenile forms of development. Besides, distinctive feature coppice shoots, in particular cherries and plums, is a high growth activity for an extended period.

Differences between cuttings from coppice shoots and from the fruiting zone of the tree are manifested in the rate of root formation and development of the root system. For example, when cuttings of coppice shoots of cherries, on average, 3-5 times more roots are formed per cutting than from the fruiting zone. Coppice cuttings are also distinguished by earlier awakening of the kidneys and stronger growth of shoots. Cuttings from vegetative shoots take root better than flowering ones, so the agrotechnics of mother plants should be aimed at preventing their flowering and fruiting.

It is known that cuttings harvested from axial shoots take root weaker than from lateral ones. Side shoots are characterized by accumulation more carbohydrates compared to nitrogen.

Cuttings of currant and gooseberry, harvested from shoots of the zero order of branching, take root weakly. They contain a lot of protein, nitrogenous substances and little- carbohydrates. An imbalance in carbohydrate-protein metabolism with an excess of the latter leads to inhibition of the formation of root primordia. An excess of nitrogenous substances leads to decay of the cuttings during rooting.

Cuttings harvested from shoots of the 1st and higher branching orders take root much better than cuttings from basal shoots.

The processes of root formation are largely associated with the location of the cutting along the axis of the shoot. The shoot in the annual cycle of development undergoes significant morphological-anatomical and physiological-biochemical changes. The lower leaves and internodes usually grow for a short period and reach insignificant sizes. The most active and longest growth is the middle part of the shoot. In more early term cuttings, it is advisable to use cuttings from the bottom of the shoot, at a later- from the top.

In the process of rooting cuttings, the leaf of the plant plays a decisive role. The regeneration of roots on cuttings depends on the intensity of photosynthesis.

When cuttings, the integrity of the plant is sharply violated. The interrupted growth process leads to the reorganization of the tissues of the stem of the cutting, both physiologically and structurally. In the tissues of the stem of the cutting, foci of small, rapidly dividing cells appear, which give rise to new tissues that do not arise under normal conditions. Formation of new tissues and then organs- roots, is associated with an increase in physiological activity. The leaf in the process of rooting supplies the cutting with plastic and other substances of an energetic and hormonal nature. Without leaves, the ability of green cuttings to form roots is lost. Even cuttings of easily rooted blackcurrant, with a reduction in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe leaf blade, reduce root formation ability. With the complete removal of the leaves, the roots on the cuttings do not form.

Gooseberries, cherries, plums, as well as clonal rootstocks of pome and stone fruits have varieties (for rootstocks - forms), some of which take root easily, others - medium, and still others - difficult.

Study of biological features plants in connection with the formation of adventitious roots on the cuttings provides a constant replenishment of the group of easily rooted plants.

Gooseberry varieties Sadko, Rodnik, Russian, Smena, Plum, Pioneer, Record, Yubileiny, Black Negus, Houghton, as well as a number of new promising domestic varieties with thornless or slightly thornless shoots, which are resistant to adverse factors, are easily rooted. high yield and high content of biologically active substances (Eaglet, Northern Captain, Kolobok, Captivator, etc.).

Prospects for the development of horticulture are largely associated with the use of vegetatively propagated clonal rootstocks. In Michurinsk, a rich hybrid stock has been created, from which a large group of clonal apple rootstocks has been isolated, among which the group of easily rooted ones includes low- and medium-sized winter-hardy forms in the middle lane, obtained at the VNIIS named after I. V. Michurin by S. N. Stepanov by hybridization of the Siberian apple trees with rootstocks of the M-3-5-44, 3-6-3, 7-24-139, 15-72, 2-18-121, 2-19-324, 2-46-77 series, as well as a series of rootstocks selections of V.I.

Under our conditions, the winter hardiness of S. N. Stepanov's rootstocks from hybridization of the Siberian apple tree is high, and they do not require protection, the rest of his hybrid rootstocks require protection of the aerial part. All rootstocks of the V.I.

The rootstock of the apple tree T-273 Bystretsovsky, obtained at the Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture of the Non-Chernozem Strip (NIZISNP) by B. A. Popov and N. F. Seregin, is also distinguished by good rooting of green cuttings and does not require special protection from us.

A good and very winter-hardy stock for our apple trees is the Progress stock obtained by selection from seedlings of the Manchurian apple tree at the Far Eastern Horticultural Breeding Station of MP Plekhanova. This stock is well propagated by green cuttings.

A number of clonal rootstocks for stone fruits easily propagate: cherries - P-3, P-7, VP-1, PN, 11-59-2; plums - OKD, OD-2-3, AKU-2-31, OP-23-23, OPA-15-2, E-13-27, SVG 11-19, 140-1, etc.

Of the indicated rootstocks for cherries, all of them are subject to strong undermine in our country, like the indicated rootstocks for plums, except for 140-1. In addition, these plum rootstocks, excluding SVG 11-19 and 140-1, have insufficient winter hardiness under our conditions.

The rooting rate of cuttings of this group of plants is high and reaches 70-100%. The process of root formation they go together. Roots form 2-4 weeks after cuttings are planted. In black currant, sea buckthorn in favorable conditions roots can appear even faster - on the 5-8th day after planting.

For a relatively short period, cuttings form a large number of adventitious roots (up to 8-12 of the 1st branching order). On blackcurrant cuttings, especially when treated with growth regulators, up to 40, and sometimes more roots are formed. Cuttings of clonal rootstocks of apple trees of the MM106 and 62-396 types form up to 60 roots or more on average per cutting.

The cuttings of this group are distinguished by good awakening of the kidneys and the growth of shoots. The amount of growth depends on the breed, variety, agricultural technology, weather conditions, etc. Shoots on cuttings of most easily rooted crops reach 20 cm or more by the end of the growing season. Their root system is well branched, fibrous.

The group of moderately rooted varieties includes: gooseberries - Date, Moscow Red, Warsaw.

In the cuttings of this group of plants, the process of root formation is less active, lasts 6-8 weeks, root system and above-ground part plants develop weaker than those of easily rooted ones.

It is difficult to root the green cuttings of most European varieties: gooseberries - Bochenochny, English yellow, Triumph, Victoria; as well as a number of varieties of apple, pear, mountain ash, hazel, hazelnut and other nut-bearing. On the cuttings of these hard-to-root plants, roots usually form very slowly, over 6-8 weeks or more. The number of rooted cuttings is insignificant (30% or less). Develops on cuttings a small amount of roots (1-5). The growth of shoots in the year of rooting is most often absent.

Difficult rooting of green cuttings is a biological problem. A deeper study of the biology of mother plants, internal and external growth factors of shoots, rooting regimes will help to identify the potential for root formation in plants.

T. Kilmakaev

IS HE. Aladina, doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences,

senior researcher fruit growing laboratory, prof. department of fruit growing

Green cuttings are one of the most promising ways vegetative propagation, allowing to obtain own-rooted plants in industrial scale. The main stages of the technology were developed by the beginning of the 80s. A great contribution to its development was made by such scientists as M.T. Tarasenko, Z.A. Prokhorova, V.V. Faustov, B.S. Ermakov, F.Ya. Polikarpova, E.G. Samoshchenkov, V.K.Bakun, V.A.Maslova, A.G. Matushkin, I.M. Posnova, L.P., Skaliy and others.

Green cuttings are based on the natural ability of plants to regenerate - the restoration of lost organs or parts, the formation of whole plants from leafy stem cuttings after the formation of adventitious roots. Regeneration manifests itself differently and depends on many factors: life form, hereditary characteristics, age, condition of mother plants, rooting conditions, etc.

Green cuttings make it possible to increase the yield of cuttings from one mother plant (up to 200-300 pieces) and significantly (by 4-5 times) reduce the area of ​​mother plants. It allows you to expand the number of species and varieties that can reproduce vegetatively and is indispensable for the rapid reproduction of forms that are available in the mother liquor in limited quantities (valuable breeding forms, rare varieties, healthy plants). Green cuttings contribute to the improvement of planting material: growing shoots are less populated by pests (glass, gall midge, bud mites) than lignified ones. A significant advantage of green cuttings is that planting material represents own-rooted plants, which differ in physiological integrity and genetic uniformity; it provides not only a high multiplication rate, but also a shorter growing period. This technology is successfully combined with other methods: microclonal propagation, propagation by green grafting, lignified cuttings. It is possible to combine with the picking of strawberry rosettes, with the production of seedlings of flower, vegetable and medicinal plants.

The technology of green cuttings uses modern facilities mechanization and automation technological processes. Rooting of green cuttings and, in part, their growing are carried out in protected ground under controlled conditions, while the results of growing planting material do not depend on adverse climatic factors. Thanks to the intensive use of protected soil (dense placement of cuttings per unit area, the use of containers, the development of the vertical profile of greenhouses, the introduction of crop rotations), green cuttings are highly profitable.

Bottleneck of existing technology - big losses rooted plants during storage and after transplanting for growing. Hard-to-propagate crops have a long period of root formation, rooting rate is not more than 30-50%, and poor development of the root system is the reason for poor survival during transplantation, low winter hardiness of rooted cuttings and low quality of planting material. The method is effective, but it requires significant additional costs for the laying of intensive mother liquors, the construction of a fogging plant with an automated system for controlling external conditions, the construction of cultivation facilities, premises for grafting and winter storage rooted cuttings, etc. Green cuttings, despite the seeming simplicity of implementation, require a good knowledge of the biological characteristics of the propagated species and varieties, a well-thought-out system of measures for organizing production and clarity in the implementation of all technological methods.

Over several decades of research, the basic elements of the technology have been developed. It was found that the effectiveness of green cuttings depends on the life form of plants (woody ones take root poorly, lianas and herbaceous perennials are best) and species and varietal characteristics. It turns out that even within the same species (for example, varieties of apple, stone fruits, gooseberries, barberries), the rooting of cuttings is not the same.

It turned out that in order for the production of planting material to be profitable, the selection of breeds and varieties must be carried out taking into account their production value, consumer demand and the natural ability to reproduce by green cuttings. Rooting should be at least 60-90%, and the yield of standard seedlings should not be less than 30-40% of the original number of cuttings. The range of garden plants is varied and regularly updated. In this regard, it is necessary to provide for the prompt replacement of mother plantations.

In general, the role of mother plants can hardly be overestimated. It was found that the ability to reproduce by green cuttings is determined not only hereditary features, but also the age and physiological state of the mother plants.

As a rule, plants in the early stages of their ontogeny exhibit a high regenerative capacity, which subsequently decreases with aging. In this regard, it is advisable to use queen cells up to 10-12 years of age, and even less in some breeds.

The costs of planting queen cells with pure-grade healthy planting material are completely justified, which significantly increases the cutting productivity of plantations and reduces protective measures and pesticide loads.

Many researchers rightly believe that when developing technologies for reproduction by green cuttings and in sterile culture, the condition of the mother plant is of paramount importance and consider it necessary to single out a preliminary stage, the purpose of which should be the targeted preparation of plants for reproduction.

Mother plants are planted densely in rows (like a hedge) with sparse row spacing. Within two years, plantings are pruned rather short to get branched plants that are uniform in strength. With restrained growth, shoots develop properties that promote the formation of root primordia. The compacted placement of bushes and strong pruning provide an increase in the total growth and, consequently, the yield of green cuttings per unit area of ​​the mother liquor.

A highly effective technique is the cultivation of mother plants in protected ground: the yield of cuttings is 5-20 times higher than in open ground (increasing vegetative productivity is especially important in early stages reproduction), up to three weeks the favorable period for cuttings increases, in a number of plants that are difficult to propagate, the rooting of cuttings increases by 20-35%.

Good hydration of the shoot tissues contributes to the successful rooting of the cuttings, so the soil moisture in the queen cells should not be lower than 70-80% of the field moisture capacity. In this regard, especially in protected ground conditions, continuous mulching of the soil with black polyethylene film is justified. Moisture is better preserved under the film, the soil warms up earlier in the spring, manual weeding is excluded. Favorable temperature and water conditions in the root layer provide powerful root growth, promote better growth above-ground part and increases cutting productivity by 20%.

Of great importance is the provision of mother plants with mineral nutrients, but it should be borne in mind that an excess of nitrogen and excessive growth of shoots prevent the rooting of cuttings. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizers are applied only in the form of dressings in early summer.

Known methods include etiolation of mother plants: in early spring, annual and biennial branches are fixed horizontally and covered with an opaque film for 3-4 weeks. After removing the film, young etiolated shoots are spudded, leaving the tops. When the shoots reach a length of 20-25 cm, they are cut off at the base and grafted. In our country, this method is widely used in the cultivation of clonal rootstocks. Etiolation activates the excitability of the kidneys, incl. dormant, enhances shoot formation, increases the yield of cuttings from the mother plant, positively influencing the formation of root primordia. The reason is that etiolated shoots are younger in tissue development and surpass green shoots in terms of plastic substances, enzyme and hormone activity, especially IAA (β-indoleacetic acid), which induces adventitious root formation.

in an efficient way pre-training shoots for cuttings is their local etiolation, which consists in isolating from light those parts of the stem that are basal when cutting cuttings. As the shoot grows, starting from a length of 5-7 cm, upper part intensively growing shoot put on a spiral tube 30 mm long made of black polyethylene film. As it grows, several more tubes are placed on the shoot according to the number of cuttings. With local etiolation, the rooting period is reduced by 2-3 times, the quality of the root system improves. Local etiolation allows for long time maintain the ability of the middle and lower parts of the shoot to root. The use of the entire shoot for cuttings ensures a high yield of planting material. In easily rooted species and varieties, root primordia are formed in shaded areas, which reduces the rooting time by 2 times.

Very promising is the complete shading of mother plants after heavy pruning in combination with local etiolation of the base of the shoots. Of particular interest is etiolation in combination with the cultivation of mother plants in protected ground, which makes it possible to significantly increase the multiplication factor and increase the number of rooted cuttings with growth by 1.5-2 times. When grown in a greenhouse and local etiolation, a similar reaction occurs, which is expressed in the restructuring of the anatomy of the stem of cutting shoots and an increase in meristematic activity.

A new direction in the preparation of initial plants for cuttings is associated with the use of growth regulators on mother liquors. The treatment of plants with biologically active substances affects the physiological state of plants, causing a chain of reactions that are not observed under usual conditions. The action of growth regulators is based on profound changes in the functional state of membranes, hormonal status, and many metabolic reactions.

Our twenty years of experience have proven the feasibility of processing mother plants of fruit, berry and ornamental plants growth regulators before cuttings. The most effective use of retardants (chlorocholine chloride, kultar, pix, kim-112) and drugs with cytokinin activity (dropp, 6-BAP). After the treatment of mother liquors with growth regulators, root formation in stem cuttings of medium and difficult-to-root species and varieties increases, the yield of rooted material with a well-developed root system increases, winter hardiness and the proportion of standard seedlings increase. The combined use of growth regulators with urea nitrogen (5 g/l) and a complex of microelements (cytovit, 1 ml/l) has an undoubted advantage. A positive effect is achieved without treating the cuttings themselves with root formation stimulants, which greatly simplifies the cutting process, especially when propagating prickly plants (gooseberries, barberries, wild roses). After the application of retardants, cuttings of easily rooted plants take root well in simple greenhouses; cuttings of hard-to-root species and cuttings from open ground are best rooted under controlled conditions. In easily propagated plants, especially in young age, a positive aftereffect is observed for the next year.

It should be noted that the effectiveness of this method of preparation of mother plants depends on a number of factors.

A high effect is achieved when mother liquors are treated only in a certain phase of growth of annual shoots: for easily rooted plants - at the beginning, for hard-to-root - at the end of the phase of decaying growth. In the latter, the optimal phase is short and occurs earlier than in easily rooted crops. In protected ground, the favorable period for processing increases by 2-3 weeks.

For maximum effect great importance has a processing time during the day. Spraying of plants must be carried out in the morning (from 7 to 11) and evening (from 17 to 19) hours, when turgor is restored. There is an obvious connection with the state of stomata, which, in turn, depends on temperature, illumination, provision of plants with moisture, and the intensity of assimilation processes.

The best results were obtained by us in years with humid and very warm weather. Experiments have confirmed that in dry years the quality of tillage increases against the background of irrigation (60-70% of PV). At the same time, hard-to-root forms are especially responsive.

When mother plants are grown in protected ground with continuous mulching and regular watering, the effectiveness of treatments increases and to a lesser extent depends on the weather during the growing season. In addition, when keeping queen cells in a greenhouse, the period from processing to the start of grafting is reduced to 3-6 days; in open ground, it is longer and is 2-3 weeks.

Annual pruning of mother plants is necessary, but it should be borne in mind that with a very strong shortening, the total growth is significantly reduced. In addition, it is important to maintain several branching orders in order to limit the number of strongly growing axial, fattening shoots, the cuttings from which take root poorly.

In the technology of green cuttings, the size and type of cuttings are indeed of great importance. For harvesting cuttings, it is best to use a one-year increase in higher orders of branching, medium growth strength, from a well-lit side of the crown. The size of the cuttings depends on the planned release of planting material, the characteristics of the culture. It is known that plants from long cuttings develop better, but in common practice average length cuttings - 12-15 cm. When propagating species with large leaves, 2-3-node cuttings are used. As a rule, combined (with part of last year's wood) and apical cuttings take root better, however, much depends on the timing of cuttings.

In some breeds, the optimal cutting time is relatively short (10-14 days) and clearly coincides either with the phase of intensive growth of shoots (cherry, plum, peach, lilac, barberry, golden and red currant, etc.), or with the phase of fading growth (European gooseberry varieties, sea buckthorn, clone rootstocks, apple tree, quince). As a rule, these are breeds with a reduced ability to reproduce. In easily rooted plants, the period of green cuttings is more extended and can continue in central Russia from early June to mid-August. coniferous plants(thuja, juniper, cypress, biota) with a long rooting period, it is better to take cuttings in mid-late June. With the content of queen cells in protected ground, the period of grafting of individual breeds is more extended. When determining the timing of cuttings, one should pay attention to such indicators as the flexibility or brittleness of the shoot, the degree of lignification, and the presence of a grassy top. When harvesting shoots and cuttings, wilting should not be allowed. It is better to harvest them in the morning, when the tissues of the plants are saturated with moisture.

Treatment of the basal parts with growth regulators was the most effective technique stimulating the regeneration of adventitious roots in green cuttings. This technique provides a great economic effect at low labor and cost. At one time, thanks to the discovery of the ability of some hormonal drugs to stimulate root formation, many hard-to-propagate crops were transferred to the rank of medium and easy rooting.

As rooting stimulants, β-indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA) or heteroauxin (50–200 mg/l) is most often used; β-indolyl-3-butyric acid (IMA; 5-100 mg/l); α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA, 5-50 mg/l). Under production conditions, 4 methods of processing with growth regulators are used:

- weakly concentrated aqueous solutions (the lower ends of the cuttings are immersed in the solution for a sufficiently long time (16-24 hours);

- concentrated alcohol solutions; the depth of immersion in the solution of the lower ends of the cuttings is minimal, the treatment exposure is from one to several seconds;

- growth paste; the paste can be applied in advance on shoots on mother plants or on lower part harvested cuttings

- growth powder; the cuttings are lowered with the bases into the powder-powder (root), and then planted for rooting.

Treatment of cuttings with aqueous solutions is the simplest, most accessible and widely used method in green cuttings technology. Optimum temperature working solution - +18...+20°С. The concentration of the drug and the duration of treatment depend on the root-forming ability and the degree of lignification of the shoots.

Despite the high stimulating activity of synthetic auxins, their use is currently limited, since they are toxic compounds. A search is underway for equally effective, but environmentally friendly drugs. It turned out that vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamine) and the preparation zircon, acting as antioxidants, IAA, as well as phenolic compounds (rutin, succinic, gallic, salicylic, ferullic acids) and steroid glycosides (emistim, ecost) showed stimulating properties.

Our studies have made it possible to identify as effective root formation stimulants preparations obtained on the basis of endophytic fungi (nikfan, symbiont, mycephyte), epin, potassium lignohumate, cresoacetic acid salts (cresacin, cresival, etirane), chitosan derivatives (ecogel), Baikal EM- one.

Researchers and practitioners are unanimous that rooting conditions (humidity, temperature, light, substrates) are perhaps the most important factor in the successful rooting of green cuttings. For active root formation, a complex of factors is required that can simultaneously ensure the maximum reduction in transpiration, intensive photosynthesis, and hormonal activity of the leaves. AT classical literature on green cuttings, comprehensive material on the reaction of cuttings is presented different breeds and varieties on external conditions, according to the design of greenhouses and fogging installations, optimization of modes, arrangement of ridges, preparation of substrates, methods of hardening, etc.

However, despite the fact that the main elements of the technology at the rooting stage are quite well developed, one cannot ignore some new techniques that allow increasing the yield of high-quality and viable rooted material per unit area of ​​greenhouses, increasing its persistence after transplantation and during winter storage.

We obtained good rooting results on a substrate containing the following components: high-moor peat, coarse-grained perlite and fresh dehydrated, stabilized urban sediments. Wastewater(OGSV; Kuddek fertilizer) in equal parts by volume. This substrate has good physical properties, contains all necessary elements nutrition, free from pathogenic flora, has significant hormonal activity, incl. auxin. The latter property allows the rooting of easily propagated shrubs without the use of growth regulators. It can also be added that, when growing rooted cuttings in containers, the inclusion of GHSV in the substrate promotes rapid initial growth, powerful development of the root system and the aerial parts of plants.

An unconventional but very effective approach to the problem of rooting is the use of foliar treatments of green cuttings with growth regulators. The positive effect of foliar top dressing of cuttings with mineral fertilizers (urea, superphosphate, potassium chloride or potassium salt, complex fertilizers), which ensures good development of the root system under leaching conditions.

We found that single foliar treatments of green cuttings at the beginning of root formation with physiologically active substances and their mixtures have a significant positive effect both on root formation and on the resistance of rooted plants to adverse conditions. external factors and the output of high-quality planting material. The phase of the beginning of root formation varies depending on the root formation ability of plants: in easily rooted plants, it occurs in 2-4 weeks, in hard-rooted plants - in 4-6 weeks after planting. According to the results years of experience stable results are obtained by foliar treatments with drugs with cytokinin activity (dropp, 6-BAP, cytadef (20-50 mg/l); potassium lignohumate (150-200 mg/l), epin (0.2 ml/l); mycefit (10 mg / l), cherkaz (40-50 mg / l). Effective treatments with compounds containing the listed cytokinins and salts of cresoacetic acid (cresacin, cresival, etirane (10-40 mg / l). The effect is enhanced by the combined use of substances and compounds with urea nitrogen (5 g/l) and trace elements (cytovit, 1 ml/l).

The problem of winter hardiness of rooted plants, especially such as gooseberries, honeysuckle, cinquefoil, barberry, cherries, etc., which do not winter well and are stored, can be solved by rooting cuttings in plastic cells with a diameter of 5 cm. As a rule, cuttings root in cassettes worse than in ridges, but the methods listed (the use of combined cuttings and substrates with GHSV, foliar treatments) significantly increase the yield of rooted material with an intact, rooted root ball. Such cuttings are well stored both in cassettes and in bulk in the basement at low positive temperatures, successfully winter in open ground after transplantation and are the best suited for container culture. When landing in February by the beginning of June, it turns out good quality planting material for berries and ornamental shrubs. And after rearing in the open field, almost all planting material can be attributed to the standard.

The report was made at the 5th annual conference of APPM, February 2012.

Unlike propagation by lignified cuttings, the green cuttings method makes it possible to obtain own-rooted plants of a much wider range of crops.

Since many species in which lignified cuttings are not able to develop adventitious roots take root well at the stage of green and semi-lignified shoots.

Reproduction by green cuttings has long been known. It has long been practiced in floriculture for cloning crops such as carnations, phlox, chrysanthemum, dahlias, geraniums and the like. But after the discovery of growth regulators - auxins and the creation of artificial fog systems, this method has gained a strong position in fruit and berry nursery.

The timing of green cuttings depends on the phase of shoot development. For stone fruit crops (cherry, plum, peach), green cuttings are the most successful in the phase of intensive shoot growth, which is characterized by rapid growth, green color of the bark and weak lignification of the lower part of the shoot. In the middle lane, this phase usually occurs in the first half of June.

For crops such as apple, quince, gooseberry, lemon and the like, the best time is at the end of the growth phase, when the shoots are semi-lignified and the bark partially turns brown.

Cultures with a high root-forming ability, for example, sea buckthorn, black and red currants, can be cut in both phases.

Practice has established that root formation processes are more active in tissues lacking chlorophyll. Bleaching of fabrics is carried out in the absence of light. Therefore, in order to whiten parts of the stem of young shoots, it is recommended to install black film light insulators or paint the bark with black carbon black oil paint. As a rule, every second internode on the shoots of the mother plant is subjected to bleaching.

Film light insulators about one and a half centimeters wide are wrapped around the internodes and fixed with adhesive tape. Black paint is also applied to the internodes with a ring 1.5 centimeters wide. The paint must be diluted only with natural drying oil without turpentine.

Two weeks after light isolation, the shoots are cut and cuttings are cut from them. For each cutting, the bleached internode should be at the bottom. The bottom leaf of the cutting is removed, and the upper leaf blade is cut in half.

On top of the nutrient soil in the nursery, wet, sand is poured with a layer of 5 centimeters. The bases of the cuttings are treated with a growth substance and immersed in sand to the level of the petiole of the upper leaf. The nursery is covered with a transparent film and in the daytime, with constant frequent spraying, the air humidity in it is close to one hundred percent. Rooting is carried out within 25 - 40 days.