How to grow beans commercially. Beans, vegetable beans

* Calculations use average data for Russia

It would be more accurate to call this crop leguminous vegetables. The fact is that the nutritional value of mature seed beans is slightly less than the value of cereal seeds. The cultivation of legumes, among which beans, soybeans, peas, lentils and peanuts are the most common in our country, is practiced by many agricultural enterprises.

The popularity of these crops is due to several factors at once. Firstly, this is a huge variety of species of the legume family. Secondly, legumes are simply a storehouse of vitamins, minerals and vegetable protein. In terms of protein content, legumes are almost as good as meat. At the same time, according to nutritionists and vegetarians, the protein found in crops such as soybeans, peas or beans is absorbed by the human body much easier than the protein found in meat. Even when using conventional cooking methods (boiling, frying, stewing), the digestibility of bean protein reaches 80%, which is a very high indicator. At the same time, leguminous vegetables contain a minimum amount of fat, which makes them indispensable products in dietary and vegetarian nutrition. However, legumes are valuable not only for proteins, but also for a unique set of organic acids, vitamins, fats and mineral salts. Legumes are also used in medical practice. They are rich in folic acid and potassium, contain B vitamins and manganese, a large amount of fiber and dietary fiber. As nutritionists say, after a month of daily consumption of 100-150 g of beans in the blood, there is a noticeable decrease in cholesterol levels. The minimum consumption of legumes, according to the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences, is about 15-20 kg per person per year!

But that's not all. Let's continue our list of advantages of legumes over other plants. This time from an "agronomic" point of view. Leguminous plants enrich the soil with nitrogen. At the same time, they are not very demanding either on the composition of the soil, or on the frequency of irrigation, or on care, they withstand frosts down to -4 ° C. They are highly resistant to diseases, easy to treat, and pests can be prevented without large investments in special preparations and treatments.

The specifics of growing legumes

However, although there are indeed a lot of varieties of legumes, they all have their own characteristics, which must be considered when choosing the plants that you will grow. The main difference lies, first of all, in the timing of landing. You need to choose crops based not only on the demand for them and your personal preferences, but also on the optimal conditions for their cultivation. So there are species that are distinguished by good resistance to cold and precocity. They germinate already at a temperature of 3-5°C and are relatively undemanding to the temperature regime. The terms of their vegetation range from 65 days. These legumes can be grown in any climatic zones, since with a short vegetative period they manage to produce a crop in a short time - before the onset of cold weather (in the northern regions).

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There are also individual leguminous crops that are heat-loving and do not tolerate sudden changes in temperature. There are also early-ripening species among them (for example, certain varieties of beans), which can be grown in central Russia as well. However, in this case, the seeds are planted later than usual - not earlier than the middle, or even the end of May, when there will be no more frosts. However, you can also use the seedling method, and then you can plant legumes a couple of weeks earlier.

There are some types of legumes that, unfortunately, are not suitable for growing in regions with a cool climate. These include, for example, chickpeas, mung beans and a number of others. But it must also be borne in mind that most plants of this species love moisture (beans, peas, mung beans, soybeans). Although there are other, more drought-resistant members of the legume family (beans, chickpeas).

If you plan to grow legumes on a large scale, then you need to consider the soil requirements. Ideally, it should be heavy clay. True, you still can’t do without good fertilizer (most often “classic” manure is used). Lighter soils are also suitable, but in this case, the main requirement is high humidity. Legumes do not grow well in acidic soils. It is best to use neutral soil with a pH level of no more than 7. If you plan to use peaty-bog soils for sowing, you must first apply copper-containing fertilizers to the soil, otherwise the plants will “go” to the stem, but they will give few seeds. For legumes, it is best to allocate fields where beets, turnips and cabbage were previously grown. At the same time, after leguminous vegetables, the field can be planted with any vegetable crops, especially tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes and cucumbers. But between the harvests of beans, 3-4 years should pass.

The soil for sowing legumes is dug up in the fall and at least 25 cm deep. In the spring, before planting, organic and mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil. As we mentioned above, this is mainly manure, to which double superphosphate, lime and potassium chloride are added. Per square meter of soil requires 0.5-1 bucket of manure, 30-50 g of superphosphate, 300 g of lime and 10-20 g of potassium chloride. Phosphorite flour (60 g per 1 sq. meter) is also widely used when planting legumes. One ton of manure takes about 20 kg of phosphate rock during composting. Instead of manure, you can use 4-5 kg ​​of humus or compost. Immediately before sowing, 15 g of urea is added to the loosened soil.

Planting legume seeds

Legume seeds are resistant to low temperatures. Unlike many other plants, they germinate at a temperature of +6°C. However, it should be borne in mind that bean sprouts appear quite quickly - already one to one and a half weeks after sowing, and if there are frosts at this time, the plants may die. For this reason, it is recommended to adhere to the optimal planting dates. In the southern regions, this may be the second half of April, but in the central regions - not earlier than the second half of May (best of all - in the twentieth of May).

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Before planting, seeds are inspected and damaged by pests and diseases are removed. The shelf life of seeds is quite large - 10-12 years, but it is better, of course, to use seeds with a not so long shelf life. Sometimes the seeds are heated for three hours before sowing at a temperature of +40°C or in hot water at a temperature of +50°C for five minutes, followed by rapid cooling in cold water. Before heating, the seeds are soaked for 4-5 hours in water at room temperature. It is extremely important not to overexpose the seeds in water to avoid rotting. These simple manipulations can significantly increase their germination. Before planting, the seeds are also dipped for five minutes in a warm solution of 2 g of molybdenum ammonium and 2 g of boric acid, diluted in 10 liters of water at a temperature of +40 ° C, which helps prevent plant damage by nodule weevil. In addition, seeds are often treated with bacterial fertilizer (nitrogin or rhizotrophin in the proportion of 1 g per 1 kg of seeds).

Legumes are sown earlier than other crops (starting from mid-April, depending on the region). Although mid-May is still considered the optimal time for sowing, when the soil is sufficiently moist and the seeds germinate quickly. They are sown in an ordinary way with a distance between rows of 50-60 cm. In each row, the distance between seeds is 12-15 cm. Planting density is 20-30 germinating seeds per square meter with a depth of 6-8 cm. Beans in order to save space can be sown in rows of potatoes or cucumbers. This not only increases profitability, but also has a beneficial effect on the yield of both crops. In good warm weather, the first shoots can be expected by the middle or end of the second week after sowing. If the air temperature is low enough, and there is too much rain, then the period from sowing to seedlings may be slightly longer.

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When choosing a sowing method, the legume variety is taken into account. So, for example, varieties of legumes are both curly and bushy. For plants of the first grade, support trellises up to two meters high are required. In principle, large expenses for the creation of tapestries are not required - stakes are dug in on both sides of the row, on which then a wire or rope is pulled at a distance of 15 cm from each other, or a nylon mesh. Seeds are sown on both sides of the trellis. However, with large areas under crops, it is more expedient to give preference to bush varieties of legumes that do not require additional supports.

When choosing varieties, take into account the fact that beans are prone to cross-pollination. At the same time, they begin to bloom from the lower nodes. The earlier the variety, the lower the node. And the lower nodes bring more flowers than those located above. For this reason, if you grow legumes of different varieties in the same area, then the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe latter should be large enough to maintain spatial isolation between crops of different varieties. If the area of ​​​​the site is limited, then it is advisable to sow it with legumes of the same variety.

Before germination, it is recommended to loosen the soil, and then carry out inter-row cultivation to a depth of 8-12 cm. The main guarantee of a good harvest of legumes is loose soil and the absence of weeds in the field. After the seedlings grow up a little, the plants are spudded until they reach a height of 50-60 cm to strengthen the root system and increase the resistance of plants to winds.

Although, in general, legumes are not as demanding on excess moisture as many plants, they still need good watering during flowering and fruiting. At the same time, it is recommended to feed them with mineral fertilizers. Legumes are sensitive to air drought. This means that in dry areas they do not survive, burning out in the sun and dry air before they give seeds. In regions with short daylight hours, beans bloom and bear fruit much worse than in areas with long daylight hours.

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The timing of harvesting different types of beans depends on several factors. The most important of them are the duration of the growing season and the ripeness phase in which the fruits of a particular plant species are used.

If green pods are used for food (asparagus beans, sugar peas, snake beans, etc.), the harvest is carried out at several times as the beans grow, while untimely harvesting not only worsens the quality of the product, but also reduces the overall productivity. If mature grain is used for food, it is harvested once after the fruit has fully ripened.

For example, the period of technical maturity of early types of beans occurs after 44-47 days, and for mid-ripening varieties - after 50-55 days after the appearance of the first shoots. By this time, the beans become long, up to 10-15 cm in length, and their grains reach the size of a wheat grain. Harvesting is carried out selectively within two to three weeks.

In any case, the beans are harvested when the seeds in them are almost fully developed, but not yet hardened enough. If the fruits are intended for consumption as a whole (that is, grains with their shells), then they are harvested when the pods are still juicy, and the grains have already reached the optimum size (usually about 1 cm). If grown grains are eaten raw, then the beans are harvested when the seeds are still in milky ripeness, but have already reached their maximum size. First of all, the beans located at the bottom of the stem are harvested. They are torn off, freed from the valves and packed in bags for subsequent packaging or sale by weight. This work is done by hand. Most often, the crop is harvested in three to four doses with intervals between collections of 1-1.5 weeks.

The beans are harvested along with the tops. Sheaves are knitted from it, and then left to ripen. The threshing is subsequently also done by hand. From one plant, you can collect an average of 40 g of seeds. The tops are an excellent food for cattle and other animals.

After harvesting, the above-ground part of the plants is cut off, and the roots are buried in the ground during further processing of the site. The fact is that nodules on the roots of beans contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as a result of which nitrogen accumulates in the soil during the growing season of plants. Legume roots are also used to make compost.

Equipment and business development prospects

Let us consider in more detail what an entrepreneur will need to organize his own economy. To process a small plot of 30 acres (personal subsidiary farming), you will need a mini-tractor (or walk-behind tractor), a plow to it, a hiller for a mini-tractor, a body for transporting goods using a mini-tractor. This equipment will cost about 80-100 thousand rubles.

Is it worth saving on equipment? You can also purchase obsolete equipment from Soviet times, but the savings in this case will be doubtful. Old technology is constantly breaking down. In addition, its use leads to loss and damage to the crop. New Russian-made equipment is cheaper than imported, while not much inferior to the latter in terms of quality and performance. Therefore, it is better to purchase it, rather than used and obsolete equipment.

Additional costs are associated with harvesting, cleaning it from husks and impurities, sorting, packaging and transportation. Recall that legumes are harvested manually, which reduces the profitability of the entire production, unless, of course, you plan to hire workers, and not harvest on your own.

In the future, it is advisable to expand your farm by renting or acquiring new land for sowing, because, as mentioned above, it will be possible to re-sow legumes on your site only 3-4 years after the previous harvest.

Legal and accounting issues of running an agricultural business

In the event that the land where you plan to grow legumes for personal use or for sale in small volumes is owned by you and belongs to the category of household plots (personal subsidiary plots), you can not register as an entrepreneur and simply sell your products (or rather its surplus) in the retail market. However, you should not count on big profits in this case. If you want to have not just additional income, but a profitable business, you will have to register as an individual entrepreneur. When registering, you will need to select an OKVED code. In our case, the encoding 01.11.1 is suitable. Cultivation of cereals and leguminous crops

This class includes the cultivation of durum and soft wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, rice and other grains; cultivation and drying of leguminous crops (peas, beans, beans); cultivation of seeds, including elite and reproduction seeds intended for sale. Please note (if you intend to expand your farm in the future), this grouping does not include the cultivation of sweet corn (see 01.12.1).

Which taxation system should be preferred? The unified agricultural tax (UAT), which is 6% of net profit, is one of the most profitable. As the name implies, only agricultural producers, that is, enterprises or individual entrepreneurs who themselves produce these products and sell them, can pay the UAT. If you already have an operating enterprise and want to switch to the Unified Agricultural Tax, then the amount of income from the sale of agricultural products should be at least 70% of your total income. For producers of agricultural products, there are two taxation regimes - general and special. There are certain differences between them. Enterprises paying taxes under the general taxation regime must pay VAT, unified social tax, property tax (for property used for the production and storage of finished agricultural products, there is a privilege), transport tax (for trucks and agricultural machinery there are also benefits ), transport tax (a relief is provided for trucks and agricultural machinery), income tax (a preferential tax rate on profits from the sale of agricultural products), land tax, tax on the extraction of minerals, tax on the use of water bodies and environmental pollution.

Individual entrepreneurs who switch to a single agricultural tax are exempted from paying personal income tax, VAT (except for imports), property tax, and enterprises and organizations that have chosen this taxation system are exempted from paying VAT (except for imports), property tax and tax on profit. All other fees are paid as under other taxation systems, but the benefits for agricultural enterprises are obvious.

You can switch to the ESHN if you are an agricultural producer and fall under the above requirements, both in a general manner, by submitting an appropriate application to the Federal Tax Service in the period from October 20 to December 31 of the current year, and individually - within thirty days after registration as individual entrepreneurs or legal entity. In the first case, your enterprise will switch to the ESHN from the new calendar year, and in the second case, when registering with the Federal Tax Service. Keep in mind that during the year you will not be able to opt out of the taxation system you have chosen. But there is also the possibility of forced cancellation of the Unified Agricultural Tax in the event that your company begins to conduct activities that are not related to agriculture, or the share of sales of agricultural products becomes less than 70%.

It is also worth considering the fact that the expenses of an individual entrepreneur or an enterprise that conducts agricultural activities are limited to spending on the acquisition of fixed assets, wages of employees and advertising with the obligatory maintenance of a book of income and expenses. Only those funds that are credited to your current account or to the cash desk of the enterprise are considered income.

Implementation of the legume crop

It is not enough to grow and harvest vegetables. You still need to sell them. The distribution channels for legumes depend on several factors: the scale of your production and the crops that you grow on your site.

If you work as a private household plot (and we will consider just such a format within the framework of a small business), then you can sell the surplus of your household plot both independently (in the markets) and through intermediaries. To work with wholesalers, your volumes will most likely not be large enough, and they will not be able to offer you favorable prices for your products. Although one of the most profitable areas of work now is the sale of legumes for freezing. Previously, this segment was dominated by foreign-made products (mainly Poland). Now, after the introduction of sanctions by the EU countries, the number of imported products has significantly decreased. At the same time, domestic manufacturers are only just beginning to explore the vacated niche, which, one might say, is practically empty today.

But in any case, no matter which marketing option you choose, a number of documents will be required to sell vegetables grown in personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) farms. In particular, you must have a certificate of your land (whether it is owned or leased). Then you need to obtain the necessary documents for the retail sale of vegetables (Federal Law "On the quality and safety of food products" dated 02.01.2000 No. 29-FZ). You must receive several documents in the area where your site is located - this is the State Quarantine Phytosanitary Surveillance Act and the Quarantine Examination Certificate (“Rules for the organization of work on the issuance of veterinary accompanying documents”, registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on November 24, 2006 No. 8524). A number of documents are drawn up directly on the agricultural market, which has the State Laboratory of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (GLVSE): trade permit (Federal Law "On retail markets and on amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation" dated December 30, 2006 No. 271-FZ art. 12 4) and the result of a laboratory examination for the sale of vegetables (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Veterinary Medicine” dated May 14, 1993 No. 4979).

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How to organize a business for growing beans on your site? How to start a business, how to grow and where to sell asparagus beans? Read the idea of ​​a bean growing business with calculations.

Business plan for growing beans

Beans are in high demand and are very easy to grow. Minimal care and good incomes - that's what beans give. With small plots, you can start a bean growing business, easily combining with other similar ideas.

We evaluate the idea

Before starting, we evaluate the idea. First of all, we answer the questions:

1. Is the climate suitable for growing beans?- the culture is thermophilic, therefore suitable climatic conditions are important.
2. Are there landing sites?- in order to make good money, you need to have at least 10 acres of land.
3. What to grow with crop rotation?- it is difficult to imagine a business without crop rotation, since the site needs to be changed annually.

The article describes what can be grown simultaneously with the crop and what with crop rotation. This process is essential in business. Land can be bought or leased. As for the climate, a certain variety of beans can be selected for each conditions. We also evaluate the pros and cons of the case.

Pros:

1. Small labor costs within 5-6 months.
2. Not a complicated growing process.
3. Fast payback.
4. Constant demand for products.
5. Long shelf life of beans - 5 years.

Minuses:

1. Without crop rotation business is almost impossible.
2. Weather conditions affect the growth of beans.

As with answering questions, we understand that the weather and crop rotation are the main nuances in business. Pluses on the face: a simple process of growing, quick payback, demand, storage. Therefore, the case is interesting, not complicated and profitable.

Preparing the land, planting beans

First of all, it is important to know that when growing beans, you will have to organize crop rotation. Beans in the same place are not grown more often than once every 3-4 years. Therefore, it will be necessary to change territories, and grow other crops on old sites. So, after and before beans, you can grow and earn on pumpkin, potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, and corn. In order to make a profit from beans every year, the plot is divided into 4 parts, and each year beans are grown on a new plot.

Council number 1. Find an agronomist who will write you a crop rotation and help you organize your business - fertilize the land, select bean varieties, tell you the rules for growing, harvesting and storing.

Beans, like any culture, require light, warmth, watering, lack of winds, fertilized land. The plant is very moisture-loving, so it is necessary to organize automated watering in large areas. Any drought immediately kills the plant, as does excessive waterlogging.

Rules for planting beans:

1. They dig up the soil in autumn, introducing humus, removing acidity from lime, additionally adding sand in a small amount.
2. In spring, the earth is harrowed, weeds are completely removed, ridges are prepared - 70 x 70 centimeters, or 50 x 50 if there is not much space.
3. Seeds are sorted out. Any suspicious seeds are removed. You can check the seeds in salted water - the unusable ones will emerge. Then rinse and add the seeds to the water with potassium permanganate for disinfection. Remove and dry after 5 minutes.
4. Beans are planted in the wells when the temperature has settled at +15 ° C. Beware of frost. It is better to cover the ground with a film from a sudden cold snap.
5. 2-4 seeds are placed in the hole. Be sure to make a support - drive a strong stick into the ground deeper, but also so that it sticks out at least 1-.15 meters. That is, the size of the stick is 2 meters.
6. In one hole, you can (and sometimes need to) plant corn or sunflower. The plants are not only friendly, but also support the beans if you don't want to think about artificial support.

Varieties of beans for growing Ruby, Swallow, Gribovskaya, Shokoladnitsa. Choose varieties based on climate. 1 weave holds 400 holes, 2-4 seeds each. It turns out that on 30 acres you need 30 * 400 * 4 = 48,000 bean seeds or 16 kilograms. The purchase of seeds will cost 20,000 rubles.

The cost of seeds is 20,000 rubles. Inventory - 5,000 rubles, fertilizers - 5,000 rubles, automated watering - 50,000 rubles.

Landing Care

The site is constantly weeded, the earth is loosened. After sowing, the holes can be mulched with a thin layer of sand. Water the plant only when it is dry. Waterlogging the soil, as well as drying it is not worth it. Watering is done in the morning.

If the beans are curly, they need to be tied up. In order not to think about the garter, plant corn and sunflowers with it. Otherwise, use supports in the form of columns or a grid of rowanberry. Constantly set the direction of the branches.

During the growing season, you need to pinch the beans. Before flowering, you can water the bushes with water containing phosphate fertilizers. During flowering, water with potash fertilizers.

Harvesting begins approximately 70-100 days after planting, depending on the variety. To collect, hire a worker to help. The beans are harvested by hand, dry. All harvested beans are shelled. Blow off excess debris, collect in bags. We collect and burn all rubbish on site. Ash - fertilizer for the following crops. Do not wait until the branches rot - pests will start in them.

Annual care costs: electricity for watering - 5,000 rubles, hiring a worker for collection - 10,000 rubles, fertilizers and preparations - 5,000 rubles.

Sales of products and business registration

It is not difficult to sell beans, as the culture is popular in our regions. Here are the ways to sell:

• Wholesale. We hand over the entire batch to wholesale bases. So the price for 1 kilogram will be 40-50 rubles;
• Sale in small batches. We sell to grocery stores, supermarkets in small batches. Also from our warehouse. The price for 1 kilogram will be 50-60 rubles.

As for registration, we choose private household plots or individual entrepreneurs. We annually pay a single agricultural tax (UAT) - 6% of sales.

Expenses and incomes - we consider profit

Startup cost graph:

The initial investment in the business will amount to 90,000 rubles. You will also need a small warehouse to store the beans. These costs may be included in "other expenses".

Annual costs:

The annual cost of maintaining the business will be 50,000 rubles. Other expenses include bean bags, garters. In subsequent years, we use our own seeds.

We consider profit

Having 30 acres of land, you will receive about 3.3-3.6 tons of beans annually. The party can be sold wholesale and retail. The market price is 50-60 rubles per 1 kilogram. The income from the business will be 3,450 * 55 = 189,750 rubles.

The yield per 1 hundred square meters is 115 kilograms, and the income is 6,000 rubles.

Profit will be 189,750 - 45,000 = 139 750 rubles. It pays off in the first year. The profitability of the bean growing business is 70%.

This business has many advantages. It should be borne in mind that you can grow corn and sunflower in parallel, increasing profits several times. You will have to work only 5-6 months a year, and the profit is decent with little labor.

Investments: from 2.3 million rubles

Payback: from 1 year

Agriculture is actively supported by state policy. Therefore, a business in this area can be a good source of income. One of the directions is the cultivation of beans. Let's break down this business idea in this article.

business concept

Beans are one of the most sought-after foods due to their beneficial properties and protein content. No wonder it is called "meat from the garden." In addition, beans are not capricious in care.

Mineral soils with neutral acidity are suitable for its cultivation. Bean growing technology involves the following manipulations:

• soil fertilization with minerals;
• soaking seeds in a special solution;
• washing and drying;
• landing;
• crop care - watering, weeding, pest control;
• cleaning and processing.

You can sell bean products to shops, catering establishments.

What is required for implementation?

Here you can not do with minimal investments, since the goal is to organize a successful business that will bring profit for more than one year. To implement a commercial project, you will need:

• land plot;
• seeds for planting - 500 kilograms per 100 hectares;
• fertilizers and pesticides;
• transport;
• hired workers.

Step by step start instructions

Since sowing of beans occurs in the spring, preparation must be carried out several months in advance, even better in the fall.

1. Register LLC. Working officially in the field of agriculture, you can count on subsidies and benefits, land.
2. Buy the equipment necessary for large farms . In other cases, you can use a rented: a tractor for plowing the land, a harvester for harvesting.
3. Purchase seeds, fertilizers and poisons from pests.
4. Hire workers.
5. Find a market.

Financial calculations

Start-up capital

How much will you need to spend:

• 20,000-25,000 - registration of an LLC;
• 500,000 - land lease;
• 50,000 - seeds of 500 kilograms;
• 100,000 - fertilizers and poisons;
• 200,000 - plowing;
• 500,000 - rent of a warehouse for storage;
• 500,000 - wages for hired workers;
• 500,000 - transport and other expenses.

In general, 2 million 400 thousand rubles will need to be invested per 100 hectares of land. The larger the land plantation, the greater the investment, but also the higher the profit.

Monthly expenses

There are no special expenses for each month. If fertilizers and poisons are purchased, then you will have to spend only on hired workers and on unforeseen needs. This is about 200-300 thousand rubles.

How much can you earn?

Using simple arithmetic, we calculate the profit. From one hectare of land, you can get 5-10 tons of beans, depending on the yield. In turn, the yield depends on several factors: proper crop care, seed quality, weather conditions. A kilogram of beans on average can be sold for 60 rubles. From 10 tons of harvest, the net profit will average 600 thousand. From a plot of 100 hectares, the average profit will be 40-60 million rubles, excluding all expenses and investments for the next year. If you grow beans in the southern regions, using the seeds of early ripening varieties, then you can sow a legume twice a year.

Payback periods

All expenses will pay off after the harvest and sale of the crop, that is, in two to three months.

Business risks and cons

The agricultural business is always associated with certain risks. Profit depends on the yield, which may be reduced due to weather conditions. Beans are a heat-loving plant, so cold summers and rains can be detrimental to them. Timely work on fertilizer and treatment with pesticides is also important. It is worth a little late, and you can be left without a crop.

Conclusion

Labor in agriculture requires not so much financial resources as a great physical return. If you approach the matter responsibly, then you can earn good money by growing tasty and healthy beans.

It is interesting that, along with the villagers and summer residents, until recently, melon growers willingly grew beans - when there was a crop failure for watermelons, a good harvest of beans saved the situation.

Common beans are used as the final product, in two forms - as ripe or unripe. seeds, and how green pods, which are eaten lightly boiled in salted water.

Growing beans

Best for growing beans predecessors- pumpkin, cabbage, root vegetables and potatoes. Beans should not be planted in the same place two years in a row, or after legumes, otherwise they will be more damaged by diseases. You can re-sow beans, or after legumes, no earlier than five years later.

Beans themselves are a good precursor for non-legume crops - they saturate the land with nitrogen, and leave behind loose and weed-free land.

The soil

Beans love light, loose and well-fertilized soils. If the soil is too acidic and its pH is less than 5.5, it is limed in autumn.

In autumn, 2-4 kilograms of humus, 30-40 grams of superphosphate and 10-15 grams of potassium salt are added per square meter of the site. In the spring, before planting, add 10-15 grams of ammonium nitrate.

Sowing

As a rule, beans are planted from seeds, although seedlings are sometimes used. seeds before sowing, it is etched with a 1-2% solution of potassium permanganate for 45 minutes, and then placed in a solution of complex microfertilizers for up to 24 hours, as a result of which the yield often increases by almost 2 times.

Sowing produced in May-June, after the soil warms up by 10 degrees at a depth of 10 centimeters, and there is no threat of night frosts. Beans can be planted throughout the summer - if there is a need to distribute the crop over time.

Landing in progress rows, between plants in a row 10-12 centimeters, between rows a distance of 25 centimeters for compact bushes, and 40-45 centimeters for sprawling bushes. Embedding depth seeds on heavy soils 3-4 centimeters, on light soils - 4-5 centimeters.

At seedling method sowing seedlings of beans begin to grow a month before transplanting into open ground. The cups are filled with a nutrient mixture of 50 percent compost and 50 percent soddy soil. If there is no compost, then use 70 percent of garden soil and 30 percent of sod. Add 2 cups of wood ash per bucket to the mixture. Then the mixture is moistened, 1-2 seeds are placed on a glass to a depth of 4-5 centimeters, and mulched on top. The optimum temperature for growing seedlings is 20-24 degrees.

Temperature

Beans love heat - it is more thermophilic than. Seeds begin their growth at a temperature of 10 degrees, but the optimum temperature for beans is 20-24 degrees. Zamorozkov beans do not tolerate - at minus 1-2 degrees, the plants die, and even at a positive temperature of 2-3 degrees, the leaves begin to turn yellow.

Moisture

Beans are a moisture-loving plant, although they tolerate drought well. In any case, it is desirable that the soil in the area with the beans is constantly moist. The best soil moisture is 60-80 percent of the maximum. Most beans need moisture during flowering and seed ripening.

But beans also do not like excess moisture, especially in combination with low temperatures. Rain during flowering is also harmful to beans - they can cause the flowers to fall off.

After pouring fruits for semi-curly beans, watering is stopped, otherwise moist air can cause an outbreak of disease. For bush beans, one more last watering is done.

Harvest

The crop is harvested, depending on the variety and purpose of the beans, or in ripe. or unripe, like green pea seeds. The yield of beans reaches 60-150 kilograms per hundred.

Bean pods, unlike seeds, cannot be eaten raw, as they contain toxic substances that are destroyed by heat treatment. Therefore, dishes from bean pods are boiled for 7 minutes until cooked.

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Annual, heat-loving herbaceous plant, self-pollinator. The weight of 1000 grains is -120-600 g. It germinates at a temperature of 11-12 degrees. optimal pH 6-7.5. Sowing is carried out when the soil is warmed up at a depth of 10 cm to 10-12 degrees, in the third decade of May, at a depth of 3-6 cm. The optimal density is 500 thousand plants per 1 ha. Beans are responsive to manure application and especially to potash application. To avoid severe infection of plants with diseases, beans are recommended to be planted in their original place no earlier than after 4-5 years.

There is more protein in the bean grain than in meat, and the quality of the protein is equal to the protein of chicken eggs. The calorie content of grain is 3 times higher than the calorie content of meat.

Beans are useful in diseases of the liver and gallbladder. Increases resistance to infectious diseases and even cancer.

There are varieties:

• Shelling - to obtain grain, sash with a parchment layer, to accelerate the ripening of seeds, reduce the number of beans on the plant and pinch the growth points. Harvesting is carried out before the onset of frost when 75% of the beans ripen, the plants are tied into sheaves and ripened under a canopy;
• Sugar (asparagus) - to obtain beans that do not contain a parchment layer and veins, unripe whole bobos are used for food, when the size of the grain ovary reaches the size of a wheat seed, or 8-10 day old ovaries of beans.
• Semi-sugar - the beans do not contain a parchment layer, but there are veins that are removed before use.

Existing varieties are also subdivided according to the strength of growth - bushy with a plant height of up to 50 cm and climbing, plant height of 2.5 meters or more.

By precocity, varieties are divided into: early ripening up to 65 days, medium early 65-75 days, medium 75-85 days. Mid-season 85-100 and late more than 100 days.

Varieties and hybrids of beans

• Gait- a variety of beans asparagus bush beans with green beans. The beans are narrow with a length of 12-13 cm. The variety is resistant to the disease. SeDeK.
• Amalthea. Early ripe variety of vegetable beans for canning and fresh consumption, bush form. The variety is resistant to bacterial and viral mosaic. Productivity up to 12 t/ha. Selection of the Krasnodar NIIOKH.
• Bona- bush, vegetable variety of beans with a period until the first harvest 48-75 days. Plant height 30-40 cm. Pods are light to dark green in color, without a parchment layer and fibers, 13.5 cm long. Seeds are greenish-white. The variety was bred in Poland. Zoned in 1998 in the Central region. For use in home cooking, canning and freezing. Harvest 10-13.6 t/ha, ripens together.
• Burke Pinto- a variety of vegetable curly beans, in an inflorescence of 2 beans, flat green beans 11-12 cm long.
• curly vegetable- an early ripening variety of beans with curly stems requires a mandatory garter. Bean in the phase of technical ripeness yellow, 12-13 cm long, smooth, round on the cut. 8-9 beans are formed on the plant. Vegetation period 67-72 days.
• Harmony Mid-season curly bean variety. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 65-85 days. The plant, 3-3.5 m long, requires support for growth. Beans 20-25 cm long, rounded, slightly curved, without a parchment layer, yellow. Mature seeds are elongated kidney-shaped, white. Universal use.
• Gribovskaya 92- medium-early grain variety of beans, the period from germination to biological ripeness 90-110 days. The plant is medium-branched, 20-45 cm high. The beans are xiphoid with a parchment layer, 12-15 cm long. In technical ripeness, green, white seeds.
• Crane 9906061. Originator Voronezh vegetable experimental station. The variety is included in the State Register of the Russian Federation for garden plots, home gardens and small farms. Recommended for use in home cooking and canning industry. Early ripe. Bush plant, height 40-52 cm. Leaves are green. Medium sized flower, white. The beans are slightly curved, elliptical to ovoid in cross section, without a parchment layer and fibers, green in technical ripeness, 11.7-12.8 cm long, 0.9-1.1 cm wide, smooth, pointed apex with a medium slightly curved beak. Height of attaching the lower beans is 19-21 cm. The taste of canned products is excellent. The yield of beans is 0.9-1.3 kg/m. The seeds are elliptical, white, the scar is white, the weight of 1000 seeds is 290-320 g. The variety is resistant to bacteriosis.
• Riddle 9906819. The originator of the GNU is the Crimean experimental breeding station of the VNIIR station. The variety is included in the State Register of the Russian Federation for garden plots, home gardens and small farms. Recommended for use in home cooking and canning industry. Mid-season. The plant is bushy, height 40-47 cm. The leaves are dark green. Medium sized flower, white. The beans are straight, to slightly curved, rounded in cross section, without a parchment layer and fibers. In technical ripeness, green, 11-14 cm long, 0.9-1.1 cm wide, smooth, pointed tip with a medium slightly curved beak. Attachment height of the lower beans is 14.5 cm. The taste of the canned product is good and excellent. The yield of beans is 0.7 kg/m. Seeds are elliptical, white with venation, weight of 1000 seeds is 305 g.
• Golden Saxon- Early ripe variety of beans (45-50 days). Fruiting is stretched, from the first to the last harvest 60 days. The plant is bushy, 30-40 cm high. The beans are light green, juicy, fleshy without a parchment layer. Seeds are greenish yellow. The yield of green beans is up to 1.6 kg/m.
• golden nectar. Harvest variety of curly asparagus beans. The period from germination to the beginning of fruiting is 67 days. Pod length 23 cm. White seeds.
• golden neck- early ripe, high-yielding variety of curly, asparagus beans. Plants 2-2.5 m high. Yellow beans 20-22 cm long and 12-14 mm in diameter. The grain is white, oblong. Beans are suitable for canning and freezing. SeDeK.
• Zoryushka- an early variety of asparagus beans bred by the Pridnestrovian Research Institute of Agriculture. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 44-47 days. The bush is compact, compressed, 27-33 cm high. The flowers are pale lilac. The bean is slightly curved, pointed, light green, 10-11 cm long, 0.8-0.9 wide, 0.7-0.9 cm thick, the distance from the tip of the lower bean to the soil is 1.3 cm. The mass of the bean is 5, 5-*6 g. Beans contain 8.5-10% dry matter, 1.7-2% sugars, 18-21 mg% vitamin C, the taste of canned beans is 4.3-4.6 points. Seeds in the phase of biological ripeness are light yellow, oval. Weight 1000 seeds. 300-320 g. Harvest of beans 6-7 t/ha. Resistant to bacteriosis, as well as to low positive temperatures. Zoned in Moldova.
• Inga- an early high-yielding variety of cereal bush beans with white barrel-shaped grains. SeDeKa.
• Contender- early (45-50 days) variety of vegetable beans, bush plant up to 50 cm high, green beans with purple strokes, up to 20 cm long, light brown seeds.
• Belle of Kentucky- Mid-late (55-60 days), winding bean variety, 1.8-2 m high. Beans are yellow without a parchment layer. The seeds are brown.
• Nomad- a variety of curly beans obtained by selection in the Kaluga and Moscow regions from the Sukhumi sample. The variety is medium-early, the bean is short, of medium width, ovoid in cross-section, in technical ripeness light green with a faint purple pattern, which becomes brighter as it ripens. There is no parchment layer and fibers in the bean. The main color of the grain is ocher, the pattern is variegated pale purple. The plant is slightly affected by anthracnose in the open field and medium gray rot when grown in a greenhouse. In greenhouses of the Moscow region. bears fruit until the end of October.
• Laura- an early, high-yielding variety of asparagus beans. Fruits of excellent taste, yellow pods. Bushes 40 cm high. Collection period 15-20 days. An excellent variety for cooking and canning. SeDeK.
• Mauritanian- a variety of curly beans. Bob straight green, rounded, 12 cm long.
• Oil king- a variety of asparagus beans with yellow beans.
• Oily earliest 273- early ripe variety of beans (75-90 days). The bush is medium-branched, compact, erect, height 25-30 cm. The flowers are light purple, the beans are straight, flat-round, small. Seeds are round-elliptical, black. Relatively resistant to anthracnose and bacteriosis.
• Moscow white green pod 556. Mid-season bean variety. Beans with a thin parchment layer. The period from germination to technical maturity is 100 days. Bush 25 cm high.
• Nerine- a hybrid of asparagus beans of the Dutch selection. Green pods without a parchment layer and veins 12-15 cm long, good taste, suitable for canning and cooking. The hybrid differs in resistance to diseases, adverse weather conditions and high productivity. Bush height 40-50 cm.
• Nina -318- a mid-season variety of asparagus beans bred by the Pridnestrovian Research Institute of Agriculture. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 53-56 days. Until seeds ripen 75-82 days. The bush is compact, compressed, 28-36 cm high. The flowers are white. Bob slightly curved or straight, light yellow, length 8-11 cm, width and thickness 0.8-1 cm, without parchment layer and fibers. The distance from the tip of the lower bean to the soil is 2.2-5.1 cm. The mass of the bean is 5.1-5.5 g. The beans contain 8-10% dry matter, 2.1-2.5% sugars, 18-32 mg% vitamin C , 2-2.2% protein, 08-1% fiber, taste of boiled beans 4.5-4.8 points. Seeds in the phase of biological ripeness are white, elongated with a white scar. Weight 1000 seeds 200-260 g. Bean yield 7-9 t/ha. Resistant to bacteriosis, as well as to low positive temperatures. Zoned in Moldova.
• Nodak Pinto- a variety of vegetable curly beans, in an inflorescence from 2 to 4 beans, green flat beans, 11-14 cm long.
• Note- a variety of bush asparagus beans. Bob is round, green.
• Fiery Red (winner). A high yielding, fibrous bean variety. The beans are ready for harvest 90 days after sowing. The beans are dark green, flat, up to 30 cm long. Colored seeds.
• Olase Pinto
• Oran. Early ripe (79-90 days) variety of grain beans. Productivity up to 200 g per 1 square. meters. Bush-shaped plants with a height of 35-54 cm. Grain digestibility is uniform, taste is excellent.
• Orbel yellow- an early variety of asparagus, bush beans. Bob 15 cm long yellow.
• Option. Mid-early variety of bush vegetable beans. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 78-81 days. The beans are dark green, rounded, 13-15 cm long. The recommended sowing pattern is 30 * 40 cm at a depth of 3-5 cm.
• Panther- mid-early, bush variety asparagus, with bright yellow beans.
• flat long High-yielding early-ripening variety of curly beans. The period from germination to the first collection of the blade is 45-50 days, seed ripening is 70-75 days. The plant is climbing, requires support for growth. The beans are dark green, sword-shaped, flat, 24-25 cm long, without a parchment layer and fibers. Mature seeds are white. Universal use.
• Welt- a variety of sugar beans of VNIISSOK breeding, zoned in 1997 in the Central Ch region. It forms a bush with 15-27 sugar beans, the period from germination to the first harvest is 42-58 days, the yield is 12 t/ha, it is resistant to anthracnose and ascochitosis. The beans are green without a parchment layer and fibers, 11-13 cm long, cylindrical in shape with 5-6 grains. Seeds are pink with purple streaks. Beans are used in cooking and for canning.
• Rebus 99004000. Ekaterininsky experimental station VNIIR. The variety is included in the State Register of the Russian Federation for garden plots, home gardens and small farms. Recommended for use in home cooking. Early ripe. The plant is bushy, slightly leafy, 35-40 cm high. The leaves are green. Flower medium size, pink. Pods are straight to slightly curved, xiphoid in cross section, elliptical to ovoid, without parchment layer and fibers. In technical ripeness, green, 8-9 cm long, 1.1 cm wide, smooth, pointed tip with a medium slightly curved beak. The height of attachment of the lower beans is 7-12 cm. The taste of canned products is good. The yield of beans is 1.8 kg/m. Seeds are elliptical, brown with weak venation, white scar, weight of 1000 seeds is 305 g.
• Pink High-yielding mid-season curly bean variety. The period from germination to the first collection of the scapula is 65-85 days. The plant is climbing, 3-3.5 m long, requires support for growth. The beans are long, marble-pink, sword-shaped, without a parchment layer and fibers, each with 6-10 grains. Mature seeds are elongated kidney-shaped, pink with purple stains and strokes. Universal use.
• Rosinka 9803262. Crimean experimental station VNIIR. The variety is included in the State Register of the Russian Federation for garden plots, home gardens and small farms. Recommended for use in home cooking and the canning industry. Mid-season. Bush plant, height 35-40 cm. Leaves are green. Flower medium size, white. The beans are straight to slightly curved, cylindrical, rounded in cross section, without a parchment layer and fibers. In technical maturity they are yellow, 11.5 cm long, 0.9-1 cm wide, smooth, pointed tip with a medium slightly curved beak. The attachment height of the lower beans is 11.4 cm. The taste of canned products is good. The yield of beans is 1.2 kg/m. Seeds are elliptical, white with weak venation, white scar, weight of 1000 seeds is 300 g.
• Gardener- Mid-late bush bean variety for grain. Plant height 40-45 cm. Seeds are chestnut with red spots. The variety is not whimsical and yield stable. SeDeK.
• saxa- early (50-60 days) variety of asparagus beans. Beans without a parchment layer are distinguished by a delicate taste and fleshiness.
• Saks without fiber 615. Early maturing variety of bush beans. The height of the bush is 40 cm, the period from germination to technical ripeness is 50 days. A variety with sugar tender beans of excellent taste and a long fruiting period. Seeds are greenish yellow.
• North Star- mid-season variety of grain beans.
• Second- an early ripe variety of sugar beans of the VNIISSOK selection. The plant is bushy, compact. The stem is green, 30-39 cm long. Unripe beans are cylindrical, without a parchment layer and fibers, green, 10-12 cm long. There are 5-6 yellow-brown seeds in a bean. Weight 1000 pcs. 280-320 g. Designed for eating green beans after heat treatment.
• Siesta- an early ripe variety of bush asparagus beans. The beans are yellow in color with white grains.
• Sisal Medium early variety. The period from shoots to technical ripeness of beans is 60 days. Plant of bush type, high, spherical shape. The beans are green, straight, rounded in cross section, fleshy, without fiber, 11-12 cm long, up to 8 mm wide. Friendly ripening of beans. The variety is highly resistant to anthracnose and bacteriosis.
• Scuba- an early ripe variety of bush asparagus beans. The beans are green with white grains.
• Tara- bush, vegetable variety of beans with a period until the first harvest of 60-72 days. Plant height 30-40 cm. Beans, without parchment layer and fibers. The variety was bred in Poland. Zoned in 1998 in the Central region. For use in home cooking, canning and freezing. Harvest 8.1-10.6 t/ha, ripens together. Resistant to basic
• Tiraspol- a mid-season variety of asparagus beans bred by the Pridnestrovian Research Institute of Agriculture. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 49-54 days. Bush height 30-35 cm. White flowers. The bean is green, 11-13 cm long, 0.9-1 wide, round, without a parchment layer and fibers, straight or slightly curved. the distance from the tip of the lower bean to the soil is 1-2 cm. The mass of the bean is 6-6.5 g. The beans contain 8.5-10% dry matter, 2.2-2.5% sugars, 18-40 mg% vitamin C, the taste of beans3, 9-4.2 points. Harvest of beans 7-8 t/ha. Resistant to bacteriosis. Zoned in Moldova.
• Triumph sugar 764- an early-ripening bean variety (85-90 days). The bush is compact, erect, medium-branched, 30-40 cm high. Pink flowers. The fruits are flat-cylindrical, straight, 12-16 cm long. The seeds are yellow. Relatively resistant to fungal diseases.
• Generous. Early ripening shelling variety of beans (85-95 days). Erect, medium-branched bush, 25-45 cm high. Pink flowers. Seeds greyish-yellow. Moderately resistant to anthracnose and bacteriosis.
• Jubilee 287. Mid-season asparagus bean variety UkrNIOB. The plant is bushy, compact, 30-35 cm high. Bean is straight, straw-yellow, juicy, fleshy. There is no parchment layer and fiber in the beans. There are 9-12 beans per plant, 9-13 cm long. The taste is excellent. Productivity up to 2 kg / m. Seeds are white with pink streaks.
• Eureka- grain beans with white grains.
• Esperanto- a mid-season variety of asparagus beans bred by the Pridnestrovian Research Institute of Agriculture. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 50-55 days, until seeds ripen 76-81. The bush is 31-44 cm high. The flowers are white, 2-4 pairs in a brush. The bean is slightly curved or straight, rounded in diameter, green, 8-12 cm long, 0.9-1 wide, without a parchment layer and fibers, the distance from the tip of the lower bean to the soil is 4-5 cm. The mass of the bean is 6.5 g. 13 beans. Beans contain 8-11% dry matter, 2-2.6% sugars, 19-31 mg% vitamin C, protein 2.1-2.7%, fiber 0.8-1, taste of canned beans 4.1-4.6 points . Seeds in the phase of biological ripeness are white, round-oblong with a white scar. Weight 1000 seeds 380-334 g. Bean yield 7-9 t/ha. Resistant to bacteriosis, as well as to low positive temperatures. Zoned in Moldova.
• Kharkiv belosemyanka D -45- Early ripe variety of beans (70-75 days). Plants are bushy, 25-30 cm high. Bodies are yellow, flat-round, 12-15 cm long, without fibers, but the parchment layer is formed early. The seeds are white. It is weakly affected by bacteriosis and common mosaic.
• Fragile Waxy 509- mid-season sugar bean variety, very well suited for freezing.
• hetton pinto- a variety of vegetable curly beans, light green beans, 10-12 cm long.
• Fantasy- a variety of asparagus bush beans with green pods, 13 cm long. SeDeK.
• Fatima- a variety of curly asparagus beans. Bob flattened, up to 50 cm long.
• purple Mid-season curly bean variety. The period from germination to technical ripeness is 65-85 days. The plant, 3-3.5 m long, requires support for growth. The beans are long, without a parchment layer, rounded flat, slightly curved, purple, each with 6-10 grains. Mature seeds are elongated kidney-shaped, light brown. Universal use.