Diseases of fruit plants. Lichens and their treatment

Fruit fruit trees are exposed various diseases. The most common diseases include scab, bacterial cancer stone fruit trees, powdery mildew of apple and pear trees, brown rot and powdery mildew of stone fruit trees. How to deal with these diseases?

Scab infestation of fruit trees

The leaves of fruit trees are covered with dark spots. Severely infected leaves die and fall off prematurely. Paralysis also affects the fruit buds, they are deformed and severely affected by scab fall off.

Every year in pear orchards, the leaves of the trees are attacked by various diseases and pests. Pathogens are especially dangerous because of the frequent movement from the leaf to the fruit and other parts of the pear. Diseased leaves of apple and pear fruit trees have Negative influence on the appearance plants and significantly weaken it.

Scab is caused by a fungus. Scab symptoms are found not only on the leaves, on their underside, but also on fruits and stems and is considered the most common leaf disease of fruit trees. On the underside of the leaves, along the main vein, olive - brown spots which become darker over time. Spots also appear on fruit ovaries, which subsequently dry out. The tips of young stems are also affected by spots.

The fungus, which is the source of the disease, overwinters on pear and apple leaves and on diseased shoots.

pear scab

The fight against scab consists, first of all, in the removal of infected leaves and fruits. Removed leaves are recommended to be burned or buried deep. They are not suitable for compost.

To protect the plant from infection, it is recommended to spray the plants at intervals of 5-7 days during the formation and development of buds with one of the following preparations Merpan, Captan, Folpan, Thiram Granuflo, Pomarsol Forte, Delan. At the beginning of the growing season, products containing copper should also be used. To combat the symptoms of scab, such remedies as Mythos, Chorus, Capitan, Bumper, Score are also good, which should be treated with trees at intervals of 10-14 days.

pear scab

Processing pear trees from scab begins in the phase of the appearance of the first green leaves and ovaries and is repeated every 10-14 days. You can use fungicides, the same ones that are used against apple scab. AT initial period a copper-containing fungicide (eg Miedzian 50 WP, Miedzian Extra 350 SC) and a fungicide containing captan (Kaptan 50 WP, Captan 50 WP, Merpan 80 WG) are used.

In amateur gardening, fungicides with a high copper content should be limited, although preparations are allowed for ecological use.

In the stage of white bud formation, it is necessary to systematically spray the plant with such products as Dithane Neo Tec 75 WG, Syllit 65 WP, Zato 50 WG, Score 250 EC.

White spotting of pear leaves

White spot on pear leaves is a fungal disease that affects only the leaves of the tree. The disease is characterized by the appearance on the leaves of a tree of round or arbitrary-shaped spots with a diameter of about 3-5 mm, light brown. As the disease progresses, the spots increase, leading to premature leaf shedding. The causative agent of the disease endures the winter on fallen infected leaves.

White Spotted Pear

As with scab, the fight against white leaf spot is the removal of affected leaves. Fungicides that counteract the further development of the disease effectively help against white spotting of pear leaves. Lukasovka and Favoritka pears, Polish selection, are especially vulnerable to white spotting. Therefore, it is best to avoid planting these varieties in your garden.

Rust (rust) of pear and apple leaves

Apple and pear trees are also susceptible to rust. Rust is one of the most characteristic and easily identifiable leaf diseases of these fruit trees. Bright spots observed in spring on pear leaves are the first symptom of an incipient disease. The leaves in these places thicken and stop developing. In summer, on the underside of the leaves, yellow, cone-shaped concentrated circles also appear, reaching 1 cm in diameter and 3-4 mm high.

Apple leaf rust

The fight against rust consists, first of all, in removing leaves affected by the disease from the tree and removing the juniper that grows in the immediate vicinity of your pear and apple orchard.

If the symptoms of pear leaf disease do not resemble those indicated above, it is necessary to check whether pests are the cause of leaf damage.

Powdery mildew of apple and pear

A characteristic whitish, crumbly coating can be seen on the leaves, stems, and flowers of affected plants. Leaves stop growing, curl, in extreme cases, fall off prematurely. Shoots and buds stop growing. The flowers are small, the fruits become hard, like the bark of a young tree. Severely infected stems of trees must be burned, and the trees are sprayed (from the rosebud phase) with one of the preparations Nimrod, Discus, Score, Domark, Capitan, Kaptan Plus, Bumper, Zato.

Powdery mildew of apple tree

Bacterial canker of stone fruit trees

The disease most often affects cherries. Ground parts of trees may be affected. Infected flowers and buds do not grow, but die and turn brown. Brown, rotten spots appear on the fruit ovaries. Watery, slightly later brown spots form on the leaves, within which the leaf becomes thinner and completely destroyed. Cracks are visible on the bark of affected plants, which expand and sometimes cover the entire circumference, the bark dies, and resin flows out of the resulting wounds. Infected trees during budding, flowering and leaf fall are sprayed with Champion and Miedzian.

Bacterial canker of stone fruit trees

Moniliosis

The disease affects cherries, plums, peaches and apricots. Brown spots appear on the fruit, which multiply rapidly and cover the entire surface. Diseased fruits remain on the trees and turn into deformed black mummies. Some of the affected fruits fall off. During the period of full flowering, the plant is sprayed with one of the preparations: Riza, Sirius, Torsin.

Moniliosis of fruit trees

Leaf curl of peach trees

A very dangerous disease of peach trees, as a result of which the leaves of the peach tree become curled, small and unnatural. pink color, which points to fungal infection. Infected leaves become wrinkled, thick and brittle. AT initial stage diseases, they are light green, then turn red. Heavily infected leaves dry up and fall off in June. Sick trees grow slowly, crops are poor and the trees are not frost tolerant.

Peach leaf curl

Curly fight

Unfortunately, the eradication of the disease in the summer, when the symptoms are already visible, is not effective. Spraying should be done before leaves appear. It is best to do it twice. First time in autumn after leaf fall using Miedzian 50 WP or Efuzin 500 SC. Second time in early spring before bud break using Syllit. If, despite these procedures, curly leaves appear on peach trees, they must be removed along with the shoots on which they grow.

Video on how to protect an apple tree from diseases and pests

All diseases of the orchard are conditionally divided into fungal and bacterial. The former include rust, phyllosticosis, septoria, black and European cancer, milky sheen, scab, powdery mildew, moniliosis and cytosporosis. From the second group of diseases garden trees The most dangerous are bacterial cancer and bacterial burn. When affected by these infections, both the leaves and the bark of crops suffer, without effective protective measures, you can completely lose the crop.

The main fungal diseases of fruit trees in the garden

Among the main fungal diseases of fruit trees, the following are distinguished.

Scab of apple and pear. Pathogens: on the apple tree - the fungus Venturia inaequalis, department of Ascomicot, and on the pear - V. pirina.

Symptoms: Mild yellowish, as if oily spots first appear on the leaves. Later, they acquire a greenish-brown color, a velvety coating of conidial sporulation is noticeable on their surface. On the leaves of an apple tree, scab spots are located mainly on the upper side, and on pear leaves - more often on the lower side. Severely affected leaves of trees in the garden affected by this fungal disease dry up and fall off prematurely. The spots on the fruits are round, dark in color, with a very narrow light rim. The surface of the spots is also covered with an olive-brown coating. When young fruits are infected, they become ugly and grow poorly. Young shoots are affected in pears, less often in apple trees. Blisters form on them, which then crack, and a dark coating is visible in the cracks. Sources of infection: persistence mainly on fallen diseased leaves in the form of marsupial sporulation, which causes primary infection of emerging leaves; multiple dispersal of conidia with water and wind during the growing season.

Powdery mildew. The causative agent is the fungus Podosphaera leucotricha, Ascomycot department.

Symptoms: young leaves, shoots, buds, flowers, and subsequently the fruits of apple and pear trees are covered with a grayish-white powdery coating, which gradually acquires a reddish tint. Severely affected leaves develop slowly, fold into a boat along the main vein. Affected shoots, ovaries, and flowers remain underdeveloped and dry out. Severely affected leaves, buds and ovaries usually fall off, and the shoots dry up. With this disease, the development of fruit trees worsens, the yield decreases. Sources of infection: preservation mainly on the affected organs in the form of cleistothecia or mycelium; multiple dispersal of conidia with water and wind during the growing season.

Moniliosis. The causative agent is the fungus Monilia fructigena, Ascomycot department. The disease can manifest itself as fruit rot and in the form of a monilial burn.

Symptoms: begins with the appearance of brown areas of rot on the fruits, which grow rapidly, covering a significant part of the fruit. The pulp softens, grayish-white sporulation pads appear on the surface of the affected part of the fruit, located in concentric circles.

As can be seen in the photo, the fruits of fruit trees infected with this disease turn black over time, mummify:

With a monilial burn in the spring, during the flowering phase, rapid browning and drying of flowers, growing shoots, and sometimes young ovaries occur. Sources of infection: preservation in the affected mummified fruits, and in the burn form - in the bark of the affected shoots. It is spread by conidia with water and wind, penetrating through wounds on fruits and flowers.

Diseases of the bark and leaves of fruit trees (with photo and video)

Black cancer. The causative agent is the fungus Sphaeropsis malorum, Deuteromycota department.

Symptoms: the bark of skeletal branches and trunk, leaves, fruits are affected. With this disease, a dent appears on the bark of fruit trees, the trunk grows dull in this place, acquires a brownish-violet color, which then turns into black, looks like a charred tree, then the bark cracks into different directions, its surface is covered with small tubercles - pycnidia. Separate plots cracked bark can chip, exposing the wood.

See how the symptoms of this fruit tree bark disease look in the photo:

Reddish-brown spots are noticeable on the leaves, often round in shape, with time a few black dots appear in the center of the spots. The fruits rot, turn black, mummify, become covered with black tubercles of pycnidia.

Sources of infection: preservation in the affected bark, fallen leaves, fruits; spread by conidia with water and wind, mainly through wounds.

Pear rust. The causative agent is the fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae, Basidiomycota department.

Symptoms: the aecial stage develops on the pear as an intermediate host. The main hosts are some species of juniper, on the bark of the stems and needles of which the teliostage of the pathogen passes. Pear leaves are affected. First, rounded orange spots with black dots - spermagonia appear on the upper side of the leaves. On the underside, against these spots, oblong cone-shaped or mammillary outgrowths are formed - aetsia with aetsiospores. The formed aetsiospores of this disease of trees in the garden infect the needles and bark of juniper. Uredinostage absent. Sources of infection: the fungus in the form of mycelium can persist for several years in the bark of diseased junipers.

Phyllosticosis, or brown leaf spot. The causative agent is a fungus of the genus Phyllosticta, Deuteromycota department.

Symptoms: The leaves of the apple tree are mainly affected, less often the pear, on which small oval spots of light yellow, ocher, gray, brownish color with or without a dark brown rim develop. Over time, pycnidia appear in the form of black dots on the spots.

Pay attention to the photo - if this disease is severely affected, the leaves of fruit trees turn yellow and die prematurely:

Sources of infection: persistence in affected leaves; dispersed by conidia with water and wind.

Septoria, or white leaf spot. The causative agent is the fungus Septoria piricola, Deuteromycota department.

Symptoms: pear leaves are usually affected, on which small rounded grayish-white spots develop with a narrow dark brown border. Over time, with the development of this disease fruit trees pycnidia in the form of black dots appear on the spots. With severe damage, the leaves dry up and die prematurely. Sources of infection: persistence in affected leaves; dispersed by conidia with water and wind.

This video demonstrates the main diseases of fruit trees:

Symptoms of diseases of fruit plants

Cytosporosis. The causative agent is a fungus of the genus Cytospora, Department of Deuteromycota

Symptoms: shoots, branches and stems are usually affected hardwood trees, including pome and stone fruits. The bark in the affected areas begins to fade, dry out, becomes covered with large noticeable tubercles - pycnidia. This disease fruit plants often covers the entire branch or shoot, they quickly dry out. The color of the affected bark does not differ from the healthy one; when trying to separate it from the wood, it is crushed.

Sources of infection: preservation in the affected cortex; spread by conidia with water and wind, mainly through wounds.

Milky shine. Non-infectious, rarely fungal disease caused by Stereum purpureum, Basidiomycota department.

Symptoms: all fruit crops are affected, but more often than others -,. Usually found in areas with cold winters, on trees with frozen wood, sometimes after incorrect, untimely pruning.

As you can see in the photo, with this disease, the leaves of the trees in the garden become light gray, shiny, with a silvery (“milky”) tint due to the air cavities formed in the leaf tissue:

Subsequently, the growth of the leaves stops, they become small, dry, brittle. The edges of the leaf blades gradually become necrotic. It can appear both on individual branches and on the entire tree. On the cut of the affected branches, the wood has a brown color. By autumn, the fruiting bodies of the fungus-causative agent are formed on the branches - leathery thin plates 2-3 cm in size, attached sideways to the branch. Sources of infection: preservation in the affected branches; spread by basidiospores with water and wind, mainly through wounds.

Ordinary, or European, cancer. The causative agent is the fungus Nectria galligena, Ascomicot department.

Symptoms: trunks, forks of skeletal branches and branches of the first order of various hardwoods are affected. In this case, diseases of fruit trees on the bark form small depressed spots; then the bark in these places dies off with the formation of sagging or deep cracks (wounds), sometimes reaching the core of the tree. In spring, reddish-pink tubercles 1-2 mm (stroma with perithecia) form around the wounds. Usually weakened, mechanically damaged trees become infected.

Sources of infection: preservation in the affected bark and wood; spread by conidia with water and wind, mainly through wounds.

Diseases of fruit trees, just like human diseases, can be caused by a wide variety of factors. If you do not start fighting diseases of fruit trees in time, you can lose the entire crop.

1 Non-infectious tree diseases - how to deal with them?

First of all, you need to consider diseases that are caused by factors such as an excess or lack of moisture, as well as frost. Let's start with a lack of moisture, which for fruit trees can result in at least drying of the leaves. It should be said right away that many shrubs and trees can tolerate a lack of moisture for a long time. But this does not mean at all that you should not water the plants in the garden, because the lack of moisture can lead to a number of problems:

• shoots stop growing and developing;
• drying leaves deprive the plant of important "building" elements - phosphorus and nitrogen;
• after several fruiting seasons, when the fruits absorb the remaining moisture, the tree may die;
• leaves begin to fall prematurely;
• the tree becomes more susceptible to diseases and pests.

• Garden plants with decorative leaves
• Spraying grapes in autumn with iron sulphate
• Spraying the garden in winter

However, an excess of moisture can also adversely affect the development of plants. The most famous disease caused by excess fluid is called dropsy. Its main symptoms include:

• sudden fall of healthy leaves;
• death of shoots (if you do not start fighting the disease, the tree itself will die in a couple of years);
• fruits become tasteless and quickly deteriorate;
• plants can become covered with lichen.

Plants in the garden also need protection from snow, this is especially true for fragile and young trees. The most terrible natural enemy of the inhabitants of your garden is frost, which can lead to cracks in the wood, cracking and death of the bark. As a result of such damage, plants on the site become more vulnerable to a variety of infections and diseases.

To avoid such problems, we must not forget about the importance of carrying out agrotechnical activities in the garden, which will ensure timely preparation plants for cold weather.

So, for example, to prevent frost burns, peel the old bark from the tree, and treat the skeletal stems with a mixture of 20% milk of lime and 3.5% solution of copper sulfate. In the spring, the treatment is repeated again. So that the plants do not suffer from frost, before the winter cold, tree trunks are tied with spruce paws, straw and white paper.

2 Infectious diseases and their treatment

There are a lot of tree diseases, and their treatment is individual in each case. Experienced gardeners diseases can be easily distinguished by their characteristics, which allows them to accurately determine the method of treatment, but young gardeners first need to know these very signs. And only then spray the plants with suitable means for protection.

Scab. This disease is considered one of the most common. It is quite simple to determine the scab - brown spots form on the leaves, and after a few weeks the leaves begin to fall off. The fruits lose their appearance - black blotches appear on the apples. Blisters can be seen on the shoots. The main problem with scab is that the infected tree develops very slowly, can freeze in winter and bloom very poorly.

The fight against this disease must be serious. In March, gardeners carry out an eradicating spraying of the soil near the trunks with a solution of sulfate (1 l) and urea (700 ml). A solution of nitrophoska is also suitable (dissolve 1 kg of the product in 10 liters of water). The consumption of the mixture for spraying an adult tree is an average of 4 liters. You can use Bordeaux liquid for spraying the garden. In this case, the processing is carried out twice a year - in early spring and after the petals fall. The main thing is to prepare the solution correctly. So, for the first spraying, mix 300 ml of copper sulfate and lime in 10 liters of water, for the second - 100 ml each in the same volume of water. Such treatment will be very effective.

However best defense for trees is preventive measures Any gardener will tell you so. Therefore, be sure to practice foliar feeding of the plant with a solution of urea - about 60 g of the product per bucket of water. It is also necessary to collect the fruits affected by the disease in time and destroy them. Be careful in the spring - as soon as the snow melts, scrape off the remaining foliage with shoots and burn them. And during the season, cut out branches that you think are diseased so that the sore does not transfer to healthy parts of the trees.

Black cancer is another disease of fruit trees that requires effective treatment. This sore affects the bark, stems, shoots, leaves and fruits. The disease is quite easy to see - black spots form on the leaves and fruits, red spots on the bark, which eventually become covered with pores. The main problem is that as a result of the appearance of pores, the bark can crack and as a result fall off, forming wounds. If the disease is not treated, it will lead to the death of the tree.

If you notice black cancer on a plant, immediately spray the trees with Bordeaux liquid (1%). But the most important thing here is to heal the wound. First of all, we clean the bark - carefully cut the bark with a knife until healthy wood appears. Then the cleaned place must be disinfected using a solution iron sulphate(we dilute 20 g of the product in 1 liter of water) or copper oxychloride. After the bark dries, we treat the wound with garden pitch.

Powdery mildew. The main feature is white coating, which at first can be removed quite simply. If you do not provide fruit trees high-quality protection, the infected areas will begin to die off, the tree will stop developing, the leaves will fall off. The infection most often affects the lower leaves first, slowly flowing upwards, gradually affecting the fruits, which leads to their rapid decay.

The development of powdery mildew occurs mainly in the warm season in conditions of sharp fluctuations in temperature and high humidity. Often the disease appears after overfeeding the plant with nitrogen fertilizers. One of the most important conditions in the fight against powdery mildew is the removal of diseased shoots. The second stage of protection is the use of phosphorus supplements and organic fertilizers. Be sure to spray the trees with fungicides, the most effective of which is Topaz. There are also several folk recipes that can protect against powdery mildew:

• Pour 100 g of ash with a liter of boiling water and infuse the mixture for a day. After that, strain and add a little soap diluted in water. Spray the trees with this solution twice at weekly intervals;
• Fresh mullein may also help. To prepare the solution, take 3 liters of manure, fill it with water and leave the mixture for a couple of days, stirring occasionally. After this time, strain the solution through a cloth and dilute again with water in a ratio of 1:10. It is advisable to spray the trees with such a solution in the evening to avoid sunburn. It must be remembered that only fresh mullein will be effective, and therefore the solution must be prepared before each use;
• Use of curdled milk. In the fight against powdery mildew, yogurt helps - dilute it with water in a ratio of 1:10. After that, spray the plants with the resulting mixture.

Fruit rot. It is not so difficult to notice it - they appear on the leaves brown spots, which grow rapidly and flow to the fruit. Fruits infected with this disease rot, change shape and fall or dry out. If the fruits remain on the tree, then next season they will begin to form spores that can infect new harvest. In this case, as in the case of scab, spraying with a solution of urea will help, as well as treatment with lime "milk", for the preparation of which you need to dissolve 1.5 kg of lime in 10 liters of water.

Leaf spotting. This disease most often manifests itself in the form of spots light color with black dots on the leaves. The tissue affected by the disease soon falls out, leaving behind holes in the leaves, the bark of the diseased tree cracks, wounds appear on the trunk, releasing gum. Young shoots weaken due to spotting, become more susceptible to cold and frost, and yields also decrease. If the plant is not sprayed in time, it may die.

The main problem is the resulting gum wounds, dangerous topics that they may be contaminated by another infection. That is why they need to be treated with a solution of copper sulphate (100 g of product per 10 liters of water), and at the end with garden pitch, which will protect the open space on the tree from diseases. Preventive measures are simple - thin out the crown in time. Before the buds swell, be sure to treat the plant with a solution of ferrous sulfate (500 g of the product per 10 liters of water) and spray with a solution of nitrofen (dissolve 300 g of the product in 10 liters of water).

3 Preventive measures against diseases

Instead of fighting diseases of garden plants, it is better to provide high-quality protection of trees from diseases. In other words, you need to carry out preventive work, thanks to which you can save a lot of your time and effort.

Basic rules for protecting the garden:

• never bring it into the garden fruit bushes and other plants that are already infected;
• be sure to remove the excess crown and diseased shoots, also avoiding dense plantings;
• try to avoid mechanical damage, protect trees from severe frosts and sunburn;
• in autumn it is necessary to dig up the soil, and in the spring it is necessary to loosen the soil;
• try every evening to collect fallen leaves;
• do not fertilize the soil excessively - this can also lead to the appearance of diseases;
• do not leave in the garden plant remains and heaps of rubbish.

But, if you suddenly find any signs of infection in the garden, be sure to take measures to spray the trees to prevent the development of diseases and preserve the crop.

The garden is the joy and pride of the summer resident. What could be better than the moment when you approach your tree, pick an apple, and, with a habitual gesture, rubbing it on a trouser leg (or skirt), you bite into a juicy fruit sprinkled with juice with a crunch ... But a garden is ...

The garden is the joy and pride of the summer resident. What could be better than the moment when you approach your tree, pick an apple, and, with a habitual gesture, rubbing it on your trouser leg (or skirt), you bite into a juicy fruit splashed with juice with a crunch ...

But a garden is also a responsibility. In front of the trees we give life to in our garden. They, like family members, must be loved - fed, watered, protected and treated ... Trees, like people, get sick. And there are many reasons for this. Today we will look at6 main

Reason 1: mechanical damage

The main causes of mechanical damage:

• Heavy snowfall and glaciation that break branches

• Hares and mouse-like rodents that gnaw on bark
• Insect pests that damage leaves, flowers and fruits
• Strong wind, from which abrasions appear on the leaves (due to contact with the branches)
• Hail that lacerates leaves and dents fruits
• sloppy manual processing, in which boles and branches are damaged
• Negligence in harvesting, when the bark is damaged and branches are broken

In the next video, we will learn why and how an improperly sawn branch of a fruit tree can lead to serious diseases and the formation of a hollow.

Reason 2: thermal damage

Freezing

Some diseases quickly lead the plant to death. Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses:

• Necrosis (rot)

• Hyperplasia (cancer)
• Wilt (vascular mycosis)
• powdery mildew
• Rust
• Anthracnose
• Mummification
• Scab
• spotting
• Infectious deformities
• infectious chlorosis
• Mosaic

Reason 5: pest damage

Damage from pests is noticeable not only in the year when their attack happened. As a rule, the next year's harvest for a weakened tree is also at risk. Pests significantly reduce the winter hardiness of fruit trees and berries, their resistance to various diseases.

Fruit tree pests:

• Ticks

• Hawthorn, apple and fruit moths
• hawthorn
• apple flower beetle
• Eastern codling moth
• Pear pipe wrecker
• Sapwood
• Western unpaired bark beetle
• goose
• Ringed, oaky and gypsy moths
• Underbark leafworm

Reason 6: eating disorders

Mineral deficiency

• disturbed movement of nutrients in plants due to damage to the tissues of the trunk and branches
• limited absorption of nutrients due to the genetic characteristics of the plant
• lack or vice versa, excess water in the soil
• partial freezing of the root system
• damage to the root system of a tree by rodents
• too low or high temperature of both soil and air
• lack of a necessary element in the soil
• reduced or advanced level soil pH

Signs of a mineral deficiency

Phosphorus deficiency
1. Pome leaves become narrow
2. Petioles and veins on the underside noticeably redden
3. Young shoots acquire a red-brown color
4. The leaves of berry bushes become smaller, become reddish-purple

Potassium deficiency
1. Slightly pronounced chlorosis between leaf veins is noticeable
2. In pome seeds, the leaves first turn pale, then a yellow-brown stripe, similar to a burn, forms along their edges.
3. With acute potassium starvation, the leaves of the apple tree become brown, and the pear - black

Of the trace elements, fruit trees most often experience a lack of boron, zinc, copper and manganese.

Boron deficiency
1. Fruits are tied worse in an apple tree, tissues cork with growth
2. Leaves develop small, thickened
3. Shoots often bush.

Lack of copper
1. Brown spots form on the leaves
2. The leaves on the tops of the shoots turn brown at the edges, deform and fall off more often

Zinc deficiency
1. Small, narrow, hard leaves, collected in rosettes on the tops of annual shoots

Manganese deficiency
1. Leaves become variegated
2. Chlorosis is observed between the veins

Surplus of mineral fertilizers

With an excess of phosphorus
Iron and zinc in the soil pass into an indigestible state for plants. As a result:
1. Chlorosis is provoked (iron deficiency)
2. Increases the rosette of the apple tree (zinc deficiency).

Caring for your garden is a difficult but very interesting job. A summer resident needs to be not just an agronomist and a good owner, but also a patient and caring doctor Aibolit for his pets. Timely preventive measures and love for Nature will definitely help to grow a healthy, pleasing to the eye and soul garden. published

Fruit trees, like any living organisms, are susceptible to various infections and viruses. Often leads to infection improper care, lack of disease prevention, unfavorable growing conditions. What diseases of fruit trees are most common, and what measures can be taken to treat them, let's talk in more detail.

Article outline

Types of diseases and their causes

All diseases of fruit trees are classified according to the type of pathogen:

Precondition for infection horticultural crops most often there is a violation of the integrity of the tissues of trees. The cause of damage may be a mechanical injury caused during trimming. During severe frosts, cracks appear on the bark, rodents leave small peels on the trunks.

Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate into tissues through untreated wounds and begin to multiply actively. Pathogenic flora does not have the ability to photosynthesis, which means that it feeds on trees. If measures are not taken in time, such vital activity can lead to the complete destruction of the fruit crop.

fungal diseases

Tiny blotches gradually grow, turning into large spots. Further, the fungus captures young shoots and old branches. The spots are getting Brown color with purple tint. In dry weather, anthracnose stops its development, but during the rainy season, the wood begins to rot very quickly, collapsing at the slightest breeze or touch.

In the process of treatment, it is urgent to remove the affected parts of the wood and apply products containing copper: Bordeaux mixture or copper sulphate.

powdery mildew

The disease is dangerous for all crops: berry, ornamental, vegetable, fruit. On trees, it appears as a white bloom of mycelium, on which spores ripen. Mature spores resemble water droplets, which is why the disease is called powdery mildew.

On the initial stage the fungus affects leaves located closer to the ground. Further, the fungus spreads to young shoots and foliage. If powdery mildew has attacked the inflorescences, they will not form ovaries. If the disease develops during the fruiting period, the crop will rot and fall off. The affected parts of the wood blacken and die over time.

May be over-injection nitrogen fertilizers or improper cutting. But top dressing with potassium and phosphorus, on the contrary, prevents this disease.

fruit rot

Fruit rot experts call moniliosis. Pathogenic fungi Ascomycetes cause the disease. A prerequisite for the appearance of fruit rot are hot weather at high humidity and the presence of damage to the wood. A brown coating appears on the foliage, the inflorescences dry and die off completely. Affected fruits become bitter and have an unpleasant aftertaste.

For the treatment of moniliosis, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate and other copper-containing agrochemicals are used. Processing is carried out at intervals of several weeks up to 3 times from the moment the ovaries are formed. In the process of fruiting, it is necessary to regularly remove the affected fruits.

Scab

Dangerous disease for fruit and berry species. Appears brown on foliage green tint raid. From the foliage, the plaque moves to the fruits, which acquire an ugly shape, deform, become one-sided and fall off ahead of time.

For the prevention of scab, all diseased areas are cut and destroyed in the fall. For processing use a solution of urea 4%, trunk circle watered with a solution of urea at a concentration of 7%. Trees heal in spring Bordeaux mixture 1%, starting from the period of swelling of the kidneys and until the complete disappearance of the disease, with breaks between treatments of two weeks.

Note! Most often, scab is found on pears, apple trees and potatoes.

trunk rot

Stem rot is called cytosporosis, the disease affects any fruit, ornamental and berry crops. Accompanied by blackening of the affected areas. Treatment begins with stripping the fungal focus to healthy tree tissues.

If, as a result of stripping, a deep hollow has formed, it is treated with copper-containing solutions and garden pitch. Next, the hollow is sealed with special putties. industrial production or self-prepared composition:

• 1 part sand / 3 parts cement / broken brick (as needed).

The resulting dry mixture is diluted with water to a dense consistency and filled with a hollow. From above, the hole is covered with burlap until completely dry. When the burlap is removed, the hole is additionally covered oil paint or drying oil to fill in all the cracks.

To process small holes after stripping, any biostimulants are used and the surface is covered with polyethylene. The procedure is carried out several times.

Note! Only transparent polyethylene is used, as wood restoration proceeds faster under the influence of sunlight.

Black cancer

Ugly dark-colored growths on wood are called black cancer by gardeners. The disease is caused by a pathogenic fungus that can completely destroy a fruit crop in 2 to 4 years. When the first signs of black cancer appear, it is urgent to start treating the tree.

First, a stripping is carried out with the capture of a two-centimeter layer of healthy tissues. The cleaned place is treated with a solution of 20 g of copper sulfate / 1 liter of liquid, covered with garden pitch or any purchased antiseptic for trees.

Note! Cleaning is best done before the temperature reaches +15°C, when the spores have not yet begun their active life.

Fungicides against fungi

Two types of industrial fungicides are used against fungal diseases on fruit trees: inorganic origin and biological preparations of a new generation.

Of the inorganic, the most effective will be the means:

• Kuproksat,
• Ridomil Gold.

Of the biological drugs, a drug is suitable for treatment, and for prevention, Pseudobacterin.

Fruit crops become especially sensitive to bacterial infection with a lack of nutrients. However, an excess of nitrogen in mineral and organic top dressing also leads to a decrease in plant resistance to bacteria. Bacterial burn and bacteriosis became the most common diseases in fruit trees.

Bacterial burn

The first cases of bacterial burns have been known since the 18th century. Today, this disease is ubiquitous, and all fruit crops are susceptible to it, although apple and pear trees suffer the most. Pathogenic bacteria spread from diseased trees to healthy ones, sparing neither young nor old plants, and can destroy an entire garden in just one season.

Bacterial burn on wood is manifested by dark, watery spots. Shoots and foliage turn black, look as if scorched. Inflorescences quickly “burn out” and fall off. The fruits, if they have time to start, darken and dry out.

The bark softens, becomes covered with cracks through which a white liquid appears. White drops quickly turn yellow and look like fungal spores. The bark bulges, cracks and takes on a strange brownish-red color with a marbled pattern. Ulcers form on the branches.

A bacterial burn is difficult to determine, as it spreads from top to bottom. In addition, it is often confused with cortical necrosis, therefore, the wrong treatment is carried out. Only a laboratory study can determine a bacterial burn.

For prevention garden plants regularly treated with insecticides to prevent the spread of fire blight by insects. Also destroy all wild fruit crops at a distance of 150 m from the garden. The carrier of the disease is often hawthorn, it is also subject to destruction.

Bacterial burn is treated with antibiotics:

• gentamicin,
• rifampicin,
• kanamycin, streptomycin,
• chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid.

Before treatment with antimicrobials, the diseased parts of the wood are removed, and the sections are treated blue vitriol. All these funds are used in May - early June.

Against a bacterial burn or, but solutions from copper-containing preparations should not be highly concentrated. Plants do not need additional burns of leaves and wood.

As an extreme measure, the complete destruction of the tree is used. In this case, all fruit crops within a five-meter radius are uprooted, as they can be a source of infection.

bacteriosis

Signs of bacteriosis are exfoliation of the bark and cracks. In this case, darkening and drying of the tissues under the bark are observed. Most often, gardens located near swamps, lakes and other bodies of water are susceptible to bacteriosis. Promotes the spread of infection high humidity and insect attacks.

For prevention, cleaning is carried out after the winter and all shoots weakened by frost are removed. In autumn, the leaves are removed and the garden is sprayed with a solution of copper sulfate. In early spring carry out whitewashing of trunks with lime with the addition of copper-containing agents. Wounds and cracks are covered with garden pitch.

For treatment, the affected areas are cleaned with the capture of healthy wood, the wound is treated with copper sulfate and wrapped with a cloth dipped in a similar composition. The bandage is removed after 10 days. If the signs of the disease have disappeared, the wound is allowed to dry for 2 days, and then covered with garden pitch. If the disease has not disappeared, the stripping and further processing procedure is repeated.

During the treatment period, fruit trees are fed with nitroammophos 30 g / 10 l or any potassium-phosphorus fertilizers are used. Nitrogen top dressing at this time is not recommended.

Note! Treatment of bacteriosis will give a result only if no more than 20% - 40% of the wood is affected. Otherwise, the plant must be destroyed.

Viral diseases

The most common viral diseases are:

1. Mosaic.
2. Spotting ring.
3. Scald virus.

Mosaic affects any fruit crops, manifests itself as mosaic patterns and necrotic spots on leaf plates. Causes twisting of foliage, leads to cracking of the bark and fruits.

ring spot characteristic of all berry crops and fruit trees. It is expressed by premature yellowing of the vegetative mass, inhibition of shoot growth, and withering of the plant as a whole.

Scald virus stone fruits are susceptible. The signs of this dangerous disease are the lightening of the veins of the leaf plates, the annular ornament on the fruit, the fall of the berries ahead of time, and the brittleness of the wood.

Often the symptoms of viral diseases resemble fungal foci, so treatment always begins with the use of fungicides. If antifungal agents do not help, then the plant is infected with a virus. Unfortunately, viral diseases are not cured, and the affected trees must be destroyed.

Now you know what diseases are fruit crops, and how to treat the garden at the first symptoms of infection. But I would like to remind you that the most in an efficient way to avoid diseases is their prevention. Remember to thin out, keep an eye on watering and fertilizing, use insecticides against insects, and diseases will bypass your garden.