Rules for the installation of sewer wells. How to install sewer wells

Since sewer systems have been created and used for thousands of years, the technology of their equipment has been worked out to the smallest detail. This article describes correct device sewer well, as prescribed by building codes.

Here, the locations and types of wells, their sizes and the requirements for these structures are regulated.

In the case of private households with local treatment facilities(septic tank) in the area between the outlet of the internal sewerage from the building and the receiving chamber of the device, a manhole must be equipped. Also, one of the options for disposing of wastewater after a septic tank is this.

An inspection well is also provided before the entrance of the local sewer system to the intra-quarter network or the central collector, outside the red development line (a conditional border that separates the territory for placing buildings from streets, driveways, etc.).

Important information! According to SNiP, sewer wells (inspection) with a pipe size external sewerage up to 150 mm should be arranged after 35 m, at 200 - after 50 m on straight sections of pipelines, as well as:

• When turning the system
• When changing pipe diameter or slope
• At branch entry points

The requirements for sewer wells and their components are set out: for reinforced concrete products - in GOST 2080-90, for polymer wells - in GOST-R No. 0260760.

For plastic devices many manufacturers also develop their own specifications ( specifications).

Stone wells for sewerage can be made of prefabricated and monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete, bricks, and filter wells can also be made of rubble stone.

When constructing sewer wells from polymers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), or polyethylene (PE) are used.

In addition, some models are made by combining some of the listed materials.

The dimensions that sewer wells SNiP should have are as follows:

• On pipelines with a diameter of up to 150 mm - at least 70 mm
• Up to 600 mm - 1000 mm
• 700 mm - 1250 mm
• 800-1000 mm - 1500 mm
• 1200 and more -2000 mm
• Not less than 1500 mm for any diameter and depth of 3 m and above

At the same time, the volume of the sewer well is not separately regulated, but, based on the given depth and diameter, it is not difficult to calculate it.

Any construction of sewer wells begins with earthworks- excerpts of the pit and trench. Before this, a set of preparatory work is carried out.

It includes:

• Breakdown (marking) of the territory where the well will be located
• Demolition of trees, shrubs, other vegetation at the work site
• Demolition / relocation of buildings that interfere with construction
• Arrangement of a temporary road/exit to the construction site

When constructing a pit for sewer wells standard project provides next order works:

• Held his excerpt
• The bottom is being cleaned
• The level of laying and the angles of slopes of the walls are checked against the project
• For stone structures: device at the bottom of the waterproofing (usually with bituminous mastic) with a layer of 20 cm, with a dense compaction

stone wells

After that, for a concrete or reinforced concrete well, following works:

• Foundation preparation. Laying a slab or placing a concrete pad 100 mm thick from concrete M-50
• Arrangement of a tray of the desired shape made of M-100 concrete with steel mesh reinforcement
• Concrete and bitumen sealing of pipe ends
• Internal bitumen insulation concrete rings
• Rings of sewer wells are installed (carried out after the curing of the concrete of the tray, 2-3 days after laying) and the floor slab on the M-50 solution
• Grouting with cement mortar the joints between the prefabricated parts of the well
• Waterproofing joints with bitumen
• Tray finish cement plaster, followed by ironing
• Device at pipe entry points clay castle 300 mm wide and 600 mm higher than the outer diameter of the pipes
• Well testing (carried out during the day by filling with water up to top edge, with the installation of temporary plugs on the pipes). Considered successful if no visible leaks are found
• External backfilling of the walls of the well, followed by tamping
• The device of a concrete blind area 1.5 m wide around the neck of the well
• Insulation of all remaining joints with hot bitumen

Similarly, brick sewer wells are installed, but here, instead of installing prefabricated elements, masonry is made.

Waterproofing is done in exactly the same way.

Thus, the installation of wells made of stone materials is carried out for all types of sewerage: domestic, storm or drainage.

However, in the case of a storm well, lattice hatches can be installed on the well, which simultaneously perform the function of a catchment area.

For drainage - the well itself can be an element of water disposal, through special holes in the walls, but this design requires a special calculation.

At the same time, there are slight differences in the components that the series defines: sewer wells KFK and KDK - for domestic wastewater, KLV and KLK - for storm water, KDV and KDN - for drainage.

The table of sewer wells by standard sizes is as follows:

The process for differential wells looks a little more complicated due to their more complex configuration.

Here, depending on the specific design, in addition to the tray device, in some cases it is necessary:

• Riser installation
• Water breaking equipment
• Installation of a water barrier wall
• Create a practice profile
• Pit device

The very installation of the body of the mine, base and ceiling is carried out according to the same rules.

The only exception concerns a drop well with a riser - at its base it is supposed to lay a metal plate that prevents the destruction of the concrete part of the structure.

It looks like this:

1. Riser
2. water cushion
3. Metal plate at the base of the pillow
4. Riser intake funnel

The intake funnel is designed to compensate for the vacuum that can be created in the riser due to the rapid movement of wastewater.

It is necessary to create differential sewer wells with your own hands using a practical profile only in exceptional cases - a similar design is provided for pipelines with a diameter of 600 mm and a drop height of up to 3 m.

Similar pipe diameters are not used in individual drainage systems. But other types of wells can be used in local sewage with success.

In accordance with the requirements of SNiP, sewer overflow wells are installed:

• If necessary, reduce the depth of the pipeline
• At intersections with other underground utilities
• For flow control
• In the last flooded well before the discharge of waste into the reservoir

Typical cases when the overflow well device on suburban area expedient:

The meaning of such a drop is that due to the creation of a large slope in a short section of the system, the drains begin to move much faster, not having time to cling to the inner walls of the pipe.

The device of pipeline entrances to wells

Depending on the specific soil conditions, the entry of pipes into the well can be performed in different ways.

For dry soil, it is easier to perform. Only two types of materials are used here: cement, indicated in the figure by the number 1, and asbestos-cement mixture, indicated by the number 2.

For wet soil, a resin strand 3 and a waterproofing layer 4 are also added to these materials.

Both methods are designed for non-sagging soils.

In regions where soil movements are possible, the connection is made movable, using a pipe winding with a plastic waterproofing packing.

Sometimes a metal sleeve is inserted into the hole in the hatch wall, and the packing is already arranged inside it.

Plastic wells - a modern alternative

A reasonable and practical replacement for stone viewing chambers are polymer counterparts.

Moreover, plastic wells can significantly reduce the amount of excavation, the construction of sewer wells made of these materials speeds up and simplifies the process of installing drainage systems.

There are rumors about the compressive strength of plastic wells - but they are not confirmed by the facts. This is especially true of the simplest wells for intra-yard networks.

As a rule, there are no such loads that are able to damage the plastic.

Among other things, a concrete well with a diameter of a meter can replace a plastic well, starting from 30 cm in diameter, despite the fact that, despite the difference in size, maintenance of sewer wells made of polymers will be even simpler than their giant concrete counterparts.

After all, they are produced with releases that clearly comply with the standards of pipes from any material - plastic, cement, asbestos.

Therefore, immediately after installation, such shafts can be connected to any within minutes. If plastic pipes are used, then the process will be even faster.

Therefore, before building a sewer well, it is worth weighing the pros and cons, the seeming cheapness of some solutions is deceptive. For a private area where one, two, maximum three wells are equipped, it will be much cheaper to arrange wells made of plastic than trying to save money by using concrete rings. The enormous weight and the need to order heavy equipment will nullify the seeming cheapness of old solutions. And the modest diameter of the plastic well, the speed of installation are not the last arguments.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Regulations are very difficult to master, especially for non-professionals. To understand all the requirements for engineering networks, you need to spend a lot of time processing a large amount of material. It is also quite problematic to find exactly the information you need on the web: often the search results turn out to be completely different from what they should be.

This article will cover all the information related to sewer systems, the main types of sewer wells, their parameters and requirements for structures will be considered.

Sewer systems of private houses

In the arrangement of suburban areas, autonomous sewer systems are often used, which are distinguished by the presence of a large number positive qualities. Some systems are more cost effective than using a central manifold, while others are the only possible solution sewer problems.

For the normal functioning of the external sewage system and the provision of quality service, the design of the system must be arranged in accordance with the norms and rules displayed in the relevant documents.

The installation scheme of the sewer system and its operation largely depend on factors, which include:

• topographic indicators of the selected territory;
• types of soils located on the site;
• the presence of water sources near the site;
• layout of engineering underground networks that are already present on the territory.

The sewerage device can be quite simple: simplest design consists of a single piece of pipeline that transports wastewater to a pit or septic tank located outside the building. You need to know how far from the house to make a septic tank. The simplest septic tank can be made from car tires stacked vertically on top of each other: the effluents will still be filtered, and the solid fractions will be periodically pumped out by the sewage machine. This design is well suited for installation in suburban or small urban areas. In order for the sewer to work normally, it is enough for it to provide a constant slope and periodically pump out.

It is much more difficult to arrange a sewer system in a site that has a difficult terrain, or where a source is located. drinking water. In this case, the sewage system must comply with the sanitary requirements that apply to septic tanks or waste storage tanks. In addition, the design of the system can be complicated by connecting a drainage system and storm drainage to it. See also: "".

This design consists of several separate pipelines, so it will require a large number of wells. To ensure the operability of the system, you need to either contact the specialists, or carefully study all the nuances associated with the sewerage requirements.

Types of sewer wells

The main document that defines design features sewer elements and the distance between sewer wells - SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures”. The document contains a large number of requirements, but there is no need for owners of private houses to study them all - it is enough to deal with the problem of local drainage (read also: ""). The main thing you need to know is that any sewer system requires intermediate wells, and they will be installed depending on various factors.

Distance between manholes according to SNiP

Manholes should be installed in such situations:

• in the presence of an extended pipeline running in a straight line;
• if there are turns or bends in the pipeline, as well as when the diameter of the pipes changes;
• in the presence of branches of the structure.

The function of manholes for sewers is to monitor the system and the ability to gain access to its interior for maintenance.

Determines the distance between the SNiP sewer wells, and according to it, the following rules must be followed:

• with a pipe diameter of 150 mm, wells are installed every 35 meters;
• 200-450 mm - 50 m;
• 500-600 mm - 75 m.

A further increase in the diameter of the pipes allows you to increase the maximum distance between the sewer wells even more. However, the likelihood of such a design appearing in a summer cottage is extremely small, because the volume of effluents produced by 3-4 people does not require wide pipes. The use of large pipes can be justified if absolutely all wastewater passes through the sewer: precipitation, bath water, and direct waste from a residential building.

As a rule, when arranging private sewer systems, pipes with a diameter of 100 mm are used. When using them, the distance between sewer wells is defined by SNiP as 15 m. In the event that the sewer does not have bends, branches, and the diameter of the pipeline does not change throughout its length, then the distance can be increased to 50 m.

Rotary wells for sewerage

This type wells in its purpose and design is absolutely identical to the inspection ones, with the only difference that rotary wells are mounted in places where the direction of the pipeline changes. Sharp bends with large angles of rotation are usually the areas most likely to become clogged, so they need to be given Special attention. It is this function that rotary wells perform.

The distance between the rotary sewer wells is usually calculated based on the length of the straight sections between the bends of the pipeline. If the pipeline section is longer than specified by the regulatory document, then it must be equipped with inspection wells to ensure a sufficient level of control over the operation of the system.

Drop wells

Installation of sewerage on a site with difficult terrain is a rather troublesome business. If the territory has a noticeable slope, then the slope of the pipeline will also be appropriate, which is absolutely impossible to allow: wastewater moving from high speed, will gradually settle on the walls of the sewer system, thereby clogging it and rendering it unusable.

Regulatory documents in this case speak of the need to install differential wells, which are installed in steps and compensate for the high speed of waste transportation, saving the structure from blockages (more: "").

In this case, SNiP does not determine the specific distance between sewerage wells, but imposes some design requirements:

• firstly, the height of one drop must be less than three meters;
• secondly, with drops up to 0.5 m deep (when using pipes with a diameter of up to 600 mm), drop wells can be replaced by inspection wells using drains.

You should always remember that any sewer system ends with a spillway point, in which the final well is necessarily located, requiring an inspection hatch.

Other regulations

In addition to the standards described above, which are often a problem for owners of private plots due to their inaccessibility, there are others that must also be followed in order to avoid problems with the functioning of the sewer in the future. For example, minimum distance from the sewer well to the building should be 3 m, and the maximum - 12 m, regardless of the type of well used. The distance from the house to the sewer well is quite important indicator which must be observed. It is important to consider the distance from the cesspool to the well. In addition, it is important to always remember the existence sanitary norms, which determine the removal of elements of sewer systems from reservoirs, water sources, vegetable gardens and orchards.

Conclusion

Installation of a sewer system on own site is not a big problem. All installation work related to laying pipelines and arranging sewer facilities is quite simple, and any homeowner can perform them (read also: ""). About all types of work, you can find other articles on this site, and then everything will become very clear.

With absence central water supply on the site, underground horizons can become the only source of drinking and domestic water. To get to this water, it is necessary to arrange a water well. If you follow the technology of its manufacture, you can get a durable and easy-to-use source of clean drinking water. From such a well it is easy to supply water to a house or cottage. However, when choosing a site for construction and installation of a structure, it is necessary to strictly follow the rules of SNiP 2.04.02-84.

There are two types of water wells:

• tubular;
• mine.

The first type is commonly called a column. Usually they were installed on the streets of villages. To extract water from the depths in such wells, hand pump. These wells are installed in places of shallow occurrence of aquifers. Its installation is very fast. But for the construction of a tubular well, drilling equipment will be needed, because they do not dig a hole, but drill it.

The shaft well is the most accessible for self-assembly option. It is dug with a shovel, and the walls are strengthened. This is a traditional well country houses and dachas. Depending on the material of manufacture, several types of mine water wells are distinguished:

• plastic;
• reinforced concrete;
• brick or stone;
• wooden.

Reinforced concrete wells are the most popular. They are durable (can last up to 50 years). Their depth reaches 15-20 m. However, the installation of such a water intake device will require a lot of labor. First of all, a lot of effort will be spent on digging a deep hole. At the same time, its diameter must be larger than the size of the rings in order to perform a sand and gravel backfill from the outside. And to lower the concrete rings, you will have to order a construction crane. At the bottom of such a well, a filter is arranged from a sand and gravel cushion 300-400 mm high.

Important to know: sand and gravel backfill outside the water well is not waterproofing. According to the requirements of SNiP, the device of a well made of concrete rings requires external coating waterproofing, as well as winding with two layers of roofing material. Also, the installation of reinforced concrete rings is carried out with sealing of all joints.

Recently, more and more often the owners of private houses choose plastic water wells. Their main advantage is that it is a one-piece construction due to the high tightness of all joints and seams. The dimensions of such structures can be any, depending on the requirements. They are no less durable than reinforced concrete devices, and can also last up to 50 years. Them additional advantage– fast installation without the use of construction equipment.

Wooden and brick water intake structures are a thing of the past. Now they are practically not made due to the laboriousness and duration of the construction process. In addition, these structures do not meet the requirements of SNiP, because silt and dirt quickly settle on the brick and wooden walls of such water wells, which reduces the quality of drinking water.

Attention: according to the norms of SNiP, any well must be equipped with a roof. This is necessary so that rainwater and other precipitation do not pollute the water in the structure. Also, according to the standards of SNiP 2.04.02-84 for protection against surface water the device of the water well is made so that its top is raised above ground level by at least 500 mm.

Shaft well device

In the design of such wells, three main parts can be distinguished:

1. The water inlet is the lower part of the structure. It is used to filter and collect water.
2. The shaft is the underground part of the shaft of the structure, located above the water intake. It reliably protects the structure from collapse and preserves the quality of drinking water, without letting the perch into the water intake.
3. The head is a part of the structure located above the ground. The main purpose of this part is to protect the water intake from dust, debris, surface sedimentary water and freeze protection during the cold season. The head is necessarily protected by a roof.

Advantages and disadvantages of water wells

The advantages of such water intake facilities include the following:

• Long service life. Reinforced concrete or plastic construction can last half a century.
• Compared to the cost of a well installation, the cost of constructing a mine structure is much lower.
• The dimensions of such water intakes make it easy to clean them. In addition, the impressive diameter makes it possible to use any deep pumps for the installation of a water supply system at home.
• You do not need to obtain any building permits to install a water well. It is enough just to register the building.

However, these water intake structures also have disadvantages:

• Digging a deep hole requires significant physical effort.
• Depending on the depth of the aquifer, the water may be unsuitable for drinking (does not meet the requirements of SNiP for drinking water). This water can only be used for economic needs and watering the garden.
• In order for your well to produce high-quality drinking water, you need a good filter device. This will incur additional costs.
• If the waterproofing of the structure is performed poorly, then over time the surface and ground water can enter the stem and contaminate clean drinking water in it. That is why, when installing a structure, it is so important to carefully perform the waterproofing and sealing of the joints.

Choosing a place for construction

First of all, it is necessary to find the right place for the construction of the water intake structure and determine its depth. If there are similar structures in neighboring areas, the task is facilitated. To do this, you should talk to your neighbors and ask them for the following information:

• What is the depth of the water intake structure in their area.
• How much water does it give?
• when it was built.
• Features of its use.

If no one lives in neighboring areas, then you will have to use different methods determining the location of water. Among them are dowsing, hydrogeological indications and natural signs indicating the proximity of groundwater. Test drilling is considered the most accurate method.

When choosing a place for construction, one should be guided by the standard distances from SNiP 30-02-97. According to them, the following minimum distances are allowed between the well and other objects on the site:

• from the foundation of the house to the water intake, the minimum allowable distance is 5 m;
• the minimum distance at which a well can be built from buildings for pets is 4 m;
• to any outbuildings on the site - 1 m;
• trees must be at least 4 m apart;
• at least 1 m retreats from shrubs to the water intake;
• from septic tanks and cesspools to a source of drinking water should be at least 50 m.

According to SNiP, cesspools should not be located above the water intake well.

Well construction

We start building a well by digging a hole. At the same time, its diameter should be half a meter larger than the diameter of the rings. This is necessary for the installation of a compacting backfill of sand and gravel around the perimeter of the structure.

Attention: it is better to start digging a well in late summer and autumn. At this time, groundwater is at its maximum depth. If you start work in the spring, when there is a lot of top water, you will quickly stumble upon it, and then in the summer your well will dry up.

Rings with a diameter of 100 cm and a height of 25-50 cm are considered optimal for a mine structure. bigger size it is difficult to lower and turn on your own (without the use of equipment). To facilitate digging and arranging a well, a tripod is installed above the pit. With its help it is convenient to raise the earth and lower concrete rings.

Digging the trunk and installing rings

Work is carried out in this order:

1. It is more convenient to dig a hole with a shovel with a short handle, since the space is very cramped. Having dug a hole 50 cm deep, the first ring is mounted. A winch is used to raise and lower it. Under its own weight, the ring will gradually sag.
2. Having dug out another 25 cm in depth, they mount the next ring. Between themselves, the rings are connected with metal brackets.
3. Thus, they continue to work on digging the pit and installing rings until they reach the aquifer - the bottom of the pit begins to fill with muddy water. This usually takes 5 to 7 days.

Tip: you should not dig a hole first, and then install all the rings. Without proper experience and knowledge, this can lead to soil collapse.

Water intake and filter construction

According to SNiP, all wells must be equipped with a filter. This will effectively purify the water and make it drinkable. For the bottom filter device, do the following:

1. Pumped out muddy water from the bottom of the well.
2. Deepen the bottom of the pit by 150 mm. Well level the surface and remove dirt.
3. Then a clean one is poured to the bottom. river sand. The layer height is 250 mm.
4. A layer of crushed stone or gravel 200 mm high is made from above.
5. The last layer will be large washed gravel. Its height is 200 mm.

Tip: if the bottom of the pit fills up too quickly with water, you can lay a floor of sparsely laid boards on the bottom before backfilling. After that, all layers of backfill are made.

Waterproofing

The requirements of SNiP provide for the mandatory installation of external and internal waterproofing of the shaft of a mine well. To seal the joints between reinforced concrete rings, you can use special formulations, liquid glass or prepare a mixture of PVA glue and cement.

For better penetration mixtures, first all the seams are coated with a liquid solution of glue, and then a thicker mixture is applied with a spatula.

Tip: not to spoil taste qualities water, do not use bituminous mastics for waterproofing joints.

External waterproofing is needed to protect against the ingress of melt water, precipitation and perched water. The outer surface of the concrete rings is treated with penetrating waterproofing. Sometimes for these purposes two layers of roofing material coated with mastic are used. Some masters use polyethylene film for external insulation. She is wrapped around the head of the structure.

A trench 1.5-2 m deep and 50 cm wide is left around the upper rings, into which clay is tightly compacted. Having risen to the level of the earth's surface, a clay castle is built with a slope from the walls of the well. This will allow precipitation not to collect at the structure. For more effective waterproofing, a blind area is concreted around the head.

headroom

According to SNiP, the head of the well must be at least half a meter high. Usually it is made from the same concrete rings, but to increase aesthetic appeal the structure is covered with stone, brick, plastered or sheathed with timber.

When installing the head, do not forget about such important points:

• To keep the water clean, equip the roof with a good overhang.
• It is better to hang a lock on the door in the roof. This will protect your curious children from falling down the well.

It is important to know: after the construction of the well, during the first 2-3 weeks, the water is pumped out several times to make it clear. The pumped water can be used for household purposes. After complete purification of water, it can be drunk only after receiving confirmation of the safety of the composition from the laboratory.

The technology for arranging sewer wells has been worked out to the smallest detail and documented. Building regulations prescribe the main series of regulations, which the work being carried out must comply with. In particular, SNiP has the number 2.04.03-85 and is called “Sewerage. External networks and structures”. The document regulates the placement different types structures, dimensions and requirements for erected structures.

Regardless of the purpose, private or public use, the installation of sewer wells must be carried out according to the rules and requirements. For example, a viewing object must be placed in front of the entrance local sewerage into a centralized sewer, outside the red building line.

It is especially important to know that, according to SNiP, sewer manholes with pipelines up to 150 mm in size are arranged every 35 m, at 200 - after 50 m of straight-through pipeline sections. In addition, the installation of structures is indicated for:

• Rotary changes in the water runoff system;
• When changing the diameter of the pipeline or the presence of a slope;
• At the entry points of additional branches.

Documents governing the requirements: for reinforced concrete products - GOST 2080-90, for polymer structures - GOST-R No. 0260760. Manufacturers offer specifications for plastic structures, supplementing existing regulations.

Stone structures can be made of prefabricated, monolithic concrete, reinforced concrete mixtures, bricks. Filtering structures are made of rubble stone. For the manufacture of polymer structures, the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene of the desired density (PE) is permissible.

Important! Models can be made of combined material.

Dimensional rulers, work on the arrangement of wells

Sewer wells according to SNiP must have the following dimensions:

• Pipelines up to 150 mm in diameter - at least 70 mm;
• Diameter up to 600 mm - from 1000 mm;
• Diameter size up to 700 mm - from 1250 mm;
• Diameter 800-100 mm - from 1500 mm;
• With a diameter of 1500 mm and above and a depth of 3 m and above are subject to individual consideration.

Volumes are not separately regulated, everything must be calculated from the depths and diameters specified on the diagrams. As for the work, the general cycle includes both preparatory actions, installation and completion.

1. Breakdown or marking of the territory, according to the rules of construction;
2. Cleaning the area from shrubs, vegetation;
3. Demolition/relocation of interfering structures. The impossibility of action is stipulated by special standards;
4. Preparation and arrangement of the entrance, the road to the construction site.

Arrangement and installation of a typical sewerage structure preparatory work according to SNiP:

1. An excerpt of a pit;
2. bottom cleaning;
3. Reconciliation with the project in terms of the level of laying, the angles of the slopes of the walls;
4. For stone structures, the arrangement of a waterproofing bottom layer, as shown by the diagram or plan (layer of at least 20 cm), subsequent tamping.

All preparatory work has been completed and the next stage is installation.

stone wells

The steps and actions are:

• Preparation of the base involves laying a slab or arranging a pillow made of M-50 concrete with a thickness of 100 mm;
• Arrangement of a concrete tray (M-100) reinforced with a steel mesh of the desired shape;
• Seal with concrete and bitumen end openings of the pipeline;
• Creation of an insulating layer of the internal cavity of the rings of the structure;
• The rings are installed only after the tray has gained strength (2-3 days), then the floor slab is laid. The solution used for work - M-50;
• Sealing joints with cement mixture;
• Waterproofing with bitumen;
• Mandatory plastering of the tray with cement, followed by ironing;
• Installation of clay interlocks at the entry point of a pipe/pipes with a width of at least 300 mm and a height of 600 mm greater than the diameter of the pipeline.

Subsequent test work takes place within a day and includes the complete filling of the structure with water with the blocking of the pipeline by temporary plugs. If leaks are not detected, the well walls are backfilled, a blind area measuring 1.5 m is equipped, the joints are insulated with a hot bituminous mixture - work on SNiP has been completed, the system can be put into operation.

The installation schemes for brick structures practically repeat the concrete ones, but instead of combining the rings, a stone is laid out. Waterproofing works are completely identical. Thus, stone wells of any type of sewerage are installed: household, industrial, storm water or drainage. But each design has its own nuances:

• The storm drain is equipped with lattice hatches that have a catchment function;
• Drainage wells themselves are drainage systems, so installation does not require special calculations.

Differences in configuration are determined by the series:

• KFK/KDK - household drains;
• KLV / KLK - storm water;
• KDV / KDN - drainage wells.

The size table gives a complete picture:

Drop wells

A more complex configuration determines the scope and requirements of SNiP for overflow wells. In addition to the tray device, it is necessary to make:

• Installation of risers;
• Have a water pumping equipment;
• Install a water wall;
• Create a practical profile;
• Set up a pit.

Otherwise, with regard to the installation of the shaft, base, floors - the rules are the same as the previous ones.

Important! The exception is the riser differential well - installation in the base is required metal pipe, which will exclude the destruction of the concrete structure.

The schema looks like this:

• Pipe-riser;
• Pillow water-breaking;
• Metal base (plate);
• Funnel reception (stand-up).

The funnel is required for compensatory discharge processes that are formed in the riser due to the rapid movement of flows. Do-it-yourself creation of overflow wells in private areas is not recommended, unless it is a pipeline with a diameter of 60 cm and a level difference of up to 3 m, but such pipes are practically not used in individual systems, successfully replaced by other types of wells.

The requirements of SNiP for drop wells are simple, installation is recommended in the following cases:

• It is necessary to significantly reduce the depth of the pipeline;
• If there are intersections with other underground utilities;
• Need to adjust the flow rate of wastewater;
• In the case when the well is the last before the direct discharge of wastewater into the river, lake.

The same reasons can serve as a reasonable justification for installing a drop well on your own site.

Arrangement of pipeline inlets into the well

Depending on the conditions of a particular place and soil, the entrance parts to the well are performed in different ways. Installation on dry ground is easier, as it regulates only two types of materials: cement and asbestos-cement mixture. For wet ground installation requires resin strand and waterproofing materials. But both methods are designed only for soils without subsidence.

On moving soils, SNiP installed movable connections: winding pipes with flexible plastic insulating packing. If you deviate from the rules, then you can insert a metal sleeve into the hole of the hatch and arrange a packing from a waterproofing material already inside.

polymer wells

Being a fairly new alternative replacement stone wells, plastic structures are successfully used to create structures, however, so far only in private households.

Installation is not regulated by SNiP, but only in accordance with specifications, therefore functional features installation is not required. An important difference between the simplest wells of intra-yard networks is simplicity, a large volume of water passage and the strength of the material. In addition to other advantages, polymer structures can reduce the size, for example, a concrete well of 1 m can be replaced with a plastic one with a diameter of only 30 cm. Despite the small volumes, maintenance will be even much easier than a stone well.

There are plenty of other benefits too:

1. Easy installation;
2. Low costs for digging pits, pits - smaller sizes do not require large excavations;
3. The outlets and tray design are clearly defined by the standards, are factory cast, and therefore there is no need for additional equipment or fabrication;
4. The materials for the manufacture of wells are indicated above, polymer structures are combined with any pipes made of plastic, cement, asbestos.

That is why it is worth once again paying attention to the choice before starting the installation of a sewer manhole. All installation schemes are simple, SNiP clearly indicates installation requirements, tray sizes, recommended volumes. But at the same time, the owner will be able to save on related work, the purchase of equipment and time costs.

Summer cottages, where it is not necessary to equip many wells, to build a tray for each, it is more practical to equip them with polymer structures. Modest in size, they do not lose their functionality and practicality.

All owners of country houses, sooner or later, are taken for the arrangement of life support systems. After all, a comfortable country life implies the supply of residential buildings with everything necessary - heat, drinking water and, of course, the possibility of drainage or sewerage.

Sewerage autonomous type is quite complex engineering system, the installation of which requires certain plumbing and construction skills. One of essential elements any autonomous sewerage- a special well. Moreover, the sewerage needs the arrangement of several wells at once - rotary, inspection, as well as receiving household waste and rain water. Understanding the device and varieties of such wells will be useful for any zealous owner.

What material to prefer

Builders prefer to build wells from plastic or reinforced concrete - these are the most popular materials today.

Of course, there are alternative ways of arranging wells. For example, from old car tires. This is the most a budget option, but, unfortunately, not distinguished by reliability and tightness.

Plastic

easy to install and durable material. Manufacturers produce ready-made plastic models. You can also build a well from a corrugated pipe and plastic plates. Such construction will cost a little less, but will take more time (work requires certain skills).

Main advantages:

• light weight;
• strength and reliability;
• the possibility of replacing the lower tray (section used to connect the pipeline);
• tightness of all elements (rubber seals are used);
• the possibility of ordering containers of individual sizes.

• high cost of models (about 4,000–11,000 rubles).

Also plastic samples may be integral in construction. The disadvantage of such models is the already given depth of the pipeline. Collapsible models have universal mounting properties - if desired, the depth can be increased, or, conversely, reduced.

More often, plastic wells are used as rotary or viewing structures. However, tightness allows the use plastic container and as a water collector, followed by pumping out the liquid using a pump.

Reinforced concrete

Classic sewer material. Wells are built from concrete rings, followed by sealing all joints between the rings with cement and sealant. also quite functional.

Advantages:

• universality;
• long service life (more than 50 years);
• high installation speed;
• strength and reliability;
• affordable price.

Disadvantages:

• big weight;
• installation requires a winch or special equipment.

Such wells are successfully used as inspection wells with a large depth of the pipeline (from 1.5 meters). And with high-quality sealing, the concrete structure plays the role of a water collector without any problems.

Well device

Any well for sewage consists of three structural elements:

• sealed bottom;
• mines of the required depth;
• upper floor, equipped with a round or square hatch.

The reinforced concrete structure is built as follows:

1. A hole of the required depth is dug with a margin for the free movement of the rings (about 10-20 cm). If the soil is loose and the well is deep (more than 1.5 meters), the recess is made inside the first ring.
2. The bottom of the pit is filled with concrete. In the rings, with the help of a perforator, technical holes are punched for the installation of the pipeline. Pipes are fixed with cement mortar and sealant. If deep and intended for regular inspection of the sewer, it is mounted on its walls for ease of descent metal staircase.
3. The top of the shaft is blocked concrete slab with hatch hole. A special metal frame is inserted into the hole, and a cover is mounted on top. It can be installed on curtains and equipped with a lock. Or look like a cast iron hatch.

Plastic models include:

• lower tray with branch pipes for connecting pipes;
• shaft made of multilayer plastic;
• adapter pipe of telescopic design;
• cast iron frame and hatch.

All elements are interconnected with rubber seals, providing complete tightness of the structure.

The main types of wells

According to the field of application, wells are divided into several main types:

• For regular inspection or viewing - structures are located in places shutoff valves and are intended for the control and maintenance of sewer systems.
• Rotary - a kind of manholes. Are arranged at the bending points of the pipeline. The main purpose of such structures is quick access to the bend (elbow) of the pipe in order to clean it from contamination.
• Filtration - special structures devoid of tightness (having a perforated bottom). Serve for accumulation of not strongly polluted runoff waters with their subsequent filtration in soil. This is perfect solution for draining water from showers or house drainage systems. At the bottom of the well, a filter of fine gravel and sand is arranged (sometimes the mine is covered with the same material). The thickness of the filter is not less than 40-50 centimeters.
• Gradient - structures designed to dampen or increase the flow rate. Are established in places of sharp deepening of the pipeline or in points of accession to the highway of deep-seated collectors. The design is based on a vertical branch pipe (drop - a part in the form of a straight cross and a knee). The well itself is arranged as a multi-stage structure or has the shape of a classic mine.
• Serving to store water or storage - sealed wells, the liquid from which is pumped out using a pump or flows through a signal pipe into the nearest ravine. To clean such a well, the owners often involve vacuum cleaners. The frequency of cleaning directly depends on the capacity of the well. The more capacious it is, the less often you will have to resort to pumping out the liquid. The average height of the well is two meters.

What wells are needed

• Storage tanks are required exclusively for the arrangement of autonomous sewer systems.
• Floating structures are more often used when connecting home sewage to the central city highway.
• Filtration structures may be used for drains with clean water containing no harmful environment impurities. For example, for arranging a shower, a drain from a shower or bath. Water from washing machines and dishwashers containing aggressive detergents must not be filtered into the ground!
• rotary and viewing structures arranged as in autonomous systems, and on pipelines connected to a public highway.

SNiP standards

The arrangement of any sewer well is regulated by special sanitary and technical standards displayed in a special document known as SNiP.

This document requires some preliminary work.

Necessary:

• determine the location of the well and make markings on the ground;
• uproot all trees and shrubs that interfere with construction;
• equip the construction site - provide free access for equipment;
• draw up a plan (scheme) and coordinate it with neighbors and the city water utility.

Construction works also have strict regulations and include:

• preparation of a pit (pit);
• backfilling the bottom with rubble and sand;
• carrying out a complete waterproofing of the bottom with the help of concrete mortar;
• installation of concrete rings or a plastic tank;
• laying pipes;
• sealing all pipes with cement mortar or bitumen (for concrete structures holes are closed around the connected pipes);
• functionality check (testing for the possibility of leakage);
• backfilling the well from the outside (fine gravel and soil are used for plastic, clay for concrete);
• additional processing concrete structures with waterproofing materials.

Main technical requirements:

• Observation structures are installed every 30-40 meters (diameter 15 cm) or 50 meters (diameter 20 cm).
• On all bends of the pipeline and branch pipes, rotary wells must be built.
• In all places where the diameter of pipes changes or a sharp slope, overflow wells are mounted.

The minimum allowable distance from the storage well to a residential building is 3-5 meters.