Cultivation of soybeans by intensive technology. Soybean Growing Technology: Soybean Weed Control

Soybean is one of the most popular varieties of cultivated crops.

The volumes of soybean cultivation and processing reach enormous proportions. The raw material is used for many food purposes, as it is a versatile substitute for animal products. In addition, it is used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Growing soybean provides not only profit in the form of finished products, but also significantly improves the condition of the soil by processing nitrogen into a mineral form. This helps to increase the yield of crops that are planned to be grown after soybeans.

Composition and history

The chemical composition of soy is rich in vitamins and minerals. 100 grams of seeds contains:

• calcium - 0.35 g;
• potassium - 1.6 g;
• magnesium - 0.23 g;
• phosphorus - 0.6 g;
• sulfur - 0.25 g;
• chlorine - 0.06 g
• zinc - 2 mcg;
• nickel - 314 mcg;
• silicon - 0.18 g.

In addition, it also contains vitamins of group B, vitamin PP, A, E. However, even this is not important in soy. The high yield of this crop, and most importantly, the increased protein content, explains the love for this plant from time immemorial.

According to scientists, soybean began to be cultivated as a cultivated plant no later than the 10th-11th century BC. China is considered the birthplace of this culture. In more later times it came to the territory of Korea and Japan, and only by the end of the 17th century began to be grown in Europe, and from late XIX- early XX - and in America.

In addition, soy has proven to be a very convenient material for genetic modification. The transnational concern Monsanto, which is engaged in the release to the market of genetically modified crops, first introduced its products in 1996. And it was soybean seeds. Since then, work on the creation of genetically modified soy continues to this day.

Dates and rates of soybean sowing

Soy can germinate even at +6…+7°C. But too early sowing is also not recommended, as there is a huge risk of weed clogging, which inhibits the growth of soybeans and reduces the amount of yield obtained. If sown later than required, temperature stresses and droughts can significantly reduce yields. Therefore, the most optimal period for sowing this crop is considered to be the end of April - the beginning of May. However, in any case, it is necessary to focus on the climate of a particular region and the weather conditions at the time of sowing.
Seeding rates vary depending on the variety:

early - 700-800 thousand pieces / ha
mid-season - 700 thousand pieces / ha
late-ripening - 400-500 thousand pieces / ha

Soybeans do not like shading, so the width between the rows should be sufficient so that the bushes can grow normally. It can be grown on soils of any type with moderate moisture, except for heavy clay.

The process of preparing and sowing soybeans

Soybean sowing technology requires increased attention to soil preparation. The sowing campaign includes thorough plowing of the soil to a depth of at least 23 cm. It is necessary to properly clean the fertile layer from the remnants of the roots of the predecessors. After corn, the plowing depth increases to 27-30 cm. In the case of a large weediness of the field, layer-by-layer soil treatment with herbicides is used. During sowing, they try to keep the soil moisture as best as possible. In case of insufficient soil moisture during sowing, additional watering is carried out, for example, with the help of agricultural aviation. Soybean sowing can be done in the following ways:

normal lowercase - 15; 22.5 and 30 cm;
narrow row - 7.5 cm;
wide-row - 45-70 cm;
strip.

The most effective ways are wide-row and lowercase. This is especially true when sowing mid-season varieties that branch well and grow strongly. For early ripe varieties row spacing decreases. Soybean sowing depth is 2.5-4 cm, but under conditions of insufficient moisture, sowing is carried out at a depth of 5-7 cm.
To increase productivity and resistance to diseases, it is necessary to carry out seedbed preparation seeds. To do this, they are treated with drugs that prevent the reproduction of pathogens. The use of untreated seeds significantly reduces the quantity and quality of grown products. You need to choose the right predecessors. You can not sow soybeans after sunflower, legumes, rapeseed, buckwheat, Sudanese grass.
There is also the application of mineral fertilizers, which correct the chemical composition of the soil, making it more favorable for good growth and development of plants. Fertilizers are applied to the soil during spring pre-sowing plowing, as well as in autumn period preparation for sowing.

Crop care

In order for soybean cultivation to give the best possible results, you need to monitor the level of soil moisture. Soy is drought tolerant, but overly damp soil is detrimental to it. To control weeds, it is necessary to carry out pre-emergence harrowing 3-4 days after sowing. Soy tolerates this process well. The first shoots begin in 7-10 days. After the appearance of two to four true leaves, if necessary, the cultivation of row spacing is carried out. In addition, care for soybean crops also includes pest and disease control. The most common types of diseases that can affect soybeans are:

• yellow mosaic;
• wrinkled mosaic;
• cotyledon bacteriosis;
• bacterial burn;
• bacterial wilt;
• soy phomopsis.

Symptoms of these diseases are manifested in the form of spots on the stems and leaves, twisting, wilting, drying out, blackening of the base of the stem. To combat these diseases, drugs Tyramine, Benomyl, fludioxonil + metalaxyl M are used. In combination with these protectants, biological preparations are also used that make chemical seed treatment safe.
In addition to diseases, soybean crops are attacked by harmful insects that can completely destroy all plants:

• spider mite;
• scoop-gamma;
• stable scoop;
• acacia moth;
• soy leaf beetle;
• meadow moth;
• potato aphid;
• soy yolk;
• nodule fly;
• soy codling moth;
• soy aphid.

Most often, insects are activated during the dry period, with the wrong neighborhood of plants, with an excess of soil moisture, with improper fertilizer. To combat these pests, there are many insecticides, such as Karbofos, Zolon, Metaphos, Nurell and others. In addition, an effective way to prevent insect damage is high-quality, deep plowing of the soil, which destroys the nests of these pests.

Harvesting technology

Harvesting of soybeans begins with all signs of the onset of technical ripeness - the stem becomes dry and brittle, the pods are completely dry, but do not crack yet, the seeds make noise when the pod is shaken. Harvesting is carried out in a mechanized way, namely by direct combining at a low cut. Dry and warm weather is a must during this process. At the time of threshing, the moisture content of the seeds should be 14-16%. After threshing, soybean seeds are cleaned, sized and dried to a moisture content of 12-14%. With this indicator, soybeans are stored in a granary. If, for some reason, the humidity level exceeds the allowable value, a 5-6 hour forced drying of the grain is carried out.
The shelf life of soybeans directly depends on the air temperature in the storage, and the lower, the longer the period. At +4°C grain can be stored for up to 15 months, at +20°C - 12 months. Air humidity - not higher than 60%. The room must be clean, well ventilated, disinfected, protected from mold and insects.

Scope of soy

Before today there are heated discussions of scientists about the dangers or benefits of soy. There is an opinion that it accelerates the sexual development of children, causes early aging, changes in hormonal levels during pregnancy, and other very unpleasant consequences. Like it or not, scientists have to prove, but while they are arguing, soybean is taking an increasing place in the sown areas and finding new areas of application.
When preparing products from soy, it is necessary to strictly observe the technology. What can be made from raw materials:

• sausage products;
• margarine;
• infant formula (milk substitutes);
• soy flour (and from it soy milk, cottage cheese, bakery products);
• a drink similar to coffee;
• cosmetic products (shampoos, hair dyes, creams);
• paint and varnish products;
• drugs against anemia, dietary supplements to restore energy.

This is not the whole list of what can be made from soy. Cake, which remains after squeezing the seeds, is used as an additive in feed for various animals. Soy can also be grown right in the garden of your dacha, and eaten boiled, stewed. Soy for diabetics a good product nutrition, as it contains few carbohydrates. In addition, it is rich in calcium, which is beneficial to a person at any age. Soybean sprouts - salvation for beriberi. Naturally, it is possible to benefit from this crop only if it is grown and prepared correctly.
The most popular soybean varieties grown in Russia:

• Sonata;
• Lydia
• Harmony;
• Sunset;
• Okskaya;
• Altom;
• Lyra;
• Belgorod;
• Medea;
• Currency;
• Annushka.

And this is not all varieties that are grown in the vastness of Russia. New ones are constantly being developed that are more resistant to diseases, optimized for frequent weather changes, and adapted to the conditions of certain regions.

Biological features of soy

heat requirements.

Soy is a thermophilic plant. The optimum temperature for germination is 12-14°C, for growth 21-23°C, and for ripening 24-26°C.

The sum of active temperatures required for the ripening of early-ripening varieties is at least 1700 °C, mid-ripening 3000 °C, late-ripening about 3500 °C.

Soybean seedlings tolerate short-term frosts (up to -4 ° C) well.

moisture requirements.

Soy is a relatively drought-resistant crop. The critical period in water consumption falls on flowering, formation and growth of beans. In these phases of development, air drought is especially dangerous, which can cause partial or complete abscission of the generative organs. For this reason, soybean cultivation in areas with a hot and dry climate requires irrigation.

With an excess of water in the soil, the breathing of roots and nodules becomes difficult, their death is observed, as a result, the flow of nutrients in plants and reduced productivity.

The optimum soil moisture for soybeans is 65-80% of the soil moisture content.

Light requirements.

Soybean is a short-day crop with a growing season that increases as you move north, but there are now varieties and forms adapted to long days.

soil requirements.

Soybean grows best on soils with a soil solution reaction close to neutral (pH 6.5-7.5) with a deep loose arable horizon. On acidic, overcompacted soils, the activity of nitrogen fixation drops sharply, the process mineral nutrition plants, reduced yields.

Soybean growing technology

1. Predecessors.

Soybeans are best planted in weed-free fields with optimal nutrient and moisture supplies. Suitable forerunners for soybeans are cereals, corn, sugar beets, potatoes, perennial grasses. Unsuitable - other leguminous crops and perennial legumes, sunflower or cabbage crops. Part of the crops susceptible to sclerotinosis (sunflower, rapeseed) in the crop rotation should not exceed 33%.

In turn, soybean is an excellent predecessor for winter wheat and other cereals, corn, rapeseed, fodder and vegetable crops.

2. Soil preparation.

The main cultivation of the soil consists in carrying out autumn one or two peelings to a depth of 8–10 cm, applying fertilizers for plowing, to a depth of 22–25 cm after grain predecessors and to a depth of 25–30 cm after corn. Early spring cultivation begins with harrowing with heavy, medium or light harrows at the onset of the physiological ripeness of the soil. Harrow across or at an angle to the direction of plowing. Pre-sowing treatment should be minimal and at the same time ensure the destruction of seedlings and shoots of weeds, preserve moisture, additional alignment fields.

On clean, leveled fields since autumn, after early spring harrowing, the soil is not cultivated before sowing. On winter fields not leveled since autumn, littered with wintering weeds or carrion and with a long cold spring, it is necessary to cultivate to a depth of 6-8 cm with the next rolling. The latter increases the temperature of the seed layer by 1.5–3 °C and stimulates the germination of weeds, which will be destroyed by the next pre-sowing cultivation. Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out with steam or beet cultivators with flat-cut paws to a depth of 4–5 cm in an aggregate with harrows or combined aggregates. Cultivation is carried out across or at an angle to the direction of previous cultivations.

The field surface needs to be level and free of clods as the low placement of the beans requires a low cut when harvesting. The height of the ridges and the depth of the furrows should not exceed 4 cm.

Soil herbicides are applied after sowing to the emergence of seedlings with embedding into the soil with harrows to a depth of at least 3 cm or ringed-spur rollers, as a result of which the efficiency of nitrogen-fixing bacteria increases.

If there are rhizomatous and rhizomatous weeds on the field, you can not carry out pre-sowing treatment, but after waiting for the wheatgrass to grow to a height of 10-15 cm, and thistle - a well-developed rosette, sow and after 3-4 days (before soybean shoots appear), treat the field with a continuous herbicide roundup (glyphosate)

Application of soil herbicides. Weeds can be delayed by 30–40 days by applying soil herbicides. For their successful action, the soil must have a finely cloddy structure, and in its upper layer there must be moisture. Taking this into account, it is technologically easier to apply soil herbicides on irrigated lands: they are applied under water charging irrigation.

On soybean crops, preparations based on the following active ingredients are effective:

S-metolachlor (Dual Gold)

Acetochlor (Harnes)

Metribuzina (Zenkor)

Pendimethalina (Stomp)

Dimethenamid P (Frontier Optima)

Trifluralin (Treflan)

Prometrin (Gezagard)

Imazetapira (Pivot)

Imazamoxa (Pulsar 40).

3. Application of fertilizers.

For the formation of one centner of soybean seeds, 7.5 kg of nitrogen, 2.5 kg of phosphorus, 3.5 kg of potassium, 1 kg of magnesium, 2 kg of calcium, 0.4 kg of sulfur are required. The culture makes good use of the aftereffect of mineral and organic fertilizers, in symbiosis with nodule bacteria fixes molecular nitrogen (60-70% of the requirement) from the air, absorbs hard-to-reach forms of phosphorus from the soil. Therefore, the doses and ratios of fertilizers are determined on the basis of soil analysis, based on the availability of nutrients in a particular field and the planned harvest on it. The supply of soil with nutrients also depends on the crop rotations characteristic of these fields. It is also necessary to take into account what kind of crop the predecessor formed: if it was high, then more fertilizers should be applied.

The treatment of seeds with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (inoculants) contributes to better absorption of nitrogen from the air and an increase in its amount on soybean roots.

The inoculant, like other biological products, replenishes the lost functions of plants. The fixation and assimilation of biological nitrogen is one of the main tasks of a rural worker who wants to get a good harvest.

Nitrogen-fixing inoculant is the most famous and widespread biological drug in the world. Its basis is nodule rhizobial bacteria. The inoculant for soybean seeds is most in demand all over the world. Soybean is characterized by the fact that it uses a lot of nutrients for the formation of the crop, consumes uneven nutrients in the phases of growth and development. The nitrogen produced in the process of symbiosis of the plant and the inoculant is supplied to the plant evenly throughout the entire growing season, and during flowering and pod filling - to the maximum.

There are quite a lot of manufacturers of this kind of fertilizers at the moment. The main characteristics of determining the effectiveness and quality of the inoculant include the number of viable microorganisms per unit volume of the inoculant, as well as the activity and stability of the strain nodule bacteria. According to the release form, the inoculant can be dry, liquid and gel-like.

Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are best applied under the main cultivation of the soil. Starting doses of fertilizers are applied during sowing, or separately from seeds during sowing.

4. Preparation for sowing

Seeds are treated with rhizotorfin in a semi-moist way on the day of sowing in covered areas, in barns or in the shade, where direct sunlight does not reach. Treated seeds are sown throughout the day. Basically, the hectare norm of bacterial preparations is 200 g (ml) + 500-800 ml of water per 80-120 kg of seeds.

5. Seeding

Soybean seeds require a significant amount of moisture to germinate. For swelling and normal germination of seeds, 130-160% of water from their mass is required. It is better to sow soybeans when the top seed layer of soil is warmed up to a temperature of 10-15 Co. It should also be taken into account that if the soil temperature rises rapidly, then sowing can be started at soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm 6-8 Co. When choosing the sowing time, the presence of moisture in the seed layer of the soil is taken into account, depending on the growing zone. Usually this is the third decade of April - the first and second decade of May.

Start to sow from more late-ripening varieties and finish early. For the most early ripening varieties, the recommended row spacing is 15–45 cm, for mid-season varieties - 15–45–70 cm.

Depending on the mass of seeds, the seeding rates range from 40-60 to 120-140 kg/ha. The sowing depth is 4-5 cm, and when the top layer dries up and on light soils 6-8 cm.

Seeds are sown pickled and inoculated with nodule bacteria (rhizotorfin). As a rule, it is dressed before sowing, and inoculated during sowing. Only dressing with a fungicide based on the active ingredient benomyl (foundazol) can be combined with inoculation on the day of sowing.

6. Care of crops

When caring for crops next to chemical protection, the technology provides for a system of agrotechnical means of weed control. Soybean crops can be harrowed 3-4 days after sowing, when its seeds are just pecking, and the weeds are in the “white thread” phase. Soybean tolerates harrowing easily, only the curved knee phase, which occurs 2-3 days before germination, is critical for harrowing.

On soybean crops, depending on the infestation, 1-2 post-emergence harrowings are also carried out, and the first time, when the plants are well rooted and reach a height of 10-12 cm. The first harrowing is carried out when the soybean has reached the phase of the first trigeminal leaf, the second - to the third trigeminal leaf. It is better to perform this agricultural technique in the second half of the day (then soybean plants are less injured) across or diagonally to the direction of the rows. Pre-emergence harrowing reduces infestation by 40-50%, post-emergence – by 50-60%, and pre-emergence + post-emergence – by 65-75%.

When harrowing before germination, the speed of the unit should not exceed 6 km / h, for seedlings - 5 km / h.

Later, one or two inter-row cultivations may be required.

The timing of inter-row treatments and their number depend on the appearance of weeds. During the growing season, 2-4 inter-row cultivations are usually carried out, the last - no later than the budding phase.

7. Cleaning.

It is carried out in the phase of full ripeness at a moisture content of 14-16% in order to prevent injury to seeds at a lower humidity. Soybeans are harvested by direct combining.

T traditional soybean cultivation technology

predecessors

Soybeans are best planted in weed-free fields with optimal nutrient and moisture supplies. Suitable precursors for soybeanscereals, corn, sugar beets, potatoes, perennial grasses. Unsuitable - other leguminous crops and perennial leguminous grasses (inhabitants of the same root rot pathogens) and cultures - animators of sclerotinia pathogens, such as sunflower or cabbage crops. Part of the crops susceptible to sclerotinosis (sunflower, rapeseed) in the crop rotation should not exceed 33%.

In turn, soybean is an excellent predecessor for winter wheat and other cereals, corn, rapeseed, fodder and vegetable crops.

Soil preparation

The main cultivation of the soil consists of carrying out one or two peelings to a depth of 8–10 cm, fertilizing, plowing, to a depth of 22–25 cm after grain predecessors and to a depth of 25–30 cm after corn. Early spring processing they start from harrowing with heavy, medium or light harrows, as well as trails, reamers, trailing harrows when the physiological ripeness of the soil occurs. They harrow across or at an angle to the direction of plowing in 1-2 tracks. Pre-sowing treatment should be minimal and at the same time ensure the destruction of seedlings and weed shoots, moisture conservation, additional field leveling, and fertilizer application.

On clean, leveled fields since autumn, after early spring harrowing, the soil is not cultivated before sowing. On winter fields not leveled since autumn, littered with wintering weeds or carrion and with a long cold spring, it is necessary to cultivate to a depth of 6-8 cm with the next rolling. The latter increases the temperature of the seed layer by 1.5–3° With and stimulates the germination of weeds, which will be destroyed by the next pre-sowing cultivation. Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out with steam or beet cultivators with flat-cut shares to a depth of 4–5 cm in an aggregate with harrows or trailing harrows or combined units. Cultivation is carried out across or at an angle to the direction of previous cultivations.

The field surface needs to be level and free of clods as the low placement of the beans requires a low cut when harvesting. The height of the ridges and the depth of the furrows should not exceed 4 cm.

During the pre-sowing cultivation, soil herbicides are applied. They can also be applied after sowing to the emergence of seedlings with embedding into the soil with harrows to a depth of at least 3 cm, as a result of which the effectiveness of nitrogen-fixing bacteria increases.

Application of soil herbicides

Weeds can be delayed by 30–40 days by applying soil herbicides. For their successful action, the soil must have a finely cloddy structure, and in its upper layer there must be moisture. Taking this into account, it is technologically easier to apply soil herbicides on irrigated lands: they are applied under water charging irrigation.

Soil herbicides are usually applied together with pre-sowing cultivation. On soybean crops, preparations based on the following active ingredients are effective:

S - metolachlor

Acetochlor

Metribuzina

Pendimethalina

Dimethenamid P

Trifluralin

Prometrin

Imazetapira

Imazamox.

These herbicides can also be applied after sowing the crop before the emergence of its seedlings with embedding into the soil with harrows to a depth of at least 3 cm. When applying soil herbicides based on the active ingredient acetochlor, it should be borne in mind that when they are introduced for pre-sowing cultivation, nodule bacteria can be almost completely destroyed, because it is better to introduce them only after sowing for harrowing.

It should also be borne in mind that the application of a soil herbicide with its incorporation into the soil after the application of a continuous herbicide can reduce the effectiveness of the latter. After all, the process of assimilation of glyphosate (the active substance of continuous herbicides) in plants with a long rhizome lasts up to two to three weeks, and the intervention of tillage tools can interrupt the weed plant, due to which the part of it undamaged by glyphosate will grow back.

It must also be taken into account that the residues that remain after the predecessor of corn complicate the application of soil herbicides. They need the structure of the soil to be finely cloddy, and the remains of corn do not allow this to be achieved. In regions with large quantity rainfall, soil herbicides are washed out, and therefore the duration of their action is reduced. Then the crops will need more treatments with similar or insurance herbicides.

Application of fertilizers

For the formation of one centner of soybean seeds, 7.5 kg of nitrogen, 2.5 kg of phosphorus, 3.5 kg of potassium, 1 kg of magnesium, 2 kg of calcium, 0.4 kg of sulfur are required. The culture makes good use of the aftereffect of mineral and organic fertilizers, in symbiosis with nodule bacteria fixes molecular nitrogen from the air, absorbs hard-to-reach forms of phosphorus from the soil. Therefore, the doses and ratios of fertilizers are determined on the basis of soil analysis, based on the availability of nutrients in a particular field and the planned harvest on it. The supply of soil with nutrients also depends on the crop rotations characteristic of these fields. It is also necessary to take into account what kind of crop the predecessor formed: if it was high, then more fertilizers should be applied.

During the growing season, soybean consumes nutrients unevenly. Most of all, this occurs during flowering, pod formation, and at the beginning of grain filling: during this period, 57.9–59.7% of nitrogen, 59.4–64.7% of phosphorus and 66–70% of potassium are consumed; from the beginning of grain loading to the end of ripening - respectively, 33.7-36.3%, 30.6-36 and 18.9-26.4%.

In a nitrogen fed critical period for soybeans - the second or third week after flowering; in phosphoric - the first month of her life. With a lack of phosphorus, such a phenomenon as abortiveness of seeds, abscission of beans can occur.

Soybean makes good use of the aftereffect of mineral and organic fertilizers, in symbiosis with nodule bacteria fixes molecular nitrogen (60-70% of the requirement). Doses and ratios of fertilizers are calculated based on the availability of nutrients in the soil and the planned harvest. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are best applied under the main cultivation of the soil. Starting doses of fertilizers are applied during sowing, or separately from seeds during sowing. Average consumption rates of nutrients of mineral fertilizers (kg of active ingredient) for the creation of a unit of soybean production (per 1 ton of grain in the Steppe zone) N-64, P2O5-78, K2O-15.

Method calculation norms fertilizer :

D = At * H * Kp / With ; de -

D – annual norm fertilizer c / hectares , physical masses ;

AT – planned harvest , t / ha ;

H – standards expenses d . in . from mineral fertilizer on the 1 t products , kg ;

Kp – corrective coefficient on the security soil nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium ;

With – content current substances in mineral fertilizer %.

Seeds are treated with rhizotorfin in a semi-moist way on the day of sowing in covered areas, in barns or in the shade, where direct sunlight does not reach. Treated seeds are sown throughout the day.On the given time In Ukraine, there are three forms of bacterial fertilizer preparations for sale: liquid, dry vermiculite, dry peat. Dry forms can be sterile and non-sterile, which affects the period of their storage and use. Most often, liquid forms are suitable for use within 14-30 days, dry forms - from 6 months to 2 years (sterile).For the most part, the hectare norm of bacterial preparations is 200 g (ml) + 500-800 ml of water per 80-120 kg of seeds. Bacterial preparations of nodule bacteria are produced at the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology (Chernihiv) and its Crimean branch, as well as at Evpatoria Biofactory LLC"SHP" Niva ". Also, distribution companies sell similar drugs of imported origin (ABM inoculant, Optimaize, and so on).

Sowing

Soybean seeds require a significant amount of moisture to germinate. For swelling and normal germination of seeds, 130-160% of water from their mass is required. It is better to sow soybeans when the top seed layer of soil is warmed up to a temperature of 10-15 Co. When choosing the sowing time, the presence of moisture in the seed layer of the soil is taken into account, depending on the growing zone. Usually this is the third decade of April - the first and second decade of May.At earlier dates, the period of seed germination is extended, the seedlings for a longer period are susceptible to the infectious influence of pathogens of root diseases (Rhizoctonia Diaporthe spp., etc.), in addition, the likelihood of crop contamination with weeds increases.

They begin to sow from later-ripening varieties and finish with early-ripening ones. For the most early-ripening varieties, the recommended row spacing is 15–45 cm, for late-ripening varieties - 15 - 45–70 cm. The seeding rate depends on the variety type and methods of weed control, and the sowing method. With a decrease in row spacing, the seeding rate increases by 10–20%.

With a row spacing of 15 cm 1 m2is 666 cm row, at 30 cm - 333 cm, 45 cm - 222 cm, 60 cm - 167 cm, 70 cm - 143 cm. For ultra-early varieties (Annushka, Anastasia, Bilyavka), the seeding rate is in accordance with the row spacing: 15 cm - 0.95 - 1.0 million viable seeds / ha (14-15 pcs per 1 linear meter), 30 cm - 0 .8 -0.85 million viable seeds/ha (24-25 pcs per 1 linear meter), 45 cm - 0.7-0.75 million viable seeds/ha (32-34 pcs per 1 linear meter).For early ripe varieties (Seriba Ruta, Mavka), the seeding rate is in accordance with the row spacing: 15 cm - 0.85 - 0.9 million viable seeds / ha (13-14 pcs per 1 linear meter), 30 cm - 0, 7 -0.75 million viable seeds/ha (21-23 pcs per 1 linear meter), 45 cm - 0.6 -0.65 million viable seeds/ha (27-29 pcs per 1 linear meter).For mid-early and mid-season varieties (Antoshka, Smuglyanka, Atlanta), the seeding rate is in accordance with the row spacing: 15 cm - 0.7 - 0.75 million viable seeds / ha (11-12 pcs per 1 linear meter), 30 cm - 0.6 - 0.65 million viable seeds/ha (18-20 pcs per 1 linear meter), 45 cm - 0.5 - 0.55 million viable seeds/ha (23-25 ​​pcs per 1 linear meter ), 60 cm - 0.45 - 0.5 million viable seeds / ha (27-30 pcs per 1 linear meter), 70 cm - 0.40 - 0.45 million viable seeds / ha (28-32 pcs per 1 running meter).On the best soils choose a smaller one, on light soils - a higher rate. If weed control is carried out in a mechanized way (post-emergence harrowing, inter-row cultivation), then the seeding rate is increased by 10-15%.

Seeds are sown pickled and inoculated with nodule bacteria (rhizotorfin). As a rule, it is dressed before sowing, and inoculated during sowing. Only dressing with a fungicide based on the active ingredient benomyl can be combined with inoculation on the day of sowing.

Methodology calculation norms sowing seeds

Hb = G * M / P ; P = With * H /100; de -

Hb - seeding rate, kg / ha;

G - density standing plants , million . PCS . / ha ;

M - weight 1000 seeds , G ;

P - sowing suitability seeds ,%;

With - germination seeds ,%;

H - purity seeds ,%.

For sowing, you can use seeders of domestic and foreign production, providing the appropriate seeding rate. The depth of seed placement is 3-4 cm in moist soil, when the top sowing soil layer dries up, it is increased to 5-6 cm. In case of insufficient soil moisture after sowing, rolling the field is a mandatory technological measure.

Crop care

When caring for crops next to chemical protection, the technology provides for a system of agrotechnical means of weed control. Soybean crops can be harrowed 3-4 days after sowing, when its seeds are just hatching, and the weeds are in the phase"white thread". Soybean tolerates harrowing easily, only the curved knee phase, which occurs 2-3 days before germination, is critical for harrowing.

On soybean crops, depending on the infestation, 1-2 post-emergence harrowings are also carried out, and the first time, when the plants are well rooted and reach a height of 10-12 cm. The first harrowing is carried out when the soybean has reached the phase of the first trigeminal leaf, the second - to the third trigeminal leaf. It is better to perform this agricultural technique in the second half of the day (then soybean plants are less injured) across or diagonally to the direction of the rows.Pre-emergence harrowing reduces weediness by 40-50%, post-emergence - by 50-60, and pre-emergence + post-emergence - by 65-75%.

When harrowing before germination, the speed of the unit should not exceed 6 km / h, for seedlings - 5 km / h.

Later, one or two inter-row cultivation treatments may be required. Very weedy areas are weeded in rows by hand.

The timing of inter-row treatments and their number depend on the appearance of weeds. During the growing season, 2-4 inter-row cultivations are usually carried out, the last - no later than the budding phase.

Application of insurance herbicides

During the first weeks of its growing season, soybean grows relatively slowly, and weeds successfully compete with it for moisture, nutrients, and light use. The development of soybean plants is characterized by the fact that at first, after the appearance of the first trigeminal leaf, the active formation of the root system occurs. Until it is formed to the proper level, the above-ground mass of plants develops slowly. During this period, soybeans are especially vulnerable to danger from weeds. First, their cereal species develop on its crops, then dicotyledons. Sowing against dicotyledonous weeds is treated when soybean has 1-3 trigeminal leaves, and against cereals - regardless of the phase of crop development, but usually to the phase of 5-7 leaves, that is, before flowering.

Permitted preparations based on such active substances are used against cereal weeds:

- Quizalofop-p-ethyl (Targa Super)

- Cletodima (Select)

- Fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade Forte)

- Quizalofop-R-tefuril

- Propachysafop (Shogun)

- Setoxydim

- Imazetapir (Pivot)

- Imazamox (Pulsar 40)

against dicots:

- Bentazon (bazagran)

- Tifensulfuron-methyl (Harmony)

- Imazetapir (Pivot)

- Imazamox (Pulsar 40)

- Imazetapir + chlorimuron-ethyl (Fabian)

If there are both dicotyledonous and cereal weeds in the crop, then tank mixtures should be used, selecting herbicides for the spectrum that is characteristic of a particular field. But we must remember that the use of herbicides in tank mixes can inhibit soybean plants, so to avoid this, it is better to do separate treatments.

After the appearance of the third trigeminal leaf, the use of herbicides against dicotyledonous weeds is no longer recommended, but this group can be controlled by inter-row mechanical cultivation.

Herbicides based on the active ingredients imazetapir and imazamox are used against both cereals and dicotyledonous weeds. They are applied to sowing, before germination and after germination of soybeans in the phase of up to 2-3 true leaves, but not more than once every three years (on the same field. In the first year after the application of the herbicide based on the active ingredient imazetapir, it is not recommended to sow cereal crops. Also, these herbicides have restrictions on those drugs that can be applied to these fields later.

There are also warnings regarding the use of herbicides based on the active ingredient thifensulfuron-methyl. Even in small doses, they can slow down the growth and development of soybeans for up to two weeks, prolong its vegetation period. And the maximum allowed dose, and even in a tank mixture with an anti-cereal herbicide, can cause significant damage to soybean plants.

The frequency of application of insurance herbicides is determined by weather conditions: if after their application it started to rain for two or three days, it became warmer, then this can provoke a new wave of annual weeds, and hence the need to use insurance herbicides again.

Protection of soybean crops from diseases

Soybean plants can be affected by a number of diseases. In particular, these are fusarium, ascochitosis, bacteriosis, sclerotinia, downy mildew (peronosporosis), bacterial burn, soybean yellow mosaic, etc. diseases can not be called threatening. As a preventive measure to combat fungal and bacterial diseases of soybean, deep autumn plowing and complete incorporation of plant residues, which are the source of infection, are highly effective.This significantly reduces the likelihood of infection with ascochitosis, peronosporosis and other diseases. In the fields where fusarium is detected, soybeans cannot be sown earlier than after 3-4 years.

The health of soybeans is affected by the observance of all agrotechnical measures: from optimal sowing dates to optimal harvesting dates. After all, if soybeans are sown very early and in cold soil, the period from sowing to germination will increase, which will provoke seed damage by pathogens, seed rotting may occur. Therefore, diseases are more often manifested precisely in early crops. On the other hand, a delay in harvesting can lead to damage to the seeds by mold fungi.

In wet years, diseases are strongly manifested in late-ripening varieties, the harvesting dates of which are postponed to October-November, as a result of which rotting of the crop may occur. Total losses from diseases in this case can be up to 30% of the grown crop.

Since soybean seeds often carry many pathogens, resistant varieties should be used for planting, healthy seed material should be carefully selected, and seeds should be dressed using the recommended preparations. These drugs are based on such active substances:

Benomyl

- Complex salt of iodine

Fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M

Tiram.

You can also use bacterial preparations, the so-called bioprotectors, which do not allow pathogenic microflora to develop on the plant and reduce the degree of damage to their diseases. Treatment of seeds with a preparation of nodule bacteria - rhizotorfin - also has a healing effect on seeds.

When choosing a protectant, it should be borne in mind that when combined with bacterial preparations, the effectiveness of the latter can significantly decrease, so it is better to use chemical protectants earlier, and bacterial preparations on the day of sowing. Benomyl-based protectants can be used simultaneously with treatment with biological products: this Chemical substance safe for nodule bacteria.

On soybean crops, when the first signs of ascochitosis, peronosporosis appear on the leaves, spray with Bordeaux liquid (4 kg / ha for copper preparation. The cost of working fluid during ground treatments should be 300-400 l / ha.

Protecting soybean crops from pests

More damage to soybean crops by pests is observed in dry years at high air temperatures. Such conditions are more typical for the southern and central steppe regions of Ukraine. Soybean is damaged by many types of pests at all stages of organogenesis, but acacia moth, bed bugs, leaf-eating caterpillars of butterflies, and spider mites can cause significant losses first.

Influence of pests during germination.

Germinating seeds in the soil and seedlings can damage larvae of sprout flies, wireworms, larvae of horn beetles, caterpillars of nibbling scoops. Damaged seeds can quickly rot and stop development. Crops are thinning, plant productivity is declining. Damage contributes to the penetration and development of fungal and bacterial diseases in plants.

Cotyledons and the first pair of true leaves can be damaged by various types of leaf-borne pests: gray beet and nodule weevil, green grasshopper larvae and locusts. During the entire growing season, sucking insects feed on soybean leaves (bugs, thrips, aphids, cicadas. In warm weather, bugs are very active, mobile, fly between plants. For nutrition, they usually focus on the tops of plants, where they suck juices from young stems, buds and During cloudy and cold weather, they sit motionless under the leaves.

As management practice shows, if the seeds are dressed, these types of pests do not cause significant damage to soybean crops.

Influence of pests during flowering and pod formation

Different kinds caterpillars from the families of scoops, hvylivok, winter, dipper leafworms damage the trigeminal leaves of the culture. The most common pest on soybean leaves is the gamma scoop caterpillar.

Cobweb nests may be visible on the plants, in which the caterpillars of the American white butterfly feed. Leaf roller caterpillars feed in the leaf tube, for which they bend up and fasten the edge of the leaf with cobwebs or connect several sheets together.

The spider mite in Ukraine is the most numerous in the south. It is a polyphage found on more than 40 plant species, damages vegetables, gourds, soy and beans. On soybeans, it extends from the budding phase to full ripeness. Imago and tick larvae suck the juice from the leaves, as a result of which transpiration significantly increases in the leaf apparatus, the water balance is disturbed, the content of chlorophyll, xanthophil and carotene decreases, and photosynthesis stops.The female tick lives up to 40 days, laying 3 to 8 eggs on the underside of leaves every day. As the temperature rises, the intensity of oviposition increases. During the growing season, the tick can give up to 10-12 generations. The optimal temperature for tick development is 29-31 0 C. Optimum air humidity - 35-55%. Humidity over 80% inhibits development and reproduction spider mite. The number of mites on soybeans increases until August, and since September, due to worsening weather conditions, it decreases.

The economic threshold of harmfulness for the spider mite is 2-3 specimens per leaf before flowering or 10 specimens during the formation and filling of beans. For the fight, drugs based on the active substance BI-58 new (dimethoate, zolon (fosalone), karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) are used. Up to two treatments are carried out during the growing season.

A surge in the number of the pest is observed after the harvesting of cereals, which is associated with its relocation to other vegetative crops.

Caterpillars of the stem corn borer can cause great harm to soybean stalks. In Ukraine, this insect is most common on the Right Bank. Butterfly caterpillars are polyphagous, damaging more than 150 plant species, including corn, millet, soybean hops, etc. Soybeans gnaw through passages inside the stems.

Pests of generative organs

Beans and soybean seeds damage caterpillars of the second and third generations of the acacia moth. The first generation of the pest develops on yellow and white acacia. In Ukraine, this species is most common in the Steppe and in the south of the Forest-Steppe, where it causes significant damage. At the end of the flowering of soybeans - at the beginning of the filling of beans, that is, in late July - early August, butterflies of the summer generation lay their eggs on soybeans and other legumes. caterpillars penetrate inside beans, where they live for a month, partially or completely eating away the seeds.

The number of moths and its harmfulness increases in dry years. The proximity of soybean crops to plantings of yellow and white acacia contributes to a greater colonization of beans.

If the pest began to appear, then you need to take immediate measures to combat it: first, carry out edge processing of the fields where they border on the settlement zones. By mass flight, all crops should be processed. It is necessary at least twice a week to travel around the fields and examine the state of settlement. Since the moth is a nocturnal moth, this is done at night: using a net, according to the methodology, the pest is accounted for. It is necessary to inspect the plants: is there an egg-laying there. It is also worth listening to the reports of plant protection stations, which carry out relevant observations and make recommendations.

Soybeans also damage caterpillars of the alfalfa cutworm, which is more common in the forest-steppe. Females of the pest of the first generation lay their eggs at the end of May, and females of the second generation - in the second half of July. In July-August, caterpillars feed mainly on generative organs. various plants, including on soybeans. The optimal conditions for the development of cutworms are hot, dry weather.

Settling by a scoop occurs when the predecessor culture was struck. The potential harmfulness of the cutworm is determined by examining the soil for the presence of pupae in it: in the period up to July 15-25, such studies can determine the presence and density of the population.

Under favorable weather conditions for pests, the acacia moth and alfalfa cutworm can destroy up to 50% of the crop within a week, which was shown in the 2007 experience. The reduction of losses from them will be facilitated by measures such as growing early ripening varieties, harvesting at optimal times and its rapid threshing, deep autumn plowing of fields after legumes, the correct choice of crop rotations, chopping plant residues remaining on the field for the winter, and the use of recommended insecticides. At the beginning of the revival, caterpillars use preparations based on the active substance BI-58 new (dimethoate), zolon (fozalon), sherpa (cypermethrin). Processing is carried out with an interval of 7-12 days. With a large population of pests, up to three treatments may be required.

When planning measures to combat pests in soybean crops, it should be borne in mind that in the period after the closing of crop rows, it is not advisable to use ground equipment (sprayers), there is a high risk of damage to the crops by the running system of the unit. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to the services of chemical aviation.

Cleaning

It is carried out in the phase of full ripeness at a moisture content of 14-16% in order to prevent injury to seeds at a lower humidity. Soybeans are harvested by direct combining.

Soybean crops are placed in tilled links of crop rotations, in fields clean of weeds, with sufficient reserves of moisture and nutrients in the soil.

Soybean for green fodder in its pure form and in mixed crops can be used as a fallow crop. For this, early-ripening long-stemmed varieties are selected, which free the field early and make it possible to qualitatively prepare the soil for sowing winter crops.

In the European part of Russia, soybeans are placed on cereals, corn, and potatoes.

In areas where the warm period after the harvest of early cereals lasts about three months or more, in years with sufficient rainfall in the second half of summer, high efficiency of stubble stubble cultivation is noted, followed by plowing in autumn. In areas with a short post-harvest period, stubble peeling is ineffective.

Deep plowing, which contributes to the accumulation of soil moisture, is important for obtaining high yields of soybeans.

The efficiency of semi-fallow tillage largely depends on the type of weediness in the fields. According to A. A. Babich (1974), in Krasnodar Territory on fields littered with root weeds, before autumn plowing, two peelings are carried out (the first to a depth of 6-8 cm, the second to 10-12 cm), and after the mass germination of weeds, plowing is carried out to a depth of 23-30 cm.

Pre-sowing tillage consists of harrowing and cultivation. Soy grows well on soils with a bulk density of 1.1-1.2 g/cm 3 .

During spring plowing, soybean yields are often reduced by 50%.

When choosing a method of tillage for soybeans, it should be taken into account that for most regions of the country, different-depth tillage in crop rotation is appropriate. It should be taken into account that soy reacts negatively to the compaction of the arable layer. Therefore, a deep flash is carried out under it.

Soybean unevenly absorbs nutrients from germination to flowering: nitrogen - 6-16%, phosphorus - 8.4-12.3, potassium - 9-23.8, calcium - 10-11, magnesium - 6-8%. The rest of the nutrients are used by soybeans from the beginning of formation to grain filling. It consumes the maximum amount of nitrogen in the phases of flowering and pod formation, phosphorus - during the pod formation period, potassium - 87-95 days after germination, calcium - 70-80 days, magnesium - 73-80 days and sulfur - in the pod formation phase.

For soybeans, the most effective application is N 30-60 P 60-90 K 30-45. Soy makes good use of the aftereffect of organic fertilizers.

When sowing, fertilizers should be planted 2-3 cm deeper than the row, with an arrangement of 4-5 cm to the side of the row. The application of fertilizers in mixtures with seeds leads to a decrease in the field germination of soybeans.

Lime is applied in autumn before stubble plowing, followed by incorporation during autumn plowing.

Completed seeds are selected for sowing, subjected to air-thermal heating and dressing no later than 20 days before sowing. On the day of sowing, the seeds are inoculated.

Races of soy nodule bacteria are specific, enter into symbiosis only with this culture. Optimal conditions for reproduction and symbiotic fixation of bacteria - neutral reaction of the soil solution, soil moisture 60-70% HB, sufficient illumination, low content of mineral nitrogen, good soil aeration, temperature 24 ... 25 ° C, a sufficient number of bacteria on seeds, their active penetration inside the root hairs, high activity of photosynthesis.

During the period of active work of nodule bacteria, excessive nutrition of plants with readily soluble forms of nitrogen causes premature aging of bacteria and inhibits the formation of new bactesoids. At the beginning of pod formation, the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the nodules decreases, and the plants need mineral nitrogen. Soybean nodule bacteria are more sensitive to herbicides than lupine and pea bacteria (A. A. Babich, 1973).

Inoculation of soybean seeds before sowing not only increases the yield of grain and green mass, but also increases the content of protein and carotene.

Sowing of soybeans begins when the soil at a depth of 5-6 cm warms up to 12-14%. This usually coincides with the end of the sowing of corn for grain. If the sowing dates deviate towards early, the yield decreases daily by 0.9-1.1%, towards late - by 0.6-0.7% compared with the optimal period (A. A. Babich, 1974).

The soybean sowing method is most often wide-row with row spacing of 45-70 cm, but it can be both belt and row. The seeding rate is 200-800 thousand viable seeds per 1 ha, depending on the direction of use and moisture conditions in various soil and climatic zones. When moving from north to south, the density of plants and the seeding rate decrease, which is explained by the conditions of moisture supply, the characteristics of the thermal and nutritional regimes of the soil.

The sowing depth of soybean seeds should be determined taking into account moisture, topsoil temperature and seed quality. Sowing to a depth of 2-4 cm (shallow incorporation) and 8-10 cm (deep incorporation) reduces field germination and soybean yield.

The ridge sowing method for soybeans is used in the Far Eastern regions, on heavy, waterlogged soils with a small humus horizon.

Crop care consists of pre- and post-emergence harrowing, inter-row cultivation of crops, as well as the use of soil herbicides.

Harrowing before germination is carried out when soybean seedlings do not exceed the size of the seed. At this time, the harrow destroys the seedlings of weeds and loosens upper layer soil.

The first post-emergence harrowing of soybeans is carried out when the plants are well rooted and therefore will be little damaged by harrows. In most varieties, this period coincides with the formation of the first trifoliate leaf on the plant. The second harrowing with light harrows is carried out when the plant height reaches 10-15 cm. For less damage to the plants, harrowing is carried out across the rows during the daytime, when the plant turgor decreases.

For the destruction of weeds during the growing season, mechanized inter-row processing is carried out. When growing soybeans for fodder, it is necessary to carry out 3-4 treatments between rows with a gradual decrease in their depth from 10-12 to 5-6 cm.

In addition to agrotechnical methods of weed control, pre-sowing, pre-emergence and post-emergence treatment of soybean crops with herbicides, as well as chemical weeding of predecessors, are widely used.

Pre-sowing treatment with herbicides is carried out 2-4 weeks before sowing for pre-sowing cultivation. For this, soil herbicides are used: treflan, prometrin, linuron, etc.

In some cases, the application of herbicides before sowing or before germination is ineffective either due to insufficient rainfall or due to the presence of resistant weeds. Therefore, it is better to apply them after germination. The main methods of post-emergence application are continuous, tape and directional. For this, drugs of a contact nature of action are used, as well as soil herbicides. The most intensive way to apply herbicides on soybean crops is band spraying, which is combined with cultivation. At the same time, the dose of the drug is reduced by 2 times.

The risk of damage to soybean can be greatly reduced by using herbicides with a short toxic effect or combined preparations for its predecessors.

Soybeans are harvested in the phase of its full ripeness and in a short time. The main signs of full ripeness for most soybean varieties are leaf fall, drying of the stems, as well as the lagging of dry seeds from the valves.

To preserve the sowing qualities of the seeds, immediately after harvesting, the seeds are cleaned and dried. Important grain is dried for 4-6 hours at a coolant temperature of 36 ° C, then it is raised to 40 ° C and maintained for 6-8 hours. Sometimes the humidity will reach 16%, drying is continued at a temperature of 45°C.

The maximum yield of soybean green mass is also formed against the background of the full filling of beans, when the seeds in them are still green. Harvesting reduces the productivity of sowing, and the delay worsens the quality of the forage. Harvesting of soybeans for fodder must be completed before the leaves begin to turn yellow and fall off.

In areas with a long growing season, it is possible to increase the time for using green mass for fodder or for laying haylage and silage by sowing 2-3 varieties from late April to early July at several times with an interval of 10-20 days.

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06.02.2019

Botanical characteristics of soy

Soybean is an annual plant with a coarse tap root penetrating to a depth of 1.5-2 m. Long lateral roots extend from the tap root. Plant height ranges from 20 cm to 1.5 m and depends on the soybean variety and growing conditions. The stem is straight, thick or thin, curly in some varieties.

Lateral branches extend from the central stem in the lower half or third of it. In some forms they are located in one plane, in others in several. In some forms, lateral branches develop branches of the second order.

The stem and lateral branches end either in a rough top with a flower brush, or an elongated thin top bearing leaves. The first is characteristic of forms with straight, coarse stems and side branches, the second is characteristic of forms with thin curly stems.

The whole plant is usually covered with pubescence. Its coloration is yellow and white. The pubescence is short, felt, dense, long, spaced, very sparse, appressed.

The fruit is a bean; like the rest of the plant is covered with hairs. There are small beans, 3-4 cm long, medium - 4-5 cm and large, reaching 6-7 cm in length. Beans are straight, xiphoid and crescent. Mature beans are yellow, red, light brown, number per plant ranging from 10 to 400. Depending on the botanical form, the beans crack or remain closed when ripe.

A bean contains from one to four grains. Their absolute weight ranges from 38 to 520 g. The diameter of small grains is 5-5.4 mm, medium 6-7 mm and large 9.5-9.8 mm. Coloring is yellow, green, brown, black and two-tone (marble). The hem of the grains also comes in various colors: brown, black, brown, light brown or colorless. The shape of the grains is spherical or oval, convex or flat.

environmental requirements

Soy is a typical tropical plant, native to Southeast Asia with long frost-free periods and humid, warm summers. Therefore, soybean cultivation is best achieved in areas that, in terms of their climatic conditions, approach the areas of its main distribution area.

Soybean development requires a sum of temperatures from 2000 to 3000 0 C, with the number of frost-free days at least 120-150, at an average daily temperature of at least 15 0 C. The highest requirements forwarmth soybeans present during flowering and ripening of beans. For the normal passage of these phases, an average temperature of 18-22 0 C. Comparatively heat necessary for seed germination: the optimum temperature is 15-20 0 C, a minimum temperature is in the range of 10-12 0 C. Spring frosts at 1-2.5 0 With soy transfers easily and does not freeze, lingering only a few in growth. Autumn frosts beat the leaves, but if frosts occur shortly before ripening, then the latter ends normally.

Soy, as a southern plant, requires a short day. With a shortening of the day, it sharply shortens the growing season. At short day there is an acceleration of the flowering time, but the filling and ripening of the beans is delayed. With a long day, the flowering time is greatly slowed down.

Various influenceday length on the course of soybean development is expressed in the fact that the photoperiod determines not only the development process, but also growth phenomena, as well as processes associated with accelerating or delaying the aging of the plant's green tissue. Under the influence of a long day, received by the plant at the beginning of development or throughout the growing season, the yellowing and fall of the leaves are accelerated, and therefore the filling and ripening of the beans pass faster. Under long day conditions, the last phases of development pass faster than under short day conditions.

The change in the processes of development and growth caused by the length of the day has a strong influence on the productivity of the plant. With an increase in the length of the day, with sufficient nitrogen nutrition, the plant significantly increases the number of nodes and pods, and consequently the number of grains. However, the absolute weight of grains decreases with increasing day length.

Soy belongs to the group of crops that are moderately drought tolerant. During the growing season, it consumes 3-4 times moremoisture than wheat. Soybean plants tolerate excess moisture more easily than drought. However, when waterlogged, the nitrogen-fixing activity of nodules is sharply inhibited.

For swelling and normal germination of seeds, 130-160% of water is required from their weight. From germination to flowering, soybeans are less demanding on moisture and tolerate drought relatively well. Soybean makes the greatest demands on moisture, as well as on temperature, during flowering and filling of beans.

Optimum soil moisture for soybeans is 70-80% of the maximum field moisture capacity, air - 70-75%.

Areas of sustainable soybean crops are characterized by wet summers, especially in the second half of the growing season.

Soy works well on everyonesoils , except for solonetzic, heavy and acidic, as well as waterlogged. The culture can be successfully cultivated on chernozem, chestnut and soddy-podzolic soils of different mechanical composition, and with a sufficient amount of nutrients - on sandy soils. The optimal soil acidity for soybeans is pH 6.0-7.0.

Cultivated, rich in humus and lime, well-fertilized, loose, easily warmed soils are most suitable for obtaining high yields of soybeans.

The best soils for soybean are well structured, sufficiently moisture-intensive, with a thick root layer, highly fertile with an optimal supply of mobile elements of mineral nutrition, able to easily warm up, rich in humus, with the composition of the underlying rock. Based on the biological characteristics of soybean plants, tillage should be relatively deep. However, on eroded lands and at repeated crops according to stubble predecessors, it is necessary to resort to its minimization for this crop.

Soybean predecessors in crop rotation

Soybean crops are placed in tilled links of crop rotations, in fields that are free from weeds, with sufficient reserves of moisture and nutrients in the soil. Such predecessors include winter and spring wheat, winter rye, barley, corn, potatoes, and vegetables.

Soybean as a legume, when introduced into crop rotation, contributes to an increase in the culture of agriculture and the yield of subsequent grain crops.

Soy is one of best predecessors for many cultures. She improves physical properties soil and, thanks to the activity of roots and nodule bacteria, loosens the soil, which contributes to better penetration moisture, its economical use and increase in the yield of subsequent crops of the crop rotation.

Sudanese grass, sunflower, and legumes that have common pests are considered bad predecessors for soybeans.

Soy is a good predecessor for grain, industrial, forage and other crops. Therefore, its introduction into crop rotation, proper alternation with other crops can improve the composition of predecessors, and consequently, crop rotation productivity, soil nitrogen balance, increase protein content and forage quality. It is placed no closer than 500 m from plantations of white and yellow acacia, as well as from crops of legumes, which have common pests and diseases with it.

tillage

into the system basic tillage includes stubble plowing and autumn plowing with a plow with a skimmer.

Stubble breaking is known to increase soybean yield. Peeling retains its importance if it is carried out correctly and in a timely manner: simultaneously with the harvesting of previous spike crops and no deeper than 5 cm. The best tool is a disc cultivator.

When carrying out the second work in the tillage system - plowing - great importance to improve soil fertility and soybean yields, time and depth of plowing have.

Autumn plowing is carried out with plows with skimmers (cultural plowing), if possible in more early dates. Late fall plowing reduces soybean yields.

The depth of autumn plowing is very important for soybean yield. Deep autumn plowing contributes to higher soybean yields than shallow, especially when it is carried out with plows with skimmers, in combination with preliminary stubble breaking.

The deep plowed soil has a looser top layer during the entire growing season of plants, which ensures the conservation of soil moisture, good aeration of the soil and mobilization of nitrate nitrogen.

Also, deep plowing dramatically reduces the infestation of soybean crops.

Pre-sowing tillage.

A proper seedbed treatment system is closely related to a fall tillage system. On fallow-ploughed fields, the first tillage in early spring is carried out in order to create an insulating layer on the surface. The purpose of this layer is to retain soil moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period.

On light and well-prepared soils since autumn, an insulating layer is created with a train or drags. These tools level the surface of the soil and do not spray it. In spring, they can be used earlier than harrows, shortly after the snow melts. On heavy, confluent soils, heavy harrows are used, which can achieve better cutting of the soil; both harrowing and sanding are carried out at an angle to the direction of the furrows.

In addition to this early spring tillage, in order to create a more powerful loose layer of soil for soybean sowing, cultivation is usually carried out with paw tools. Cultivation also clears the soil of weeds.

In areas with insufficient or unstable moisture, as well as in years with a dry spring, the topsoil often dries up. In these cases, when processing ploughland for soybeans, in addition to cultivation, rolling is used immediately before sowing. By rolling, the rise of water through the capillaries from the lower moist horizons of the soil to its upper layer is increased.

Seeds and sowing of soybeans

For sowing, it is necessary to use only well-sorted and evenly sized seeds with high germination and vigor of germination. Soybean seeds with a high content of protein and fat, under poor storage conditions, quickly lose field germination and reduce germination energy. Therefore, in the spring, the quality of the seed must be checked. Seeds must be well made, high specific gravity, free of quarantine weeds, live pests and their larvae that damage soybeans.

Large and medium seeds have higher sowing qualities and yields than small ones. For sowing, peeled seeds of the first and subsequent reproductions of zoned varieties are used. The highest grain yields are obtained when sown with seeds of the first class.

Sometimes after sowing there is a sharp decrease in temperature. Seeds and seedlings in cold soil are more affected by pathogenic microorganisms and do not germinate. To increase the field germination of seeds, they are treated against bacterial and fungal diseases with Fentiuram or other TMTD analogues before sowing. Soybean yield without seed treatment is lower than with seed treatment. Soybean seeds with moisture up to 14% can be dressed one to two months before sowing. Advance treatment with pesticides protects seeds from fungal and bacterial diseases, does not reduce germination and increases yield by 15%.

Plant growth stimulants and microfertilizers are also used for seed treatment. Such preparations help to increase the energy of seed germination, while soybean seedlings appear a few days earlier.

Since the treated seeds change flowability, it is necessary to check the setting of the seeder for the seeding rate. When using seeders with a pneumatic seed meter, seed treatment has little to no effect on the seed rate.

Sowing dates and seeding depth .

Soy is a thermophilic crop. Its seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 6 - 8 0 C. When sown in soil with such a temperature, the seeds swell quickly, but their germination is delayed and seedlings appear after 25-30 days. During this period, the Fusarium mycelium develops well and can cause Fusarium rot of seeds and seedlings. Field germination of seeds varies greatly depending on the timing of sowing. With excessively early or late sowing dates, 30.3 - 31% of the seeds do not germinate, so the crops are sparse.

Soybean sowing begins when the soil warms up well and is stable. average daily temperature at the depth of seed placement will reach 10-14 0 C, bypasses the danger of spring frosts.

Sowing time depends not only on temperature regime soil, biological characteristics of varieties, but also on the duration of the growing season, rainfall, soil moisture and aeration. In conditions of good moisture supply, soybeans are sown at the optimum time, with good heating and soil moisture. In dry years, the best results are obtained by sowing early, which makes it possible to use the spring moisture reserves in the soil for swelling and germination of seeds. Late crops under such conditions, they lead to the fact that the seeds fall into dry soil, some of them are affected by diseases, the rest do not germinate for a long time, shoots are sparse. At the optimal sowing time, there is best development plants.

In addition, when sowing soybeans at the optimal time, the best conditions are created for weed control and the implementation of a complex of agrotechnical practices. The most effective herbicides for soybeans are Frontier 900 (1.2-1.6 liters per hectare), Harnes 90% (1.6-3.0 liters per hectare), Dual Gold 960EC (1.2-1.6 liters per hectare). hectare) and others. The noted herbicides are used mainly for the control of cereal weeds and they are applied under pre-sowing cultivation, either immediately before sowing or after it (before soybeans appear) with embedding into the soil with harrows.

Fields that are free of weeds, or when using high-performance herbicides, can be sown earlier.

The value of the soybean yield depends on the combination of sowing dates, background fertilization and plant density.

The optimal soybean seed sowing depth in the main production areas is 4-5 cm, on light soils - 5-6 cm. When the top layer dries out on structural soils, it can be increased to 6-8 cm. during germination, soybean seeds are brought to the surface of the cotyledons. Deviation from the optimal depth dramatically reduces the yield.

Soybean seed sowing depth should be determined taking into account moisture, topsoil temperature, and seed quality. Shallow incorporation (2-4 cm) of seeds, as well as deep incorporation (8-10 cm), reduces the yield.

Optimal sowing time, combined with the correct depth of seed placement and taking into account their sowing qualities, allows you to get friendly and full seedlings, good plant development, and a high grain yield.

Sowing methods and seeding rates.

moisture conditions, biological features varieties, the degree and nature of the weediness of the field, the technical equipment of the farm determine the method of sowing soybeans. It can be sown in wide rows with a row spacing of 45 cm with row planters or in the usual row method with grain or stubble planters.

The illumination of plants, the provision of moisture and nutrients depend on the area of ​​plant nutrition, which affects the foliage and indicators of biometric measurements. With a decrease in the feeding area, the height of plants, their weight, stem diameter, the number of branches, pods and seeds decrease, and the height of attachment of the lower tier beans increases. With the optimal value of the feeding area, the main number of beans (61.5-70.6%) is formed on the main stem. On sparse crops, most of them (71.5%) are located on side branches. With the optimal feeding area, the plants do not branch much, their shoots are formed in the internodes of the middle and upper tiers, where sunlight gets much more.

The biological requirements of the culture in relation to illumination are most consistent with ordinary row sowing due to the uniform distribution of plants over the area in comparison with wide-row sowing, where their mutual shading occurs due to the density of standing plants in a row (after 2-5 cm). This method is applicable to well-cultivated fields with a low degree of infestation and, as a rule, requires the application of effective herbicides to keep crops clean of weeds. Row sowing is more preferable for early ripe, weakly branched, low-growing varieties, especially in the northern areas of sowing, since it achieves more accelerated and uniform maturation of plants.

Crop care

For the good development of soybeans and obtaining a high yield, timely and thorough care of crops is of great importance. Throughout the growing season, care must be taken to ensure that the crops are clean from weeds, and the topsoil is loose. With such crop care, sufficient moisture and nutrients for plants are retained in the soil and good access to light and heat is provided. All this contributes to an increase in yield.

Depending on the conditions of the year, the weediness of the field and the possibilities of the farm, the care system may include a different set of agricultural practices:

- on wide-row crops without herbicides - 1-2 pre-emergence harrowing, 1-2 seedling harrowing and 2-3 row-spacing cultivation;

- with a large weediness, it is necessary to combine mechanical (harrowing, inter-row cultivation) and chemical (pre- and post-emergence application of herbicides) treatments;

– on a field free of weeds, with conventional row sowing, it is only possible to apply harrowing before and after germination, but usually it is necessary to combine them with the use of soil (before germination) and auxiliary (after germination) herbicides.

Continuous cultivation of row crops, as well as harrowing, can be carried out if the length of the roots of the seeds does not exceed half the length of the seed and under the condition of deep seed placement. The depth of cultivation is set 2-3 cm shallower than the depth of seed placement and carried out along the sowing rows.

The seedlings are harrowed across the sowing rows in the phase of the first trifoliate soybean leaf at a plant height of 10-12 cm. The speed of movement should not exceed 4-5 km/h. It is best to carry out harrowing in sunny weather in the afternoon, when soybean plants are less brittle, and weed seedlings are well destroyed. The number of damaged soybean plants during harrowing before and after germination should be no more than 5 and 9%, and the number of dead weeds should be about 65-70%.

The first row-spacing cultivation is carried out 8-12 days after germination with good designation of rows to a depth of 5-6 cm with a protective zone width of 8-10 cm. During the first treatment of row-spacings, it is recommended to equip cultivators with one-sided razor blades and weeding harrows KRN-38. The second time the aisles are cultivated with lancet paws to a depth of 8-10 cm eight to ten days after the first, but no later than the formation of the second pair of trifoliate leaves, the protective zone is left 10-12 cm wide. The third and fourth times are treated taking into account weediness, precipitation, closing rows and compacting the soil. The last treatment between rows, which usually coincides with the beginning of the flowering of soybeans, is carried out in combination with top dressing. mineral fertilizers.

The treatment of row spacing by cultivators not only destroys weeds, but also affects the formation of nodules on the roots of plants that fix nitrogen better under aerobic conditions and need good and constant air access.

Thus, the system of mechanized care of soybean crops includes pre-emergence harrowing of crops. After the emergence of seedlings and a good designation of the rows, a second harrowing is carried out with light harrows across the crop. The number of inter-row treatments and the timing of their implementation are set taking into account the presence of weeds: with a weak weediness and the use of effective herbicides, one or two treatments are carried out, with a strong weediness - two or three. During the first cultivation of row spacing, the soil is loosened in rows and protective zones with the help of row weeding harrows. Additionally, the soil is cultivated only when weeds appear or the topsoil is compacted.

In the processing of soybean row spacings, the most productive are wide-cut units, consisting of three mounted cultivators KRN-4.2 and a CH-75 hitch. When completing the units, it is necessary to match the working width of the weeding and sowing units.

With each treatment, the working bodies of the cultivators are set to a predetermined depth, adjusted and fixed. During operation, razors and sweeps should completely cut weeds between rows, do not damage soybean plants, loosen the soil without forming ridges and furrows. Paws should overlap each other by at least 23 cm.

Chemical weed control

Herbicides make it possible to successfully control the main weeds in soybean crops. Pre-sowing, pre-emergence, post-sowing application of herbicides, as well as chemical weeding of predecessors are used. So far tested on soy a large number of drugs. However, only a few of them destroy weeds without damaging cultivated plants.

Soybeans grow relatively slowly during the first weeks of their growing season. Therefore, weeds successfully compete with it for the consumption of moisture, nutrients, and the use of light. After the appearance of the first trigeminal leaf, the active formation of the soybean root system takes place. During this period, soybeans are especially vulnerable to danger from weeds. First, cereal species develop on its crops, then dicotyledons. Sowing is applied against dicotyledonous weeds when soybean has 1-3 trigeminal leaves, and against cereals - regardless of the phase of crop development, but usually to the phase of 5-7 leaves, that is, before flowering.

The following herbicides are used in soybean crops (l/ha): against dicotyledonous annual weeds - Bazagran, 48% w.r. – 1.5–3.0; Blaser 2C, 24% w.c. – 1.5–2.5; against annual grasses - Naboo, 20% a.e. – 1–3 l/ha; Poast, 20% a.e., 1–3; Prodifox, 28% a.e. - 3–3.5; Targa, 10% a.e. – 1–2; Furore, 9% a.e. – 0.8–1.2, etc.; against perennial grasses - Targa super, 5% a.e. – 2–3; Fusilad super, 12.5% ​​a.e. - 2–4, etc.

The recommended doses of herbicides for soybeans do not have a negative effect. Long-term, from year to year, the use of herbicides does not reduce the growth and development of soybean plants, the formation of nodules, the intensity of photosynthesis and productivity. Higher doses inhibit the nitrogen-fixing activity of nodules.

Soy pests and diseases

When cultivating soybeans, the fight against pests and diseases that affect this crop, worsen its living conditions and reduce yields is of great importance for obtaining high yields.

Soybean pests are extremely numerous - about 60 species, as well as diseases - 35 species. Viral diseases cause great metabolic disorders in plants, especially the protein complex.

- most dangerous pest soybeans. It damages plants especially strongly in dry years. Butterflies lay their eggs on emerging beans. Caterpillars after hatching gnaw through the valves and feed on young seeds. Acacia moth damages all varieties of soybeans. However, varieties are less damaged if the pod formation phase does not coincide with the period of the butterfly's summer and egg laying.

In spring, when seedlings appear, the beetles eat the edges of the leaves, the growing point and the cotyledon leaves. The larvae live in the soil and feed on the bacterial tissue of the nodules, which reduces the efficiency of nitrogen fixation, reduces the protein content in plants, and contributes to the damage to the roots by pathogens of various diseases.

Wireworm larvae gnaw through passages different thickness in swollen seeds, seedlings and sprout stems, as well as in the basal part of the stem. In fields inhabited by this pest, the damage intensifies in years with a cold, long spring.

It settles and breeds mainly on the underside of the leaves, braiding them with a thin cobweb. It feeds on the juice of the leaves, causing them to turn yellow and fall off, accelerates ripening, reduces the weight of the plant, the number of beans and seeds in them. In spring, overwintered individuals lay eggs on weeds and cultivated plants, then move to soybean crops.

Soybeans are damaged by caterpillars. Eating the flesh of the leaves, they leave irregularly shaped holes, braiding them with a thin cobweb. The caterpillars hide in the leaves, rolling them up, making it difficult to fight them.

Bacteriosis of seeds and seedlings . The causative agent is chitonomus. This disease affects seedlings, leaves, stems, beans and seeds. Rounded spots with a dark dot in the center are first formed on the leaves, bordered by a narrow oiled or wider etiolated border. In the future, the spots merge. Drops of exudate appear on them from the underside in wet weather. Affected seeds have pale and yellow-brown, somewhat depressed spots and sores, a wrinkled shell without shine. Brown-brown spots also form on the hypocotyl knee. Seedlings from affected seeds thicken, bend and cannot break through to the surface. Sometimes affected seeds do not germinate at all. The bacteriosis is seed-borne and remains in the field with plant debris.

Fusarium.Several species are found on soybean crops, but most often - solarium physarium. This pathogen causes Fusarium shoots, seeds and root rot. With a strong infection, the seeds germinate and rot. Affected seedlings develop slowly, often dying before reaching the surface. When shoots appear from the affected seeds, large depressed brown ulcers develop on the cotyledons with sporulation on the surface. The development of the disease is facilitated by a decrease in temperature and soil compaction. Affected plants lag behind in growth, reduce productivity. Seed disease can also develop when stored in rooms with high humidity.

Ascochitosis.The pathogen infects seedlings, leaves, stems and leaves, stems and beans. Large rounded whitish spots with a dark rim appear on the affected plants. Somewhat later, dark fruiting bodies form in the central part of the spot - pycnidia with spores inside, which are usually arranged in concentric circles (a sign of the disease). When the fungus penetrates through the leaves of the bean to the seeds, they rot and become covered with mycelium. The development of the disease is promoted by increased humidity and thickening of the crop.

Sclerotinia, white rot . The causative agent is the fungus sclerotinia. white rot attacks stems, side branches, beans, seeds or whole plants. Diseased plants wither and dry out, the tissue in the affected areas becomes discolored, rots and collapses. The beans become rotten, the seeds rot. In affected plants, the parenchymal tissue, core, and primary core rays are destroyed. The shape of the sclerotia is round, elongated and worm-shaped.

Rounded gray spotting. The causative agent is cercospora. On the cotyledons it appears as brown superficial spots or through brown ulcers with a dark brown rim. On the surface of the leaf there is a grayish coating of sporulation of the fungus. Rounded whitish-gray spots with a sharp brown rim are formed on the leaves, a dark gray bloom on the underside of the leaf. The spots on the stems are elongated, purple-red, darkening, with a grayish center and a brown rim, with weak sporulation. When the bean valves are affected by cercosporosis, the same spots develop on them as on the leaves. Irregularly rounded, raised or superficial yellowish spots form on infected seeds. different sizes with a sharp brown rim or spots without a clearly defined border, dark brown with blurry edges. Sporulation appears only with an increase in seeds. With a strong development of cercosporosis, the spots merge, the leaves fall off, the germination of seeds decreases by 12-55%, the fat content - by 2-7, protein - by 4-5%.

Peronosporosis, downy mildew . The causative agent is the peronospore fungus. One of the most common diseases On the affected cotyledons from the upper and lower sides, a delicate, quickly disappearing plaque of sporulation of the fungus is formed. A grayish-violet felt coating develops on the leaves from the underside, which forms locally or completely covers the leaf tissue. On the upper side of the leaves in the affected areas, the tissue is initially light green, later turns brown and breaks. A profuse greyish-purple coating develops inside diseased beans. A creamy, easily scraped film of zoospores of the fungus forms on the seeds. The strongest development of downy mildew is observed during the bean-filling period (mid-August). Varieties with yellow and green seeds are more affected than those with black or brown seeds.

Refers to viral diseases. When the disease is observed mosaic coloring and deformation of the leaves. Diseased plants lag behind in growth, the ovaries dry up and fall off, sometimes the affected leaves twist down and inward, later they become leathery and covered with chlorotic spots that increase in size. The veins on such leaves turn brown.

Pest and disease control measures.

To reduce damage by pests and susceptibility to diseases, soybean crops are placed after the best predecessors (wheat, corn, winter rye, vegetables), at a distance of no closer than 500 m from legume crops and plantations of white and yellow acacia. Plowing under soybeans is carried out to a depth of 28-30 cm. Healthy large seeds of immune varieties are used for sowing. Before sowing, the seeds are treated with fentiuram (3-4 kg/t), 80% TMTD (3-4 kg/ha) or tigam (3-4 kg/ha). During the period of formation and filling of beans, crops are treated with systemic poisons every 10-12 days. During the growing season, diseased plants are removed from sowing. After harvesting, the seeds are cleaned, dried and stored in disinfected warehouses.

Soy harvest

The final result of growing this crop depends on the correct and timely harvesting of soybeans: the quantity and quality of products. Poor and untimely harvesting of crops can lead to significant yield losses and a decrease in its quality.

In soybeans, indicators of the harvesting period of most varieties are yellowing and falling of leaves, yellowing and browning of stems and beans. The grains in the beans make a noise when the plants are shaken. Seeds acquire the characteristic color and shape of this variety. Soybeans are harvested when the beans are fully ripe with combines.

Soybean, which is highly hygroscopic, is very sensitive to changes in the relative humidity of the air during the day. At the same time, it dries much easier on the vine than after harvesting. Wet grain spoils quickly. This should be kept in mind because soybean harvesting usually takes place in a wetter (late) period of the year than harvesting, for example, cereal crops. Soybean grain is very easily split along the plane of contact of the cotyledons and is much more crushed by mechanical impact.

To accelerate the ripening of soybeans, it is recommended to use chemical defoliation of crops. Soybeans are treated with defoliants in different dates: in the phase of green beans with a grain moisture content of 76-78%, in the phase of yellow beans and at the beginning of their browning with a grain moisture content of 63%. With early chemical defoliation, already on the seventh day after treatment, 86% of the leaves fall off.

crops in late dates accelerates drying and falling of leaves. Processing of soybean crops in the phase of green beans at a grain moisture content of 76-78% accelerates its ripening by 14-15 days, but reduces the yield. Defoliation into the green bean phase at a grain moisture content of 70% accelerates ripening by 12-13 days without reducing the yield. When sprayed in the phase of yellow beans and at the beginning of their browning, ripening is also accelerated without reducing the yield.

It is also possible to carry out chemical soybean crops, which helps to accelerate ripening by eight to ten days. After the application of desiccation, the leaves dry out and fall off faster, the seeds ripen, while maintaining sowing and yielding qualities.

The duration of soybean harvesting should not exceed 15 days. Combines used for harvesting soybeans must meet the following basic requirements:

Cut soybean plants no higher than 5–7 cm from the soil surface;

Provide harvesting with grain moisture changing during the day within 12-16%;

Give minimal grain crushing during threshing;

It is good to separate a heap of soybeans, completely highlighting the grain, with the least possible contamination.