Types of heat pump installations. Complex application of heat pump installations

Heating your home with a heat pump will save you from energy slavery. By choosing this heating system, you will forever say goodbye to both unpredictable public utilities and voracious gas workers. That is, the temperature regime in the dwelling will be determined by you. And no one else.

Agree: only this fact makes a heat pump for heating a house a very profitable purchase. Yes, it's not cheap. But over time, all costs will pay off, and the fee for a "communal" or gas for an autonomous boiler will only increase. But you can make a heat pump with your own hands!

And in this article we will introduce you to the main types of heat pumps. We hope this information will help you choose (or build) the best power plant for heating your home.

Firstly, such pumps are very economical and efficient. You "invest" 0.2-0.3 kW of electricity used to power the compressor and receive 1 kW of thermal energy. That is, without taking into account the energy of air, water or soil, the efficiency of a heat pump is fantastic 300-500 percent.

Secondly, such pumps operate, in fact, a free and eternal source of energy - air itself, water or soil. Moreover, this "source" is ubiquitous. That is, heating country house A heat pump can be implemented anywhere - even at the equator, even beyond the Arctic Circle. True, in order to get close to such a "source" you need to use an energy-intensive compressor. But due to the unrealistically high efficiency, all energy costs pay off fivefold!

Thirdly, a heat pump is always individual. That is, you do not pay for excess energy. Your equipment will be configured for specific wishes and operating conditions.

Therefore, reviews of heat pumps for home heating are either favorable or the most enthusiastic.

In addition, the pump not only heats. In the warm season, it can also work as an air conditioner, cooling the home with the same efficiency.

Agree: all the above-mentioned advantages of a heat pump look somewhat fantastic. Especially efficiency at the level of 300-500 percent. However, all the advantages of thermal units are not fiction, but a reality that threatens energy companies.

The secret of such efficiency lies in the original principle of the pump, which, in summary, is as follows: the medium circulating through the pipes takes heat from a source with a low potential (air, soil, rocks, water) and dumps it at a point chosen by the consumer.

That is, we have an “inverted” refrigerator in front of us: it takes heat from potential sources with the help of an evaporator and gives energy to the consumer through a condenser.

Moreover, both the heat pump and the refrigerator operate on a refrigerant - a substance with a very low boiling point, which is pumped through pipes using a special compressor.

Detailed scheme of work

As a result, upon closer examination, the scheme of operation of thermal units looks like in the following way:

• At a depth of 5-6 meters in the ground, a cyclic pipeline with a coolant is installed, into which a special radiator is built - an evaporator. Moreover, this depth was not chosen by chance - at such a mark the temperature stays above zero at any time of the year.
• The evaporator is connected to a second pipeline filled with refrigerant. Under high pressure, the refrigerant boils even at one degree Celsius. Moreover, the evaporation process, as is known from the school physics course, is accompanied by the absorption of energy taken from the coolant circulating in the soil.
• The refrigerant vapors are pumped out of the pipeline by a compressor, which not only transports this medium through the fittings, but also generates even more pressure, which provokes additional heating of the refrigerant.
• Next, the superheated refrigerant vapors are pumped (by the same compressor) into the condenser, where the transformation of the aggregate state of the substance takes place (the vapor turns into a liquid). And all the same fundamentals of thermodynamics assert that when a gaseous medium condenses, energy is released.
• The released heat generated in the condenser is already absorbed by the third pipeline - the heating system of the dwelling. That is, the condenser acts as a gas or electric boiler. Well, returning to liquid state the refrigerant returns to the evaporator, passing through the regulating throttle.

Heat pumps for home heating: typical varieties

The most convenient way to classify heat pumps involves separating such units according to the type of medium in which the primary circuit is laid, supplying heat to the evaporator.

And according to this method of classification, heat pumps are divided into the following varieties:

• Geothermal units (land-water).
• Hydrothermal pumps (water-to-water).
• Aerothermal installations (air-water).

Moreover, all types of heat pumps operate general principle work, but the “habitat” of the primary circuit leaves its mark on both the functioning and the arrangement of the unit. Therefore, further in the text we will consider the nuances of arranging each type of heat pump.

Ground-to-water installation

Ground-to-water heat pump

The primary circuit of the geothermal pump is buried in the ground up to a mark of 5-6 meters. Moreover, such installation is practiced when arranging systems with a horizontal heat exchanger. And in the case of installing a vertical primary circuit, a 150-meter deepening is also practiced, in a special well.

At the same time, the minimum amount of work is typical for the vertical placement of the primary circuit. Since with horizontal placement it is necessary to distribute the heat exchanger tubes too large area(50 square meters for every 1000 watts of heat pump output).

Well, as a coolant, a geothermal heat pump uses a completely harmless brine solution that does not freeze even at low temperatures.

Water-to-water pump

The primary circuit of a hydrothermal pump can be installed in a natural or artificial body of water, a conventional or sewer well, a river or a man-made canal.

Heat pump "water-water"

Moreover, the evaporator and the pipe with the coolant are immersed in water by at least 1.5-2 meters. After all, the surface layers can freeze, damaging both the functionality and the integrity of the heat pump elements.

In a word, for a geothermal pump, you will have to choose the “right” reservoir. But the installation of the primary circuit itself is quite simple - a polymer pipe with the same brine is "drowned" at the desired depth, using special weights.

And this way of placing the primary circuit turns the arrangement pumping station"water-water" into an extremely simple and labor-intensive operation. Therefore, if there is a suitable reservoir nearby, then the best option The heat pump will be a hydrothermal unit.

Air-water unit

In fact, this is the same air conditioner, however, a lot large sizes. The primary circuit with the evaporator is placed "in the air", outside the dwelling, in a special building.

Moreover, to ensure the operation of the pump in winter time this housing is very often combined with the exhaust duct of the ventilation system of the dwelling.

In a word, the main advantage of this system is ease of installation, but the efficiency of the air-to-water pumps is very doubtful. Well, in our latitudes, they simply cannot compete with geothermal or hydrothermal installations.

Do-it-yourself heat pump: is it possible?

Of course, yes! That's just the effectiveness of such a system will be practically unpredictable. After all, “factory” units are not only three compressors and the same number of pipelines through which the coolant and refrigerant circulate. The heart of such a heat pump is the control unit, which coordinates the operation of the first, second and third circuits of the entire system. And it is almost impossible to create such a control block “on your own”.

Well, the technical part of the pump is implemented very simply:

• An air conditioner unit can be used instead of a compressor.
• The primary circuit is assembled from polyethylene pipes and filled with a concentrated solution of common salt.
• The evaporator is a stainless steel metal tank (it can be removed from an old washing machine), into which a brine solution is lowered, giving off heat to a secondary circuit copper coil mounted in inner part this tank.
• The condenser is exactly the same tank, only made of plastic, inside which the exact same copper coil is mounted. Moreover, the compressor pumps the refrigerant between the lower and upper coils.
• Well, the third circuit - the heating system - is connected to a polymer capacitor.

As you can see, everything is very simple. That's just the effectiveness of such a system can be both excessive and clearly insufficient.

Over the past year, heat pumps have occupied their niche in the Russian climate market, among other popular technologies. Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of heat pump installations (HPU) took place both on the pages of the industry press, and at thematic conferences and round tables. A lot of information has recently appeared about heat pumps - both in the Russian-language Internet and in specialized media. However, there are still very few publications on integrated heat pump systems. The purpose of this article is to somewhat fill this gap, to summarize some of the questions that arise in specialists when they first get acquainted with ring heat transfer systems, and to briefly answer them.

So, it is known about heat pumps that this is climatic equipment capable of utilizing heat environment, using a compressor to raise the temperature of the coolant to the desired level and transfer this heat to where it is needed.

It is almost always possible to extract heat from the environment. After all, "cold water" is a subjective concept, based on our feelings. Even the coldest river water contains some heat. But it is known that heat passes only from a hotter body to a colder one. Heat can be forcibly directed from a cold body to a warm one, then the cold body will cool down even more, and the warm one will heat up. Using a heat pump that "pumps out" heat from the air, river water or earth, lowering their temperature even more, it is possible to heat the building. In the classical case, it is considered that, spending 1 kW of electricity on operation, HPI can produce from 3 to 6 kW of thermal energy. In practice, this means that the power of two or three household light bulbs in winter can heat a medium-sized living room. In summer, by operating in reverse mode, the heat pump can cool the air in the rooms of the building. The heat from the building will be removed by being absorbed by the atmosphere, river or earth.

Currently, there is a huge variety of heat pump installations, which allows them to be widely used in industry, agriculture, housing and communal services. As an example of the use of HPP, at the end of the article we will consider two projects - one of them is the project of a large-scale ring system implemented in Krasnodar Territory, the second is a small construction project in the Moscow region.

What are heat pumps?

Heat pumps come in a variety of heat outputs ranging from a few kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts. They can work with various sources heat in different states of aggregation. In this regard, they can be divided into the following types: water-water, water-air, air-water, air-air. Heat pumps are produced, designed to work with sources of low-grade heat of various temperatures, up to negative. They can be used as a receiver of high potential heat requiring different temperature even above 1000C. Depending on this, heat pumps can be divided into low temperature, medium temperature and high temperature.

Heat pumps also differ in terms of technical device. In this regard, two directions can be distinguished: vapor compression and absorption HPP. Heat pumps can also use other types of energy for their work, in addition to electricity, for example, they can run on different types of fuel.

Various combinations of types of sources of low-grade heat and receivers of high-grade heat give a wide variety of types of heat pumps. Here are some examples:

• HPP, using the heat of groundwater for heating;
• HPP, using the heat of a natural reservoir for hot water supply;
• HPU - air conditioner using sea water as a source and receiver of heat;
• HPI – air conditioner using outdoor air as a source and receiver of heat;
• HPI for heating the water of the swimming pool, using the heat of the outside air;
• HPP, utilizing wastewater heat in the heat supply system;
• HPP, utilizing the heat of engineering and technical equipment in the heat supply system;
• HPP for cooling milk and at the same time heating water for hot water supply on dairy farms;
• HPP for heat recovery from technological processes in the primary heating of supply air.

A wide variety of heat pump equipment is mass-produced, but heat pumps can also be manufactured according to special projects. There are experimental installations, pilot samples, as well as many theoretical developments.

If the facility provides for the use of several heat pumps, which will be designed to produce both heat and cold, their efficiency will increase many times if they are combined into a single system. These are the so-called ring heat pump systems (KHNS). Such systems are expedient to use on average and large objects.

Ring air conditioning systems

These systems are based on water-air heat pumps that perform the functions of air conditioning in the premises. In the room where air conditioning is provided (or next to it), a heat pump is installed, the power of which is selected in accordance with the parameters of the room, its purpose, the characteristics of the required supply air - exhaust ventilation, the possible number of people present, the equipment installed in it and other criteria. All HPPs are reversible, that is, they are designed for both cooling and heating air. All of them are connected by a common water circuit - pipes in which water circulates. Water is both a source and a receiver of heat for all HPI. The temperature in the circuit can vary from 18 to 320C. Between heat pumps that heat the air and those that cool it, heat is exchanged through a water circuit. Depending on the characteristics of the premises, as well as on the time of year and time of day, either heating or cooling of the air may be required in different rooms. With simultaneous operation in the same building of HPI producing heat and cold, heat is transferred from rooms where it is in excess to rooms where it is not enough. Thus, there is an exchange of heat between the zones, united in a single ring.

In addition to HPP performing the function of air conditioning, HPP for other purposes may also be included in the HPP. If there are sufficient heat requirements at the facility, waste heat can be efficiently utilized through the ring system using HPI. For example, in the presence of an intensive wastewater flow, it makes sense to install a water-to-water HPI, which will allow waste heat to be utilized by means of a HPS. Such a heat pump will be able to extract heat from wastewater, transfer it using a ring circuit, and then use it to heat rooms.

The air removed from the building by exhaust ventilation also contains a large amount of heat. In the absence of a large amount of impurities in the exhaust air that impede the operation of the HPI, it is possible to utilize the heat of the exhaust air by installing an air-to-water HPI. Through CHP this heat can be used by all consumers in the building, which is difficult to achieve using traditional regenerators and recuperators. In addition, the recycling process in this case can be more efficient, since it does not depend on the temperature of the outside air taken in by the supply ventilation, and on the set temperature for heating the air injected into the premises.

In addition, when operating reversible heat pumps in both wastewater and exhaust ventilation, they can be used to remove excess heat from the water circuit during the warm season, and thereby reduce the required capacity of the cooling tower.

In the warm season, with the help of heat pumps, excess heat in the water circuit is utilized through consumers available at the facility. For example, a water-to-water HPI can be connected to the ring system, transferring excess heat to the hot water supply system (DHW). In a facility with little need for hot water, this heat pump may be enough to fully satisfy them.

If the facility has one or more swimming pools, for example, in health care facilities, rest homes, entertainment complexes and hotels, the pool water can also be heated using a water-to-water heat pump by connecting it to the KTS.

Combination of ring systems with other systems

The ventilation system in buildings using an annular heat pump system must be developed taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of HPPs that condition air. It is obligatory to recirculate air in the amount necessary for the stable operation of these heat pumps, maintaining the set temperature in the room and efficient heat recovery (the exception is those cases where recirculation is undesirable, for example, swimming pool halls, local kitchen hoods). There are some other features in the development of ventilation with CTNS.

However, at the same time, the ring system provides for simpler ventilation systems than with other air conditioning methods. Heat pumps carry out air conditioning directly on site, in the room itself, which eliminates the need to transport the finished air through long, heat-insulated air ducts, as happens, for example, with central air conditioning.

The ring system can fully take over the functions of heating, but joint use with the heating system is not excluded. In this case, a less powerful and technically simpler heating system is used. Such a bivalent system is more suitable in northern latitudes, where more heat is needed for heating, and it will have to be brought in more from a high potential source. If separate air conditioning and heating systems are installed in the building, then these systems often literally interfere with each other, especially during transitional periods. The use of a ring system in conjunction with a heating system does not give rise to such problems, since its operation is completely dependent on the actual state of the microclimate in each individual zone.

At enterprises, ring heat pump systems can be involved in heating or cooling water or air for technological purposes, and these processes will be included in the balance of the general heat supply of the enterprise.

Speaking about traditional heat supply systems, it is difficult to agree with their limited efficiency. Heat is partially used, quickly dissipated into the atmosphere (during heating and ventilation operation), removed with wastewater (through hot water supply, technological processes) and in other ways. It is also good if, for some economy, air-to-air heat exchangers are installed in the ventilation system, or water-to-water heat exchangers for heat recovery, for example, refrigeration units, or some other local heat recovery devices. KTNS, on the other hand, solves this problem in a complex manner, in many cases making it possible to make heat recovery more efficient.

Automated control of ring systems

To the dismay of many manufacturers of expensive automation systems, heat pump systems do not require complex automation controls. All regulation here is reduced only to maintaining a certain value of the water temperature in the circuit. In order to prevent water cooling below the set limit, it is necessary to turn on the additional heater in time. And vice versa, in order not to exceed the upper limit, it is necessary to turn on the cooling tower in a timely manner. Automatic control of this simple process can be implemented using several thermostats. Since the water temperature in the HPS circuit can vary over a fairly wide range (usually from 18 to 320C), there is also no need to use precise control valves.

As for the process of heat transfer from the heat pump to the consumer, it is controlled by automation built into each heat pump. For example, HPI for air conditioning have a temperature sensor (thermostat) installed directly in the room. This ordinary thermostat is quite enough to control the operation of the HP.

The heat pump fully provides the necessary temperature parameters air in the premises, which makes it possible to refuse control dampers in the ventilation system and control valves in the heating system (with a bivalent system). All these circumstances contribute to reducing the cost and increasing the reliability of engineering systems as a whole.

At large facilities where the ring system includes a large number of heat pumps and where various types of HPPs are installed (for air conditioning, heat recovery and for technological processes), it often makes sense to implement more complex system automated control, which allows you to optimize the operation of the entire system.

The operation of an annular heat pump system is influenced by the following factors:

• Firstly, the temperature of the water in the circuit. The heat conversion coefficient (COP) depends on it, that is, the ratio of the amount of heat supplied to the consumer to the amount of energy consumed by the heat pump;
• secondly, the outside air temperature;
• thirdly, the operating parameters of the cooling tower. For the same amount of heat removed under different conditions, different amounts of energy consumed by the cooling tower can be expended. This, in turn, also depends on the temperature of the outside air, its humidity, the presence of wind and other conditions;
• fourthly, on the number of heat pumps currently working in the system. Here, the total power of the HPI, which take heat from the water circuit, is important in comparison with the power of all HPI, which transfer heat to the circuit, that is, the amount of heat entering the circuit or removed from it.

Good for the kids, good for the budget

Let's move on to the description of projects using ring heat pump systems.

The first project is the reconstruction of an ordinary general education school in the south of Russia. Last summer, the administration Krasnodar Territory implemented this project in Ust-Labinsk (city school No. 2). During the reconstruction, the highest standards were maintained in ensuring sanitary requirements and a comfortable stay for children at school. In particular, a full-fledged climate system was installed in the building, providing zone-by-zone control over temperature, fresh air inflow and humidity.

When implementing this project, engineers, firstly, wanted to ensure the proper level of comfort, individual control in each class. Secondly, it was assumed that the ring system would significantly reduce the cost of heating the school and solve the problem of low water temperature in the heating plant on the school site. The system consists of more than fifty heat pumps manufactured by Climatemaster (USA) and a cooling tower. It receives additional heat from the heating plant of the city. The climate system is under automated control and is able to independently maintain the most comfortable for a person and at the same time economical modes of operation.

The operation of the described system in the winter months gave the following results:

• before modernization (before the installation of heat pumps), the monthly heating costs for 2,500 m2 were 18,440 rubles;
• after the modernization of the building, the heated area increased to 3000 m2, and the monthly heating costs decreased to 9800 rubles.

Thus, the use of heat pumps made it possible to more than halve the cost of heating the building, the heated area of ​​which increased by almost 20%.

Autonomous heat

The problems of cottage construction in the Moscow region today are due to the fact that the infrastructure (electrical networks, water pipes) often does not allow new settlements to grow. The existing transformer substations cannot cope with the increased loads. Constant interruptions in the supply of electricity (accidents at old substations, breaks in dilapidated wires) force consumers to look for ways of autonomous power supply.

In the described project, the engineers were faced with the task of providing a multi-room two-story cottage with an attic with heat and electricity. The total heated area of ​​the house was 200 m2. Of the summed communications - artesian water and electricity.

Since the requirement of energy efficiency was put at the forefront, it was decided to install solar panels. 3.5 kW solar photovoltaic modules were purchased and installed right on the site behind the house. According to the calculations of the engineers, this should have been enough to recharge the batteries, which, in turn, would uninterruptedly feed the house and the heating system. The total cost of the system was about $27,000. Considering that a source of free electricity has been obtained, and this article will be deleted from family budget, it turns out that the cost of installing a solar battery will pay off in less than 10 years. And if we consider that otherwise we would have to build a substation or live with constant power outages, then the costs can already be considered paid off.

For heating, it was decided to use a geothermal heat pump system. An American water-to-water heat pump was purchased. This type of heat pumps with the help of heat exchangers produces hot water, which can be used for hot water supply and heating using radiator batteries. The circuit itself, supplying low-grade heat to the heat pump, was laid directly on the site adjacent to the cottage, at a depth of 2 m. The circuit is polyethylene pipe, with a diameter of 32 mm and a length of 800 m. Installation of a heat pump with installation, supply of equipment and components cost 10,000 US dollars.

Thus, having spent about 40,000 US dollars on organizing his own autonomous energy system, the owner of the cottage excluded the costs of heat supply from his budget and provided reliable autonomous heating.

Possibilities of application of ring systems

From the foregoing, it follows that the possibilities of using an annular heat pump system are unusually wide. They can be used on a wide variety of objects. These are administrative, public buildings, medical and health institutions, rest houses, entertainment and sports complexes, various industrial enterprises. The systems are so flexible that their application is possible in a variety of cases and in a very large number of options.

When developing such a system, first of all, it is necessary to assess the needs for heat and cold of the object being designed, to study all possible sources of heat inside the building and all the proposed heat receivers, to determine heat gains and heat losses. The most suitable heat sources can be used in the ring system if this heat is required. The total capacity of the heat recovery heat pumps should not be needlessly redundant. Under certain conditions, the most profitable option may be the installation of HPP using external environment as a source and receiver of heat. The system must be balanced in terms of heat, but this does not mean at all that the total capacities of heat sources and consumers should be equal, they can differ, since their ratio can change significantly when the operating conditions of the system change.

How to deal with the fire hazard of air ducts

Recently, the number of fires and even explosions inside the air ducts of ventilation and air conditioning systems has sharply increased. Although such fires have always occurred, recent changes have led to much larger fires involving more people.

Analysis of advanced heat supply systems

This report discusses issues related to the transition of district heating systems to decentralized. The positive and negative aspects of both systems are considered. The results of the comparison of these systems are presented.

The main difference between a heat pump and all other heat sources is its exceptional ability to use renewable low-temperature environmental energy for heating and water heating. About 80% of the output power, the heat pump actually "pumps out" from the environment, using the scattered energy of the Sun.

How a heat pump works

The refrigerator, everyone knows, transfers heat from the internal chamber to the radiator and we use the cold inside the refrigerator. A heat pump is a refrigerator "in reverse". It carries the dissipated heat from the environment into our home.

The coolant (which is water or brine), having taken a few degrees from the environment, passes through the heat pump heat exchanger, called the evaporator, and gives off the heat collected from the environment to the internal circuit of the heat pump. The internal circuit of the heat pump is filled with refrigerant, which, having a very low temperature boiling, passing through the evaporator, it turns from a liquid state into a gaseous state. This occurs at low pressure and a temperature of 5°C. From the evaporator, the gaseous refrigerant enters the compressor, where it is compressed to high pressure and high temperature. Next, the hot gas enters the second heat exchanger - the condenser, where heat is exchanged between the hot gas and the coolant from the return pipe of the house heating system. The refrigerant gives off its heat to the heating system, cools down and again turns into a liquid state, and the heated coolant of the heating system enters the heating devices.

Advantages of a heat pump

• - Economy. Low energy consumption is achieved due to high efficiency (from 300% to 800%) and allows you to get 3-8 kW of thermal energy per 1 kW of actually consumed energy, or up to 2.5 kW of output cooling power.
• - Environmental friendliness. Environmentally friendly method of heating and air conditioning for both the environment and the people in the room. The use of heat pumps is the saving of non-renewable energy resources and environmental protection, including by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The heat pumps of the plant, carrying out a reverse thermodynamic cycle on a low-boiling working substance, draw renewable low-potential thermal energy from the environment, increase its potential to the level required for heat supply, spending 1.2-2.3 times less primary energy than with direct combustion fuel.
• - Security. There is no open flame, no soot, no exhaust, no smell of diesel fuel, no gas leakage, no fuel oil spill. There are no fire hazardous storage facilities for fuel.
• - Reliability. Minimum moving parts. High resource of work. Independence from the supply of furnace material and its quality. Power outage protection. Virtually maintenance free. The service life of a heat pump is 15-25 years.
• - Comfort. The heat pump operates silently (no louder than a refrigerator), and weather-dependent automation and multi-zone climate control create comfort and coziness in the premises.
• - Flexibility. The heat pump is compatible with any circulating heating system, and modern design allows you to install it in any room.
• - Versatility in relation to the type of energy used (electric or thermal).
• - Wide power range (from fractions to tens of thousands of kW).

Applications of heat pumps

The scope of heat pumps is truly limitless. All the above advantages of this equipment make it easy to solve the issues of heat supply to the urban complex and objects located far from communications, whether it is a farm, a cottage settlement or a gas station on the highway. In general, the heat pump is universal and applicable both in civil and industrial, and in private construction.

Today, heat pumps are widely used all over the world. The number of heat pumps operating in the US, Japan and Europe is in the tens of millions.

The production of heat pumps in each country is primarily focused on meeting the needs of the domestic market. In the United States and Japan, air-to-air heat pump units (HPUs) for heating and summer air conditioning are most widely used. In Europe - HPI of the "water-to-water" and "water-to-air" classes. In the US, more than sixty firms are engaged in research and production of heat pumps. In Japan, the annual production of HPP exceeds 500,000 units. In Germany, more than 5,000 installations are commissioned annually. In the Scandinavian countries, mainly large HPPs are operated. In Sweden, by 2000, more than 110 thousand heat pump stations (HPS) were in operation, 100 of which had a capacity of about 100 MW and more. The most powerful HPS (320 MW) operates in Stockholm.

The popularity of heat pumps in Western Europe, the United States and the countries of Southeast Asia is largely due to mild climatic conditions in these regions (with a positive average temperature in winter), high fuel prices and the presence of targeted government programs to support this area of ​​the climate market.

The situation with heat pumps in our country is fundamentally different, and there are reasons for that. First, features Russian climate with low temperatures in winter place special demands on the parameters of heat pumps and their installation conditions. In particular, with an increase in the power of the heat pump, the problem of heat removal arises, since the heat transfer of the media (reservoir, soil, air) is limited and rather small.

In addition, gas prices are artificially low in Russia, so there is no need to talk about tangible economic benefits from the use of this kind of equipment, especially in the absence of a culture of consumption and saving electricity. We do not have state support for the energy substitution program; there were and are no domestic manufacturers of heat pumps.

At the same time, Russia's needs for such equipment are huge, and the entire "line" of heat pumps with a capacity of 5, 10, 25, 100 and 1000 kW seems to be in demand. So, in central Russia, for heating a house with an area of ​​​​100 m2, it is necessary to have a thermal power of 5-10 kW, and a pump with a thermal power of 100 kW is enough to heat typical schools, hospitals and administrative buildings. Heat pumps with a capacity of 1000 kW are convenient for the tasks of recovering heat waste, using hot springs. According to experts, the cost of installing a heat pump in Russian conditions is estimated at about 300 US dollars per 1 kW of thermal power, with a payback period of equipment from two to four years, which primarily depends on fuel prices and climatic conditions of a particular region.

The commissioning of about 100,000 heat pumps with a total heat output of 2 GW will make it possible to supply heat to 10 million people with an average service life of a heat pump of 15 years. The volume of sales of such equipment can be more than half a billion dollars a year.

Heat supply in Russia, with its long and rather severe winters, requires very high fuel costs, which are almost 2 times higher than the costs of electricity supply. The main disadvantages of traditional sources of heat supply are low energy, economic and environmental efficiency. In addition, high transport tariffs for the delivery of energy carriers exacerbate the negative factors inherent in traditional heat supply.

A very indicative benchmark for assessing the possibility of using heat pump installations in Russia is foreign experience. It is different in different countries and depends on climate and geographical features, the level of development of the economy, the fuel and energy balance, the ratio of prices for the main types of fuel and electricity, traditionally used heat and power supply systems, etc. Under similar conditions, taking into account the state of the Russian economy, foreign experience should be considered as a real way of development in the future.

A feature of heat supply in Russia, in contrast to most countries of the world, is the widespread distribution of district heating systems in large cities.

Although over the past few decades, the production of heat pumps has increased dramatically all over the world, but in our country HPPs have not yet found wide application. There are several reasons here:

Traditional focus on district heating;

Unfavorable ratio between the cost of electricity and fuel;

The manufacture of HP is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of the closest refrigerating machines in terms of parameters, which does not always lead to optimal characteristics of HP;

In the recent past, there was a very long way from the design of a HP to its commissioning.

In our country, HP design issues have been dealt with since 1926 /27/. Since 1976, HP has been working in industry at a tea factory (Samtredia, Georgia) /13/, at the Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant (PCMZ) since 1987 /24/, at the Sagarejo Dairy Plant, (Georgia), in the Moscow Region dairy farm "Gorki-2" since 1963

In addition to industry, HPs are used in a shopping center (Sukhumi) for heat and cold supply, in a residential building (Bukuria, Moldova), in the Druzhba boarding house (Yalta), a climatological hospital (Gagra), and a Pitsunda resort.

Back in the seventies, efficient heat recovery with the help of a heat pump installation was carried out at the Pauzhetskaya geothermal station in Kamchatka. The TNU successfully used the experimental system of geothermal heat supply for the residential area and the Sredne-Parutinsky greenhouse facility in Kamchatka. In these cases, geothermal sources /12/ were used as low-potential energy sources.

The use and especially the production of heat pumps in our country is developing with a great delay. The pioneer in the field of creation and implementation of heat pumps in the former USSR was VNIIholodmash. In 1986-1989 VNIIkholodmash has developed a number of vapor-compression heat pumps with heat output from 17 kW to 11.5 MW in twelve water-to-water sizes. Also, sea water as a source of low-temperature heat for heat pumps with a heat output of 300 - 1000 kW "water-air" heat pumps for 45 and 65 kW. Most of the heat pumps of this series have passed the stage of manufacturing and testing, prototypes at five refrigeration engineering plants. Four standard sizes were mass-produced heat pumps with a heat output of 14; 100; 300; 8500 kW. Their total release until 1992 was 3,000 units. The thermal power of the operating fleet of these heat pumps is estimated at 40 MW /16, 17/.

During this period, a number of fundamentally new heat pumps were developed - absorption, compression-resorption, compression, working on butane and water as a working substance, etc.

In the future, there was a decline in demand for heat pumps. Many mastered machines and new developments were unclaimed.

However, in last years the picture began to change. There are real economic incentives for energy conservation. This is due to the increase in energy prices, as well as changes in the ratio of electricity tariffs and different kinds fuel. In many cases, the requirements of environmental cleanliness of heat supply systems come to the fore. In particular, this applies to elite individual houses. New specialized firms appeared in Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities, designing heat pump installations and producing only heat pumps. Through the efforts of these firms, a fleet of heat pumps with a total thermal capacity of about 50 MW has been put into operation by now.

In a real market economy in Russia, heat pumps have the prospect of further expansion of use, and the production of heat pumps can become commensurate with the production of refrigeration machines of the corresponding classes. This prospect can be assessed when considering the conditions of heat and power supply in the main areas of application of heat pump installations: housing and communal sector, industrial enterprises, health resorts and sports complexes, in agricultural production.

In the housing and communal sector, heat pump installations are most widely used in world and Russian practice, mainly for heating and hot water supply (DHW). Main directions:

Autonomous heat supply from heat pump installations;

The use of heat pump systems since existing systems district heating.

For autonomous heat supply of individual buildings, urban areas, settlements, mainly vapor-compression heat pumps with a thermal power of 10–30 kW are used in a unit of equipment of a separate building and up to 5 MW of districts and settlements.

Now the program "Development of non-traditional energy in Russia" is being implemented. It includes a section on the development of heat pump installations. The development forecast is based on estimates of heat pump manufacturers, as well as their users in the regions of the country, needs different power and the possibilities of their production. Most of the approximately 30 large projects envisage the use of heat pumps for the housing and communal sector, including in the district heating system.

A number of works are carried out within the framework of regional programs for energy saving and replacement of traditional heat supply systems with heat pump units: Novosibirsk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Norilsk, Neryungri, Yakutia, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk region. The average annual input of thermal capacities will be about 100 MW.

Under these conditions, the heat generation by all operating heat pumps in 2005 amounted to 2.2 million Gcal, and the replacement of organic fuel - 160 thousand tons of standard fuel, the total thermal power annual output of 300 MW. Thus, a breakthrough in the distribution of heat pump installations is planned in Russia.

As for heat pumps with large thermal output from 500 kW to 40 MW, after 2005 the annual input of thermal outputs is on average 280 MW, and after 2010 - up to 800 MW. This is due to the fact that during this period it is planned to widely use heat pumps in district heating systems.

In agricultural production, the main areas of application of heat pumps are the primary processing of milk and heat supply to stalls.

On dairy farms, a significant share of energy costs up to 50% falls on the drive of compressors of refrigeration machines designed to cool freshly milked milk and heat water for sanitary and technological needs. This combination of demand for heat and cold creates favorable conditions for heat pump applications. A significant amount of heat is removed with the ventilated air of the stalls, which can be successfully used as a low-potential source for small heat pumps. On livestock farms, a heat pump unit provides simultaneous air conditioning in the stall rooms and heat supply to the production facilities.

Application decentralized systems heat supply based on heat pump installations in areas where heating network absent, or in new residential areas, avoids many of the technological, economic and environmental disadvantages of district heating systems. Competitive with them in terms of economic parameters can only be district boiler houses operating on gas.

A significant number of such installations are currently in operation. And in the future, the need for them will grow rapidly.

Saving, substitution, organic fuel with the help of heat pumps occurs due to the useful involvement of emissions of low-grade heat at the CHP. This is achieved in two ways:

Direct use of the CHP cooling process water as a source of low-grade heat for a heat pump;

Use as a source of low-grade heat for the heat pump of the return network water returned to the CHPP, the temperature of which drops to 20 - 25 °C.

The first method is implemented when the heat pump is located near the CHP, the second - when it is used near heat consumers. In both cases, the temperature level of the source of low-potential heat is quite high, which creates the prerequisites for the operation of a heat pump with a high conversion factor.

The use of heat pumps in district heating systems can significantly improve the technical and economic performance of urban energy systems, providing:

An increase in thermal power by the amount of utilized heat previously released into the process water cooling system;

Reduction of heat losses during transportation of network water to main pipelines;

Increasing the heating load by 15 - 20% with the same consumption of primary network water and reducing the deficit in network water at the central heating station in microdistricts remote from the CHPP;

Appearance backup source to cover peak heat loads.

To work in a district heating system, large heat pumps are required with a heating capacity from several megawatts for installation in heating substations and up to several tens of megawatts for use in thermal power plants.

At industrial enterprises, heat pump installations are used to utilize the heat of water circulation systems, the heat of ventilation emissions and the heat of waste water.

With the help of HPP, it is possible to transfer most of the waste heat to the heating network, about 50 - 60%. Wherein:

It is not necessary to expend additional fuel to produce this heat;

The ecological situation would improve;

By lowering the temperature of the circulating water in the turbine condenser, the vacuum will significantly improve and the electrical output from the turbines will increase;

The loss of circulating water and the cost of its pumping will be reduced.

Until recently, it was believed that the use of heat pump installations in enterprises supplied with heat from CHPPs is obviously uneconomical. These estimates are now being revised. First, they take into account the possibility of using the technologies discussed above in the housing and communal sector with district heating. Secondly, the real price ratios for electricity, heat from CHPPs and fuel are forcing some enterprises to switch to their own generators of heat and even electricity. With this approach, the use of heat pump installations is most effective. Particularly large fuel savings are provided by "mini-CHP", based on a diesel generator running on natural gas which simultaneously drives the heat pump compressor. At the same time, the thermal installation provides heating and hot water supply to the enterprise.

It is also promising for enterprises to use a heat pump installation in combination with the use of heat from ventilation emissions. air heating characteristic of many industrial enterprises. Installations for the recovery of heat from ventilation emissions make it possible to preheat the outside air entering the workshop to 8 0 С. transformations.

Many industrial enterprises need artificial cold at the same time. So, in the factories of artificial fiber in the main production workshops, technological air conditioning is used to maintain temperature and humidity. Combined heat pump systems heat pump - refrigeration machine, which simultaneously produce heat and cold, are the most economical.

At present, HPPs are manufactured in Russia according to individual orders by various firms. So, for example, in Nizhny Novgorod, the Triton company produces HP with a heat output from 10 to 2000 kW with a compressor power from 3 to 620 kW. The working substance is R-142; m≈ 3; the cost of TN from 5,000 to 300,000 US dollars. Payback period 2 - 3 years.

Before today CJSC Energia remains practically the only serial manufacturer of vapor-compression heat pumps in our country. Currently, the company is mastering the production of absorption heat pump units, as well as turbocompressor heat pumps with a large unit capacity of over 3 MW.

Firm "Energia" has manufactured and launched about 100 heat pump units of various capacities throughout the territory of the former USSR. The first units were installed in Kamchatka.

On fig. 8.1. Some of the objects where the heat pumps of CJSC "Energia" operate.

CJSC Energia manufactures heat pumps with a heat output of 300 to 2500 kW with a guarantee of operation from 35 to 45 thousand hours. The price of a heat pump is set at the rate of 160 - 180 USD. for 1 kW of heat output (Q in).

Since its foundation, CJSC Energia has put into operation heat pump units of various capacities in the CIS and neighboring countries. In total, from 1990 to 2004 CJSC ENERGIA introduced 125 heat pumps of various capacities at 63 facilities in Russia and neighboring countries.

Rice. 8.1. Heat pumps of CJSC "Energia" installed:

Heat pump unit in secondary school No. 1, Karasuk, Novosibirsk region and heat pump NT - 1000 at the CHPP in Rechkunovka village, Novosibirsk

Below is a brief annotation of the largest object presented by CJSC Energia, Novosibirsk, Table. 8.1..

Table 8.1. Some objects where heat pumps of CJSC Energia operate

Object name	Heat source	Total power, kW	Type of heat pumps	Year of launch
Tyumen, Velizhansky water intake, heating of the village	Drinking water 7-9 °C		2 pumps NT-3000
Karasuk, Novosibirsk region, heating high school №1	Ground water 24 °С		2 pumps NKT-300
Gornoaltaysk, CSB, building heating	Ground water 7 - 9 °С		1 pump NKT-300
P / household "Mirny", Altai Territory, heating of the village	Ground water 23 °С		3 pumps NKT-300
Lithuania, Kaunas, artificial fiber plant, plant shop heating.	Technological discharges - water 20 °С		2 pumps NT-3000	1995 1996
Moscow, "Interstroyplast" (" people's windows”), water cooling on extruders	Process water 16 °C		1 pump NT-500
Kazakhstan, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazzinc JSC, heating feed water before chemical water treatment from 8 to 40 °С	Recycled process water (cooling tower replacement)		1 pump NT-3000
Krasnoyarsk, Moscow Scientific Center, heating of the Institute of Ecology	Yenisei - water in winter is about 2 ° C		1 pump NT-500
Yelizovo, Kamchatka region, water intake, building heating	Drinking water 2 - 9 °С		1 pump NKT-300

In the Nizhny Novgorod region, the development and production of HP with

1996 CJSC Research and Production Company Triton Ltd. Over the past period, HPs of various capacities have been designed and installed:

TN-24, Q = 24 kW, residential heating F = 200 m 2. NIT - ground water. Installed in the village of Bolshiye Orly, Borsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Region, 1998.

ТН-45, Q = 45 kW, heating of a complex of administrative buildings, warehouses and a garage, F > 1200 m 2 , NIT - groundwater. Installed in the Moscow region, Nizhny Novgorod in 1997. The owner is Symbol LLP.

ТН-600, Q = 600 kW, heating, hot water supply of the hotel complex and three cottages, F > 7000 m 2 , NIT - groundwater. Installed in Avtozavodsky district, Nizhny Novgorod, 1996. Owner - GAZ.

ТН-139, Q = 139 kW, heating, hot water supply of the production building F > 960 m 2, NIT - ground. Installed in Kanavinsky district, Nizhny Novgorod, 1999. Owner - GZD.

ТН-119, Q = 119 kW, heating, hot water supply of dispensary F > 770 m 2 , NIT - groundwater. Installed in Borsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region in 1999. The owner is Tsentrenergostroy.

ТН-300, Q = 300 kW, heating, school hot water supply F > 3000 m 2 , BAT - groundwater. Commissioned in Avtozavodsky district, Nizhny Novgorod 1999 Owner - Department of Education of the District Administration.

TN-360, Q = 360 kW, heating, hot water supply of the recreation center F > 4000 m 2, NIT - groundwater. Put into operation in Dalnekonstantinovsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region in 1999. Owner - Gidromash.

ТН-3500, Q = 3500 kW, heating, hot water supply, ventilation of the administrative building of the new depot F > 15000 m2, NIT - return water, heat supply systems of Sormovskaya CHPP. Kanavinsky district, Nizhny Novgorod 2000 Owner - GZD.

Two HP Q = 360 and 200 kW, for Penza region, 2 Gcal - for Tuapse.

With the participation of specialists from the Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHT RAS), a number of experimental and demonstration installations and systems using heat pumps for heat supply to various objects /48/ have been developed and created.

In the suburbs of der. In Gribanovo, in 2001, a solar-heat pump heat supply system for the laboratory building was put into trial operation on the territory of the NPO Astrophysics test site. A vertical ground heat exchanger with a total length of about 30 m was used as a source of low-grade heat for the heat pump (the technology of OAO Insolar-Invest). Heating appliances- fancoils and floor heater. Solar collectors provide hot water supply, excess solar heat in the summer is pumped into the soil to accelerate the restoration of its temperature regime.

In 2004 JSC "Insolar-Invest" an experimental automated heat pump unit (AHPU) was put into operation, designed for heating tap water in front of the boilers of the district heating station in Zelenograd, tab. 8.2.

As a low-grade source of heat, untreated domestic wastewater is used, which is accumulated in the receiving tank of the main sewage pumping station (GKNS). ATNU is designed to test the technology for utilizing the heat of raw wastewater, determine the effect of the operation of the installation on the regime parameters of the thermal power plant, check the economic efficiency and develop recommendations for the creation of similar installations in the Moscow city economy.

Table 8.2. Main design and operational parameters of ATNU

ATNU includes five main parts:

Heat pump heat unit (TTU);

Pipelines of the low-grade heat collection system (SSNT);

heat exchanger;

Pressure sewer pipelines;

A group of feeding fecal pumps in the GKNS.

Untreated wastewater, having a temperature of 20 0 C, from the receiving tank, fecal pumps manufactured by Flygt are fed into the waste heat exchanger, where they give off heat to the intermediate heat carrier (water), cooling to a temperature of 15.4 0 C, and then return to the tank. The total consumption of wastewater - 400 m 3 / h.

The raw wastewater circulation circuit is designed taking into account the practice of operating pressure pipelines in sewerage systems. The flow rate in the channels of the heat exchanger ensures the absence of deposits on the heat exchange surfaces.

Heated in the waste heat exchanger to a temperature of 13 0 C, the intermediate heat carrier is supplied to the heat pumps, where it is cooled to a temperature of 8 0 C, giving off heat to the freon of the vapor-compression circuit, and again sent to the waste heat exchanger.

The use of heat pumps in the ring circuit in Russia.

In general, examples of the use of single heat pump installations are considered. These installations include one or more heat pumps that operate independently of each other and perform a specific heat supply function. There is an integrated ring heat pump system that allows you to achieve maximum efficiency and savings. Several HPs are installed in the ring system, which are used to produce both heat and cold, depending on the needs. various parts building. There is very little information about such systems.

Some time ago, a company supplying heat pumps in Russia implemented a project to modernize the heating and air conditioning system in one of the Moscow hotel and entertainment centers /54/. Let's see how this system works. 8.2.

The water circuit consists of a water pump and a low-temperature storage tank, due to the volume of which the accumulation of heat increases and the temperature of the water in the circuit stabilizes. All VTs are connected to this circuit.

The arrows show the direction of heat movement. Behind the circulation pump, heat pumps of the "water - water" type are installed, which heat the water in the pools of the complex. Pools can be several, different volumes and with different water temperatures. For each of the pools, a TN is established.

HP "water - air", cooling air in kitchen areas, which serve restaurants, bars, cafes, canteen for staff. In these rooms, there is always a large heat release and the HP cools the air in them, taking heat into the common water circuit.

Rice. 8.2. An example of an annular heat pump.

HP "water - water" is used to utilize excess heat through the hot water supply system (DHW). Heat is taken from the water circuit of administrative and office space. For air conditioning, each of these rooms has its own reversible HP for heat or cold. In the warm season, all these pumps will cool the air, and in the cold season, they will heat it up.

All these HPs are combined in one ring with HPs in other parts of the building with their needs for heat and its surpluses (technical and functional premises, cafes, restaurants, winter Garden, refrigeration rooms) and between them there is an exchange of heat.

For normal operation The HP temperature of the water in the circuit must be between 18 0 С and 35 0 С. If the number of HPs operating in heating mode is equal to the number of HPs operating in cooling mode, then the system does not require heat input from the outside or its removal to the outside. The ring system operates most efficiently at outdoor temperatures from -4 0 C to +14 0 C. The energy costs for the operation of the entire ring circuit consist only in the cost of operating the circulation pump and individual heat pumps in the premises. There is no need for expensive sources of thermal energy, gas or electric heaters or its receipt from the outside.

At lower outdoor temperatures and a lack of heat in the water circuit, the temperature in it may drop below 18 0 C. Then, to heat the water circuit to the required parameter, you can use external sources a city district heating plant, boiler or ground source heat pump that draws heat from groundwater or from a nearby body of water. Sources such as ground water or a river with a temperature of 4 0 C will be sufficient to heat the water in the circuit to a level of 18 0 C and thus for the normal operation of all building heat pumps.

Unfortunately, in Russia this approach has so far been restrained. at great expense at the design stage and the lack of economic incentives for energy-saving and environmentally friendly solutions. Other sources of low-grade heat can also be used in ring heat pump systems. At many facilities: large laundries, enterprises using water in technological processes, there is a significant flow of wastewater of a sufficiently high temperature. In this case, it makes sense to include a heat pump in the ring system that utilizes this heat.

The water circuit also includes a low-temperature storage tank. The larger the volume of this tank, the more heat that can be used if necessary, the system is able to accumulate. The ring system can completely take over the heating function - a monovalent system. However, it is possible to use heat pumps simultaneously with a traditional heating system - a bivalent system. If there are enough heat sources connected to the ring at the site, and if the need for hot water is small, the ring system can fully satisfy these needs.

The ring heat pump system can only be used for air conditioning in rooms where there is only such a need. But ring air conditioning systems are especially effective in buildings where there are many rooms of various purposes that require different temperature air. HP as an air conditioner works more efficiently than many other known air conditioning devices.

The basis of the high efficiency of heat pumps lies precisely in the fact that the energy spent inside the building to produce heat is not discharged "into the pipe", but is used inside the building where there is a need for it. Heat is stored and efficiently transferred within the ring system.

The second important factor of economic efficiency is the possibility of using low-potential "gratuitous" heat sources - artesian wells, reservoirs, sewerage. With the help of compressors, using a source with a temperature of 4 ° C, we get hot water 50 - 60 0 C, spending 1 kW of electricity to obtain 3 - 4 kW of thermal energy. If when using conventional system steam heating, the efficiency is only 30 - 40%, then with heat pumps, the efficiency increases several times.

In particular, in the described hotel - entertainment center the following results have been achieved.

Reduced capital costs for the purchase and installation of equipment by 13 - 15% compared to the chiller-fan coil system. Simplified system engineering communications compared to central air conditioning. A comfortable microclimate has been created in the premises: compliance of air pressure, humidity and temperature with hygienic requirements. The total cost of heating and hot water supply is reduced by more than 50% compared to central heating.

An annular heat pump system does not require complex and expensive control and monitoring devices to optimize its operation. It is enough with the help of several thermal relays, thermostats to keep the temperature in the water circuit within the specified limits. For additional convenience and visual control, expensive automation can also be used.

With a given temperature range in the water circuit of the ring system of 18 - 35 0 C, no condensate forms on the pipes and there is no noticeable heat loss. This is an important factor with a significant branching of the system (distribution, risers, connections, which can be quite a lot in buildings with complex architecture).

When using HP in a room ventilation system, the number and total length of air ducts can be reduced compared to central air conditioning units. Heat pump installations are placed directly in air-conditioned rooms or in adjacent ones, that is, the air is conditioned right on the spot. This avoids the transportation of finished air through long ducts.

In Russia, the first such TH-based system was installed in 1990 at the Iris Congress Hotel. This is an annular bivalent air conditioning system of the American company ClimateMaster. For heating in the hotel, a heating kitchen, laundry, technical premises, units of refrigerating and freezing chambers, there is an exchange of heat during the air conditioning of hotel rooms, conference rooms, a fitness center, restaurants, and administrative premises. 15 years of operation of the system have shown the reliability of the equipment and the feasibility of its use in our climate.

When designing a heat pump system for a facility, it is necessary, first of all, to study all possible low-grade heat sources and all possible consumers of high-grade heat at this facility, to evaluate all heat gains and all heat losses. It is necessary to choose those sources for utilization where the heat is released fairly evenly and for a long time. Accurate and accurate calculations will ensure stable and cost-effective operation of the HP. The total capacity of waste heat pumps should not be uselessly redundant. The system must be balanced, but this does not mean at all that total capacities sources and consumers of heat must be close, they can differ, their ratio can also change significantly when the operating conditions of the system change. The flexibility of the system allows you to choose the best option when designing it and lay the possibility of its further expansion. It is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the region. Climatic conditions are the key to choosing an efficient climate system.

In the southern latitudes, the main task is to cool the air and release heat to the outside, the utilization of which for heating is meaningless. Traditional chiller systems - fan coils or the like are quite suitable here. In the northern latitudes, too much energy is required to heat the facility, a lot of high-potential heat that will have to be supplied to the system. Therefore, it will be necessary to install a bivalent system, HP in combination with a heating system. AT temperate climate mid-latitudes, it is advisable to use a monovalent ring system, where its efficiency is maximum.

To date, it is widely believed that TN is too expensive. The costs for the installation and installation of equipment are high, and with the existing heat prices in Russia, the payback period is too long. However, practice shows that the installation of heat pump systems in large and medium-sized facilities can save 10 - 15% on capital investments, not to mention operating costs. In addition, ring systems reduce the consumption of energy resources as much as possible, the prices of which are increasing more and more rapidly.

According to Research.Techart calculations, 5.3 MW of heat pumps were installed in Russia in 2009. Dynamics Russian market geothermal pumps, according to Research.Techart forecasts, in the medium term will be low, due to the crisis in the economy. However, in some regions the market can develop very actively.

The upward trend in demand from the infrastructure and housing sectors will continue, and the bulk of sales will be 15-38kW PTNs. The structure of consumption in relation to the types of PTN will not change. An increase in the share of domestic products in the total market volume is predicted.

In the long term, the leading factor in the development of the market will be the implementation of the state energy strategy. After 2016, it is predicted active growth market. In the area of ​​performance, a transition to PTN with carbon refrigerants is expected. At the same time, the consumption of both low- and medium-power, and high-power heat pumps will increase, which is due to the prospects for using wastewater heat recovery systems. Against the backdrop of growing demand, the domestic production base will begin to actively develop - the number of Russian manufacturers will increase and they will take a leading position in the market.

By 2020, the size of the CVT market may reach 8,000 - 11,000 units, 460 - 500 MW. Forecast of the size of the PTN market for 2030 - the moment of completion of the implementation of the current Energy Strategy of Russia - 11,000 - 15,000 units, 500 - 700 MW.

Usage: in installations for heating and cooling rooms with permanent ventilation. The essence of the invention heat pump installation contains a heat exchanger 1, an evaporator 4, an injector-absorber 6, a pressure-separating tank 9 and a liquid pump 7. The evaporator 4 and the injector-absorber 6 are connected by at least one capillary 5. The evaporator 4 is made of three cavities and is filled with a porous body 16. 5 z.p. f-ly, 2 ill.

The invention relates to heat pump installations based on absorption units, in particular to installations for heating and cooling rooms with permanent ventilation. The operation of all heat pumps is based on the thermodynamic state and the parameters that determine this state: temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy and entropy. All heat pumps work by supplying heat isothermally at low temperatures and isometrically dissipating at low temperatures. high temperature. Compression and expansion is performed at constant entropy, and the work is done from an external engine. A heat pump can be described as a heat multiplier that uses the low-grade heat of various heat-generating media such as ambient air, soil, groundwater, wastewater, etc. Currently, there are many different heat pumps with different working fluids. This diversity is caused by the existing restrictions on the use of one or another type of heat pump, which are imposed not only by technical problems, but also by the laws of nature. The most common are pumps with mechanical vapor compression, followed by absorption cycle and double Rankine cycle pumps. Pumps with mechanical compression are not widely used due to the need for dry steam, which is caused by the mechanics of most compressors. The ingress of liquid along with steam to the compressor inlet can damage its valves, and the flow of a large amount of liquid into the compressor can generally disable it. The most widely used pumps are absorption type. The process of operation of absorption plants is based on the sequential implementation of thermochemical reactions of absorption of the working agent by the absorbent, and then the release (desorption) of the absorbent from the working agent. As a rule, a working agent in absorption plants water or other solutions that can be absorbed by the absorbent serve as absorbents, compounds and solutions that easily absorb the working fluid can be used: ammonia (NH 3), sulfuric anhydrite (SO 2), carbon dioxide (CO 2), caustic soda (NaOH) , caustic potash (KOH), calcium chloride (CACl 2), etc. Known, for example, heat pump installation (ed. St. USSR N 1270499, class F 25 B 15/02, 29/00, 1986), containing absorption refrigeration unit with a refrigerant circuit, a condenser, a subcooler, an evaporator, a dephlegmator and a regenerative heat exchanger, as well as a heating water circuit passing through the condenser, a ventilation air line passing sequentially through the absorber and subcooler, the heating water circuit is made closed and a dephlegmator is additionally included in it. The plant additionally contains a two-cavity heat exchanger - subcooler, which is connected by one cavity to the refrigerant circuit between the subcooler and the evaporator, and the other - to the ventilation air line in front of the absorber. The described installation is cumbersome and metal-intensive, as it has components and systems operating at elevated pressure. In addition, the achievement of high energy performance in the known plant uses ammonia and its aqueous solutions, which are toxic and corrosive, as a coolant. The most efficient heat pump installations are of the absorption-injector type. Known thermal installation (ed. St. USSR N 87623, class F 25 B 15/04, 1949), including an ammonia steam generator (evaporator) filled with a highly concentrated water-ammonia solution, with a coil of steel pipes, into which steam is supplied low pressure, which serves to evaporate ammonia, high-pressure absorbers (injectors), pumps, a tubular heat system, a high steam generator, a low-pressure steam condensate heater, a cooler that simultaneously serves as a heater. The described installation allows you to increase the steam pressure at high value thermal efficiency due to the fact that the absorber of the installation has injectors that serve to increase the pressure obtained in the ammonia steam generator with the help of a lean solution supplied by a pump from the generator. However, in the described installation, aggressive media are used, which requires the use of special materials of high corrosion resistance. This greatly increases the cost of installation. The aim of the invention is to create a simplified, environmentally friendly, economical installation with high energy performance. This problem is solved by the fact that a heat pump installation containing a heat exchanger, an evaporator, an injector-absorber, a liquid pump, a pressure-separating tank, an evaporator and an injector-absorber, which, according to the invention, are interconnected by at least one capillary, and the evaporator is made of three-cavity, one cavity of which is connected to the heat exchanger by a ventilation air line, the other is filled with a coolant, separated by a vacuum cavity connected to an injector-absorber, and the evaporator contains a porous body placed simultaneously in all these cavities. The design of the connection between the evaporator and the injector-absorber in the form of a thermodynamically discontinuous system connected by at least one capillary makes it possible to conduct the process of obtaining heat in a region far from thermodynamic equilibrium, which significantly intensifies heat and mass transfer in the system under consideration. It is possible to connect the evaporator and the injector-absorber with several capillaries. This will enhance the effect of heat and mass transfer in the system under consideration. The execution of the evaporator with three independent, separated cavities and with a porous body placed simultaneously in all three cavities allows the formation of a developed mass transfer surface between the coolant and air (approximately 100-10000 cm 2 in 1 cm 3), due to which intensive evaporation of the coolant and saturation of the air with it, accompanied by a large absorption of heat coming from the heat-generating medium. It is advisable that the capillary has a diameter equal to the mean free path of the coolant molecules in the vapor phase at a residual pressure created by the injector-absorber and a temperature equal to the temperature of the liquid coolant, and a length equal to 10-10 5 diameters of the capillary. This ensures intensive mass transfer of the coolant in the direction only from the evaporator to the injector-absorber. It is advisable to make a porous body from two types of pores, the surface of some of which is wetted, while others are not wetted by the coolant. In this case, the porous body is simultaneously permeable to liquid and air and will allow the formation of a more developed mass transfer surface between the coolant and air inside the porous body. This greatly intensifies the evaporation process. The evaporation rate in the evaporator of the porous body structure described above reaches a value close to the evaporation rate in absolute vacuum. It is advisable to bring at least one heat pipe to the evaporator, one end of which is placed in a porous body, and the other in a heat-generating medium, for example, in the ground. This will intensify the heat exchange between the evaporator and the heat-generating medium. The outlet pipe of the gas-steam mixture of the pressure-separating tank can be connected to a heat exchanger, which is also a condenser in the described installation. This will provide heating and, consequently, a decrease in the humidity of the ventilation air sucked into the evaporator from the environment, thereby intensifying the process of evaporation of the coolant in the evaporator. It is advisable to connect the pressure-separating tank to a heat exchanger, which is simultaneously a condenser in the described installation. This will provide heating and, consequently, a decrease in the humidity of the ventilation air sucked into the evaporator from the environment, thereby intensifying the process of the coolant evaporator in the evaporator. The evaporator cavity filled with heat carrier can be connected to the heat exchanger by a heat carrier condensate line. This will avoid losses of the coolant with the vapor-gas mixture separated in the pressure-separating tank and ensure constant replenishment of the coolant in the evaporator. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the proposed heat pump installation; figure 2 the evaporator placed in it a porous body and a heat pipe. The inventive heat pump installation contains a heat exchanger 1 (figure 1) with nozzles 2, 3, respectively, for supplying ventilation air and an air-steam mixture, an evaporator 4 connected to the heat exchanger 1 by a gas-liquid line 5, which is two separate pipes, and with an injector-absorber with a capillary 7 connected to the suction line of the injector-absorber. The capillary must have a diameter equal to the mean free path of the coolant molecules in the vapor phase at the residual pressure created in the injector-absorber 6 and a temperature equal to the temperature of the liquid coolant. The length of the capillary line should be 10-10 5 of the capillary diameter. The injector-absorber 6 is installed on the pressure line of the liquid pump 8 and is connected to the pressure-separating tank 9, filled to 2/3 of its volume with a liquid heat carrier. The pressure-separating tank is connected by line 10 to heat exchanger 1 through branch pipe 3 and line 2, designed to remove the liquid heat carrier, with heating devices 12, which are connected to the suction line of liquid pump 7. Evaporator 4 is made of three independent cavities 13, 14 and 15 ( figure 2). The cavity 13 is connected to the air supply pipe from the heat exchanger. The cavity 15 is filled with a liquid heat carrier and is connected to the heat carrier condensate supply pipe from the heat exchanger 1, which is also a heat carrier vapor condenser. This makes it possible to avoid losses of the coolant with the gas-vapor mixture, which is separated from the liquid coolant in the pressure-separating tank 9. The cavity 14 is connected by means of a capillary line 7 to the suction line of the injector-absorber 6, inside the evaporator 4 there is a porous body 16, made in the form of a thick-walled a cylinder containing two types of pores - the surface of one type of pores is well wetted by the coolant, the surface of the other type of pores is not wetted by the coolant, but is permeable to air. The material for the porous body is selected depending on the coolant, which can be any non-aggressive liquid with a boiling point at a pressure of 1 atm not higher than 150 o C, for example, water, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons and their mixtures, consisting of two, three or more components, mutually soluble. The coolant is chosen depending on which room is required to be heated by the installation, on climatic conditions and other factors. The porous body 16 is placed inside the evaporator in such a way that its surfaces are in contact with all three of these cavities. To the evaporator 4 summed up the heat pipe 17, one end of which is placed in the porous body 16, and the other in a heat-generating medium, such as soil. There can be several heat pipes, which will increase the supply of heat from the heat-containing medium to the evaporator and thereby enhance the process of evaporation of the coolant. Heat pump installation works as follows. Air from the atmosphere through the pipe 3 of the air supply due to the rarefaction created by the injector-absorber in the evaporator 4 is sucked into the heat exchanger 1 and through the gas-liquid line 5 through the air pipe enters the chamber 13 of the evaporator 4. Inside the porous body 16, the heat carrier intensively evaporates and saturates it air vapor. In this case, the heat of the heat-generating medium, such as soil, is absorbed, which is supplied to the evaporator through heat pipes 17. The evaporation rate of the heat carrier inside the porous body reaches a value comparable to the evaporation rate in absolute vacuum of 0.3 g/cm 3 s, which corresponds to heat flow 0.75 W/cm 2 porous body. The air saturated with coolant vapor is sucked into the injector-absorber 6 through capillary 7, and the coolant is supplied here by a liquid pump 8 from heating devices 12 under pressure and mixed with the vapor-air mixture, forming an emulsion, which is air bubbles and coolant. In this case, vaporous moisture is absorbed by the liquid with the release of heat equivalent to the heat absorbed in the evaporator. The released heat is used to heat the coolant. The emulsion formed in the injector-absorber 6 enters the pressure-separating tank 9, where it is separated into an air-steam mixture and a heat-transfer fluid. From the pressure-separating tank 9, the heated coolant flows by gravity into the heating devices 12 and again to the suction line of the liquid pump 8, thus completing the cycle of the liquid coolant. The air-steam mixture from the pressure-separating tank 9 through line 10, due to a small excess pressure created in the pressure-separating tank 9, enters the heat exchanger 1 through the pipe 3. In the heat exchanger 1, the sucked atmospheric air is heated and the heat carrier vapors are condensed, which are separately enter the evaporator 4. Thus, the inventive heat pump installation has high energy characteristics, without the use of aggressive, environmentally harmful coolants, which makes it safe to operate. Water can be used as a heat carrier. To heat rooms, buildings in harsh climatic conditions, the evaporator can be filled with a low-boiling coolant for more intensive evaporation, and water can be passed through the heating system. For heating, for example, garages, when constant heating is not required even in winter, it is advisable to use alcohols or solutions that have a low freezing point as a heat carrier, which will prevent the system from freezing during the shutdown of the installation. The use of non-aggressive heating fluids eliminates the need to use special materials and alloys in the manufacture of the unit. Some units of the installation, such as a pressure-separating tank, connecting pipelines can be made of plastics, rubber and other non-metallic materials, which will significantly reduce the metal consumption. The installation is technically simple in execution and operation, does not require large energy consumption. The heat generating unit is compact and can be placed in a small area and can be used both for heating large rooms, buildings, and small buildings, as well as garages, and when working in a refrigeration cycle for cooling basements in the summer. The possibility of a wide choice of the type of heat carrier allows the use of the unit in any climatic conditions. All this determines the low cost of the installation, the safety of its operation and accessibility for a large number of consumers.

Claim

1. A heat pump unit containing a heat exchanger, an evaporator, an injector-absorber, a liquid pump, a pressure-separating tank, characterized in that the unit is equipped with a ventilation air line, at least one capillary and a porous body, and the evaporator is made three-cavity, one cavity of which is connected with a heat exchanger by a ventilation air line, the other is filled with a coolant and the third evacuated cavity is connected to an injector-absorber, while the porous body is placed in all three cavities, and the evaporator and the injector-absorber are interconnected by at least one capillary. 2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the capillary has a diameter equal to the free path of the coolant molecules in the vapor phase at a residual pressure created in the injector-absorber and a temperature equal to the ambient temperature, and the length of the capillary is 10 10 5 its diameter. 3. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the porous body is formed by pores of two types, the surface of some of which is wetted, while others are not wetted by the coolant. 4. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one heat pipe is connected to the evaporator, one end of which is placed in a porous body, and the other in a heat-generating medium. 5. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the pressure-separating tank is connected to a heat exchanger. 6. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is provided with a coolant condensate line, through which the evaporator cavity filled with coolant is connected to the heat exchanger.