Different types of dwellings. Dwellings of ancient people

Man at all times strived for warmth and comfort, for inner peace. Even the most inveterate adventurers, who are always beckoned by horizons, sooner or later return to their home. People of different nationalities and religions have always created a home for themselves, taking into account the beauty and convenience that they could imagine being in certain natural conditions. Amazing Shapes buildings, the materials from which the dwelling was built and interior decoration can tell a lot about its owners.

The human dwelling is a pure reflection of nature. Initially, the form of the house appears from an organic feeling. It has an inner necessity, like a bird's nest, a bee hive, or a clam shell. Every feature of the forms of existence and customs, family and marriage life, in addition, the tribal routine - all this is reflected in the main premises and the plan of the house - in the upper room, entrance hall, atrium, megaron, kemenate, courtyard, gynecee.

BORDEY


Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

AIL "WOODEN YURT"


Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

BALAGAN


Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

VALKARAN


Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

WIGWAM


wigwam - common name dwellings of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made from curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Tepees are often erroneously referred to as the cone-shaped dwellings of the Great Plains Indians - "teepee". The dwelling was not intended to be moved, however, if necessary, it was easily assembled and then erected in a new place.

ISLU


A truly amazing invention. Invented by the Eskimos of Alaska. You understand that not everything is good with building materials in Alaska, but people have always used what they have at hand and in large quantities. And in Alaska, ice is always at hand. That's why the Eskimos began to build themselves domed houses from ice slabs. Inside, everything was covered with skins for warmth. This idea was very liked by the inhabitants of Finland - a northern country, where there is also plenty of snow. There are restaurants built on the principle of an igloo and even competitions are held, in which participants assemble an igloo from ice blocks at speed.

CAJUN


Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

MINCA


Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls, sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.
Since many Japanese of simple origin were engaged in the cultivation of silkworms, when building a dwelling, it was taken into account that the main place in the room was allocated for silk spinning.

KLOCHAN


Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so one should not expect much comfort inside.

PALLASO


Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). In a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters laid out stone wall leaving openings for front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

IKUQUANE


Ikukwane is a large domed thatched house of the Zulus (South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

RONDAVEL


Rondavel - round house Bantu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

KUREN


Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Saklya


Stone dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders. Built from clay and ceramic brick, the roof is flat, narrow windows, similar to loopholes. It was both a dwelling and a kind of fortress. It could be multi-storey, or it could be built of clay and not have windows. An earthen floor and a hearth in the middle are the modest decoration of such a house.

PUEBLITO


Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, as expected, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interiors are also covered with clay plaster. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. Pueblito were located on high places within sight of each other to enable long-distance communication.

TRULLO


Trullo - original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so hot weather It is cool there, but in winter it is not so cold. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.


Italian dwelling, classified in our time as a monument. The house is notable for the fact that it was built using the “dry masonry” method, that is, simply from stones. This was not done by accident. Such a building was not very reliable. If one stone was pulled out, it could completely fall apart. And all because in certain areas houses were built illegally and, with any claims from the authorities, could easily be liquidated.

LEPA - LEPA


Lepa-lepa - the boat-house of the Bajao people South-East Asia. The Bajao, "Sea Gypsies," as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the Pacific's Coral Triangle, between Borneo, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

TIPI


Native American dwellings. This building was portable and was built from poles, which were covered with deer skins on top. In the center there was a hearth, around which sleeping places were concentrated. There must be a hole in the roof for smoke. It is hard to believe, but even now people who support the traditions of the indigenous population of America still live in such huts.

DIAOLOU


Diaolou - fortified multi-storey building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In more recent and relatively safe times such houses-fortresses were built, simply following the tradition.

HOGAN


Hogan - ancient dwelling Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first Railway, Hogan's design has changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

YURT


Dwelling for nomads - Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz. Why is it convenient in the conditions of steppes and deserts? Assembling and disassembling such a house is a matter of a couple of hours. The base is built of poles, covered with mats on top. Until now, shepherds use such buildings. Probably, years of experience suggests that they are not looking for good from good.

SLAVIC hut


Log house, the construction of the Slavs. The hut was assembled from logs (the so-called log house), the logs were stacked according to a certain principle. The oven was laid out in the house. The hut was heated in black. The pipe on the roof was put up later, and then the smoke was already removed from the house through it. Log cabins could be dismantled, sold and laid out again, erecting new house from an old log house. Until now, this method is used by summer residents.

NORTH RUSSIAN hut


The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. outdoor staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a single whole.

WARDO


Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, - storage box kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo got off with skillful carvings and painted bright colors. The heyday of vardo came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

YAODONG


Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

BONGU TRADITIONAL HOUSING

TURF HOUSE


The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

No matter how ridiculous the building may seem, it is a home for the one who built it. People lived in these strange buildings: they loved, created a family, suffered and died. Through the houses of these people flowed life, history with all its peculiarities, events and miracles.

Charitable wall newspaper for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting". Issue #88, February 2016.

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"Dwellings of the peoples of the world"

(66 “residential properties” selected by us, from “abylaisha” to “yaranga”)

Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project "Briefly and clearly about the most interesting" (site site) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They ship for free to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions of the city. The publications of the project do not contain any advertising (only logos of the founders), politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, well illustrated. They are conceived as an information "slowdown" of students, the awakening of cognitive activity and the desire to read. Authors and publishers, without claiming to be academically complete in the presentation of the material, publish Interesting Facts, illustrations, interviews with famous figures of science and culture and hope to thereby increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process.

Dear friends! Our regular readers noticed that this is not the first time we present an issue that is somehow related to the topic of real estate. Recently, we discussed the very first residential buildings of the Stone Age, and also took a closer look at the "real estate" of the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons (issue). We talked about the dwellings of peoples who have long lived on the lands from Lake Onega to the shores of the Gulf of Finland (and these are Veps, Vods, Izhors, Ingrian Finns, Tikhvin Karelians and Russians), we talked in the series “Indigenous peoples Leningrad region» (, and releases). We reviewed the most incredible and peculiar modern buildings in this issue. More than once we also wrote about holidays related to the topic: Realtor's Day in Russia (February 8); Builder's Day in Russia (second Sunday in August); World Architecture Day and World Dwelling Day (first Monday in October). This wall newspaper is a short "wall encyclopedia" of traditional dwellings of peoples from all over the world. The 66 "residential properties" we have chosen are arranged alphabetically: from "abylaisha" to "yaranga".

Abylaisha

Abylaisha is a camping yurt among the Kazakhs. Its frame consists of many poles, which are attached from above to a wooden ring - a chimney. The whole structure is covered with felt. In the past, such dwellings were used in the military campaigns of the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name.

ail

Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of the Southern Altai. Timbered hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a hearth in the middle of the earthen floor.

Arish

Arish - summer house of the Arab population of the Persian Gulf coast, woven from the stems of palm leaves. A kind of fabric pipe is installed on the roof, which provides ventilation in the house in extremely hot climates.

Balagan

Balagan is the winter dwelling of the Yakuts. Inclined walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

Barasti

Barasti - in the Arabian Peninsula, the common name for huts woven from leaves date palm. At night, the leaves absorb excess dampness, and during the day they gradually dry out, moistening the hot air.

Barabora

Barabora is a capacious semi-dugout of the Aleuts, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands. The frame was made of whale bones and snags thrown ashore. The roof was insulated with grass, turf and skins. A hole was left in the roof for entry and lighting, from where they descended inside along a log with steps carved into it. Barabors were built on the hills near the coast, so that it was convenient to observe sea animals and the approach of enemies.

Bordei

Bordei is a traditional semi-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reed. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature fluctuations during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a hearth on the clay floor, but the bordey was heated in black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

Bahareke

Bajareque is the hut of the Indians of Guatemala. The walls are made of poles and branches covered with clay. The roof is made of dry grass or straw, the floor is made of rammed soil. Bahareke are resistant to strong earthquakes occurring in Central America.

Burama

Burama is the temporary dwelling of the Bashkirs. The walls were made of logs and branches and had no windows. The gable roof was covered with bark. The earthen floor was covered with grass, branches and leaves. Inside, bunks were built from boards and a hearth with a wide chimney.

Valcaran

Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling near the peoples of the coast of the Bering Sea (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). Semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: summer - through a hole in the roof, winter - through a long semi-underground corridor.

Vardo

Vardo is a gypsy wagon, a real one-room mobile home. It has a door and windows, an oven for cooking and heating, a bed, boxes for things. Behind, under the tailgate, there is a box for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels - luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The whole wagon is light enough that one horse could carry it. Vardo was finished with skillful carvings and painted with bright colors. The heyday of vardo came at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

Vezha

Vezha is an ancient winter dwelling of the Saami, the indigenous Finno-Ugric people of Northern Europe. The vezha was made of logs in the form of a pyramid with a smoke hole at the top. The skeleton of the vezha was covered with deer skins, and bark, brushwood and turf were laid on top and pressed down with birch poles for strength. A stone hearth was arranged in the center of the dwelling. The floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they put "nili" - a shed on poles. By the beginning of the 20th century, many Saami living in Russia had already built huts for themselves and called them the Russian word "house".

wigwam

Tepee is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made from curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of cloth. Outside, the coating was additionally pressed with poles. Teepees can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such designs are called "long houses"). Tepees are often erroneously called the cone-shaped dwellings of the Indians of the Great Plains - "teepee" (remember, for example, " folk art"Ball from the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino").

Wikipedia

Wikiap is the dwelling of the Apaches and some other Indian tribes of the Southwestern United States and California. A small, crude hut covered with twigs, shrubs, thatch, or mats, often with additional pieces of cloth and blankets thrown over the top. A kind of wigwam.

sod house

The sod house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the scarcity of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. In one half of such a house they lived, in the other they kept livestock.

diaolou

Diaolou is a fortified high-rise building in Guangdong province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers were operating in southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortress houses were built simply following tradition.

Dugout

The dugout is one of the oldest and widespread types of insulated housing. In a number of countries, peasants lived mainly in dugouts until the late Middle Ages. A hole dug in the ground was covered with poles or logs, which were covered with earth. There was a hearth inside, and bunk beds along the walls.

igloo

An igloo is a domed Eskimo hut made of blocks of dense snow. The floor and sometimes the walls were covered with skins. To enter, a tunnel was dug in the snow. If the snow was shallow, the entrance was arranged in the wall, to which an additional corridor of snow blocks was completed. Light enters the room directly through the snowy walls, although they also made windows covered with seal guts or ice floes. Often several igloos were connected by long snowy corridors.

Izba

Hut - log house in the forest zone of Russia. Until the 10th century, the hut looked like a semi-dugout, completed with several rows of logs. There was no door, the entrance was covered with logs and canopy. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. The hut was heated in black. People slept on mattresses earthen floor in the same room as the cattle. Over the centuries, the hut acquired a stove, a hole on the roof for smoke to escape, and then a chimney. Holes appeared in the walls - windows that were covered with mica plates or a bull's bladder. Over time, they began to block the hut into two parts: the upper room and the canopy. This is how the “five-wall” hut appeared.

North Russian hut

The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is economic. Servants, children, yard workers lived in the basement, there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows and doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts of several meters! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced to combine residential and outbuildings into a single whole.

Ikukwane

Ikukwane is a large domed thatched house of the Zulus (South Africa). It was built from long thin rods, tall grass, reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers find that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

Boar

Cabanya is a small hut of the indigenous population of Ecuador (a state in the northwest South America). Its frame is woven from a vine, partially coated with clay and covered with straw. This name was also given to gazebos for recreation and technical needs, installed in resorts near beaches and pools.

Kava

Kava is a gable hut of the Orochi, an indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Far East). The roof and side walls were covered with spruce bark, the smoke hole was covered with a special tire in bad weather. The entrance to the dwelling always turned to the river. The place for the hearth was covered with pebbles and fenced with wooden blocks, which were coated with clay from the inside. Wooden bunks were built along the walls.

Kazhim

Kazhim is a large community house of the Eskimos, designed for several dozen people and multi-year term services. At the place chosen for the house, they dug a rectangular hole, at the corners of which high thick logs were installed (the Eskimos do not have local wood, so the trees thrown ashore by the surf were used). Further, walls and a roof were erected in the form of a pyramid - from logs or whale bones. A frame covered with a transparent bubble was inserted into the hole left in the middle. The entire building was covered with earth. The roof was supported by pillars, as well as bench-beds installed along the walls in several tiers. The floor was covered with boards and mats. A narrow underground corridor was dug to enter.

Cajun

Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). Cylindrical cajun with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry laying method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

Karamo

Karamo is a dugout of the Selkups, hunters and fishermen of the north Western Siberia. They dug a hole at the steep bank of the river, put four pillars in the corners and made log walls. The roof, also made of logs, was covered with earth. An entrance was dug from the side of the water and disguised by coastal vegetation. To prevent the dugout from flooding, the floor was made gradually rising from the entrance. It was possible to get into the dwelling only by boat, and the boat was also dragged inside. Because of such peculiar houses, the Selkups were called "earth people".

Klochan

Klochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, the walls were laid out "dry", without a binder solution. Narrow gaps were left - windows, an entrance and a chimney. Such uncomplicated huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so one should not expect much comfort inside.

Kolyba

Kolyba is a summer residence of shepherds and lumberjacks, common in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians. This is log house without windows with a gable roof, covered with shingles (flat chips). Along the walls there are wooden benches and shelves for things, the floor is earthen. In the middle is a hearth, the smoke comes out through a hole in the roof.

Konak

Konak is a two- or three-storey stone house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. The building, in plan resembling the letter "G", is covered with a massive tiled roof, creating deep shadow. Each bedroom has a covered projecting balcony and a steam room. A large number of a variety of premises satisfies all the needs of the owners, so there is no need for buildings in the yard.

Kuvaksa

Kuvaksa is a portable dwelling of the Saami during the spring-summer migrations. It has a cone-shaped frame of several poles connected by the tops, on which a cover made of deer skins, birch bark or canvas was pulled. A hearth was set up in the center. The kuwaxa is a type of plague, and also resembles the tipi of the North American Indians, but is somewhat stockier.

Kula

Kula is a fortified stone tower of two or three floors with strong walls and small loophole windows. Kulas can be found in the mountainous regions of Albania. The tradition of building such houses-fortresses is very ancient and also exists in the Caucasus, Sardinia, Corsica and Ireland.

Kuren

Kuren (from the word "smoke", which means "to smoke") - the dwelling of the Cossacks, "free troops" of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses stood on piles, the walls were made of wattle, filled with earth and plastered with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Lepa-lepa

Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Bajao, the people of Southeast Asia. The Bajao, "Sea Gypsies," as they are called, spend their entire lives in boats in the Pacific's Coral Triangle, between Borneo, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they prepare food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go on land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and bury the dead.

Mázanka

Mázanka - practical country house steppe and forest-steppe Ukraine. The hut got its name according to the ancient construction technology: a frame made of branches, insulated with a reed layer, was abundantly coated with clay mixed with straw. The walls were regularly whitewashed inside and out, which gave the house an elegant look. The four-pitched thatched roof had large overhangs so that the walls do not get wet in the rain.

Minka

Minka is the traditional dwelling of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. Minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls, sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the location of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that the snow and rain immediately rolled off, and the straw did not have time to get wet.

Odag

Odag is the wedding hut of the Shors, a people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. Nine thin young birches with foliage were tied from above and covered with birch bark. The groom kindled a fire inside the hut with a flint and flint. The young remained in the odage for three days, after which they moved to a permanent home.

Pallazo

Pallazo is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for the front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes two rooms were arranged in large pallazos: one for living, the second for livestock. Pallazos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

Palheiro

Palheiro - traditional house ik farmers of the village of Santana in the east of the island of Madeira. This is a small stone building with a sloping thatched roof to the ground. The houses are painted white, red and blue colors. Palera began to build the first colonizers of the island.

Cave

The cave is probably the most ancient natural refuge of man. AT soft rocks(limestone, loess, tuff) people have long cut down artificial caves, where they equipped comfortable dwellings, sometimes entire cave cities. So, in the cave city of Eski-Kermen in the Crimea (pictured), rooms carved into the rock have hearths, chimneys, “beds”, niches for dishes and other things, water tanks, windows and doorways with traces of loops.

Kitchen

The kitchen is the summer dwelling of Kamchadals, the people of the Kamchatka Territory, the Magadan Region and Chukotka. To protect themselves from water level drops, dwellings (like a plague) were built on high piles. Logs thrown ashore by the sea were used. The hearth was placed on a pile of pebbles. The smoke escaped through a hole in the middle of the sharp roof. Under the roof, multi-tiered poles were made for drying fish. Povarni can still be seen on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

pueblo

Pueblo - the ancient settlements of the Pueblo Indians, a group of Indian peoples of the Southwest of the modern USA. A closed structure built of sandstone or raw brick, in the form of a fortress. The living quarters had ledges of several floors - so that the roof of the lower floor was a courtyard for the upper one. They climbed to the upper floors by ladders through holes in the roofs. In some pueblos, for example, in Taos Pueblo (a settlement of a thousand years ago), the Indians still live.

pueblito

Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwest of the US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were built, as expected, by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who were defending themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interiors are also covered with clay plaster. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, over which rods are laid. The pueblitos were located in high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

Riga

Riga (“residential riga”) is a log house of Estonian peasants with a high thatched or thatched roof. Hay was lived and dried in the central room, heated in black. In the adjacent room (it was called "threshing floor") they threshed and winnowed grain, stored tools and hay, and kept livestock in winter. There were still unheated rooms ("chambers"), which were used as pantries, and in warm weather as living quarters.

Rondavel

Rondavel - the round house of the Bántu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grassy ropes.

Saklya

Sáklya is the home of the inhabitants of the mountainous areas of the Caucasus and Crimea. Usually this is a house made of stone, clay or raw brick with flat roof and narrow windows, like loopholes. If the sakli were located one below the other on the mountainside, the roof of the lower house could easily serve as a courtyard for the upper one. The beams of the frame were made protruding to equip cozy canopies. However, any small hut with a thatched roof can be called a sakley here.

Seneca

Senek is a “log yurt” of the Shors, the people of the southeastern part of Western Siberia. The gable roof was covered with birch bark, which was fastened on top with half-logs. The hearth was in the form of a clay pit opposite the front door. A wooden hook with a bowler hat was hung over the hearth on a transverse pole. Smoke escaped through a hole in the roof.

Tipi

Tipi is a portable dwelling of the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains of America. Tipi has the shape of a cone up to eight meters high. The frame is assembled from poles (pine - in the northern and central plains and from juniper - in the south). The tire is sewn from bison skin or canvas. Leave a smoke hole at the top. Two smoke valves regulate the smoke draft of the hearth with the help of special poles. In case of strong wind, the tipi is tied to a special peg with a belt. Teepee should not be confused with wigwam.

Tokul

Tokul is a round thatched hut of the inhabitants of Sudan (East Africa). The load-bearing parts of the walls and the conical roof are made from long trunks of mimosa. Then hoops of flexible branches are put on them and covered with straw.

Tulow

Tulou is a fortress house in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong (China). A foundation was laid out of stones in a circle or square (which made it difficult for enemies to dig during the siege) and built Bottom part walls about two meters thick. Above, the wall was completed from a mixture of clay, sand and lime, which hardened in the sun. On the upper floors left narrow openings under the loopholes. Inside the fortress there were living quarters, a well, large containers for food. In one tulou, 500 people representing one clan could live.

Trullo

Trullo is an original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Apulia. Trullo walls are very thick, so it is cool in hot weather and not so cold in winter. The trullo is a two-tiered one, the second floor was reached by a ladder. Trulli often had several cone roofs, each with a separate room.

Tueji

Tueji is the summer home of the Udege, Orochi and Nanais, the indigenous peoples of the Far East. A gable roof covered with birch bark or cedar bark was installed over the dug pit. The sides were covered with earth. Inside, the tueji is divided into three parts: female, male and central, in which the hearth was located. Above the hearth, a platform of thin poles was installed for drying and smoking fish and meat, and a cauldron was hung for cooking.

Urasá

Urasá - the summer dwelling of the Yakuts, a cone-shaped hut made of poles, covered with birch bark. Long, poles, placed in a circle, were fastened from above with a wooden hoop. From the inside, the frame was stained reddish-brown with a decoction of alder bark. The door was made in the form of a birch bark curtain, decorated with folk patterns. For strength, the birch bark was boiled in water, then scraped with a knife upper layer and sewn with a thin hair cord into strips. Inside, bunks were built along the walls. There was a hearth in the middle on the earthen floor.

Fale

Fale - the hut of the inhabitants of the island state of Samoa ( southern part Pacific Ocean). Gable leaf roof coconut tree installed on wooden poles arranged in a circle or oval. Distinctive feature fale - the absence of walls. The openings between the pillars, if necessary, are hung with mats. wooden elements the structures are connected with ropes woven from threads of coconut husks.

Fanza

Fanza - type rural dwelling in Northeast China and Far East Russia among indigenous peoples. Rectangular building on a frame of pillars supporting a gable thatched roof. The walls were made of straw mixed with clay. Fanza had an ingenious space heating system. A chimney ran from the earthen hearth along the entire wall at floor level. The smoke, before going out into a long chimney built outside the fanza, heated the wide bunks. Hot coals from the hearth were poured onto a special elevation and used to heat water and dry clothes.

felij

Felij - the tent of the Bedouins, Arab nomads. The frame of long poles intertwined with each other is covered with a cloth woven from camel, goat or sheep wool. This fabric is so dense that it does not let rain through. During the day, the awning is raised so that the dwelling is ventilated, and at night or in strong winds, they are lowered. The felij is divided into male and female halves by a patterned fabric curtain. Each half has its own hearth. The floor is covered with mats.

Hanok

Hanok is a traditional Korean house with clay walls and a thatched or tiled roof. Its peculiarity is the heating system: pipes are laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth spreads throughout the house. The ideal place for hanok is this: behind the house there is a hill, and in front of the house a stream flows.

Hut

Khata is the traditional home of Ukrainians, Belarusians, southern Russians and part of the Poles. The roof, unlike the Russian hut, was made four-pitched: thatched or reed. The walls were built from half-logs coated with a mixture of clay, horse manure and straw, and whitened - both outside and inside. Shutters were made on the windows. Around the house there was a mound (a wide shop filled with clay), protecting the lower part of the wall from getting wet. The hut was divided into two parts: residential and household, separated by a passage.

Hogan

Hogan is an ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often, a "hallway" was attached to this simple design. The entrance was covered with a blanket. After the first railroad passed through the territory of the Navajo, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

Chum

Chum is the common name for a conical hut made of poles covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins. This form of dwelling is common throughout Siberia - from the Ural Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, among the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongolian peoples.

Shabono

Shabono is a collective dwelling of the Yanomámo Indians, lost in the Amazon rainforest on the border of Venezuela and Brazil. A large family (from 50 to 400 people) chooses a suitable clearing in the depths of the jungle and encloses it with pillars, to which a long roof of leaves is attached. Inside such a kind of hedge, there is an open space for chores and rituals.

hut

Shelash is the common name for the simplest shelter from the weather from any materials at hand: sticks, branches, grass, etc. It was probably the first man-made shelter ancient man. In any case, some animals, in particular, great apes, create something similar.

Chalet

Chale ("shepherd's hut") - a small rural house in the "Swiss style" in the Alps. One of the signs of a chalet is strongly protruding cornice overhangs. The walls are wooden, their lower part can be plastered or lined with stone.

marquee

A tent is a general name for a temporary light building made of fabric, leather or skins stretched on stakes and ropes. Since ancient times, tents have been used by eastern nomadic peoples. The tent (under various names) is often mentioned in the Bible.

Yurt

Yurt is the common name for a portable frame dwelling with felt covering among Turkic and Mongolian nomads. A classic yurt is easily assembled and disassembled by one family within a few hours. It is transported on a camel or horse, its felt cover protects well from temperature changes, does not let rain or wind through. Dwellings of this type are so ancient that they are recognized even in rock paintings. Yurts in a number of areas are successfully used today.

Yaodong

Yaodong is the home-cave of the Loess Plateau in the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial dug out their dwellings right in the hillside. Inside such a house is comfortable in any weather.

Yaranga

Yaranga is a portable dwelling of some peoples of the north-east of Siberia: Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Yukaghirs. First, tripods of poles are set in a circle and fixed with stones. The inclined poles of the side wall are tied to the tripods. The frame of the dome is attached from above. The whole structure is covered with deer or walrus skins. Two or three poles are placed in the middle in order to support the ceiling. Yaranga is divided by canopies into several rooms. Sometimes a small “house” covered with skins is placed inside the yaranga.

We thank the Department of Education of the Administration of the Kirovsky District of St. Petersburg and everyone who selflessly helps in distributing our wall newspapers. Our sincere thanks to the wonderful photographers who kindly allowed us to use their photos in this issue. These are Mikhail Krasikov, Evgeny Golomolzin and Sergey Sharov. Many thanks to Lyudmila Semyonovna Grek for prompt consultations. Please send your comments and suggestions to: [email protected]

Dear friends, thank you for being with us!

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The house is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native dwelling gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, its culture and features of life are revealed. Appearance dwellings, Construction Materials and construction method depend on environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located. Get to know the dwellings different peoples that inhabit our planet.

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Izba is a traditional dwelling of Russians. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen plowshares. A four-walled frame, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs stacked on top of each other. The house was without a foundation: repeatedly sorted and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled to them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that dampness was not felt in the house. The top had the form of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut, a red corner was necessarily arranged, where there was a goddess and a table (a place of honor for the elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or kut, a male corner, or a horse, and a zakut - behind the stove. Furnaces were given a central place in the entire space of the dwelling. A live fire was maintained in it, food was cooked and slept here. Above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove, a floor was laid. They slept on them, kept household utensils.

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An igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow is suitable, on which a clear imprint of a person's foot remains. big knives blocks are cut in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and stack them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, to which a corridor dug in the snow below the floor level leads. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the dwelling, heat does not go outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo, a canopy of reindeer skins is hung, separating the residential part from the snowy walls and ceiling. The Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Home of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.

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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the lee side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklu is made of stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terraced arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a courtyard for the upper one. In each sakla, one or two small windows and one or two doors are cut. Inside the rooms suit small fireplace with a clay pipe. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, floors covered with clay and covered with carpets. Here, in the summer, women prepare food.

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Stilt houses are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, Oceania. Two- or three-meter piles, on which houses are erected, provide the room with coolness and dryness even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made from woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light penetrates through the cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is covered with palm branches. In interior spaces usually lead steps decorated with carvings. The doorways are decorated in the same way.

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Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered from above with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or a deer is pulled over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The skeleton is also covered with branches, bark, mats.

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Dwellings on trees in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - at six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. A structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof crowning the building. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. Get into the hut long stairs connected from poles.

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Felij - a tent that serves as a home for the Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.

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Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun, from time immemorial, they have been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is most secure during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that transmits light. And in the cold season they are covered wood paneling. Internal walls(fushima) are also mobile shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to break large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which they walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large canopies that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and the scorching sun.

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Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kirghiz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. Yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature fluctuations. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours, it is convenient to transport it. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter, on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all they put stones under the future hearth, and then they set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The skeleton is covered with felt from the outside, and a door is made from it. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter. From above, the yurt is tied with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to carefully listen to the sounds outside.

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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The camps of the nomadic Chukchi numbered up to 10 yarangas and were stretched from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga - a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center of 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter of 5.7 to 7-8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with deer skins, usually sewn into two panels with straps, the ends of the straps in the lower part were tied to sleds or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was located in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance rear wall yarangi, installed a sleeping room (canopy) of skins in the form of a parallelepiped. The average size canopy - 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, on top of them - with thick skins. The bed headboard - two oblong bags stuffed with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket sewn from several deer skins. To illuminate their dwellings, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal fat, while the tundra Chukchi used fat melted from crushed deer bones that burned odorless and soot in stone oil lamps. Behind the canopy, at the back wall of the tent, things were kept; at the side, on both sides of the hearth, - products.

From time immemorial Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Poles, etc.) were treated as an important and significant event. At the same time, our ancestors sought to solve not only a practical problem, that is, to provide overhead, but also to organize living space so that it was filled with peace, warmth, love and other life blessings. And such, according to the ancient Slavs, could be built only by following ancient traditions and covenants. In a previous article, we talked about , and today we will talk about ground - huts, huts and huts.

Izba - the first land dwelling of the northern Slavs

The first terrestrial among the Slavs appeared around the 9th-10th century, and the name "hut" itself is recorded in ancient Russian chronicles dated to the 10th century. Initially, log huts appeared in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, where the land was very damp, swampy or deeply frozen. All these factors did not make it possible to equip warm semi-underground and underground.

First Slavic huts, as a rule, consisted of one insulated room-cage, to which in some cases a vestibule adjoined. The wooden hut was equipped with a door and a small window up to 40 cm in size, which was closed with a wooden plank and was used most often for.

In winter, the main part of the family's life passed in the hut, young cattle were immediately kept. If the furnace did not have a pipe, then it was called "chicken hut", and the house with a pipe oven was called "white hut". The hut could have a lower floor (basement) or do without it. Internal layout the room depended on the position of the stove: diagonally from it there was a “red” or front corner, at the bottom there was a crate made of wood, and on the side under the ceiling lay floors.

Mostly the walls of the hut were built of logs, the roof could be thatched or wooden, the windows could be slanted (with frames) or portage (cut through in logs). For usually used okhlupen (carved skate); the façade was decorated with window trims, towels and berths; walls, doors, ceiling and stoves - with characteristic Slavic ornaments in the form of animals, birds, plants and geometric patterns.

By the way, the carved ridge on the roof was not used by the Slavs for beauty. The fact is that, in this way, the Slavs brought the Gods " building sacrifice”in the form of a hut shaped like a horse: four corners - legs, a house - a body, a horse - a head. Such a sacrifice symbolized the creation of something reasonably organized () from the primitive chaos (tree). Often, a tail made of bast was also tied to the back of the ridge - in this case, the dwelling, according to the Slavs, was completely likened to a horse. In addition, archaeological excavations have shown that the very first huts were decorated not with carved skates at all, but with real horse skulls.

Over time, the size of the hut increased: in addition to the hut-cage itself, there was also a room, which was separated from the main housing by a wall. These are called "five-wall". In the northern regions, six-walls and twin huts began to appear, which are two independent log cabins-cages with a common canopy and overlapped common roof. Often, light galleries adjoined the huts, which connected residential buildings, storerooms and workshops, which made it possible, without going outside, to move from one room to another.

Slavic houses could have several options for blocking the economic part from. It could be a single-row connection, which was called "under one horse"(that is, the household and living quarters were under the same roof); two-way communication - "two horses"(the household yard and the hut were covered with separate roofs with parallel ridges); three-row connection - "for three horses"(hut, hozblok and yard stood side by side and covered with separate roofs with three parallel skates). most often were gable, but it was possible to meet and hipped roofs hip or tent-shaped.

Hut - the traditional dwelling of the South Slavic peoples

To some extent, a hut is akin to a hut with the difference that more solid and insulated huts were built mainly in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, while in the southern regions (in Ukraine, Belarus and partly in Poland) huts prevailed - more lightweight types . The huts could be wattle, log, adobe, etc. Inside and outside, as a rule, they were coated with clay and whitewashed. Like the hut, the hut usually had a dwelling with a stove, a vestibule and a utility block.

The main difference between a hut and a hut is that it is built not from whole, but from half or other lumber, which are then coated with adobe - a mixture of straw, horse manure and clay. It should be noted here that adobe is not at all obligatory element huts: in more prosperous villages and in more later times huts could be upholstered with roofing iron and painted in bright colours(most often a combination of blue and white). The traditional adobe hut was coated with white clay or whitened with chalk outside and inside.

It is curious that under the word "hut" the Slavs meant not only itself, but also its parts - there were such concepts as back and front hut. The back hut was a half of the house, the windows of which overlooked the courtyard. The front hut had windows facing the street. The back and front huts were usually separated from each other with the help of either a simpler and more crude Ukrainian stove, which stood in the middle of the room, and / or a wall partition in the form of a wicker or wooden frame covered with clay. At the same time, the front hut played the role of a front room, designed to welcome guests, relax and place icons, while the back hut carried the economic burden - food was cooked here, and in severe frosts they could warm young cattle. In some cases, the part of the back hut adjacent to the stove was fenced off with a separate partition and received something similar to a separate kitchen.

Usually the hut was equipped with straw, which protected the dwelling from snow and rain, but at the same time provided natural ventilation premises. Shutters were an indispensable element of all huts, which could be closed in hot and sunny weather. In rich dwellings, the floor was plank (with a high underground), in poorer dwellings - earthen. As for the materials for building walls, their choice largely depended on natural conditions one area or another. For example, in Ukraine, forest reserves are quite scarce, so when building houses (most often mud huts), they tried to use less wood here.

Tatyana Zaseeva
Synopsis of immediate educational activities"Dwellings of different peoples"

Dwellings of different peoples.

Abstract compiled by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 684 "Bereginya" Moskovsky district of St. Petersburg Zaseeva Tatyana Mikhailovna.

Acquaintance with the environment:

Purpose of the lesson: to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of other nationalities.

Tasks:

to acquaint children with the fact that people live on our planet of different nationalities, and with the fact that these people live in differently;

introduce children to certain types dwellings of different peoples;

introduce children to some of the facts of the history of their people;

introduce children to some of the materials from which you can build dwellings;

show the differences and similarities of people living on different territories;

to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people living in other conditions.

Class equipment:

illustrations apartment building, wooden hut, tent, needle, wigwam;

illustrations of a city and country dweller, an Indian, an inhabitant of the Far North and a desert;

illustrations of bricks, logs, snow bars;

sticks, scarf;

5 tables with different tablecloths: one tablecloth with depicting streets and intersections, two green tablecloths, one white and one yellow.

Lesson progress:

1. Discuss with children where they are live: live in the city of St. Petersburg, there is a house in the city, there is an apartment in the house in which their family lives. Each apartment has rooms, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, etc.

2. Show an illustration of an apartment building.

Does this house look like the one you live in? What is similar? What is the difference?

What is in this house?

3. Show illustration wooden house. - Where did you see such houses?

What are their names?

In the huts the people of our country lived when they didn't know how to build big houses with many apartments. Now there are such huts only in villages and dachas, but before, almost all people lived in them.

What is in the hut?

AT wooden houses there is always a stove and a chimney.

What are they needed for?

Previously, people did not know how to make batteries. Each hut was heated by a stove. People prepared a lot of firewood so that they could heat the stove all winter.

How is the hut different from the house in which you live now? (among other things, bring the children to the fact that one family lives in a village hut, and many in a city house). - In which house is it more convenient to live now? Why?

4. On our big planet there is different countries. In some you went on vacation to the sea.

What countries do you know?

AT different countries live different people and these people live in a completely different houses . In the south, in Africa, it is very hot, there is a lot of sand, which is called the desert. It rains very rarely in the desert, only a few times a year, and there is no snow at all. And in the wilderness people live in a house called a tent. (Show tent illustration).

What does a tent look like?

The tent is made from a large piece of cloth. It does not protect against cold or rain.

And what can a tent protect people from?

It is very difficult to live in the desert. People have to constantly move from place to place to look for food and water. The tent is convenient because, since it is made of a piece of fabric, when folded, it takes up very little space and is easy to transport. It is also convenient that it can be very quickly collect and"build" again.

5. (show illustration of igloo).

What is this house made of?

Where are such houses built, in the south or in the north? Why?

This house is called an igloo. It is really built by people who live in the north, where almost all year round there is snow. There are no windows in the igloo to keep warm water out, and a hearth is always lit inside to keep warm. And, oddly enough, but in a house made of snow it is really warm enough.

6. In the country of America there are people who are called Indians.

What do you know about Indians?

Indians live in wigwams. (Show an illustration of the wigwam).

What does a wigwam look like?

In the country where people live in such houses, is it warm or cold? Why?

7. Let's put the houses in their places.

Consider tables. Where should the apartment building be located?

How did you guess?

Where are wooden houses built?

How did you guess?

Where are the tents set up? What does the yellow tablecloth on this table look like?

Where is the igloo built? What does the white tablecloth look like?

Where are wigwams built? What kind of tablecloth is on this table? Why?

8. We have houses, and people live in every house. Let's see what kind of people live in each of these houses.

Consider this woman. What house does she live in?

How did you guess? What is she wearing? What is in her hands?

People living in the village work hard. They grow their own vegetables and fruits, which they eat, put things in order in their gardens.

Consider this man. What house does he live in?

How did you guess? What is he wearing?

What is the Indian wearing?

Now I will tell you why he is wearing feathers. The Indians fought a lot. Those Indians who performed feats were given a feather of the most noble and strong bird - an eagle. We give medals for feats (show an illustration, and feathers for the Indians.

This Indian accomplished many feats? How did you guess?

(Show illustration of inhabitants of the Far North).

Where do these people live?

How did you guess? What are these people wearing?

What do they have in their hands?

There is a lot of snow and people in the North, but very little food. People in the North catch a lot of fish because sometimes it's the only thing they can eat.

(Show picture of African).

Where does this person live?

How did you guess? What is he wearing?

If it's hot in there, why did he cover his face and body almost completely?

9. What can houses be built from?

(Show brick illustration).

What is it?

What kind of house is built of brick? What is it called? (brick).

(Show illustration of logs).

What is it? What kind of house is built from logs? What is it called (log, wooden).

(Show an illustration of snow bars).

What is it? What kind of house is built from this material? Why from him?

(show sticks).

What kind of house is built from such sticks?

(Show cloth handkerchief).

What kind of house is made of cloth?

What does the fabric protect against?

What is used to strengthen the tent?

10. We have examined many houses today.

What are the names of the houses we saw today?

There are a lot of people on our planet. They all live in different and even in different houses. For some, life is easier, for others it is much more difficult. And we need to help each other so that everyone can live well.

Artistic and applied creation:

Purpose of the lesson: teach children to cut paper with scissors in a straight line.

Tasks:

introduce children to scissors and safety rules when working with them;

teach children to hold scissors correctly and cut paper with them in a straight line;

develop spatial thinking of children;

learn to be careful when working with glue;

consolidate knowledge of names and materials dwellings of various peoples of the world;

cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people of different nationalities.

Class equipment:

illustrations of an apartment building, a wooden hut, a tent, a wigwam, an igloo;

sample of finished work;

paper details for application at home for each child;

scissors and glue for each child.

Lesson progress:

1. We learned that on our planet they live completely different people who build their own houses.

What are these houses called? (Show illustrations).

What are they made of?

Whose houses are these?

What do you know about the inhabitants of the south, the north, about the Indians?

2. Consider this picture (show application sample) .

What do you think, what kind of house will we make today?

How did you guess?

Who lives in this house?

What are these houses made of?

What will we make this house from?

What details does this house have?

What parts of the house are not visible here?

3. Today we need scissors.

What do scissors have?

Scissors are a dangerous item.

Why are scissors dangerous?

The scissors are very sharp, so do not touch them with your fingers on the blades. Scissors are taken only by the rings. Do not wave scissors, as you can injure yourself or your neighbor. Scissors should be kept on the table when not in use. directly to work.

Scissors are taken by inserting fingers into the rings. Inserted into one ring thumb, in another - index and middle. Ring with thumb should be on top. The sheet of paper to be cut is held on weight with the left hand, while making sure that the fingers of the left hand do not fall under the scissors in any case. Scissors open to the maximum with fingers right hand and in the open state are placed on the line, observing the direction given by the line. When the line and the blades of the scissors match, you need to check that the fingers of the left hand do not fall on the line. When everything is prepared, the fingers of the right hand should bring the scissors together. If the line is not cut to the end, you need to spread the scissors again, move them all the way along the line and bring them together again.

4. When all the details are ready, assemble the house on a piece of paper.

What details should your house have? Start gluing the details.

Which side of the paper should be glued?

Where is the part placed to smear it?

What needs to be glued?

How should the pieces be glued?

5. When your house is ready, you need to wash your hands with soap and water after glue. Then you can paint to make the inhabitants of your house more comfortable, the sun, grass or anything else you want.

Show me your houses. Tell who lives in your house. Which house do you like the most?