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Latin America during World War II (1939-1945). History of South America

Latin America won its independence with the help of the British navy and maintained it thanks to English influence, balanced by the formula contained in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which timidly but not without effect insisted that the Europeans should not make the territories of the Western Hemisphere the object of their conquests.

It was in this way that most of the countries of Latin America retained their independence and took advantage in the first half of the 19th century. fruits of British neo-colonialism. As the United States was still preoccupied with forging its own national unity, the opportunity to invest heavily in rich, sparsely populated lands with an almost always favorable climate and a tradition already established by centuries of Spanish colonial rule with Europeans was left to the British, who enjoyed undisputed superiority at sea.

After the war of 1846-1848. United States pressure on Mexico began to be felt. However, it was only after the Spanish-American War of 1898 that the United States became the hegemonic power in the Caribbean and began to pursue a truly pan-American policy. After several years of discussion at the turn of the century about the choice between traditional type of colonial expansionism and investment, combined with a policy of hegemony, an anti-colonialist orientation prevailed. The Pan American Conferences, the first of which took place in 1889, were the first manifestation of the superiority of the United States. The second, and more effective, form was the "addition" made by Theodore Roosevelt in December 1904 to the Monroe Doctrine. Worried about attempts at German expansion and also wishing to limit the British presence, the President specified that the actions taken by Latin America

Chapter 11. The system of international relations after 1956 1011

by Canadian governments to resist attempts at capitalist infiltration could provoke reprisals from countries interested in protecting their investments. Since the Monroe Doctrine effectively prevented direct intervention by European powers, it should now be added that the United States, although unwilling, may resort to military intervention to protect the interests of investors "in clear cases of violation of the law or helplessness" (of Latin American governments). In other words, Latin America was declared the sphere of influence of the United States, which assumed the role of an "international police force." The very manner in which Theodore Roosevelt acted in 1903 to make the work on the Panama Canal possible, overcoming the resistance of the Colombian government and facilitating the creation of an independent Panama Republic, was a clear confirmation that Roosevelt intended to formulate his "addition" even before how he publicly stated it.

Participation in the First World War, despite the failure of Wilson's reformist projects, meant the emergence of the United States on the international scene as the basis of a new world order. Despite the increased military potential, there was no immediate increase in dominance over Latin America. Many leaders in these countries watched with satisfaction the failure of Wilson and the failed participation of the United States in the League of Nations, which, on the contrary, the Latin American countries joined in part to balance the dominance of the United States in the Pan-American mechanisms. The first post-war decade was characterized, therefore, by constant contradictions between the expansion of the American presence, in some cases even military presence, and the resistance of regional forces, often supported by European countries.

Election of F.D. Roosevelt initiated a new political line, less interventionist and more conciliatory, which Roosevelt defined as the "policy of the good neighbor" and which was demonstrated by Cordell Hull at the seventh Pan American Conference, held in Montevideo in December 1933. Immediately after the conference, Roosevelt announced the refusal from any policy of unilateral intervention. In 1934, on the initiative of the United States itself, the so-called "Platt Amendment" was repealed, which was forcibly included in the Cuban constitution and guaranteed the United States the right to

1012 Part 4. Bipolar system: detente...

to interfere in the internal affairs of Cuba, thus establishing a kind of protectorate over the island. In 1936, a new treaty was signed with Panama that reduced the level of control exercised by the United States over the canal zone. In 1938, the Washington government acceded to a protocol renouncing the direct and indirect interference of American states in the life of other states.

However, the original ambiguity of this policy, as in general of all relations between the United States and Latin American countries, consisted in the desire of local conservative forces to manage at their discretion rich but backward countries, shifting the costs of the initial stage of industrialization onto the shoulders of peasants and workers. The Americans, on the contrary, pursued their policy, setting themselves the goal of achieving economic growth that was functional in relation to the needs of the market and American finances; policies that always touch deeply rooted interests. The conflict lay in the contradictions between latifundist capitalism, an ally of military regimes and often corrupt politicians, and entrepreneurial capitalism, subordinated to the goals of extracting profit from investments and ready to support political forces less connected to the traditional sections of society in search of reliable allies. This situation coincided with the transformation that followed the period of the Great Depression in Latin America, as well as with the beginning of the industrialization policy, which changed the internal social structure of individual states and created new objective possibilities for an alliance with the United States, including with the aim of carrying out some social and economic reforms. Roosevelt added to this complex picture the rejection of the most obvious manifestations of American superiority, but he could not eliminate the divergence of interests, which appeared in too different guises to be reduced to a single formula.

The strengthening of the Pan-American structure softened strategic differences only on the international plane, since the entire American community was given the task of protecting the Western Hemisphere. However, even this, at least until the Second World War, did not prevent Latin America from becoming a sphere of penetration of European propaganda and European commercial interests. Thus, despite the principle of non-intervention contained in the “good neighbor” doctrine, there was room for strengthening traditional positions not

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only the British, but also the Germans and Italians who sought economic participation in Latin America. The Germans acted, among other things, using the methods of the intensive propaganda policy of the Nazis, which immediately took on an anti-American orientation after penetrating the continent; Italians - with the help of fascist proselytism, which found fertile ground in the close-knit ranks of Italian emigration in Argentina and almost all of Latin America, although at first not always hostile to the United States.

The dangers associated with this situation and the benefits of the "good neighbor" policy became apparent during World War II.

The United States had to do everything possible to lean on anti-fascist elements and, moreover, to counter Nazi infiltration. Before the United States officially entered the war, it was extremely difficult because there was no legal basis for the anti-German activities carried out by the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, headed by David Rockefeller. It was created in 1940 with the aim of promoting economic and humanitarian cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, but above all with the aim of "contributing to the cause of the Allies."

After Pearl Harbor, the situation cleared up. The situation was improved by the atmosphere of goodwill that the Roosevelt administration was able to create - especially the activities of Sumner Welles. Immediately after Pearl Harbor, the United States government saw fit to focus its efforts on Latin America, using the essence and practice of Pan-Americanism. To this end, it convened a consultative meeting of the foreign ministers of the American republics to discuss the problems of cooperation in the struggle against the forces of the "Axis". For the Washington government, it was important to create a cohesive front of countries ready to go to war, or at least break off diplomatic relations with opponents of the United States. The response to this proposal was overwhelming, however Argentina, backed by Chile, refused to accept any specific proposal. Argentina and the United States have long-standing differences. Among the Latin American countries, Argentina was until 1945 the most susceptible to Nazi and fascist propaganda and the least inclined to act on the promptings of the Washington government. Thus, no unanimous decision was made.

1014 Part 4. Bipolar system: detente...

However, a few days later, Latin American countries severed diplomatic relations with the Axis countries and with Japan. The exception was Chile (until January 1943) and Argentina (until 1944), which postponed their decision until the final stage of the war.

These two exceptions were important, but they did not diminish the significance of the American success. The confrontation, which was so strong during the First World War, in this case turned out to be only marginal. The United States received help in the form of a show of cohesion and solidarity, and in return applied the Lend-Lease Act to Latin America. This was especially true of Brazil, which participated in the war using its troops (located in Italy), and Mexico, involved in the air war in the Pacific.

The Argentine wound remained open until March 1945, when a declaration of war became a necessary condition for participation in the San Francisco conference on the creation of the UN. At the heart of the conflict was US opposition to the political regime and then to the military dictatorship in power in Buenos Aires. The activities of the Americans were significantly hampered by the frank patronage that Great Britain provided to Argentina, which discovered in this part of the Western Hemisphere an unoccupied space for its economic presence in Latin America. First, General Edelemiro Farrell, and then Colonel Juan Domingo Peron, elected president only in 1946, but already at that time the central political figure in Argentina, created a regime in the country that received support thanks to nationalism directed against the United States, and in internal politics - thanks to paternalistic politics that protected the interests of the new working class through a very developed social policy. The latter was based, however, on an economic development project that distorted natural prospects (which were based on rich agriculture and animal husbandry). The regime focused on uncompetitive industrialization, protected by protectionism, which soon led Argentina to economic stagnation and almost economic backwardness.

During the war, the Pan-American Consensus (with the exception of Argentina) made an unqualified contribution to the cause of the United States. The Washington government, for its part, did its best to turn the exceptional circumstances that softened the traditional standoff into a permanent situation. All Latin American countries except

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by Argentina, were invited to participate in the activities of the United Nations: preparatory work for the creation of the FAO (FAO - Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations); in the Bretton Woods system, in the creation of the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. More difficult was the problem of participation in the preparatory work for the creation of the UN, entrusted only to representatives of the major powers, which caused controversy related to the requirement to provide a certain number of seats in the Security Council to the countries of Latin America. The memory of the primary role played by the League of Nations still influenced the preparation of the post-war arrangement.

To overcome these differences and to discuss the Argentine question, the Washington government agreed to convene a Pan-American conference in February-March 1945 at Chapultepec Castle (Mexico City). The issues at the center of the discussion concerned the role of Latin America in the new world order, the future inter-American system, and the socio-economic difficulties associated with the transition from war to peace. As regards the first question, the United States was limited by agreements with Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Therefore, they had to limit themselves to suggesting that the position of the Latin American states be freely stated at the San Francisco conference. The restructuring of relations between the American states led to more concrete results. The Latin American states sought to create a continental defense system that would automatically bind the United States, without the need for a vote in the Senate. The result was a three-point compromise known as the Chapultepec Act (adopted 8 March 1945), which provided joint defense obligations for the entire (now short) period of the war; an obligation to sign an agreement establishing similar guarantees for the future; the definition of the agreements reached as “a regional agreement relating to issues of peace and international security”, which should be applied in the Western Hemisphere and should comply with the principles of the global organization being created. At that moment, only the foundations of a policy were laid, which should, as far as possible, be formed. As regards Argentina, it was agreed that the Chapultepec Act would be open for accession, but not until April 21, the day before

Stroganov Alexander Ivanovich ::: Modern history of Latin American countries

Chapter II

LATIN AMERICA DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR (FROM THE TURN OF THE 30–40S TO THE SECOND HALF OF THE 50S OF THE XX CENTURY)

PARTICIPATION OF THE COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA IN THE WAR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-AMERICAN COOPERATION IN 1939-1945

On September 1, 1939, the Second World War began with the attack of Nazi Germany on Poland. On September 3, Great Britain and France, which had small colonial possessions in the Caribbean, entered the war against Germany. Following Great Britain, all the British dominions declared war on Germany, among them Canada located in the Western Hemisphere. The Latin American republics were faced with the task of determining their position in connection with the outbreak of war and the potential threat of its spread to the Western Hemisphere. The most reactionary elements of Latin American society pinned their hopes on Germany's successes, striving to establish terrorist pro-fascist regimes. But even much broader nationalist, partly anti-imperialist circles were sometimes inclined to see Nazi Germany and its allies as a counterweight to US and British imperialism on the world stage, and in fascist ideology as a uniting the nation in the struggle against Western imperialism and class antagonism that was splitting the nation. . The democratic forces, on the contrary, saw in European fascism the main threat to the freedom of the peoples of the whole world and came out in support of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Latin America was of interest to the warring powers primarily as an important source of raw materials. Here was concentrated Oz of the mineral wealth of the capitalist world, among them in large quantities strategic raw materials - copper, tin, iron, other metals, oil. Latin America provided 65% of world meat exports, 85% of coffee, 45% of sugar. While heavily dependent on the United States and Great Britain, the countries of the region, especially Argentina, Brazil and Chile, also had significant ties with the Axis powers, primarily with Germany, but also with Italy and Japan. The local ruling classes were interested in deriving maximum benefits from the growing demand for agricultural raw materials in the warring states of both coalitions and at the same time avoiding direct participation in the war. Maintaining neutrality, along with certain protective measures in relation to the territory of their countries, was most in their interests and brought their positions closer to the position of Washington. At the beginning of the war, the United States maintained neutrality in it, although it supported Great Britain and France in their struggle against German aggression and provided them with growing assistance with raw materials and weapons. The government of F. Roosevelt initiated the rallying of the countries of the Western Hemisphere in the joint defense of the American continent from a possible military invasion here by Germany or other non-continental powers. It was also an opportunity for the US to strengthen its economic, political and military positions in Central and South America. The growth of cooperation between the Latin American republics and Washington was also facilitated by the fact that hostilities in Europe and on maritime communications led to a sharp reduction in the volume of their trade and economic ties with Europe.

The F. Roosevelt government's refusal to intervene and the proclamation of the "good neighbor" policy created a favorable atmosphere for the implementation of US plans. The first steps were taken in the prewar years. The Extraordinary Inter-American Conference in Buenos Aires in December 1936 called for the mutual assistance of the American states in the event of a threat to their common security or the security of one of them. In such a situation, it was supposed to hold consultations with each other on certain joint measures. The decision was made to build a Pan-American Highway that would cross all of Latin America from north to south from the US to the southern tip of the continent.

In December 1938, the VIII International Conference of American States (USA and 20 Latin American republics) in Lima adopted the "Declaration of the Principles of American Solidarity" ("Lima Declaration"), which in a more definite form proclaimed the determination of the countries of the Western Hemisphere in the event of a threat to peace and security or the territorial integrity of any of them to coordinate their actions to eliminate such a threat. It was decided from now on to hold annual consultative meetings of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics.

After the start of the war, following the United States, all the states of Latin America declared their neutrality. September 23 - October 3, 1939 in Panama, the First Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States was held, which adopted the "General Declaration of Neutrality". To protect the neutrality of the continent and the adjacent sea areas of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, a 300-mile "safety zone" was established along the entire coast of the United States and Latin America, which was supposed to be jointly patrolled and guarded. The invasion of warships and aircraft of warring countries within this zone was prohibited. It was also decided to establish an Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee.

The defeat by Germany in May - June 1940 of France and the Netherlands called into question the fate of their possessions in the Caribbean. In this regard, the II Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States, held in Havana on July 21-30, 1940, proclaimed the right of the American states to occupy the possessions of European countries in America in the event of a threat of their capture by any non-continental power. The "Declaration on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in the Defense of the American States" was also adopted, which stated that "any attempt on the territorial integrity, inviolability or independence of any American state will be considered an act of aggression against all states that signed this declaration." The conference participants pledged to stop the subversive activities of non-American powers on the continent. Fulfilling the decision of the Havana Conference, the United States, together with Brazil, occupied Netherlands Guiana (Suriname) in November 1941. The United States also occupied the islands of the Netherlands West Indies (Aruba, Curaçao) off the Venezuelan coast. As for the possessions of France in the Caribbean (the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique and French Guiana), they remained under the control of the French Vichy government.

Germany's victories in Europe, the capture of new countries by the Nazis and their allies, the involvement of an ever larger circle of states in the war, the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and the rapid advance of the aggressor troops deep into Soviet territory - all this led to an increase in awareness in the countries of Latin America threatening

all the world in danger. The mass movement of solidarity with the members of the anti-Hitler coalition was expanding.

The Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean on December 7, 1941, led the US to enter the war against the Axis powers. On December 8 and 9, 1941, along with the United States, all Central American countries declared war on the Axis powers - Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Ecuador. On January 1, 1942, these republics, together with other members of the anti-fascist coalition, signed the United Nations Declaration on the Liberation and Anti-Fascist Aims of the War. Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Germany and its allies. January 15–28, 1942 in Rio de Janeiro The Third Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States was held, recommending that all other countries of the region break off diplomatic relations with the Axis powers and stop all trade and economic ties with them. The meeting spoke in favor of mobilizing the strategic and agro-raw material resources of the countries of the continent for the joint defense of the Western Hemisphere. The most important decision of the meeting was the resolution on the creation Inter-American Defense Council consisting of representatives of all Latin American countries and the United States, chaired by a US representative based in Washington, which was a step towards formalizing the military-political union of the Latin American republics with the United States.

Soon, Mexico (May 22, 1942) and Brazil (August 22, 1942), the largest countries in the region, declared war on Germany and its allies, later Bolivia (April 1943) and Colombia (November 1943). The rest of the South American republics (Paraguay, Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela) joined the anti-fascist coalition only in February 1945. Argentina refused to enter the war for the longest time and supported cooperation with Germany and its allies, where pro-German and anti-American sentiments were strong. It only declared war on the Axis powers on March 27, 1945, on the eve of the defeat of Germany, and then under strong pressure from the United States and other American states.

Only two countries in the region, Brazil and Mexico, took direct part in the hostilities on the fronts of the Second World War at its final stage. In July 1944, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrived in Italy as part of an infantry division and an air squadron. He participated in the battles on the Italian front from September 1944 until the surrender of German troops in Northern Italy in April 1945, losing 2 thousand people. Mexico in February 1945 sent an air squadron (300 people) to the Pacific Ocean, where she participated in air battles in the Philippines, then in the Taiwan area against Japan. 14 thousand Mexican citizens fought in the ranks of the American army.

Basically, the participation of the Latin American republics in World War II was expressed in the supply of strategic materials, raw materials and food to the warring members of the anti-fascist coalition, mainly the United States - copper, tin, mercury, rubber, sugar, etc. The countries of the region provided their territory for the creation of military , naval and air bases of the United States in pursuance of decisions on the joint defense of the Western Hemisphere. Such bases appeared in Panama, on the coast of Chile, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, on the Cocos (Cocos) (Costa Rica) and Galapagos (Ecuador) Islands, in the Caribbean. In 1945, there were 92 large US military bases on the territory of the Latin American republics. The countries of the region also carried out their own defensive measures on their territory, guarded the coast, participated in the escort of ships in the Atlantic and the Pacific, in battles with German submarines. US military missions operated in the Latin American republics. Washington supplied them with military equipment and equipment, and helped in the training of local officers.

At the end of the war, February 21 - March 8, 1945, the Chapultepec (after the residence in Mexico City) conference of American states on issues of war and peace took place. The “Chapultepec Act” adopted by it secured the preservation of the principle of mutual assistance and solidarity of the countries of the continent, their joint defense in the event of an attack or threat of aggression against any of them after the war. It was decided, along with the annual consultative meetings of the ministers of foreign affairs on urgent and important issues, to convene regularly, once every 4 years, inter-American conferences at the level of heads of state. At the suggestion of US Secretary of State Clayton, the "Economic charter”, which provided for the gradual abolition of customs barriers that impeded the growth of international trade, the provision of guarantees for foreign investment, and the prevention of economic discrimination. On these terms, the United States promised to promote the industrialization of Latin American countries. The "Economic Charter" created favorable prospects for expanding US trade and economic ties with the republics south of the Rio Grande del Norte, for the expansion of North American private capital into Latin America.

In April-June 1945, 19 Latin American states participated in the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, which adopted the UN Charter. About them a significant share of the conference was evidenced by the fact that a total of 42 countries were represented at it. Of the 50 original UN members in 1945, 20 were Latin American countries.

Participation of Latin American countries in World War II

Introduction

1. The beginning of the Second World War and the reaction of the states of Latin America

2. The rise of anti-fascist sentiment in Latin America

3. The end of the Second World War and its results for the states of Latin America

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The Second World War, like the First, became possible due to the operation of the law of uneven development of the capitalist countries under imperialism and was the result of a sharp aggravation of inter-imperialist contradictions, the struggle for markets, sources of raw materials, spheres of influence and investment of capital. The war began in conditions when capitalism was no longer an all-encompassing system, when the world's first socialist state, the USSR, existed and was growing stronger. The split of the world into two systems led to the emergence of the main contradiction of the era - between socialism and capitalism. Inter-imperialist contradictions have ceased to be the only factor in world politics. They developed in parallel and in interaction with the contradictions between the two systems.

The issue of the participation of Latin American countries in World War II is practically not given attention in the school curriculum, as evidenced by the complete (or predominant) absence of any information on this issue, with the exception of a few vague phrases.

At the same time, by 1943, the vast majority of Latin American countries either declared war on the powers of the Nazi coalition or broke off diplomatic relations with them. The United States managed to create a single military-strategic complex in the Western Hemisphere with the participation of almost all Latin American countries. Its activities were carried out under the supervision of the Inter-American Defense Council (IDC), created in 1942, which included military representatives of all countries - members of the Pan American Union.

Consideration of the political and economic situation in the countries of Latin America on the eve of the war;

Determining the impact of military events in Europe on the positions and views of the leadership of Latin American countries;

Establishing the importance of the Resistance Movement in the region;

Consideration of the results of the Second World War for the countries of the Latin American region.

When writing a test to achieve this goal, the author analyzes textbooks on world history, the history of state and law of foreign countries, as well as scientific works of some domestic and German authors.

As a result of the analysis of information sources, the author considers in detail the issue of the participation of Latin American countries in the Second World War.

1. The beginning of the Second World War and the reaction of the states of Latin America

The Latin American republics were faced with the task of determining their position in connection with the outbreak of war and the potential threat of its spread to the Western Hemisphere. The most reactionary elements of Latin American society pinned their hopes on Germany's successes, striving to establish terrorist pro-fascist regimes. But even much broader nationalist, partly anti-imperialist circles were sometimes inclined to see in Nazi Germany and its allies a counterbalance to the imperialism of the United States and Great Britain on the world stage, and in fascist ideology - a principle that would unite the nation in the struggle against Western imperialism and class antagonism that was splitting the nation. . Democratic forces, on the contrary, saw in European fascism the main threat to the freedom of the peoples of the whole world and supported the anti-Hitler coalition. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional -- M.: Norma, 2007. S.444. .

Latin America was of interest to the warring powers primarily as an important source of raw materials. Strategic raw materials were concentrated here in large quantities - copper, tin, iron, other metals, and oil. Latin America provided 65% of world meat exports, 85% of coffee, 45% of sugar - See: Recent history of Latin American countries. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 178. . Being in strong economic dependence on the US and Britain, the countries of the region, especially Argentina, Brazil and Chile, had significant ties with the Axis powers - primarily with Germany, but also with Italy and Japan. The local ruling classes were interested in deriving maximum benefits from the growing demand for agricultural raw materials in the warring states of both coalitions and at the same time avoiding direct participation in the war. Maintaining neutrality, along with certain protective measures in relation to the territory of their countries, was most in their interests and brought their positions closer to the position of Washington.

At the beginning of the war, the United States maintained neutrality in it, although it sided with Great Britain and France in their struggle against German aggression, and provided them with growing assistance with raw materials and weapons. The government of F. Roosevelt initiated the rallying of the countries of the Western Hemisphere in the joint defense of the American continent from a possible military invasion here by Germany or other non-continental powers. It was also an opportunity for the US to strengthen its economic, political and military positions in Central and South America. The growth of cooperation between the Latin American republics and Washington was also facilitated by the fact that hostilities in Europe and on maritime communications led to a sharp reduction in the volume of their trade and economic ties with Europe.

After the start of the war, following the United States, all the states of Latin America declared their neutrality. September 23 - October 3, 1939 in Panama, the First Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States was held, which adopted the "General Declaration of Neutrality" - See: World History: Textbook for High Schools / Ed. -G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: Culture and sport, UNITI, 2000. S.527. . To protect the neutrality of the continent and the adjacent sea areas of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, a 300-mile "safety zone" was established along the entire coast of the United States and Latin America, which was supposed to be jointly patrolled and guarded. The invasion of warships and aircraft of warring countries within this zone was prohibited. It was also decided to establish an Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee.

The defeat by Germany in May - June 1940 of France and the Netherlands called into question the fate of their possessions in the Caribbean. In this regard, the II Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States, held in Havana on July 21-30, 1940, proclaimed the right of the American states to occupy the possessions of European countries in America in the event of a threat of their seizure by any non-continental power. The "Declaration on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in the Defense of the American States" was also adopted, which stated that "any attempt on the territorial integrity, inviolability or independence of any American state will be considered an act of aggression against all states that signed this declaration." The conference participants pledged to stop the subversive activities of non-American powers on the continent. Fulfilling the decision of the Havana Conference, the United States, together with Brazil, occupied Netherlands Guiana (Suriname) in November 1941. The United States also occupied the islands of the Netherlands West Indies (Aruba, Curaçao) off the Venezuelan coast. As for the possessions of France in the Caribbean (the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique and French Guiana), they remained under the control of the French government - See: Recent History of Latin America. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 180. .

Germany's victories in Europe, the seizure of new countries by the Nazis and their allies, the involvement of an increasing number of states in the war, the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and the rapid advance of the aggressor troops deep into Soviet territory - all this led to an increase in awareness in the countries of Latin America danger threatening the whole world. The mass movement of solidarity with the members of the anti-Hitler coalition was expanding.

2. The rise of anti-fascist sentiment in Latin America

The Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean on December 7, 1941, led the US to enter the war against the Axis powers. Together with the United States, on December 8 and 9, 1941, all Central American countries declared war on the Axis powers - Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Ecuador.

On January 1, 1942, these republics, together with other members of the anti-fascist coalition, signed the United Nations Declaration on the Liberation and Anti-Fascist Aims of the War. Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Germany and its allies.

On January 15-28, 1942, the III Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States took place in Rio de Janeiro, recommending that all other countries of the region break off diplomatic relations with the Axis powers and stop all trade and economic ties with them. The meeting spoke in favor of mobilizing the strategic and raw material resources of the countries of the continent for the joint defense of the Western Hemisphere. The most important decision of the meeting was the resolution on the establishment of the Inter-American Defense Council, composed of representatives of all Latin American countries and the United States, chaired by a US representative based in Washington, which was a step towards formalizing the military-political union of the Latin American republics with the United States - See: World History : Textbook for universities / Ed. -G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: Culture and sport, UNITI, 2000. S.529. .

Soon, Mexico (May 22, 1942) and Brazil (August 22, 1942), the largest countries in the region, declared war on Germany and its allies, later Bolivia (April 1943) and Colombia (November 1943) - See: Newest history of Latin America. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 180. . The rest of the South American republics (Paraguay, Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela) joined the anti-fascist coalition only in February 1945. Argentina refused to enter the war for the longest time and supported cooperation with Germany and its allies, where pro-German and anti-American sentiments were strong. It only declared war on the Axis powers on March 27, 1945, on the eve of the defeat of Germany, and then under strong pressure from the United States and other American states.

US military, air and naval missions were sent to 16 countries of Latin America to exercise control over measures for the defense of the Western Hemisphere. In total, by the beginning of December 1942, there were about 237 thousand American soldiers in this part of the world outside the territory of the United States - See: Selivanov V.A. US military policy in Latin America. M., 1970. pp. 22--24. . Deliveries of strategic raw materials (antimony, mercury, quartz, tungsten, and chromium) to the United States from Latin American countries were of great importance.

Taking advantage of the conditions prevailing during the war, the American monopolies noticeably increased their political and economic influence in the Western Hemisphere. At the same time, fascist elements and agents of the Axis powers continued to operate in the countries of Latin America. In early February 1943, a pro-fascist conspiracy was uncovered in Brazil, the main goal of which was to change the political regime of the country in accordance with the interests of the Nazi pretenders to world domination.

The "fifth column" in Mexico was very active - See: World History: Textbook for High Schools / Ed. -G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: Culture and sport, UNITI, 2000. S.529. . Its main striking force, the Union of Synarkists, sought to thwart the introduction of universal military service in the country. In several states of Mexico, pro-fascist groups began an armed struggle against the government of A. Camacho with the aim of establishing a "new political order" in Mexico. Bandits set fire to villages, shot anti-fascists, workers and peasant activists, destroyed telegraph and telephone communications.

The democratic forces of Mexico advocated an increase in the contribution to the efforts of the anti-fascist coalition, a decisive struggle against the fascist elements and agents of the Axis powers. The Confederation of the Workers of Mexico, the National Committee of Civil Protection and other democratic organizations demanded from the government a resolute suppression of the attempts of the fascist rebellion and the prohibition of the Union of Synarkists, whose actions confirmed its connection with the Axis powers. Government troops were sent against the rebels.

The main foothold of the "fifth column" was Argentina - the only country in Latin America that retained the advantageous neutrality of the Axis powers. Argentine agricultural products (meat, wheat) were transported through Spain to Germany and Italy. Argentina operated the most powerful spy network of the fascist powers in America. The "Association of German Charitable and Cultural Societies" covered the country's branch of the Nazi Party, banned by the Argentine government. Fascist organizations led by Gauleiters were built according to districts, zones and regions, special paramilitary detachments were created along the lines of the SS and SA. The Nazis had their own press, the main role in which was played by the newspaper El Pampero, which was published with a circulation of about 100 thousand copies.

In turn, the Argentine anti-fascists waged a stubborn struggle against the pro-fascist neutrality of the government of R. Castillo. The congress of the General Confederation of Working People of Argentina, held in December 1942, demanded a break in relations with the countries of the fascist bloc and the establishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR. In December, a rally of solidarity with the United Nations was held at the Buenos Aires stadium, attended by 30,000 people. In an effort to unite all the forces opposed to the reactionary government of Castillo, the radical, socialist and communist parties formed in February 1943 a unity commission. The Argentine people came out more and more resolutely against the danger of fascism and for the democratization of the country. In order to prevent the unity of anti-fascist forces, the Castillo government brought down repressions on anti-fascists - See: Tippelskirch K., History of the Second World War / original: Tippelskirch K., Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges. -- Bonn, 1954/ - St. Petersburg: Polygon, 1999. P.68. .

In Peru, a Democratic Anti-Fascist Committee was created, which included prominent representatives of the labor movement, progressive intellectuals, congressional deputies, and representatives of business circles. In a manifesto published in January 1943, the committee demanded the elimination of the "fifth column", the strengthening of Peru's cooperation with the United Nations, the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and the immediate opening of a second front in Europe - See: Grafsky V. G. General History of Law and states: A textbook for universities. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional -- M.: Norma, 2007. S.448. .

In Brazil, at the beginning of 1943, the National Defense League was created, proclaiming its main task to achieve the country's immediate entry into the armed struggle against fascism. The League demanded the democratization of the political regime in Brazil and decisive measures against the fascist agents.

The rise of the anti-fascist movement in Latin America had to be taken into account by the governments of the countries of this region - See: Recent history of Latin American countries. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 182. . On January 20, 1943, Chilean President X. Rios signed a law on the severance of relations with Germany, Italy and Japan. A few days later, anti-fascists celebrated this victory of democracy with a 100,000-strong demonstration in Santiago.

The development of the anti-fascist struggle contributed to the growth of the labor movement in the countries of Latin America, which opposed the North American monopolies and Latin American reaction. At the end of 1942, the workers of the Bolivian tin mines in Katavi went on strike. They demanded an increase in wages and the abolition of forced purchases in factory shops. The government of E. Peñarand suppressed the strike, declaring it a Nazi action. At the beginning of 1943, the number of strikes and other actions of the working people in Mexico increased sharply. In January, the textile workers, threatening to go on strike, secured a 15 percent wage increase, and the miners by 10 percent. The progressive forces of Latin America opposed the dominance of the US monopolies, for an alliance of the democratic forces of the USA and Latin America in a single struggle against fascism and reaction.

The anti-fascists of Latin America expanded the movement of solidarity with the Land of Soviets and assistance to the Soviet people. The Victory Committee in Argentina created more than 70 groups for tailoring clothes for the Soviet people and several shoe shops that made more than 55 thousand pairs of boots for the soldiers of the Soviet Army. Mexican peasants raised funds for a penny to buy medicines and dressings and send them to the wounded Red Army soldiers. Fundraising and sending clothing, food, and medicines to the Soviet Union were also carried out in Chile, Uruguay, Cuba, and other Latin American countries.

The progressive public of Latin America solemnly celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Soviet Army. Crowded meetings and rallies were held in Mexico City and Montevideo, in Havana and Santiago. The greeting adopted by the assembly of democratic and anti-fascist organizations in Mexico said: “On the day of the 25th anniversary of the Red Army, the peoples of the whole world are watching with admiration and love the heroism of the world’s first socialist army ... The peoples welcome in the person of the Red Army the most powerful and selfless defender, who is at the forefront of all armies defending the cause of democracy ... "- See: Grafsky V. G. General History of Law and State: A Textbook for High Schools. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional -- M.: Norma, 2007. S.449. .

On February 23, a grand rally was held in Montevideo, at which a prominent anti-fascist, one of the leaders of the movement of solidarity with the USSR, General Secretary of the General Union of Workers of Uruguay, Rodríguez, spoke. He expressed the admiration of the Uruguayans for the heroism of the Soviet Army, the defenders of Moscow, Stalingrad and Leningrad, the entire Soviet people, who gave an example to the peoples of all countries how to fight the dark forces of fascism - See: Recent history of Latin American countries. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 184. .

The outstanding victories of the Soviet Army made a strong impression on the statesmen and military leaders of Latin America. Thus, the President of Costa Rica, C. Guardia, wrote in a greeting on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Soviet Army: “Costa Rica celebrates with great joy the brilliant victories won by the Russian armies on the battlefields. They will have a decisive influence on the ultimate victory of the united nations fighting for the cause of democracy.”

The heroic struggle of the Soviet people against fascism raised the international prestige of the USSR. In the situation of a radical turning point in the war, under the pressure of the growing popular movement of solidarity with the Land of Soviets, the governments of a number of Latin American states began to normalize and develop relations with it. The government of Uruguay, through the Soviet ambassador to the United States, proposed to the government of the USSR to restore diplomatic and trade relations. This proposal was accepted. The agreement between the Soviet Union and Uruguay was confirmed in the notes of January 27, 1943, which opened the way for further expansion of ties between the two countries. The government of Colombia, in a note to the Soviet government dated February 3, 1943, expressed a desire to exchange plenipotentiary diplomatic representatives. The Soviet Union was sympathetic to this, and the exchange of plenipotentiary diplomatic representatives between both countries was carried out.

Thus, the popular masses of Latin America sought to expand the anti-fascist movement in their countries and strengthen solidarity with the Soviet Union.

3. The end of the Second World War and its results for the states of Latin America

The outstanding victories of the Soviet Army, the inspiring feat of the peoples of the Soviet Union, as well as the successes of the Western allies in the winter of 1942/43, had a decisive influence on the further development of the national liberation anti-fascist struggle of the peoples of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The resistance movement in Europe in late 1942 - early 1943 became more organized and active. “The longer the fascist occupation of European countries lasts, the stronger the resistance of the peoples of Hitler’s tyranny unfolds,” noted the magazine Communist International. In difficult battles against the invaders and their henchmen, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was created, and partisan forces in Greece, Albania, and Poland dealt more and more sensitive blows against them. Numerous battle groups attacked the Nazis and committed sabotage in France, Belgium, Denmark - See: World History: Textbook for High Schools / Ed. -G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: Culture and sport, UNITI, 2000. S.533. .

The leading and most organized force in the anti-fascist national liberation struggle was the working class, led by the Marxist-Leninist parties. They sought to unite all progressive forces, exposed the indecisiveness and ambivalence of the policy of the leadership of the bourgeois-patriotic wing of the Resistance, and linked the struggle against the fascist occupiers with democratic reforms.

The armed resistance of the patriots was combined with mass anti-fascist demonstrations. The more active participation in the liberation struggle of the peasantry, the intelligentsia, and part of the bourgeois organizations created opportunities in a number of countries for the unification of patriotic forces and a new upsurge in the resistance movement. The process of a radical change in the Second World War contributed to the strengthening of the anti-fascist movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The democratic forces of these regions, exposing the demagogic nature of the propaganda of the Axis powers, sought to increase the contribution of the peoples of their countries to the common efforts of the anti-fascist coalition and effective assistance to the USSR.

The national liberation anti-fascist movement of the peoples of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America was turning into an important factor in the struggle against the forces of aggression and reaction.

Only two countries in the region, Brazil and Mexico, took direct part in the fighting on the fronts of the Second World War at its final stage. In July 1944, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrived in Italy as part of an infantry division and an air squadron. He participated in the battles on the Italian front from September 1944 until the surrender of German troops in Northern Italy in April 1945, losing 2 thousand people. Mexico in February 1945 sent an air squadron (300 people) to the Pacific Ocean, where she participated in air battles in the Philippines, then in the Taiwan area against Japan. 14 thousand Mexican citizens fought in the ranks of the American army - See: Recent History of Latin America. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 187. .

At the end of the war, February 21 - March 8, 1945, the Chapultepec (named after the residence in Mexico City) Conference of American States on War and Peace was held. The “Chapultepec Act” adopted by it secured the preservation of the principle of mutual assistance and solidarity of the countries of the continent after the war, their joint defense in the event of an attack or threat of aggression against any of them - See: World History: Textbook for High Schools / Ed. -G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: Culture and sport, UNITI, 2000. S.534. . It was decided, along with the annual consultative meetings of the ministers of foreign affairs on urgent and important issues, to convene regularly, once every 4 years, inter-American conferences at the level of heads of state. At the suggestion of US Secretary of State Clayton, the « Economic Charter, which provided for the gradual abolition of customs barriers that impeded the growth of international trade, the provision of guarantees for foreign investment, and the prevention of economic discrimination. On these terms, the United States promised to promote the industrialization of Latin American countries. The "Economic Charter" created favorable prospects for expanding US trade and economic ties with the republics south of the Rio Grande del Norte, for the expansion of North American private capital into Latin America.

In April - June 1945, 19 Latin American states participated in the work of the Constituent Conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, which adopted the UN Charter. Their significant share at the conference was evidenced by the fact that a total of 42 countries were represented at it. Of the 50 original UN members in 1945, 20 were Latin American countries.

CONCLUSION

Basically, the participation of the Latin American republics in the Second World War was expressed in the supply of strategic materials, raw materials and food to the warring members of the anti-fascist coalition, mainly the United States - copper, tin, mercury, rubber, sugar, etc. The countries of the region provided their territory for the creation of military , naval and air bases of the United States in pursuance of decisions on the joint defense of the Western Hemisphere. Such bases appeared in Panama, on the coast of Chile, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, on the Cocos (Cocos) (Costa Rica) and Galapagos (Ecuador) Islands, in the Caribbean. In 1945, there were 92 large US military bases on the territory of the Latin American republics. The countries of the region also carried out their own defensive measures on their territory, guarded the coast, participated in the escort of ships in the Atlantic and the Pacific, in battles with German submarines. US military missions operated in the Latin American republics. Washington supplied them with military equipment and equipment, and helped in the training of local officers.

Only two countries in the region, Brazil and Mexico, took direct part in the fighting on the fronts of the Second World War at its final stage. However, this does not mean at all that only these two states waged an active struggle against fascism. Other states of the region, under pressure from the working masses, also provided all possible assistance. However, due to the fact that these states were too weak economically, this assistance did not have any serious scale. The distance factor also contributed to this. This region was the only one where active military operations were not carried out, which also did not contribute to the active struggle of the countries of the region against Nazi Germany and its allies.

Despite this, the contribution of the Latin American states to the overall success and defeat of Germany is obvious. Their significant share at the conference was evidenced by the fact that a total of 42 countries were represented at it. Of the 50 original UN members in 1945, 20 were Latin American countries.

Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION

Consideration of the political and economic situation in the countries of Latin America on the eve of the war;

Determining the impact of military events in Europe on the positions and views of the leadership of Latin American countries;

Establishing the importance of the Resistance Movement in the region;

Consideration of the results of the Second World War for the countries of the Latin American region.

As a result of the analysis of information sources, the author considers in detail the issue of the participation of Latin American countries in the Second World War.

The beginning of World War II and the reaction of the states of Latin America

Latin America was of interest to the warring powers primarily as an important source of raw materials. Strategic raw materials were concentrated here in large quantities - copper, tin, iron, other metals, and oil. Latin America provided 65% of world meat exports, 85% of coffee, 45% of sugar - See: Recent history of Latin American countries. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 178. Being in strong economic dependence on the US and Great Britain, the countries of the region, especially Argentina, Brazil and Chile, had significant ties with the Axis powers - primarily with Germany, but also with Italy and Japan. The local ruling classes were interested in deriving maximum benefits from the growing demand for agricultural raw materials in the warring states of both coalitions and at the same time avoiding direct participation in the war. Maintaining neutrality, along with certain protective measures in relation to the territory of their countries, was most in their interests and brought their positions closer to the position of Washington.

After the start of the war, following the United States, all the states of Latin America declared their neutrality. September 23 - October 3, 1939 in Panama, the First Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States was held, which adopted the "General Declaration of Neutrality" - See: World History: Textbook for High Schools / Ed. -G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: Culture and Sport, UNITI, 2000. S.527. patrol and guard together. The invasion of warships and aircraft of warring countries within this zone was prohibited. It was also decided to establish an Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee.

The defeat by Germany in May - June 1940 of France and the Netherlands called into question the fate of their possessions in the Caribbean. In this regard, the II Consultative Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States, held in Havana on July 21-30, 1940, proclaimed the right of the American states to occupy the possessions of European countries in America in the event of a threat of their seizure by any non-continental power. The "Declaration on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in the Defense of the American States" was also adopted, which stated that "any attempt on the territorial integrity, inviolability or independence of any American state will be considered an act of aggression against all states that signed this declaration." The conference participants pledged to stop the subversive activities of non-American powers on the continent. Fulfilling the decision of the Havana Conference, the United States, together with Brazil, occupied Netherlands Guiana (Suriname) in November 1941. The United States also occupied the islands of the Netherlands West Indies (Aruba, Curaçao) off the Venezuelan coast. As for the possessions of France in the Caribbean (the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique and French Guiana), they remained under the control of the French government - See: Recent History of Latin America. Proc. allowance. Stroganov A. I. - M .: Higher. school., 1995.S. 180..

Tomorrow will be a great holiday for Russia, and I hope for the whole world. It's Victory Day! Congratulations to all on this truly national holiday! Who can congratulate our veterans on their victory! Unfortunately, there are so few of them left among us, true heroes.

But since my blog is about Latin America, I will try to write about this continent during the Second World War. The role of Latin America in this war is rarely spoken about, because the hostilities were geographically very distant. Yes, and the involvement was more political than military. However, it is not for nothing that wars are called world wars - no one could stand aside.

Latin America was of interest to the warring powers primarily as an important source of raw materials. Mineral wealth was concentrated here (copper, tin, iron, other metals, oil, and also Latin America provided 65% of world meat exports, 85% of coffee, 45% of sugar. Being in strong economic dependence on the USA and Great Britain, the countries of the region, especially Argentina, Brazil and Chile also had significant ties with the Axis powers - primarily with Germany, as well as with Italy and Japan. Maintaining neutrality brought the positions of Latin American countries closer to the position of Washington. At the beginning of the war, the United States remained neutral in it, although they solidified with Great Britain and France in their struggle against German aggression, they provided them with growing assistance with raw materials and weapons.

The victories of fascist Germany in Europe and the German attack on June 22, 1941 on the Soviet Union and the rapid advance of the aggressor troops deep into Soviet territory - all this led to an increase in awareness in the countries of Latin America of the danger threatening the whole world. The mass movement of solidarity with the members of the anti-Hitler coalition was expanding.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the United States entered the war. Together with the United States, all Central American countries declared war on the Axis powers - Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Ecuador. Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Germany and its allies. Argentina, where pro-German and anti-American sentiments were strong, refused to enter the war for the longest time and supported cooperation with Germany and its allies. It only declared war on the Axis powers on March 27, 1945, on the eve of the defeat of Germany. The military units of only two countries of the region, Brazil and Mexico, took direct part in the hostilities on the fronts of the Second World War at its final stage.

At the same time, the anti-fascists of Latin America expanded the movement of solidarity with the Land of the Soviets and assistance to the Soviet people. The Victory Committee in Argentina set up more than 70 clothing groups for the Soviet people and several shoe shops that made more than 55,000 pairs of boots for the soldiers of the Soviet Army. Mexican peasants raised funds for a penny to buy medicines and dressings and send them to the wounded Red Army soldiers. Fundraising and sending clothing, food, and medicines to the Soviet Union were also carried out in Chile, Uruguay, Cuba, and other Latin American countries.

It turns out, as always, the government played its political games, and the people will always understand and support other people in trouble. And, of course, one should not forget the words of Churchill immediately after the defeat of Germany, which he himself quickly forgot. Words that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics made the greatest contribution to the victory over fascism!

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