The main and auxiliary equipment of the boiler plant. Auxiliary equipment of the boiler plant

Boiler plant is a set of devices designed to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy hot water or a couple of required parameters.

Types of boiler equipment

Depending on the purpose, the following types of boiler equipment are distinguished:

• energy generating steam for steam turbine generators;
• production and heating, generating steam and heating water to meet the technological needs of production, heating, ventilation and hot water supply;
• heating, generating heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply of residential and public buildings, as well as for industrial and municipal enterprises;
• mixed-use, generating steam for supply at the same time steam engines, technological needs, heating and ventilation installations and hot water supply.

Boiler plants according to the type of heat carrier produced are divided into three main classes: steam boiler systems for the production of steam, hot water boiler systems for the production of hot water and mixed boiler systems equipped with steam and hot water boilers used to produce steam and hot water simultaneously or alternately.

Basic and auxiliary elements boiler plants

The boiler plant consists of boiler unit and auxiliary equipment.

AT composition of the boiler unit includes a combustion device, a steam boiler, a superheater, a water economizer, an air heater, a frame with ladders and platforms for maintenance, brickwork, thermal insulation, sheathing, fittings, headset and gas ducts. Auxiliary equipment includes blowers, smoke exhausters, feed, make-up and circulation sediments, water treatment and dust preparation plants, fuel transfer systems, ash collection and ash removal systems. When burning liquid fuels, auxiliary equipment includes a fuel oil facility, when burning gaseous fuels, a gas control station or a gas control unit.

steam boiler called a device consisting of a furnace, evaporative surfaces for the evaporation of steam consumed outside this device, with a pressure above atmospheric due to the heat released during the combustion of fuel. A hot water boiler is a heat exchange device in which, due to an energy source (fuel), water is heated, which is under pressure above atmospheric pressure and is used as a heat carrier outside the device itself.

The combustion device of the boiler unit designed to burn fuel and convert its chemical energy into heat. Boiler lining is a system of refractory and heat-insulating enclosures or boiler structures designed to reduce heat losses and ensure gas density. Carrier metal structure, which perceives the weight of the boiler, taking into account temporary and special loads and provides the required mutual arrangement elements of the boiler, called the frame.

Superheater– a device for increasing the steam temperature above the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure in the boiler. It is a coil system. Connected at the saturated steam inlet to the boiler drum and at the outlet - to the superheated steam chamber.

Water ecmizer- a device heated by the combustion products of fuel and designed for heating or partial evaporation of water entering the boiler.

Air heater- a device for heating the air with the products of fuel combustion before supplying it to the boiler furnace.

fittings- special devices designed to control the flow of the transported substance, turn off and turn on the flow of gas, steam and water. By direction, valves are divided into shut-off, control, safety, control and special. Shut-off valves (valves, gate valves and cocks) are designed to periodically turn on or off individual sections of pipelines. Control valves (control valves and valves) are used to change or maintain pressure and flow of the transported substance in pipelines. Safety fittings (load, spring and check valves) are used for automatic opening passage if the pressure exceeds permissible value, as well as to prevent the reverse movement of liquid or gas. control fittings(control cocks, level indicators, three-way valves for pressure gauges) is used to check the presence of a substance in the pipeline and determine its level. Special fittings (condensate traps and moisture-oil separators) are used to remove condensate, separate oil and other products from gas.

To boiler headset include devices for servicing gas waste and boiler furnaces: manholes, peepers, shutters for slag and ash bins, gas and air valves and dampers, explosive valves, as well as blowers. Manholes are designed for inspection and repair of heating surfaces, peepers - for visual inspection furnaces and gas ducts with outer side boilers, shutters of slag and ash bunkers - for periodic removal of ash and slag from bunkers, gas and air valves and dampers - for shutting off gas waste, regulating draft and blast. Explosive valves release flue gases when the pressure in the furnace or boiler flue increases, protecting them from destruction. Blowers are used to remove ash and slag from heating surfaces (with a jet of steam or compressed air).

Feeding and feeding devices(pumps, tanks, pipelines) are designed to supply water to the boiler or heating network(heating system)

draft devices designed to supply air to the boiler furnace, necessary for the combustion of fuel, and removal of combustion products from the boiler. They consist of draft fans, air ducts, gas ducts, smoke exhausters and a chimney, with the help of which required amount air into the furnace, the movement of combustion products through the gas ducts and their removal into the atmosphere.

Water treatment devices serve for heating and softening feed water and consist of devices and devices that provide cleaning from mechanical impurities and scale-forming salts dissolved in it, as well as for removing gases from it.

fuel preparation device in boiler houses operating on pulverized fuel, it is intended for grinding fuel to a pulverized state; it is equipped with crushers, dryers, mills, feeders, fans, conveyors and dust and gas pipelines.

Ash and slag removal device consists of hydraulic systems and mechanical devices: conveyors, trolleys, etc.

Fuel depot designed for fuel storage; it is equipped with mechanisms for unloading and supplying fuel to the boiler room or fuel preparation device.

To fuel control devices and automatic control include instrumentation and automatic machines that ensure uninterrupted and coordinated operation of individual devices of the boiler plant to generate the required amount of steam specified by the parameter (temperature, pressure)

When burning pulverized fuel, pulverized coal burners are used, gaseous fuels - gas-burners, heating oil - fuel oil nozzles, gaseous fuel and heating oil - combined oil-gas burners.

Steam and hot water boilers

By constructive device boilers are divided into two groups: with natural and forced circulation. The first group includes fire-tube, locomobile, vertical cylindrical, vertical and horizontal water-tube boilers. The second group includes direct-flow boilers and special designs.

The most important performance indicators of steam boilers are the steam output and heat stress of the heating surface, while hot water boilers are the heat output and heat stress of the heating surface.

Steam output boiler is the ratio of the mass of steam produced by the boiler to the interval of its operation. It is determined in kilograms per hour or tons per hour. The part of the boiler drum filled with water is called the water volume, and the space above the water is called the steam volume. The surface delimiting the volume of hot water and steam is called the evaporation mirror. The surface, which on the one hand is washed by the gaseous products of combustion, and on the other hand by water, is called the heating surface of the boiler. The ratio of the steam output to the heating surface is called the heating surface voltage.

The heating surface, which perceives heat by radiation (radiation) from the hot layer of fuel in the furnace, is called radiant heating surface. The heating surface of the remaining parts of the boiler, which perceives the heat of the combustion products by contact with them, is called convective.

Hot gases are washed only by that part of the boiler, which with inside cooled by water. Heating by products of combustion of the steam volume of the boiler drum should not be allowed, as this leads to overheating of the metal of its walls and the formation of bulges on them. The line separating the surface heated by gases from the unheated is called firing line.

The lowest water level at which there is still no danger of detecting the walls of the boiler drum is called lowest admissible water level. It should be 100 mm higher than the walls of the boiler drum heated by combustion gases. To prevent the resulting steam from carrying away a significant amount of moisture, the water level must not exceed a certain limit, called upper water level. The lowest permissible water level must be at least 25 mm above the lower visible edge of the glass of the water-indicating device, and the highest permissible level must be at least 25 mm below the upper visible edge of the glass of the device. The volume of water enclosed between the lower and upper water levels is called the nutrient volume. The feed volume determines the amount of water that can be turned into steam without feeding the boiler with water.

Heat output(thermal power) of a hot water boiler is a value equal to the ratio of the amount of heat perceived by water in a hot water boiler to the duration of its operation.

For hot water boilers, divide the heat output by the heating surface area of ​​the boiler and get the thermal stress of heating.

The steam-water mixture formed in the boiler pipes of water-tube boilers enters the upper drum, in which the steam is separated from the liquid, and the liquid flows through the downpipes through the collector again to be heated in the boiler pipes. The system of boiler (heated) pipes, drum, downpipes and headers for distributing boiler water is called boiler circuit.

For reliable operation boiler great importance has an organization of water movement in the circulation circuit, which is called circulation. Circulation can be natural or forced natural circulation occurs under the action of forces due to the difference in the density of water in unheated areas (downpipes) and the steam-water mixture in heated areas (boiler, screen pipes). The flow of water through any circulation circuit significantly exceeds the amount of steam that forms in it. The ratio of the amount of water entering the circuit to the amount of steam formed in it is called the circulation rate. In boilers with forced circulation, the movement of water through the evaporation circuit is carried out by special pumps.

Boiler type E-1.6-0.9

Boiler plants are placed to reduce costs and increase efficiency. All equipment is divided into main and auxiliary. Boiler plants can be located in one or more rooms in the enterprise.

Main and auxiliary equipment

- this is a building or a separate room in which liquids or heat carriers are heated, which are involved in the production, heating and production. The heat carrier from the boiler room can be delivered to the destinations through the heating main and pipelines.

Boiler equipment is of three types:

• heating;
• production - heating;
• energy.

The underlying hardware remains almost unchanged. The composition of the boiler includes a water economizer, a furnace, an air and steam heater, a headset. For ease of maintenance, boiler plants are equipped with ladders and platforms.

Auxiliary equipment of the boiler room:

• traction equipment;
• controllers;
• pipelines;
• automation systems;
• apparatus for water preparation;
• other equipment to help in production.

The process of the boiler house at the enterprise:

• With the help of equipment and with the help of service personnel, fuel is loaded into the furnace.
• The air required for combustion is heated in the air heater to achieve savings in fuel consumption.
• The process of burning fuel provides air flow. Oxygen enters naturally through a grate or with the help of a blast fan.
• The combustion products enter a separate cavity, where they cool down, and are removed through the chimney using
• Water, having passed through several stages of purification, enters the
• When heated, water evaporates, accumulates in the drum and enters the steam collector, after which it is distributed to distribution points through pipelines for heating needs.

In this way, the steam boiler works, and steam is obtained that is used in production and heating. Savings are achieved by automating processes, manifolds and controllers are used to supply or shut off liquids and steam.

Process Automation

Boiler automation is a complex process, it allows you to reduce human labor costs and increase the level of security in the enterprise. The main job is to constantly monitor the controller. The dispatcher must constantly monitor the indicators and set the necessary parameters for different technological stages production with controller and remote control.

Read also: gas boiler room

In case of emergencies or an emergency interruption of the supply of one of the elements of production (water, oil, electricity) to the remote control sends a signal to the dispatcher about the occurrence of a problem. The dispatcher is obliged to react in time and turn on the light or sound alert. With automation boiler equipment should turn off on its own; to continue work in production, replacement, backup equipment is usually used.

The controller or control unit is the basis of the entire heating automation system. The controller is responsible for all processes and automation work. The controller can be controlled remotely, using a remote control, and even cell phone. With the help of a “smart” block, you can keep various logs with tracking indicators and then make an analysis on the dynamics of heating.

Many visitors to the Tekhnodom online store turn to us with a request to select heating boilers online. We are always ready to help them in this matter, especially since the assortment of our company includes many various kinds and models of equipment suitable for literally any purpose. For example, if you need to select gas boiler according to the parameters, then our consultants will gladly provide you with all necessary information. Before making a choice heating equipment, it is desirable to determine which of its criteria will be the most important for you.

Selection of the boiler according to the parameters (area, power, type of fuel)

Very often, people select a gas boiler for a private house according to the area and volume of the room. This principle works effectively with other types of boilers. With this information, you can determine optimal power equipment for your building. It is believed that the ideal performance should be 100 watts per 1 sq. area meter. If you need to select a boiler for a private house, the price of this equipment can also be of considerable importance. Finally, we advise you to pay attention to the type of fuel - and purchase just such a boiler, the use of which will be the most profitable and less costly for you.

Selection of a gas heating boiler

For many of those who select a gas boiler according to parameters, the cost of this equipment can be very important, but by no means the only factor. In addition, it is worth determining the location of its location - whether it will be wall or floor. An equally significant factor in its volatility, the equipment can be autonomous or it must be connected to the mains. Finally, these models are single-circuit and double-circuit, the first provide only heating, and the second - heating and DHW heating. To understand all these subtleties, the employees of the Technodom company will be happy to help you.

Selection of an electric heating boiler

In addition to the selection of a gas boiler for a private house according to the parameters, our customers are also interested in other types of these devices. For example, very popular electrical models. Such boilers must be selected according to their power indicators (this is a universal parameter for any models), the type of connection (220V or 380V), the power control principle (stepped or smooth), as well as the heating method (heater or electrode). Each of the listed criteria can play a rather important role, therefore, we recommend paying special attention to all of them.

Selection of a solid fuel heating boiler

No less common are solid fuel boilers heating, many visitors to the Tekhnodom online store want to purchase this particular type of product. When choosing them, we advise you to pay attention to the fuel used by the boiler (coal, firewood, pellets, pyrolysis boilers), how it is loaded (automatic or manual), heat exchanger material, combustion chamber volume, energy consumption, etc. We will also be happy to help you choose a double-circuit boiler for an indirect heating boiler.

When creating a heating system for suburban housing, first of all, they develop a project for the boiler house included in it. Without this, it is almost impossible to ensure the effective distribution of heat throughout the building. While the boiler equipment included in it will become good decision heating problems. And in order to choose the right appliances for a private home, you should take into account some of the nuances and use certain recommendations.

Purpose of the boiler room

A private boiler house is a set of devices designed to provide suburban housing with heating and hot water. Its installation is necessary in cases where:

• the use of a centralized heating system in a private house is impossible due to the large distance to the nearest highway. In this case, solid fuel boilers are most often used (there is no need to arrange boiler rooms for an electric unit);
• required self-regulation coolant temperature, which regular system heating depends on centralized supply and does not allow saving by reducing gas consumption, or, conversely, raising the temperature in the room (for example, in severe frost), neglecting costs.

The advantage of this mini-complex is not only the ability to set the time and intensity of heating at the discretion of the user.

If it's not about gas boilers(capable of operating also on liquid gas), then the system using its own boiler house is a non-volatile equipment that is not affected by interruptions in gas supply and various preventive maintenance of utilities.

Mounting Features

In water heating systems of a private or country house, equipment is installed that runs on gas (regular and liquefied), diesel fuel, electricity and solid fuels (including wood, pellets, coke, peat and coal).

Wherein electrical equipment does not require the installation of a separate complex, since in itself they are an autonomous system.

And diesel fuel boilers are used very rarely because of the high cost of maintenance and because of low environmental friendliness.

Thus, most often the project of organizing a heating system for private housing provides for the installation of gas or solid fuel boilers.

Heating for which it is applied gas equipment and it is necessary to have a central highway, it is the most profitable option for heating a private house. Do-it-yourself installation and operation of a system in which the same gas, but already liquefied, acts as an energy carrier is more expensive. Although the efficiency of providing housing with heat in this case remains at a good level, due to which gas boilers are used more often than others.

The design of the premises for such a complex should be created subject to the following rules:

• equipment with a power of up to 30 kW can be installed in one of the rooms of the building. With greater productivity, it requires a separate building;
• a boiler room requires a room located on the first floor and having a volume of at least 15 cubic meters. If the boiler is installed, for example, in the kitchen of a private house, minimum dimensions the rooms are doubling;
• effective ventilation is required in the room, and the wall decoration must have a fire resistance of at least 0.75 hours (high-quality plaster or tile);
• between the boiler and the floor, a substrate is arranged that protrudes 10 cm beyond the edges of the equipment around the entire perimeter. And to the nearest pieces of furniture, the distance should be at least 0.7–1 m.

It is desirable that the installation of the boiler is carried out on a podium with a height of 0.2 m, poured separately from common foundation. The floor of the room is made of non-combustible material - for example, cement screed. If the mini-complex, due to its high power, is located in a separate building, it should not have common walls with a residential building.

Solid fuel equipment

Installation of solid fuel boilers has become more profitable after rising prices for gaseous fuels and other types of hydrocarbon energy carriers.

When arranging them with your own hands, it must be borne in mind that for normal operation equipment, the diameters of the chimney and the boiler nozzle must match. This often leads to a significant height of the pipe required to create a sufficient pressure to remove the flue gases.

In the boiler room must be arranged exhaust ventilation with a hood area of ​​at least 8 sq. cm for each kW of equipment power (24 sq. cm for a boiler installed in the basement).

The plaster layer of the walls must have a thickness of 3 cm or more. A steel sheet is laid under the boiler.

The area of ​​a separate room must be at least 8 square meters. m, and the height of the ceilings - from 2.5 m.

Installation of boiler rooms

Since the design of the boiler house may provide for their installation both in a residential building and separately, the requirements for equipment are also different. So, if the complex is located in one of the rooms of the house, in some cases (for example, if there is a noisy forced draft burner), additional sound insulation may be required.

While boilers installed in separate buildings are the safest and most practical option, although they require relatively large capital investments.

The main equipment required for the operation of a heating system, as a rule, does not depend on the location of the room, or even on the type of fuel used for its operation. Almost all boiler rooms consist of the following elements:

• heating boiler;
• boiler (water heater);
• expansion tank;
• distribution manifolds;
• chimneys;
• boiler safety and feeding systems;
• pipes and valves.

Boilers in this complex are heat generators. They burn fuel, due to which the coolant (usually water, less often antifreeze) is heated and supplied to the water heating system and to the boiler (if any), which is necessary to provide housing with hot water.

Inside such a device, a heated liquid circulates, raising the temperature of the water used for domestic needs.

Tanks and collectors

The purpose of the expansion tanks is to compensate overpressure coolant to eliminate the risk of creating in heating system a private house of an emergency in which a pipe rupture may occur.

A distribution manifold, consisting of a pump, a hydraulic separator and a comb, is necessary for the correct circulation of the coolant and its uniform flow into various circuits of the system (hot water supply, radiators, "warm floors").

Chimneys and security systems

Chimneys are necessary for the removal of combustion products from the boiler room. Not only safety, but also the efficiency of the boilers depends on how they are installed and the parameters are selected.

And the tasks of the make-up and safety systems are to control the pressure of the liquid circulating through the pipelines. Only the first prevents a decrease in pressure due to leaks and evaporation, and the second, on the contrary, increases it by removing air from the pipes.

Automation and fittings

Automation installed in mini-boiler rooms of a private house is necessary for the operation of equipment (turning on, off, setting the required air parameters) in the absence of a person and providing additional security for heating and hot water supply systems.

It may depend on the power supply (in this case, the boiler is able to work independently for up to several days) or have mechanical regulators. Pipes and shut-off valves required to circulate water in the system.

UDMURT STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF PHYSICS AND ENERGY

Department of General Engineering Disciplines

On the topic “Boiler installations. Classification. The composition of boiler plants, the main design solutions. Layout and placement of boiler plants»

Completed by: Voronov V.N.

Student of the group FEF 54-21 "__" ________ 2012

Checked by: Karmanchikov A.I.

Associate Professor "__" ________ 2012

Izhevsk 2012

Boiler plants

Boiler plants are designed for heating working fluid, which then enters the heating and water supply systems. The working fluid is usually plain water. The transfer of the heated working fluid from the boiler plant to the heat supply system is carried out using a heating main, which is a pipe system.

Boiler plants basically have a hot water or steam boiler, in which a direct supply and heating of the working fluid is carried out. The choice of boiler parameters depends on many characteristics. The volume of the boiler is calculated based on the size and characteristics of the heating system.

Boiler plants can be located both inside the facility and outside it. Inside the facility, they can be installed in the basement, a separate room and even on the roof. If the building is a large-sized object, then boiler plants are made in the form of separate buildings with their own engineering system connected to the general engineering system of the facility.

Various types of fuel are used in the operation of boiler plants. Boilers operating on natural gas have become the most widespread today. Since our country is the leader in the reserves of this type of fuel, there is no need to fear that energy resources may run out. In addition to gas, boiler plants use petroleum products (fuel oil, diesel fuel), solid fuels (coal, coke, wood) as fuel. A number of boiler houses can use combined types of fuel. An important characteristic of any boiler house is the category of reliability of heat supply to consumers.

Boiler installations is a set of equipment designed to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy in order to obtain hot water or steam of specified parameters. There are various classifications of boiler rooms, among which one can distinguish a classification by design options (here, rooftop, stationary, built-in, attached and modular boilers are distinguished). Boilers according to the method of released heat are also divided into steam, hot water, thermal oil; If we talk about the used fuel, then boiler houses can be divided into solid fuel, fuel oil, gas and combined, according to their purpose, they are divided into heating and technological ones. The boiler plant consists of a boiler unit, auxiliary mechanisms and devices

Under each of these classifications, only transportable boiler plants are suitable, the demand for which is constantly increasing. First of all, this, of course, is due to their versatility. Of all the autonomous boiler houses on the market today, only these boiler houses include four systems: heating, gas, water heating and steam. This allows customers to solve several issues at once with a single installation, which significantly reduces the expenditure side of the budget. Savings can also be made by purchasing a boiler room with burners that can operate on a combined type of fuel.

Modular boiler rooms are economical in their transportation, installation and operation. Costs are also reduced due to the high automation of the boiler house, which for a long time is able to work offline, set at its start. If a large staff works at huge CHPPs, then one operator is enough to control the operation of a block-modular boiler house. Its work will become even less laborious if a microprocessor is built into the boiler room, which most accurately reads and transmits all information from all devices of the boiler room to a special remote control.

It is worth noting that a block boiler plant has the highest efficiency of all possible, this is combined with minimal costs for its maintenance and its immediate operation. Thus, by purchasing a block boiler plant, its owner will quickly recoup its cost and be able to earn income (this is if we are talking about the owners of industries and construction companies); and if a block-modular boiler room was purchased by an ordinary person, the owner own house, then he can be sure that during the entire operational life of the boiler plant he will not be left without heat and hot water.

Boiler equipment

Boiler equipment, which is part of boiler plants, ensures the implementation of the technological process of heating the working fluid in the boiler. The composition of the boiler equipment includes:

hot water and steam boilers

• water treatment plants

  boiler pipes, valves

  heat generators

  water level indicators

  sensors and controllers

  and much more

Boiler equipment is selected based on the operating conditions and the required technical characteristics for this boiler plant.

Gas boilers

Gas boilers are the most common type of boiler installations today. The obvious advantages are their low cost of construction and operation in comparison with other types of boiler plants. The country's extensive gas pipeline network, which is in constant development, allows gas to be supplied to almost any point. This leads to lower costs for the delivery of working fuel by conventional transport. In addition, gas has a higher heat capacity and heat transfer compared to other fuels, it leaves less harmful substances after combustion.

At industrial enterprises, gas-fired boilers are the main source of heat supply for technological processes and for providing heat to working personnel. However, in private residential buildings gas-fired boilers also began to appear more frequently. People appreciated the advantages of such installations.

Gas boilers are an indispensable source of energy, cheaper than electricity.

Modular boiler rooms

Modular boiler rooms are ready-made engineering systems that can be easily transported and installed anywhere. Using modular boilers, you can significantly save on design and installation, as these systems are usually mounted ready-made in a container and equipped with all the necessary equipment for operation and automation of the process.

The modular boiler rooms include the following equipment:

hot water boilers

technological equipment

automation systems

water treatment systems

and much more

The composition of the equipment included in modular boilers depends on the required power of boiler plants. The obvious advantage that modular boilers have is their mobility and cheaper installation and operation costs.

A boiler is a heat exchange device in which heat from hot fuel combustion products is transferred to water. As a result of this, in steam boilers water turns into steam and hot water boilers heated to the required temperature.

The combustion device serves to burn fuel and convert its chemical energy into heat of heated gases.

Feeding devices (pumps, injectors) are designed to supply water to the boiler.

The draft device consists of blowers, a system of gas ducts, smoke exhausters and a chimney, with the help of which the required amount of air is supplied to the furnace and the movement of combustion products through the boiler flues, as well as their removal into the atmosphere. Combustion products, moving along the gas ducts and in contact with the heating surface, transfer heat to the water.

To ensure more economical operation, modern boiler plants have auxiliary elements: a water economizer and an air heater, which serve, respectively, for heating water and air; devices for fuel supply and ash removal, for cleaning flue gases and feed water; thermal control devices and automation equipment that ensure the normal and uninterrupted operation of all parts of the boiler room.

Classification.

Block modular boiler rooms with a capacity of 200 kW to 10,000 kW (model range)

There are individually designed boiler rooms of different types:

Rooftop boilers

Stand-alone boiler rooms

Block and modular boiler rooms

Built-in boiler rooms

Attached boiler rooms

Transportable and mobile boiler rooms

Each boiler house is designed on the basis of SNiP II-35-76 "Boiler plants". The calculation and design of the boiler house is carried out by certified specialists who have been trained at the boiler equipment manufacturers.

Control of all parameters of work is carried out by automated control systems without the presence of a person.

Compound boiler houses in basic version:

Hot water boilers Reliability of heat release is guaranteed by the presence of boiler houses at least two boiler units, represented by steel fire-tube boilers, reliable and successfully proven in Russian market German firms Buderus, Viessmann.

Weishaupt burners Used in boiler rooms burners of the German company Weishaupt. for incineration natural gas are used burners in LN version, providing a low content of harmful impurities in combustion products.

Internal gas supply Gas supply system equipment boiler houses regulates the gas flow and controls the minimum and maximum gas pressure levels. In case of emergency situations, the flow of gas into boiler room stops automatically.

Temperature control network water Microprocessor programmable controllers are used that automatically control the network water temperature control system depending on the outdoor temperature and the needs of the Consumer.

Pump equipment Boiler circuit pumps provide independent operation boilers. double circulation pumps network loop guarantee 100% redundancy.

Water treatment and pressure maintenance in the heating system The water treatment plant reduces the hardness of the boiler water and prevents the formation of scale on the heat exchange surfaces of the equipment. The pressure maintenance device automatically feeds the boiler and network circuits with water, providing the necessary pressure level in the heating system.

hydraulic separator Equipment for hydraulic decoupling of the boiler and network circuits makes it possible to ensure the stable operation of the boiler house in systems with a large volume of water with intensive dynamics of changes in flow rates, temperature and pressure.

Signaling The boiler rooms are equipped with fire alarm and gas alarm systems for methane and carbon monoxide.

Metering devices Control and measuring devices registered in the State Register of Measuring Instruments are used, which allow to carry out: - Accounting for the supplied thermal energy - Accounting for consumption cold water– metering of gas consumption – metering of consumed electricity – control of operating parameters of boiler room equipment.

Integrated automation The integrated automation system ensures the stable operation of boiler rooms without the constant presence of maintenance personnel. remote control operation of the main equipment of the boiler room is carried out by means of a remote dispatching alarm panel (included in the scope of delivery).

Modem communication for remote dispatching Boiler houses at the time of installation or any period of further operation can be connected to modern remote dispatching systems. The integrated automation system has a built-in block modem for transmitting data on the operation of boiler equipment via telephone channels or the Internet.

Chimneys The outer and inner walls of the chimneys are made of of stainless steel and insulated with rigid mineral wool insulation. Applicable chimneys have a certificate of conformity fire safety. For each heating boiler is installed separate pipe. Chimneys with a height of 6 meters are included in the scope of supply for boiler rooms from 200 kW to 10 MW. At will, the Buyer may refuse the chimney, and also has the opportunity to install chimneys of a different height.

Constructive decisions Boiler houses, depending on size and quantity boilers, consist of one or more blocks. Depending on climatic conditions, the metal frame of the modules is insulated with rigid three-layer sandwich panels with mineral wool insulation with a thickness of 80 to 150 mm. The characteristics of the enclosing structures of the modules comply with the regulatory requirements for fire resistance and fire safety.

Low-power boiler houses (individual and small group ones) usually consist of boilers, circulation and make-up pumps and draft devices. Depending on this equipment, the dimensions of the boiler room are mainly determined.

Boiler houses of medium and high power- 3.5 MW and above - they are distinguished by the complexity of the equipment and the composition of service and amenity premises. Space-planning solutions for these boiler houses must meet the requirements Sanitary standards design of industrial enterprises (SI 245-71), SNiP P-M.2-72 and 11-35-76.

Classification of boiler plants

Boiler plants, depending on the nature of consumers, are divided into energy, production and heating and heating. According to the type of heat carrier produced, they are divided into steam (for generating steam) and hot water (for generating hot water).

Power boiler plants produce steam for steam turbines at thermal power plants. Such boiler houses are equipped, as a rule, with boiler units of large and medium power, which produce steam with increased parameters.

Industrial heating boiler plants (usually steam) produce steam not only for industrial needs, but also for heating, ventilation and hot water supply.

Heating boiler plants (mainly water-heating, but they can also be steam) are designed to service heating systems for industrial and residential premises.

Depending on the scale of heat supply, heating boiler houses are divided into local (individual), group and district.

Local boiler houses are usually equipped with hot water boilers with water heating up to a temperature of not more than 115 ° C or steam boilers with an operating pressure of up to 70 kPa. Such boiler houses are designed to supply heat to one or more buildings.

Group boiler plants provide heat to groups of buildings, residential areas or small neighborhoods. Such boiler houses are equipped with both steam and hot water boilers, as a rule, with higher heat output than boilers for local boiler houses. These boiler houses are usually located in specially constructed separate buildings.

District heating boiler houses are used to supply heat to large residential areas: they are equipped with relatively powerful hot water or steam boilers.

boiler plant with steam boilers. The installation consists of a steam boiler, which has two drums - upper and lower. The drums are interconnected by three bundles of pipes forming the heating surface of the boiler. When the boiler is operating, the lower drum is filled with water, the upper drum is filled with water in the lower part, and saturated steam in the upper part. In the lower part of the boiler there is a furnace with a mechanical grate for burning solid fuel. When burning liquid or gaseous fuels, nozzles or burners are installed instead of a grate, through which fuel, together with air, is supplied to the furnace. The boiler is limited by brick walls - brickwork.

Boiler plants located in specially designated areas where unauthorized persons have no access. And already heating mains and heat pipelines connect boiler houses and consumers.

Classification of boiler rooms.

Modern boiler plants have a different classification. Each of them is based on a certain principle or certain meanings. To date, there are several main differences:

Location.

Depending on where the installation is located, there are:

• built into the building;

  Block-modular;

In the system of each heating, its main element is the boiler. It performs the main function - heating. Depending on the basis on which the entire system and the boiler in particular work, there are the following types of boilers:

steam boilers

Water heating;

mixed;

Cauldrons for diathermic oil.

Any heating system works, as previously noted, from one or another type raw materials, fuel or natural resource. Depending on this, boilers are divided into:

Solid fuel. For this, firewood, coal and other types of solid fuels are used.

Liquid fuel - oil, gasoline, fuel oil and others.

• Mixed or combined. The use of various types and types of fuel is expected.

Classification of boiler units

Boilers as technical devices for the production of steam or hot water differ in the variety of constructive forms, principles of operation, the types of fuel used and performance indicators. At the same time, according to the method of organizing the movement of water and steam-water mixture, all boilers can be divided into the following two groups:

Boilers with natural circulation;

Boilers with forced movement of the coolant (water, steam-water mixture).

In modern heating and heating-industrial boiler houses for the production of steam, boilers with natural circulation are mainly used, and for the production of hot water - boilers with forced movement of the coolant, operating on the direct-flow principle.

Modern steam boilers with natural circulation are made of vertical pipes located between two collectors (drums). One part of the pipes, called heated "lifting pipes", is heated by a torch and combustion products, and the other, usually not heated part of the pipes, is located outside the boiler unit and is called "down pipes". In heated riser pipes, water is heated to a boil, partially evaporates and enters the boiler drum in the form of a steam-water mixture, where it is separated into steam and water. Through downcomer unheated pipes, water from the upper drum enters the lower collector (drum).

The movement of the coolant in boilers with natural circulation is carried out due to the driving pressure created by the difference in the weights of the water column in the downcomer and the column of the steam-water mixture in the riser pipes.

In steam boilers with multiple forced circulation, the heating surfaces are made in the form of coils that form circulation circuits. The movement of water and steam-water mixture in such circuits is carried out using a circulation pump.

In once-through steam boilers, the circulation ratio is one, i.e. Feed water, heating up, successively turns into a steam-water mixture, saturated and superheated steam. In hot water boilers, when moving along the circulation circuit, water is heated in one revolution from the initial to the final temperature.

According to the type of heat carrier, boilers are divided into water-heating and steam boilers. The main indicators of a hot water boiler are thermal power, i.e. heat output and water temperature; The main indicators of a steam boiler are steam output, pressure and temperature.

Hot water boilers, the purpose of which is to obtain hot water of specified parameters, are used for heat supply of heating and ventilation systems, domestic and technological consumers. Hot water boilers, usually operating on a once-through principle with a constant water flow, are installed not only at thermal power plants, but also in district heating, as well as heating and industrial boiler houses as the main source of heat supply.

Steam boiler - an installation designed to generate saturated or superheated steam, as well as to heat water (heating boiler).

According to the relative movement of heat exchange media (flue gases, water and steam), steam boilers (steam generators) can be divided into two groups: water-tube boilers and fire-tube boilers. In water-tube steam generators, water and a steam-water mixture move inside the pipes, and the flue gases wash the pipes from the outside. In Russia in the 20th century, Shukhov's water-tube boilers were predominantly used. In fire tubes, on the contrary, flue gases move inside the pipes, and water washes the pipes from the outside.

According to the principle of movement of water and steam-water mixture, steam generators are divided into units with natural circulation and forced circulation. The latter are subdivided into direct-flow and with multiple-forced circulation.

As a feed pump, a three-plunger pump is usually used. high pressure P21/23-130D or P30/43-130D series.

Boilers over critical pressure (SKP) - steam pressure over 22.4MPa.

The main elements of steam and hot water boilers

Furnaces for combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. When burning gas and fuel oil, as well as solid pulverized coal, as a rule, chamber furnaces are used. The furnace is limited by the front, rear, side walls, as well as the hearth and vault. Evaporative heating surfaces (boiler pipes) with a diameter of 50...80 mm are located along the walls of the furnace, perceiving the radiated heat from the torch and combustion products. When burning gaseous or liquid fuels under the chamber furnace, they usually do not shield, and in the case of coal dust, a “cold” funnel is made in the lower part of the combustion chamber to remove the ash falling from the burning torch.

The upper ends of the pipes are rolled into a drum, and the lower ends are connected to the collectors by rolling or welding. In a number of boilers, the boiling pipes of the rear screen, before being connected to the drum, are bred in the upper part of the furnace in several rows, arranged in a checkerboard pattern and forming a scallop.

To service the furnace and gas ducts in the boiler unit, the following headset is used: manholes, lockable doors, peepers, explosive valves, gates, rotary dampers, blowers, shot cleaning.

Closable doors, manholes in brickwork are designed for inspection and repair work when the boiler is stopped. To monitor the process of fuel combustion in the furnace and the state of convective gas ducts, peepers are used. Explosive safety valves are used to protect the lining from destruction during pops in the furnace and boiler flues and are installed in the upper parts of the furnace, the last gas flue of the unit, the economizer and in the roof.

To regulate the draft and overlap the hog, cast-iron smoke dampers or rotary dampers are used.

When working on gaseous fuel in order to prevent the accumulation of combustible gases in the furnaces, chimneys and flues of the boiler plant during a break in work, a small draft must always be maintained in them; To do this, each separate flue of the boiler to the combined flue must have its own gate valve with a hole in the upper part with a diameter of at least 50 mm.

Blowers and shot cleaners are designed to clean heating surfaces from ash and soot.

Steam boiler drums. It should be noted the multi-purpose purpose of the drums of steam boilers, in particular, the following processes are carried out in them:

Separation of the steam-water mixture coming from the lifting heated pipes into steam and water and steam collection;

Feed water intake from the water economizer or directly from the feed line;

Intra-boiler water treatment (thermal and chemical water softening);

Continuous purge;

Drying of steam from droplets of boiler water;

Washing steam from salts dissolved in it;

Steam pressure protection.

Boiler drums are made of boiler steel with stamped bottoms and a manhole. The inner part of the volume of the drum, filled to a certain level with water, is called the water volume, and filled with steam during the operation of the boiler - the steam volume. The surface of boiling water in the drum, which separates the water volume from the steam volume, is called the evaporation mirror. In a steam boiler, only that part of the drum that is cooled by water from the inside is washed by hot gases. The line separating the surface heated by gases from the unheated one is called the firing line.

The steam-water mixture enters through lifting boiler pipes rolled into the bottom of the drum. From the drum, water is fed through downpipes to the lower collectors.

Emissions, ridges and even fountains occur on the surface of the evaporation mirror, while a significant amount of boiler water droplets can get into the steam, which reduces the quality of the steam as a result of an increase in its salinity. Drops of boiler water evaporate, and the salts contained in them are deposited on the inner surface of the superheater, impairing heat transfer, as a result of which the temperature of its walls rises, which can lead to their burnout. Salts can also be deposited in the fittings of the steam lines and lead to a violation of its tightness.

Various separation devices are used to uniformly supply steam to the steam space of the drum and reduce its moisture content.

To reduce the possibility of scale deposits on the evaporative heating surfaces, intra-boiler water treatment is used: phosphating, alkalizing, the use of complexing agents.

Phosphating aims to create conditions in the boiler water under which the scale formers are separated in the form of non-stick sludge. To do this, it is necessary to maintain a certain alkalinity of the boiler water.

In contrast to phosphating, water treatment with complexones can provide scale-free and sludge-free regimes of boiler water. It is recommended to use Trilon B sodium salt as a complexing agent.

Maintaining the permissible salt content in the boiler water is carried out by blowing the boiler, i.e. removing from it some part of the boiler water, which always has a higher concentration of salts than the feed water.

For the implementation of the staged evaporation of water, the boiler drum is divided by a partition into several compartments with independent circulation circuits. Feed water enters one of the compartments, called "clean". Passing through the circulation circuit, the water evaporates, and the salinity of the boiler water in the clean compartment rises to a certain level. To maintain the salinity in this compartment, part of the boiler water from the clean compartment is directed by gravity through special hole- a diffuser in the lower part of the partition into another compartment, called "salt", since the salt content in it is significantly higher than in a clean compartment.

Continuous purging of water is carried out from a place with the highest concentration of salts, i.e. from the salt compartment. The steam generated in both evaporation stages is mixed in the steam space and exits the drum through a series of tubes located at the top of the drum.

With an increase in pressure, steam is able to dissolve some impurities in the boiler water (silicic acid, metal oxides).

To reduce the salinity of steam, some boilers use steam flushing with feed water.

Boiler superheaters. Obtaining superheated steam from dry saturated steam is carried out in a superheater. The superheater is one of the most critical elements of the boiler unit, since of all heating surfaces it operates under the most severe temperature conditions (overheating temperature up to 425 ° C). The superheater coils and headers are made of carbon steel.

According to the method of heat absorption, superheaters are divided into convective, radiation-convective and radiation. In boiler units of low and medium pressure, convective superheaters with vertical or horizontal pipes are used. To obtain steam with a superheat temperature of more than 500 °C, combined superheaters are used, i.e. in them, one part of the surface (radiation) perceives heat due to radiation, and the other part - by convection. The radiation part of the heating surface of the superheater is located in the form of screens directly in the upper part of the combustion chamber.

Depending on the directions of movement of gases and steam, there are three main schemes for including a superheater in a gas flow: direct-flow, in which gases and steam move in the same direction; countercurrent, where gases and steam move in opposite directions; mixed, in which in one part of the superheater coils, gases and steam move in direct flow, and in the other - in opposite directions.

Optimal in terms of reliability of operation is a mixed scheme for switching on a superheater, in which the first part of the superheater along the steam flow is counterflow, and the completion of steam superheating occurs in its second part with direct flow of heat carriers. At the same time, in the part of the coils located in the region of the highest heat load of the superheater, at the beginning of the flue there will be a moderate steam temperature, and the completion of steam superheating occurs at a lower heat load.

Steam temperature in boilers with pressure up to 2.4 MPa is not regulated. At a pressure of 3.9 MPa and above, the temperature is controlled in the following ways: by injection of condensate into steam; using surface desuperheaters; using gas control by changing the flow rate of combustion products through the superheater or moving the position of the flame in the furnace using rotary burners.

The superheater must have a pressure gauge, safety valve, shut-off valve for disconnecting the superheater from the steam line, a device for measuring the temperature of superheated steam.

Water economizers. In the economizer, feed water is heated by flue gases before being fed into the boiler by using the heat of the fuel combustion products. Along with preheating, partial evaporation of the feed water entering the boiler drum is possible. Depending on the temperature to which water is heated, economizers are divided into two types - non-boiling and boiling. In non-boiling economizers, according to the conditions of their reliability, water is heated to a temperature of 20 ° C below the temperature of saturated steam in a steam boiler or the boiling point of water at the existing operating pressure in a hot water boiler. In boiling economizers, not only water is heated, but also partial (up to 15 May.%) its evaporation.

Depending on the metal from which the economizers are made, they are divided into cast iron and steel. Cast iron economizers are used at a pressure in the boiler drum of not more than 2.4 MPa, while steel economizers can be used at any pressure. In cast iron economizers, boiling water is unacceptable, as this leads to hydraulic shocks and destruction of the economizer. To clean the heating surface, water economizers have blowers.

Air heaters. In modern boiler units, the air heater plays a very significant role, taking heat from the exhaust gases and transferring it to air, it reduces the most noticeable heat loss item with the exhaust gases. When using heated air, the combustion temperature of the fuel rises, the combustion process intensifies, and the efficiency of the boiler unit increases. At the same time, when installing an air heater, the aerodynamic resistances of the air and smoke paths increase, which are overcome by creating artificial draft, i.e. by installing a smoke exhauster and a fan.

The air heating temperature is selected depending on the combustion method and type of fuel. For natural gas and fuel oil burned in chamber furnaces, the temperature of hot air is 200...250°C, and for pulverized coal combustion of solid fuel - 300...420°C.

If the boiler unit has an economizer and an air heater, the economizer is installed first along the gas flow, and the air heater is installed second, which allows for deeper cooling of the combustion products, since the cold air temperature is lower than the temperature of the feed water at the economizer inlet.

According to the principle of operation, air heaters are divided into recuperative and regenerative. In a recuperative air heater, the transfer of heat from combustion products to air occurs continuously through a separating wall, on one side of which the combustion products move, and on the other - heated air.

In regenerative air heaters, the transfer of heat from the combustion products to the heated air is carried out by alternately heating and cooling the same heating surface.

Gas installations. The gas piston unit (GPU) is designed to supply electricity to consumers of three-phase (380/220 V, 50 Hz) alternating current. Gas power plants are used as a source of constant and guaranteed power supply for hospitals, banks, shopping malls, airports, industrial and oil and gas producing enterprises. The motor resource of a gas engine is higher than that of gasoline generators and diesel power plants, which leads to a decrease in the payback period. The use of gas-fired power generators allows the owner to be independent from planned and emergency power outages, and often completely refuse the services of electricity suppliers.

The operation of gas piston engines (hereinafter referred to as GPE) is based on the principle of operation of the engine internal combustion. An internal combustion engine is a type of engine, a heat engine in which the chemical energy of a fuel (usually liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels) that burns in the working area is converted into mechanical work.

At the moment, two types of piston engines operating on gas are produced in industry: gas engines - with electric (spark) ignition, and gas diesel engines - with ignition of the gas-air mixture by injection of pilot (liquid) fuel. Gas engines have become widespread in the energy sector due to the widespread trend to use gas as a cheaper fuel (both natural and alternative) and relatively more environmentally friendly in terms of exhaust emissions.

From GPU with heat exchangers, in principle, everything is similar, but a heat recovery system is additionally used.

The unit runs on multiple fuels, has a relatively low initial investment per kW, and has a wide range of power outputs.

Fuel for gas-piston installations. One of the most important points in choosing the type of gas turbine is the study of the composition of the fuel. Manufacturers of gas engines have their own requirements for the quality and composition of the fuel for each model.

Currently, many manufacturers are adapting their engines to the appropriate fuel, which in most cases does not take much time and does not require large financial costs.

In addition to natural gas, gas piston units can use as fuel: propane, butane, associated petroleum gas, chemical industry gases, coke oven gas, wood gas, pyrolysis gas, landfill gas, gas Wastewater etc.

The use of these specific gases as fuel makes an important contribution to the conservation environment and furthermore allows the use of regenerative energy sources.

Gas control station. Gas control point - a system of devices for automatically reducing and maintaining a constant gas pressure in gas distribution pipelines. The gas control station includes a pressure regulator for maintaining gas pressure, a filter for trapping mechanical impurities, safety valves that prevent gas from entering distribution gas pipelines in case of emergency gas pressure in excess of permissible parameters, and instrumentation for accounting for the amount of passing gas, temperature, pressure and telemetric measurement these settings.

Gas control points are built on urban gas distribution pipelines, as well as on the territory of industrial and municipal enterprises with an extensive network of gas pipelines. Items mounted directly at consumers and designed to supply gas to boilers, furnaces, and other units are usually called gas control devices. Depending on the gas pressure at the inlet, gas control points are: medium (from 0.05 to 3 kgf / cm 2) and high (up to 12 kgf / cm 2) pressure (1 kgf / cm 2 \u003d 0.1 Mn / m 2).

Safety devices and instrumentation. For hot water boilers, bypass lines with check valves(fig.), passing water in the direction from the boiler to the pipeline of the heating system. With such a simple device, if the valves installed at the boiler for some reason turn out to be closed, then all the same, the connection with the atmosphere through the expansion vessel will not be broken.

If there are any other shut-off valves in the pipeline between the boilers and the expansion vessel, in addition to the valves indicated, then lever safety valves must be installed.

Steam boilers up to 70 kPa are equipped with a safety device in the form of a hydraulic seal

For safe and proper operation, steam boilers, in addition to safety devices, are equipped with water-indicating devices, plug valves and pressure gauges.

To account for the consumption of feed water supplied to the steam boiler, or water circulating in the water heating system, a water meter or diaphragms are installed. To measure the temperature of the water entering the water heating system and returning to the boiler, thermometers are provided in special cases.