What are the types of door hinges. Spring hinges: selection and installation
Door hinges are perhaps the most important element accessories. If the design can function without problems without a handle and a locking device, then without awnings (it doesn’t matter whether these are hinges for doors with a quarter, or hidden mechanisms), the door system cannot exist.
In general, the world door hinges rich and varied. But only by choosing such a mechanism correctly, you can be sure of the high-quality work of the structure.
Door hinges must meet the following requirements:
- Ensure a smooth running of the web (it doesn't matter, in Finnish door systems ah, such fittings are installed or not). And besides, such canopies should in no case creak.
- Be strong (they must hold the sash, regardless of its weight, while avoiding sagging and warping of the door in the opening).
- Harmonize with the design of the Finnish construction leaf or other door system where they are installed.
Properly selected and meeting these requirements, the hinge for the door will ensure the smooth functioning of the door system. It is worth paying attention to the fact that awnings vary greatly among themselves in terms of the principle of operation and the method of installation.
Distinguish the following types loops:
- direct card;
- corner cards;
- screw-in;
- hidden;
- Italian, etc.
The scope of each type is determined by its features.
Card straight elements
Such loops outwardly resemble two cylinders. One of these cylinders has a rod. To increase the operating period of the door hinges, a bearing or washer is installed between the rubbing elements.
Fasten straight card sheds to the structure using rectangular plates, the so-called "wings". One plate is fixed on the box, and the second on the canvas.
As for the type of fastening, card direct canopies are of two types:
- invoices;
- mortise.
When installing mortise canopies, the hinges are recessed in the sash and on the box (for this, a milling cutter or chisel is used). The depth of such an insert should be 2-3 mm.
Installing overhead canopies on folding or swinging Finnish structures is somewhat easier than installing mortise elements. Even a beginner can do this operation with his own hands. House master. Overhead hinges are screwed to the surface of the frame and sash with special self-tapping screws.
In addition, there are universal door hinges, right and left. Before choosing left or right canopies, you should check which way the door will open. A win-win option would be the purchase of universal fittings.
Card corner awnings
If the fittings will be installed on a door system with a vestibule, experts recommend making their choice in favor of corner canopies. The fact is that on the end side of a wooden sash of this design there is a special recess - a place for installing a hinge.
Corner card sheds practically do not differ in principle from elements with rectangular plates. They provide the sash with an opening angle of 90 degrees.
Screw fittings
Screw fittings, like corner hinges, are designed for installation on Finnish structures with a feigned quarter. However, instead of slats, there are two small pins that are screwed into the sash and the box.
Screw-in canopies (they are also called pin ones) have a significant advantage: if necessary, they can be adjusted with a hex key in three directions (horizontal, height and pressure area). Such fasteners close special decorative overlays or caps (they can be of different shades).
Which pin loops will be selected depends on the dimensions of the canvas and its weight. For lightweight folding and swing sashes ideal option there will be screw-in canopies with two or three pins or end loops. But for heavy structures, it is better to use screw-in hinges with four pins: they are reliable, so they can withstand their weight.
It is worth paying attention to the fact that installing screw-in awnings is not so easy as it seems at first glance. This requires precision and precision. Therefore, if the home master has not installed screw mechanisms before, it is better not to take on this matter, but to entrust the installation of fittings to professional installers.
Hidden Items
These loops are for hinged doors, although sometimes they are also placed on folding systems. They are unique in that when closed, the canopy sashes are not visible. In other words, these are internal structural elements.
In general, hidden loops have a complex structure. They are equipped with three axes of rotation. The first axis is considered the main one, the other two are fixed elements. Thanks to this amazing structure, when opening or closing the sash, the hidden canopy either unfolds or folds.
Features of mounting hidden elements:
- With the help of a chisel or a milling cutter, a small depression is made from the end of the sash and in the box beam.
- Perform a selection for fasteners.
- Remove the fixing screws and disassemble the hinges.
- The hinged parts are installed in the recesses provided for them in folding or swinging Finnish structures and fixed with self-tapping screws.
- Connect the individual parts of the loops and fix them with fixing screws.
- They put decorative overlays on folding or swinging Finnish structures.
Properly installed hidden canopies and decorative overlays can become a real decoration of the structure. Often, decor is placed on swinging systems.
Italian awnings
This fitting was developed and patented by Barausse, a leader in the production of doors. The peculiarity of such mechanisms is that they are not attached to the side of the sash, in the bottom or top of the canvas.
Moreover, Italian canopies can be installed even during the operation of the structure. And due to the fact that the holes are almost invisible, they can be reinstalled if desired. And besides, you can choose any side of the opening of the sash.
furniture fittings
The following types of fittings are installed on the doors of furniture items:
- Overhead.
This type of loop is considered the most common. Overhead canopies are installed on a furniture set (bedroom, kitchen, etc.). - Semi overhead.
They are used in cases where two sashes enter one side rack at the same time. - Internal.
Outwardly, such a canopy resembles a semi-invoice. These mechanisms are installed in cases where the facade is placed inside the furniture case, and the hinged part of the canvas is in contact with the adjacent rack of the case. - Corner.
Most often, such fittings are installed on corner pieces of furniture. However, if the opening angle of the sash should be 180 degrees, such canopies will not work. - Piano.
This type of loop is considered obsolete. Piano elements of construction in our time can be found only in antique pieces of furniture. In addition, a lid is attached to the piano hinges, covering the keys of the piano (hence the name "piano" canopies). - Calcaneal.
They can be installed on the bottom or upper corner doors. However, heel canopies are used extremely rarely, because they are not suitable for heavy facades. - Inverse.
Such accessories provide opening of a shutter on 180 degrees. As you know, at an angle of 180 degrees, the cabinet door with the side rack form a straight line. - Self-closing.
If self-closing canopies are installed on the locker, they will “softly” return the canvas to the closed position.
Naturally, the choice of fittings depends on the characteristics of the pieces of furniture. If the door is to open 180 degrees, the best option elements become inverted. Also, the choice of such canopies is determined by the material from which the cabinet is made.
Canopies for iron structures
The main requirement that loops must meet for steel doors, - endurance. Such fittings must be strong and strong, because it will have to hold a massive iron sash. And this is not 8-10 kilograms (as interior door systems), it is 80 kg, and sometimes 100 kg.
Moreover, such canopies should provide security. They must be equipped with a special anti-removable mechanism. In this case, there is a small protrusion on one wing of the fittings, and a hole for it on the second. When the input steel structure closes, the protrusion firmly enters the hole, so that the attacker does not have a chance to remove the iron sash from the canopies.
Single sided or double sided?
One-sided overhead canopies, installed, for example, on Finnish structures, are designed so that the canvas moves in only one single direction. Such overhead structural elements are left-handed or right-handed. The advantage of this type of hinge is that, if necessary, the sash can be quickly and easily removed from the hinges.
Double-sided fittings, installed on folding or swinging Finnish structures, have three cards connected to each other by large rods. Each such rod has a spring, which ensures a snug fit of the canopies to the sash. However, such mechanisms are rarely installed in apartments and country houses.
Hardware manufacturing material
Regardless of whether awnings will be used for folding or swing door systems or they will be installed on pieces of furniture, they all differ in the material of manufacture.
Overhead (on bearings), piano, inverse (provide an opening angle of 180 degrees), self-closing and other canopies are made from the following alloys:
- copper;
- aluminum;
- gland;
- brass;
- zinc, etc.
For heavy folding Finnish structures, as well as in cases where the doors are swinging, it is recommended to install canopies made of steel and zinc alloys and covered with brass on top.
As you can see, the world of door hinges is diverse, which means that their choice is huge!
Spring hinges belong to the category of hidden double-sided canopies and have several names: bar, subway, western. Their distinctive feature is the ability to open the door in any direction, so they are also called pendulum. The scope of such loops is places with high traffic: bars, shops, medical institutions, industrial and commercial premises. The installation of these elements has some features, which you can learn about by reading this article.
Varieties of door hinges
The first door hinges in the history of mankind were made from animal skin, tree branches tightly woven together, and only much later - from a rough metal plate. Today, door canopies perform not only a practical function, but also a decorative one, being an adornment of the door and the interior as a whole. Types of canopies differ according to several criteria:
- the material from which they are made (steel, brass, bronze, etc.);
- installation method (overlay, screwing, tie-in);
- design features of the mechanism (overhead, mortise, hidden, angular, double-sided).
Consider the latter classification in more detail:
- Overhead. Loops of this type are the most popular, due to their ease of installation and low cost.
- Mortise. The design of these hinges is almost identical to the overhead ones, the only difference is in the installation method: this type of hinges cut into the surface of the door.
- , hidden. These are not the most popular hinges, which is explained by the fact that they are quite difficult to install (inside the frame and door leaf), and after installation, the door leaf cannot be removed without completely dismantling the hinges.
- . They differ from all the rest by the absence of classic cards. Instead, corners are fitted to the central hinge. The advantage of such hinges is the possibility of mounting hinge doors on doors with a vestibule.
- Bilateral. Outwardly, these canopies are similar to ordinary card ones, but they have their own fundamental differences.
Features of spring hinges
A double-sided spring hinge is fundamentally different from the classic card hinge and consists of two cards on pins, inside of which a spring is installed that returns the door leaves to their original position. Depending on the direction of opening the door leaf, spring hinges can be: left-handed, right-handed and universal. Left-handed - open only on left side, right-handed - to the right, universal - in both directions. Bar awnings have their own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
The main advantage of bar loops is their ergonomics, as well as high throughput doors equipped with them. The double spring loop has the following advantages:
- convenience of opening the door (body body) with busy hands;
- preventing heat loss in the room through the door;
- possibility of unimpeded passage a large number of people;
- elimination of drafts in the room;
- automatic closing of the door.
disadvantages
Door spring hinges, well-made and correctly installed, have only one drawback: cost. The price of such canopies is many times higher than the cost of classic card ones.
Criterias of choice
Choosing spring hinges is no more difficult than ordinary ones: the main thing is to know what you should pay attention to. The first and main criterion for choosing canopies does not imply aesthetic qualities at all, and not even the quality of products.
Consider the selection algorithm step by step:
- The first thing to decide when buying hinges is the direction of opening the door: the hinges are right, left and universal.
To understand what type of canopies are required, you should stand in front of the door and open it towards yourself. For a door that opens with the right hand, right canopies are needed, and for the left - left ones.
In addition, when choosing, you should pay attention to the following possible options:
Installation of spring hinges
The installation of spring hinges is not much different from the installation of conventional hinges of overhead and mortise types. The sequence of actions is as follows:
- From the end of the door, as well as on door frame marks are made on the location of each of the halves of the loop.
- After that, the stopper should be removed from both cards, this will allow the spring to be released.
- Next, insert the pin (mandrel) into the hole on the sleeve and turn it clockwise.
- The hinge plates are applied to the base and fixed with self-tapping screws according to the diagram below.
Before starting the installation, the spring loop relaxes, and after the work is completed, it contracts
- After that, you need to compress the springs. To do this, the door is closed, the pin on each card is turned clockwise and the stopper is inserted.
- First of all, the springs are screwed to the door leaf, and then to the door frame.
- Upon completion of work, check the smoothness of the door and, if necessary, adjust the spring.
- When twisting the loops, it is important not to overdo it, as the spring is very easy to break. At this point, the installation can be considered complete.
During the operation of the door, the spring is weakened, and therefore requires adjustment. Experts recommend regularly checking its performance and performing additional adjustments.
In order to visualize what spring hinges are, as well as the principle of their installation, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the video.
If you buy a one-piece door block, that is, a door with a frame, then there is nothing to worry about, such sets usually already have door hinges. A completely different situation is when everything is taken separately, there is a moment of choice here. Today we will analyze in detail what types of door hinges exist, how to choose them correctly, plus you will find out which hinges are better for metal doors and which are for wooden ones.
Types of door hinges are divided depending on the weight of the door leaf.
First of all, you need to remember that absolutely all door hinges are divided into left, right and universal. It's pretty easy to figure it out here. As for the left or right models, you need to imagine that you are facing your doors and open them towards yourself, if the hinges are on the right, then they are right, if on the left, then they are left. Well, there are no problems with universal ones, they can be placed anywhere.
What are loops made of?
All door hinges are made of metal, even on plastic doors metal canopies are put up, just then they are covered plastic overlays. Another thing is what kind of metal this or that door hinge is made of.
Steel hinges for doors are deservedly considered luminaries. Previously, these were massive forged canopies, now they are also used, but only in ethnic design styles or for business premises.
The main part of the market is occupied by more modern steel canopies. In this case, there are 2 options:
- Stainless steel looks solid and has a unique strength. Such canopies are not afraid of corrosion and do not need to be painted, they can be placed both on interior and metal doors. The only problem is that they are overpriced;
Stainless steel awnings do not need to be painted.
- Ferrous metal awnings are also quite durable, but they need some sort of coating. If you are interested in quality, then choose between powder coating and nickel plating. For budget option you can take bare metal and then paint it with your own hands, otherwise it will rust.
Powder coating reliably protects the metal from corrosion.
Brass is the leader in the ranking of expensive models. This metal also does not rust and does not need to be painted. But brass is not as strong as steel. Brass awnings can withstand interior doors, but hinges for metal doors, if required by the design idea, are made of steel and then decorated with brass, bronze or gold.
If you decide to take exactly brass canopies, then it is better to give preference to models on which bearings are provided, according to their performance characteristics they are much higher than usual.
know-how modern market these are alloys. There are really high-quality products with an admixture of titanium and other high-strength metals, but quite often behind complex names lies cheap material that lasts no more than a year.
So cheap and fairly well-known silumin, according to most experts under hinges on the door not good at all, but unscrupulous manufacturers churn out such canopies to this day, and cunning advertisers come up with a different name for them and people buy.
The whole problem is that a high-quality and low-quality alloy cannot be visually distinguished, because the loops are covered with something on top. Only one advice can be given here - look at the price, a good thing cannot be cheap. Plus, most of these fake awnings are noticeably lighter than steel or brass ones.
How many awnings do you need
There are many varieties of canopies now, a little later we will talk about common types, but the main characteristic for any canopy is, figuratively speaking, carrying capacity. Beauty is important, but not the main thing, especially when hinges are selected on a steel door.
If you do not take into account the decorative and furniture sector, then the minimum for a door canopy is 15 kg. It is believed that of the production models, the most powerful hinges for entrance doors must withstand about 100 kg per unit. If the canvas weighs more than 250 kg, then under such a metal door, as a rule, special hinges are made to order.
In general, the heavier the door, the more canopies are installed on it, but the maximum is 4 hinges per 1 canvas. You can arrange them in different ways, the main thing is that from the upper and lower edges to the nearest canopy there should be 200 - 250 mm. Otherwise, as you like, the photo below shows 5 common installation options.
Hinges for doors - types of installation.
Of course, the dimensions of the canopies and the material from which the hinges on the door are made are important, but for interior doors there is a conditional division:
- On canvases weighing up to 40 kg, 2 canopies are mounted;
- If the weight of the canvas is in the range from 40 to 60 kg, then 3 canopies are needed;
- Doors weighing more than 60 kg are mounted on 4 canopies.
Types of canopies
From the abundance of such goods in stores, eyes run wide, there are hundreds, if not thousands, of models, but the main types of designs are no more than a dozen, and we will continue to understand them.
Outdoor overhead models
Here we are dealing with the progenitor of all canopies, such door hinges have been made ever since man learned to forge metal. This is purely invoice outdoor option. In the old days, these canopies were made powerful and long, such a design made it possible to assemble the door leaf on the basis of hinges, respectively, the canopies were part of the canvas.
Forged canopies remain in demand to this day.
Forged models have survived to this day, but they are used only as part of a design ensemble, for example, in wooden log cabins. In private courtyards, you can often find stamped versions of such loops, their appearance is rather mediocre, which is why such canopies are placed only on wooden gate, yes to the sheds.
Metal stamped hinges are mainly used for utility rooms.
- The central rod, which plays the role of a rotary axis, in order for it to hold, the rod was riveted on one or both sides;
- door frame;
- Door leaf;
- Self-tapping screws or nails;
- Overhead beam for horizontal connection of door leaf boards.
Except classical scheme there is more installation modern version, in which the plate (4) is not nailed on top of the box, but between the canvas and the box, but in this case a groove is cut out under this plate in the box.
Internal mortise canopies "father-mother"
This type of canopies is not much different from the previous version, the only difference is that both plates are attached at the junction between the end of the door and the chute. True, in order to fix the hinges, it is necessary at the end of the door leaf and, on the contrary, cut grooves for the plates in the box.
- The central axis, the pin of which is fixed at the bottom of the canopy;
- door frame;
- door leaf;
- Plate fixed on the box;
- Plate fixed on the door leaf;
- Self-tapping screws or nails;
- Cashing bar;
- Top cap.
Legend has it that such a design was developed in Soviet times but we don't know how true this is. The beauty of these awnings is that the doors can be removed and hung back in a matter of seconds. But this is also a minus, such hinges for entrance doors are not suitable.
Door hinge type "father-mother" with integrated bearing.
The definition of “father-mother” is already folklore, at the bottom we have a part that is called dad, an axis is permanently fixed in it. A plate with a hole is put on top of this axis, which is commonly called mother.
Mortise card awnings
In essence, this is practically the same as the “father-mother” canopies, just here sectors with holes are mounted on both plates, and they are fastened with a separate pin.
- Swivel pin;
- Swivel pin plug;
- Bearings, they are not available in all models;
- Canopy plates.
Of the mortise options, this is perhaps the most popular. In the hinges for interior doors, the plug is unscrewed and the pin is removed, as a result, the canvas can be dismantled quite quickly. The same canopies that are intended for installation on the entrance wooden doors, often come with a tightly sealed, non-collapsible pin, and in order to remove the canvas, you need to unscrew the canopies.
If you decide to buy any of the mortise models, then take hinges with bearings, they will last 2 times longer, plus they will not creak.
Card loops "Butterfly"
Relatively recently, the so-called Butterfly loops appeared on the market. These are purely overhead models, they do not need to be embedded anywhere, the canopies are simply screwed with screws to the box and the end of the door leaf. The point is that one part of the loop is hidden inside the second part of the loop.
On the one hand, such canopies are convenient in that only a screwdriver is enough for their installation, and on the other hand, few people remember that the maximum load for the largest butterfly is 20 kg. Plus, as soon as you deviate a couple of millimeters from the common vertical axis during installation, the hinges will loosen in a month.
Although butterflies are a great option for beginners and young families, especially when the budget is tight. As for the instructions for correct installation such loops, let's face it, there is nothing particularly complicated there. All the nuances of choosing and installing butterflies, in the photo and video, are disassembled and shown to the smallest detail.
Many craftsmen are not inclined to highlight corner loops in separate direction, because they are designed exclusively for doors with a vestibule. We will not argue with anyone, let's just say that corner canopies are overhead ( private option butterflies) and mortise. As for the mounting technology, the corner hinges are no different from their classic sisters.
Corner hinges are mounted using the same technology as their classic counterparts.
This is a separate highly specialized direction of canopies. The door leaf here can open in both directions. In the domestic sector, bilateral loops are not in demand, their lot is public and administrative buildings.
Bilateral canopies are better to take brass or stainless steel.
This design cannot be called simple, it has 2 pins with a connecting plate, the diagram below shows the principle of operation of a two-sided canopy. We do not advise you to save money when buying a double-sided loop, because the design works under serious load and cheap models fly apart very quickly.
For the installation of such canopies, it is advisable to call a professional, because if you make a little mistake, the doors will constantly deviate in any direction. When choosing, it is better to give preference to double-sided hinges equipped with return springs, they will automatically fix the doors in a neutral position.
Screw-in models
Also a rather young look of the loops. This design is closer to outdoor overhead models. Holes are drilled in the box and in the door leaf, and a guide support pin is first inserted into them, after which the fixing pin is screwed in.
Initially, such designs were made for quick installation of doors with a quarter, but some craftsmen adapt them to ordinary doors, although this is not entirely true. Depending on the weight of the canvas, there may be several pins, but it is not advisable to mount heavy doors on such canopies, they, like butterflies, are designed for canvases up to 40 kg.
Hidden awnings
In this case, hidden structures can be safely called the elite of all canopies. There are such hinges for metal doors and for wooden ones, they are universal. The canopy is completely hidden in the box and the door leaf; accordingly, such a door cannot be removed from the hinges.
- Main swivel pin;
- Bearing guides that hide inside the canopy;
- Fixed fixed pins.
Hidden hinges are made of extra strong steel grades or strong alloys. Budget models do not exist here, on average, the unit price starts at 1,500 rubles. Of course, there are cheap options at a price of 300 - 500 rubles, but our advice to you is that it is better to buy a normal mortise loop for this money than a bad hidden one.
Now released hidden hinges for metal doors, plus they have an adjustment mechanism (and even in Chinese models), which is convenient with a large weight of the canvas. How this whole system is regulated is detailed and shown.
Hidden adjustable awnings work well with metal doors.
Do-it-yourself installation of such canopies is possible, but you only have to stock up on good manual cutter, and in metal doors also welding machine otherwise nothing will work.
Conclusion
Summing up, it can be noted that if the budget is limited, and the tool is not thick, then take butterflies or screw loops. Mortise door hinges are better suited for wooden canvases. On iron and expensive wooden doors, it is advisable to install hidden models of canopies. The video in this article shows the nuances of selection and installation. If the information was useful, then there are social network buttons below, perhaps your like will help one of your friends decide.
1. Overhead (external) loops.
Most ancient view door hinges. Such hinges have been made since the time when a person comprehended the sacrament of metal forging. Previously, forged hinges could be very large, this was done so that it was possible to build a door from one layer of boards and the door would not be deformed. Thus, forged hinges served not only to fasten the door to the door frame, but at the same time were part of the door structure. Now overhead loops can be of any size and a wide variety of shapes:
Picture 1. Modern overlay hinges for wooden doors
The hinges shown in figure 1 are the cheapest type of external hinges, they are used mainly in countryside for hanging doors of outbuildings, sometimes for a gate. Such loops used to be stupidly nailed, but now they are increasingly screwed on with screws. Hinged loops are arranged as follows:
Figure 2. Overhead loop device.
1 - Central pin (rotary axis). The door rotates around this axis when opening and closing. So that during operation the pin does not fall out of the loops under the action of gravity, it is riveted to one of the plates. This can be seen in Figure 1.
3 - Vertical board of the door leaf.
5 - Nails or screws.
6 - Hinge plate (card), which is attached to the vertical board of the door leaf.
7 - Tightening horizontal board or bar of the door leaf. If the width of the plate that is attached to the door leaf is significantly less than the width of the door, then such a board or bar is required. Usually the hinges are attached in those places where the vertical boards of the door leaf are attached horizontal boards or bars.
It may seem that it was not worth paying so much attention to cheap overhead hinges, but the fact is that in recent times forged overhead hinges, working on the same principle, are again in demand. Forged overhead loops are a separate chapter in the development of mankind. The number of forms of forged overhead loops is confidently approaching infinity thanks to the efforts of modern blacksmiths. In ancient times, there were also quite a few forms of overhead loops, however, they all strictly obeyed certain patterns, for example:
Figure 3. Characteristic forms of forged loops.
In Figure 3, one can see how the shape of the canopy transformed from a strict phallic image into an increasingly complex image of a woman in labor, and then began to resemble the landscape of an island with palm trees reflected in the water, however, this may be an image of a certain deity with long arms, crooked legs and a hatched banana. However, I'm not an expert, this is my personal opinion. Forged hinges can decorate wooden entrance doors country houses and residences, but there is also quite a place for such hinges in antique-styled city apartments.
The main advantage of overhead hinges is that their installation does not require any preliminary preparation of the door frame or door leaf. Usually, the hinge is first screwed or nailed to the door leaf, then the door leaf is set to the design position using wedges or any other available means, and then the hinge is attached to the door frame. Main disadvantage overhead hinges is that if during installation the door leaf was warped or deformed during operation, then in order to rearrange or remove the door leaf for repair, you need to unscrew the screws or pull out the nails that fasten the hinges to the door frame.
2. Mortise (internal) canopies.
The device of mortise canopies is almost the same as that of overhead hinges, only the plates (cards) of the canopy are not visible when the door is closed, and only parts of the plates that cover the pivot pin are visible. Often such canopies are called card. It is not particularly necessary to introduce such awnings, they were already well presented in the Soviet era, some people living in old houses still have doors and even windows with such awnings. The main difference between mortise awnings and overhead hinges is that awnings allow you to easily remove the door (door leaf) without unscrewing the awnings. Mortise canopies look like this:
Figure 4. Mortise canopies in expanded form (a), disassembled (b) and in working condition (c).
When choosing mortise canopies, you need to pay attention to the fact that the doors are right and left, respectively, and mortise canopies are right and left. It is not difficult to determine which awnings are needed - if the door opens on itself, then from which side the awnings are, such is the door. Figure 4c shows a door with left awnings or a left door. Determining which canopy is also not very difficult, usually one of the cards has a “P” or “L” brand, and if there is no such brand, then you need to turn the canopy with a rotary pin towards you and remove one card. Figure 4b shows the left canopy on the left and the right canopy on the right. Figure 4 shows:
1 - Central pin (rotary axis). The door rotates around this axis when opening and closing. So that during operation the pin does not fall out under the influence of gravity, it is riveted to a card that is attached to the door frame.
2 - Vertical bar of the door frame (loot).
3 - Door leaf. Mortise canopies are used for hanging not only wooden doors, but also for panel, frame-honeycomb doors, MDF and HDF doors.
4 - Hinge plate (card), which is attached to the vertical bar of the door frame.
5 - Hinge plate (card), which is attached to the standing bar of the door leaf.
6 - Screws, sometimes nails. Despite the fact that the cards were attached to the door frame and to the door leaf mainly with screws, it is often quite difficult to unscrew such screws, since earlier the screws were not always twisted, but were often hammered like nails (it was necessary to give a plan). Therefore, sometimes, when you need to remove old canopies and change them to new ones, it is easier to drill out the screw heads with a metal drill.
7 - Casing. As already mentioned, mortise canopies make it relatively easy to remove the door leaf for repair or resizing, but only if the trim does not prevent the removal of the door. If the door leaf is fixed on mortise canopies, then the trim, especially the top bar, must be fastened so that the door leaf can then be removed without removing the trim. Sometimes for this you have to cut down the pivot pin a little so that its height does not exceed 2-2.5 centimeters.
8 - Decorative cap. The plug not only improves the aesthetic appearance of the canopy, but also prevents dust from entering the area between the pivot pin and the plates. Thus, if the pin is properly lubricated, the door will open and close without any difficulty for many years and even decades.
Canopies are now also being produced, in which a bearing is installed between the cards on the pivot pin, this further improves the opening and closing of the door. Yes, and such canopies look much prettier than Soviet-style canopies. In many ways, such canopies are similar to the mortise hinges discussed below.
The main disadvantage of card canopies is that recesses must be made under the cards in the door frame and in the door leaf. Notches must be done carefully and accurately, which means that without a proverb: measure seven times, cut one, you can’t do it. And besides the proverb, it is desirable to have an appropriate tool. However, the subtleties of installing doors on mortise canopies or hinges will be described separately.
3. Mortise (internal) hinges.
In fact, these are the same mortise canopies, but having a slightly different design, so it is more correct to call them mortise or card loops. Despite the fact that the design of mortise hinges is similar to the design of mortise canopies, there are a lot of models of mortise hinges. Variety is achieved mainly due to the shape of the decorative plug and the bottom of the pivot pin, as well as due to different ways protection of the plates, bearings can also be used in card hinges, which, with proper lubrication, makes opening and closing the door very easy and almost silent. Cheap mortise canopies were and are made mainly of rusting steel with all the ensuing disadvantages, mortise hinges are often made of non-ferrous metals or non-ferrous metal alloys and are additionally chrome-plated, nickel-plated or coated with thin layer imitating gold - very popular models in our area. Also, mortise hinges can be made with antique imitation, most often under oxidized copper, however, mortise canopies, chrome-plated, nickel-plated, gold-plated and semi-antique, can now also be found on sale. Mortise loops look something like this:
Figure 5. Appearance and design card loops.
1 - Central pin (rotary axis). In contrast to the previously considered types of hinges, in card hinges for doors, the pin is not riveted, since it starts from above and, theoretically, should not come out upward during operation of the door. However, theory and practice are different things, sometimes the turning pin still begins to gradually rise and periodically has to be knocked out. If the pin is still riveted on the card loop, then this is most likely a loop not for doors, but for windows.
2 - Decorative cap. It is held by a tight fit to the cylindrical part of the card. If, when hanging the door, the hinges were turned upside down so that the pin was on the bottom, and the plug was on top (and this happens), then you can pull out the pin, knock out the plug and swap them.
3 - Bearings. Present only in modern card hinges for doors.
4 - Hinge plate (card), which is attached to the vertical bar of the door frame or to the door leaf.
The advantage of mortise hinges over mortise canopies is that mortise hinges are universal, i.e. no need to look for right or left loops. If you need to hang right door, then the card shown in Figure 5 at the bottom left is attached to the door frame. And if you need to hang the left door, then the card shown in Figure 5 on the bottom right is attached to the door frame. The disadvantage of card hinges is the same as card awnings - an exact fit is necessary to make the door look good.
For interior doors, canopies or hinges with a plate height of 100-180mm are usually used, canopies and hinges with a lower height are usually used for window sashes, in rare cases - for furniture doors, however, options for fixing furniture doors will be considered separately.
4. Laid on internal loops.
Recently, overhead internal loops have appeared on sale. The principle of their device is almost the same as for mortise hinges, but there is one distinguishing feature- the hinges do not need to be cut into the door leaf and the door frame, the hinges are made so that when closed, the card attached to the door leaf enters the card attached to the door frame, thus the standard gap between the door frame and the door leaf is 3 mm just enough to secure the loops. Loops look like this:
Figure 6. Appearance of overhead internal loops.
The main advantage of such hinges is that there is no need to insert hinge cards anywhere, and therefore hanging the door on such hinges is done as quickly as possible and no special tools are needed for this. But such hinges also have a drawback - it is undesirable to use such hinges for heavy doors.
5. Double-sided hinges.
Used only for doors that open in both directions. As a rule, such doors are installed in bars, cafes, public institutions, there are few who want to have doors in the apartment that open in both directions. Double-sided loops look something like this:
Figure 7. Appearance of double-sided hinges
Figure 7 shows normal double-sided hinges on the left and spring-loaded double-sided hinges on the right. The springs in such hinges are used to automatically close the door, however, it is also harder to open such a door, since the spring is also cocked when the door is opened. The principle of operation of the double-sided loop, I hope, will be clear from the following figure:
Figure 8. Opening the door on two hinges.
As in most cases with the hinges and canopies discussed above, it is necessary to install double-sided hinges preliminary preparation door frame and door leaf, in addition, for doors that open on both sides, a special door frame is needed, similar to the one shown in Figure 8, the door leaf can be ordinary. Sometimes you have to install double-sided hinges on ordinary door frames. In these cases, the corresponding card is attached to the protruding quarter of the door frame, it does not look very pretty.
6. Screwed (screwed) canopies and hinges.
Such canopies and loops appeared relatively recently, but recently they are becoming more widespread. The main reason is the ease and speed of installing the door on such canopies or hinges. By screwing the fasteners into the door frame and into the door leaf to the desired depth, it is possible to change the position of the door leaf in two planes. In addition, there are models of screwed loops that have additional height adjustment (Fig. 8.2). This adjustment allows you to adjust the door leaf to the door frame with particular precision. There are many models of screw-in canopies and hinges, but they have the same principle. Screwed canopies and hinges look something like this:
Figure 9. Most characteristic species screwed canopies and hinges.
Figure 9.1a shows the simplest screw-in canopy in the assembled state, in figure 9.1b - with the top of the canopy removed, such canopies are used for the lightest doors. Figure 8.2 shows a height-adjustable screw-in canopy used for heavier doors. When attaching such canopies, additional holes are made for the guides, and the guides for the pivot pin are fastened with special screws through the guides. Figures 8.3 show a screw-in loop.
Like card hinges, screw hinges and canopies are universal, i.e. no need to look for right or left screw-in hinges and this is another advantage of screw-in hinges. For all their merits, screw hinges and canopies have one enough significant disadvantage- they can only be used for quarter doors, i.e. the usual door leaf, which can be bought in a store, or ordered, cannot be fixed on such hinges:
Figure 10. Screw-in hinge fastening
Nevertheless, now there are a lot of doors that are produced for such hinges or canopies, often frame doors are made specifically for this type of canopy. However, I know one office that makes custom-made doors from precious woods, and it’s rare for them to have a door that costs less than $ 1-2 thousand, nevertheless, they are happy to use screw-in canopies and the entire door manufacturing technology has been sharpened for them. As for me, good wooden doors with panels, engraving, patination, carving and other bells and whistles look unnatural on such canopies, but they don’t argue about tastes.
7. Hidden loops.
For those who do not want to see any parts of the door hinges at all when the door is closed, and for the hinges described in paragraphs 2-7, the pivot axes of the hinges are visible even when closed, hidden or hidden hinges have been invented. Such loops have the most complex structure, since they have at least three rotary axes. Models hidden loops a lot, hidden loops can look something like this:
Figure 11. Type of hidden (hidden) loops.
1 - Central rotary axis.
2 - Fixed rotary axes (not visible in the figure).
The advantage of such loops is that closed doors the loops are practically invisible and, again, you don’t need to puzzle over the right and left loops, all the loops are universal. The main disadvantages: both the frame and the door leaf are weakened when inserting the hinges and therefore must be of sufficient size to install the hinges; to make grooves for the loops neatly, a milling cutter is needed; hinges that have adjustment in three planes are quite expensive up to $ 50-70 for one hinge, but three hinges may be needed for a heavy door.
All other hinges or canopies and other ingenious door fastening systems are related to windows, furniture, plastic, aluminum or glass doors and therefore are not considered in this article.
Door hinges are a mechanism designed to fasten the door leaf in the frame.
The reliable and thought-out design of door hinges is a guarantee of high-quality work of a door. Traditional door hinges are called card hinges.
The main feature that guides when choosing door hinges
First and main feature The choice of door hinges does not mean their aesthetic properties and quality characteristics, but the method of opening the door. There are two main types of door hinges, these are: right and left.
To correctly determine which hinges are needed, you need to stand in front of the door, its opening should take place “on you”, the door hinges right hand- right, respectively, from the opposite left side - left.
Universal canopies for interior doors
There are universal door hinges, their use is possible with doors of almost any plan, regardless of the method of opening. They have a significant drawback, the universal hinges are an inseparable structure, so if you need to bring bulky furniture into the room, they will have to be removed.
Ordinary standard card hinges look like a detachable design, so removing the door from the hinges is not a big deal. Their main advantage is easy installation.
Read also: Facing brick: General characteristics, kinds facing brick with photo, tips for choosing
Butterfly door hinges
There is a new device universal loops the so-called butterfly hinges, one half of which is fixed on the door leaf and looks like the wing of this very butterfly, in the other half there is a cutout that follows the contours of this very wing.
The disadvantage of some models of such hinges is that they may play under the weight of the door, so it is advisable to use cardboard linings to install them.
The displacement of the loops can occur due to the low coefficient of friction of the metal plate about laminated film. Alternatively, you can use universal glue"Moment", the layer of glue unloads the screws, which are weakly held in the chipboard, so the main load falls on the glue.
Such loops are of a universal type and are attached without a tie-in, they are overhead.
Bearing door hinges
To improve their operational properties, modern door hinges are supplemented with journal bearings, or hidden rolling bearings hidden inside the hinge. The bearing balls are made of hardened steel.
Plain bearings are characterized by increased strength performance, they also help to get rid of unpleasant door creak. They are not recommended for lightweight doors, the friction for them will be low, so spontaneous opening may occur.
Alternatively, anti-squeak rings can be used instead of bearings.
To improve the aesthetic qualities, many door hinges are equipped with decorative caps, in addition, they perform a protective function of the mechanism, protecting it and the sliding bearing located at the beginning of the hinge from dust getting inside.
Read also: Bakelite plywood: characteristics, scope
Drop-shaped door hinges
In addition to the standard door hinges that have become traditional, teardrop-shaped door hinges have been developed. They have special form: support bearing in their design serves to prevent abrasion working surface, helps to improve the operation of the door, is characterized by long operational qualities and long working hours. For any type of door, it is recommended to use three bearings.
The correct and uniform arrangement of the door hinges contributes to a long service life, and also depends on the weight of the door. For a door leaf weighing up to 25 kg, 2 hinges are enough, for a weight of 25 - 40 kg, 3 hinges are required, for doors up to 60 kg, at least 4 hinges are used.
Features of door hinges depending on the material of manufacture
The material of door hinges is mainly ordinary and stainless steel and brass. Steel hinges are made by stamping, brass - by casting.
Brass is ductile, so when cast, an elegant, stylish product is obtained. In addition, brass hinges have high quality galvanic processing.
Stainless steel hinges
This kind of door hinge has all the properties of ordinary steel hinges, such as strength, wear resistance and hardness, such hinges are superior to brass hinges in their elegance.
