The participle is a special form of the verb. What is a short communion, a full communion? How to make a morphological analysis of the sacrament
In Russian lessons, we all studied the sacrament. However, linguists still do not have a common opinion about what a participle is. Some consider it a special form of the verb, others define the participle as an independent part of speech. Let's try to figure out what the sacrament is: the Russian language and its answers.
Participle Definition
Conventionally, a participle is called a special form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object or object by action, and answers the questions: which ?, which ?, which ?, which ?. In addition, the participle combines the features of both a verb and an adjective.
Participle and adjective
Participles have a lot in common with adjectives. Participles decline - agree with the noun in gender, number, case. The initial participle form has the same characteristics - masculine, singular, nominative. For example, reflective, coloring, flying. Participles, like adjectives, have a short form.
Brief Communion
What is a short participle is another question that linguists ask when arguing that it is an adjective or a special part of speech. One way or another, the modern Russian language distinguishes two forms of participle - short and full. A short participle answers the questions: what is done?, what is done?, what is done?, what is done?.
For example, spilled - spilled, lost - lost. In a sentence, short participles are always a predicate: "the shop has been closed for several hours."
Short participles are formed from the full form by adding a zero ending, as well as the endings "a", "o" and "s". For example, built - built; beveled - bevelled.
Participle and verb
The participle has common morphological properties with verbs - reflexivity, transitivity, aspect and time. Moreover, unlike the verb, the participle does not have the forms of the future tense. But the forms of the present tense are only participles, which are formed from verbs of an imperfect form. For example, sit - sitting.
The most difficult moments are connected with the question of what the past participle is, namely with their formation. You must remember the following rules:
- The real past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes "vsh" or "sh", as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, hide - hidden; endure - endured.
- Passive past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes "nn", "enn" and "t", as well as adjective endings. For example, do - done; contribute - contributed; shoe - shod.
Participle in a sentence
In a sentence, participles are a definition, less often a part of a compound nominal predicate. Participles with dependent words: nouns, adverbs or adjectives - form participle turnover. In a sentence, he, as a rule, is separated by commas: “a dog that ran along the road”
There are two types of participles: active and passive.
What is a passive participle
Passive participles denote a sign that is present in an object after the impact of another object or object. For example, a problem solved by a student is a problem that a student solved; lost fight by a boxer - a fight that a boxer lost.
What is a real sacrament
Real participles denote a sign that is created by the actions of the object or object itself. For example, a suffering man is a man who suffers; a running horse is a horse that runs.
It is worth remembering that the participle can be translated into an adjective or a verb with dependent words. For example, a lying boy is a boy who was lying; a tried friend is a true friend. Sometimes a short adjective can be formed from participles: a bewitching smile - a bewitching smile.
What is communion in church
The word "communion" can mean not only part of speech, but also the church rite of communion or the Eucharist.
During this rite, the believer must taste wine and bread, which symbolizes the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Communion or communion is carried out to enter into close contact with God, which gives a blessing.
At different times they took communion a different number of times. In the Middle Ages, Christians observed the Eucharist every day, and since the 19th century, this rite has been performed twice in a lifetime - after birth and before death.
The aspect meaning of participles is the result of their formation from verbs of both kinds, and not the fact of their own formation, therefore, in passive participles of the past tense, aspect oppositions are irregular.
As already noted, the aspect category has a significant impact on the process of participle formation, "allowing" or "prohibiting" the formation of present tense forms. Passive past participles are formed mainly from the verbs SV : cook - welded, read - read . NSV forms of such participles are unproductive: read - read, wash - washed.
The category of participle time is not related to the categories of mood and person and is not predicative. The regularity of temporary oppositions is observed only in real participles, since in passive participles the past tense form is rarely formed from NSV verbs, which was noted above.
The category of voice in participles has some features: for passive forms, only a passive voice is possible, real participles can have the meanings of both active and passive voice: Writer,who wrote book for several years, finished his work(active voice) - Book,written several years, finished(passive voice). Real participles expressing the meaning of the passive voice are necessarily participles with a postfix -sya, formed from NSV verbs. They are usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not formed or is of little use.
§ 5. Full and short forms of participles.
Real participles have only the full form. Short forms form passive participles, and for present participles they are less typical, often obsolete and are found mainly in book speech: For birthdaycookable there were surprises: some kind of beaded case for a toothpick (G.). Short forms from the past participles CB, on the contrary, are quite frequent: Quiet lake in the early morning, everything is covered with seedsblooming trees and grasses (Prishv.). Short forms are formed from full ones by cutting off adjective endings and adding endings characteristic of a short adjective: zero, -a, -o,-s: read, read, read, read .
Short participial forms have semantic and grammatical features compared to full ones:
The meaning of short participles is peculiar: they indicate the result in the present of an action that took place in the past: The whole south side of the sky is thickflooded crimson glow(Ch.);
They do not decline, although they did in Old Russian;
They vary by numbers, and in the singular by gender;
Correlate with the NSV verbs of the passive voice, taking the place of the passive form of the verbs CB;
Short participles do not express the meaning of time; the temporal characteristic contains the form of the auxiliary verb " be":was built, will be built, present with zero binding: built. It is the absence of the category of time that gives some linguists reason to say that short forms cannot be considered participles;
Short participles usually act in a sentence as a predicate: Literature has emerged from the laws of decay. She alone does not recognize death (S.-Sch.). Less often, in combination with dependent words, they play the role of a separate definition: Chased by spring rays, snow has already fled from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams to flooded meadows (P.).
The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle precisely as a special verb form, however, many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.
Communion in Russian
The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with pronounced signs of an adjective that answers questions which? doing what? and what did he do? In fact, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time determine its features in a certain period of time. It is this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a common mistake in denoting the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, students confuse the participle with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in a sentence. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of real, passive participles and verbal adjectives.
Similarities of participles with verb and adjective
The participle includes grammatical signs of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfective and imperfective, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or incomplete action. It can take the form of reflexivity and can be active or passive. Like adjectives, there is a full and short participle. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, cases and numbers, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that the participle can only have the present and past tenses. It has no future tense. For example: jumping - imperfect view in the present tense and jumping - perfect view in the past tense.
Participle Features
All participles, depending on what sign they show, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the sign of the object to which the action is directed) and real (indicating the sign of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guiding, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looked; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from the verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From this we can also conclude that the formation of the participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the sacrament is that, together with the words dependent on it, it quite often forms a turnover, which is separated by commas in writing.
Valid participles
To form real participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as the basis and the suffix is added to the first conjugation -usch-, -yusch-, and to the second -ash-, -ash-. For example: jump - galloping, treat - treating. To form a real participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -ti- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: go - riding, carry - carried.
Passive participles
Passive participles are also formed as a result of the replacement of suffixes. To form the present tense for the first conjugation of verbs, suffixes are used -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, store - stored. In order to get the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use the suffix -enn-. For example: dye - dyed, whiten - bleached. If the end of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to get the participle use the suffix -t-. For example: inflate - inflated, smack - ripped.
Short and full communion
Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as the short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in numbers and gender, but do not decline in cases. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I am not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as hell. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both an adjective and a verb, and in a sentence they are always a definition.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words to themselves, while forming turns, which have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal attributes and has become an adjective, which depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, tense strings, high spirits. Given this possibility of the participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.
Scheme of morphological parsing of the sacrament
Although the participle is not distinguished into a separate independent part of speech, but only they say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, nevertheless, morphological analysis is carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is a participle. Further, its morphological features are described: the initial form is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine and singular; describe permanent signs, which include the following indicators: real participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in the sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-permanent signs: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in the sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).
In the lesson, you will learn more about the concept of “participle voice”, consider the differences between the active and passive voice (semantic and grammatical). During the lesson, pay special attention to the suffixes with which participles are formed.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Active and passive participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises number 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise: write out phrases with participles, mark the suffixes of participles, determine the pledge of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Seen from afar 3. Towering building 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Remaining in memory 7. Terrifying sight 8. Trembling 9. Respectful 10. Passionate tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
For others.
Interpretations of participles are different. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Do not be surprised, therefore, if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. Deciding which point of view to follow depends on the answers to some questions:
- How many parts of speech are distinguished in Russian?
- What form: the indefinite form of the verb or participle in the form of m.r. unit I.p. - consider the initial form?
- What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does the verb have?
- Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
- Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the philological faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
- Because he considers this position not only scientifically sound and consistent with common sense and a broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for children.
My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant for many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that the children easily, automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the spelling of the suffixes of the present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verbal stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from the 6th grade to the 11th. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises in the course of learning, will contribute to the development of the child, the awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, the originality of the verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are easier to orient themselves in distinguishing between participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, it is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study of foreign languages (attributing participles to verb forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, such as English.
§2. General characteristics of the sacrament
1. Meaning: sign of the object by action. Questions: what? doing what? what did he do? what did he do?
2. Morphological features: Features of the morphological form: participles have the features of both a verb and an adjective.
- Constant (immutable) features are the features of the verb:
- type: SV and NSV,
- transitivity,
- recurrence,
- tense (present and past)
- pledge.
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
- number,
- case,
- fullness-brevity (for passive participles).
3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are either a definition or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.
More:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of the adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.
§3. Participle forms
Participles are: real and passive.
What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes a sign of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the sign of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any sign, but only one that in a real situation is associated with an action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items are subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:
1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is performed on the object by some producer of the action.
Valid participles
If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called valid. Examples:
Boy sitting on the windowsill...
defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sits)
Girl talking on the phone...
defined word girl, definition chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)
Passive participles
If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:
Dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.
Defined word dishes, the definition of dishwasher-washed (dishes didn't wash themselves, someone else did).
Essay, what I wrote last week is lost.
Defined word essay, definition written by me last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).
Passive participles have a full and short form.
§4. Full - short form of passive participles
Varieties of tulips bred in Holland are highly valued all over the world.
bred- full form
These varieties of tulips are bred in Holland.
withdrawn- short form
The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by numbers, by gender (in the singular), and by cases. Examples:
Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, called Edith Piaf.
bred- unit, m.r., I.p.
We are living in the country occupying one sixth of the land.
occupying- sing., w.r., p.p.
Our Houses, located in the neighborhood, were not at all similar.
located- pl., I.p.
Short forms change in numbers and in singular. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:
The book was written and submitted to the publisher.
The novel has been written and has already been published.
The essay was written and published in a magazine.
Letters written and sent.
§5. Participle formation
Different verbs have a different number of participial forms. It depends on the form and transitivity of the verb.
NSV transitive verbs have 4 forms of participles:
reading,
reading
3) passive participle of the present tense: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of both the past and the present tense are possible.
Transitive verbs ST have 2 forms of participles:
1) real past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy ST. Present tense forms from CB verbs are not possible.
Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:
1) real participle of the present tense: walking,
2) real past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of the past and present tense are possible.
Intransitive verbs ST have a single participle form:
real past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.
Attention:
Past participles are possible from CB verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. Participles do not have a future tense.
From transitive verbs, forms of both real and passive participles can be formed. From intransitive - only real participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.
Exceptions:
- some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, hand-written, sewn, swept- forms of passive participles of the past tense;
- some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. beloved, desired- forms of passive participles of the present tense;
- from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.
Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesov. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.
For the spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling participles.
§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives
Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if the object is involved in the action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: type, time.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent sign: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.
1. Full form
one). The word in full form with suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:
- verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
- participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words with it: bought newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid July- dependent words)
2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:
- verbal adjective, if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn down- intransitive gl.), conceivable (from think- intransitive gl.), unfading (from fade- intransitive gl.);
- participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: declined (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.
2. Short form
In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung., The linen was washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung.
In short adjectives, the sign is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. I.e her these characteristics are common. Can't add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive construct.
§7. Participial
A participial turnover is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.
Do not confuse:
The dependent word and the defined word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle belongs, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that propagates the participle. Its form depends on the form of the sacrament.
Fog, which fell on the river at night, dissipated during the day.
Defined word - fog. Participle - drooping, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(which?) drooping- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: drooping(for what?) to the river- V.p.
Participial - descended on the river at night.
test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent participle features?
Is it correct to assume that participles change like adjectives?
What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?
- Defined word
- dependent word
What participles do not have short forms?
- Valid
- In the suffering
- Everyone has
How do short forms of participle change?
- By cases
How do the full forms of the participle change?
- By cases
- By numbers and in the singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
What determines how many participial forms do different verbs have?
- From recurrence of verbs
- From verb conjugation
What verbs have all 4 forms of participles: real present tense, real past tense, passive present tense, passive past tense?
- Transitional NAFs
- Transitional SW
Which verbs have only 1 participle form: real past tense?
- Intransitive NSV
- Intransitive SW
- Transitional NSV
- Transitional SW
How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs CB?
How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs NSV?
Right answers:
- dependent word
- Valid
- By numbers and in the singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
- From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
- Transitional NAFs
- Intransitive SW
- A16. Vowels in personal verb endings and participle suffixes
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