Types of heat pump installations. Possibilities of application of ring systems

Become less profitable and lose their relevance. Combustion of gas or liquid fuels in boilers weighs down the budget like never before. Significant savings can be achieved by using heat pumps for home heating. They are based on the principle of consuming free natural energy, which is everywhere. It only needs to be taken.

Investment efficiency

Liquefied gas and diesel fuel cannot compete with heat pumps either in terms of running costs or operating comfort. Use for heating solid fuel difficult to automate and labor intensive. Electricity is a comfortable, but expensive form of energy. To connect an electric boiler, you need a separate powerful line. Until now, in domestic conditions, natural gas has remained the most in demand and comfortable view fuel. But it has a number of disadvantages:

1. Issuance of permits.
2. Coordination of the project in the regulatory authorities and with neighbors.
3. Part of the tie-in and connection operations can only be performed by authorized organizations.
4. Periodic verification of the meter.
5. Limited network distribution and remoteness of connection points.
6. High costs for laying the supply line.
7. Gas-using equipment is a source of potential threat and requires regulated control.

A significant disadvantage heat pump only high capital investments at the stage of equipment procurement and installation can be considered. The price of a standard heating system based on a heat pump with a geothermal heat exchanger consists of the cost of the drillers and specific equipment with installation. The kit includes:

• set of probes;
• propylene glycol;
• boiler indirect heating for hot water;
• set pumping equipment and automation.

The work is carried out by qualified personnel professional tool. The slightly higher upfront cost is balanced by significant benefits:

1. The heat pump installation is very economical, which allows you to recoup the additional costs in just a few seasons.
2. There are ample opportunities for implementing flexible automated control with a minimum of maintenance.
3. Comfort of use.
4. Good suitability for residential installations thanks to its aesthetic and modern design.
5. Cooling of premises based on the same set of equipment.
6. When working for cooling, in addition to the active mode of operation, it is possible to use the reduced temperature of natural water and soil to implement a passive mode without unnecessary energy costs.
7. The low power of the equipment does not require the laying of a large cross-section power cable.
8. No need for permits.
9. Possibility of using the existing wiring of heating devices.

For the production of 1 kW of thermal power, it is enough to spend no more than 250 watts. For heating a private household for 1 sq.m. area consumes only about 25 W / h. And that's with hot water. You can further increase energy efficiency by improving the thermal insulation of your home.

How it works

The heat pump, the principle of operation of which is based on the Carnot cycle, consumes energy not for heating the coolant, but for pumping external heat. The technology is not new. Heat pumps have been working in our homes as part of refrigerators for decades. In the refrigerator, the heat from the chamber moves to the outside. In the latest heating installations, the reverse process is implemented. Despite the low temperature outside, there is plenty of energy there.

It becomes possible to take heat from a colder body and give it to a hotter one, thanks to the property of a substance to consume energy during evaporation and release it during condensation, as well as increase its temperature as a result of compression. The necessary conditions for boiling and evaporation are created by changing the pressure. Freon is used as a working fluid with a low boiling point.

In a heat pump, transformations occur in 4 stages:

1. Cooled below the ambient temperature, the liquid working fluid circulates through the coil in contact with it. The liquid heats up and evaporates.
2. The gas is compressed by the compressor, causing its temperature to be exceeded.
3. In the colder inner coil, condensation occurs with the release of heat.
4. The liquid is bypassed through a throttling device to maintain a pressure difference between the condenser and the evaporator.

Practical implementation

Direct contact of the evaporator and condenser with external and internal environment oh is not typical for heating systems based on heat pumps. Energy transfer takes place in heat exchangers. The coolant pumped through the external circuit gives off heat to the cold evaporator. The hot condenser passes it on to the home's heating system.

The efficiency of such a scheme strongly depends on the temperature difference between the external and internal environments. The smaller it is, the better. Therefore, heat is rarely taken from the outside air, the temperature of which can be very low.

According to the place of energy intake, installations of the following types are distinguished:

• "ground-water";
• "water-water";
• "air-water".

As a heat carrier in ground and water systems, safe antifreeze liquids. It could be propylene glycol. The use of ethylene glycol for such purposes is not allowed, since if the system is depressurized, it will cause poisoning of soils or aquifers.

Ground-water installations

Already at a shallow depth, the temperature of the soil depends little on weather conditions, so the soil is an effective external environment. Below 5 meters, the conditions do not change at any time of the year. There are 2 types of installations:

• surface;
• geothermal.

In the first, extended trenches are dug on the site to a depth below the freezing level. They are laid out in rings plastic pipes solid section and covered with earth.

AT geothermal systems heat exchange occurs at depth, in wells. High and constant temperatures in the depths of the earth give a good economic effect. On the site, wells are drilled with a depth of 50 to 100 m in the required quantity according to the calculation. For some buildings, 1 well may be enough, for others, 5 will not be enough. Heat exchange probes are lowered into the well.

Water-to-water installations

Such systems use the energy of water that does not freeze in winter at the bottom of rivers and lakes or groundwater. There are 2 types of water installations depending on the place of heat exchange:

• in a pond;
• on the evaporator.

The first option is the least expensive in terms of capital investments. The pipeline simply sinks to the bottom of a nearby body of water and is secured against resurfacing. The second is used in the absence of water bodies in the immediate vicinity. 2 wells are being drilled: supply and receiving. From the first, water is pumped to the second through a heat exchanger.

Air-to-water installations

The air heat exchanger is installed simply next to the house or on the roof. Outside air is pumped through it. Such systems are less efficient, but cheap. Installation in lee places helps to improve performance.

Self-assembly of the system

With a strong desire, you can try to install a heat pump with your own hands. A powerful freon compressor is purchased, bay copper pipes, heat exchangers and other consumables. But there are many subtleties in this work. They consist not so much in fulfillment installation work, how much in the correct calculation, tuning and balancing of the system.

It is enough to unsuccessfully pick up a freon line so that the liquid that gets into the compressor instantly disables it. Difficulties may also arise with the implementation automatic regulation system performance.

Usage: in installations for heating and cooling rooms with permanent ventilation. The essence of the invention heat pump installation contains a heat exchanger 1, an evaporator 4, an injector-absorber 6, a pressure-separating tank 9 and liquid pump 7. The evaporator 4 and the injector-absorber 6 are connected by at least one capillary 5. The evaporator 4 is made of three cavities and filled with a porous body 16. 5 c.p. f-ly, 2 ill.

The invention relates to heat pump installations based on absorption units, in particular to installations for heating and cooling rooms with permanent ventilation. The operation of all heat pumps is based on the thermodynamic state and the parameters that determine this state: temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy and entropy. All heat pumps work by supplying heat isothermally at low temperatures and isometrically dissipating at high temperatures. Compression and expansion is performed at constant entropy, and the work is done from an external engine. A heat pump can be described as a heat multiplier that uses low-grade heat from various heat-producing media such as ambient air, soil, groundwater, wastewater, etc. Currently, there are many different heat pumps with different working fluids. This diversity is caused by the existing restrictions on the use of one or another type of heat pump, which are imposed not only by technical problems, but also by the laws of nature. The most common are pumps with mechanical vapor compression, followed by absorption cycle and double Rankine cycle pumps. Pumps with mechanical compression are not widely used due to the need for dry steam, which is caused by the mechanics of most compressors. The ingress of liquid along with steam to the compressor inlet can damage its valves, and the flow of a large amount of liquid into the compressor can generally disable it. The most widely used pumps are absorption type. Work process absorption plants is based on the sequential implementation of thermochemical reactions of absorption of the working agent by the absorbent, and then the release (desorption) of the absorbent from the working agent. As a rule, the working agent in absorption plants is water or other solutions that can be absorbed by the absorbent; compounds and solutions that easily absorb the working fluid can be used as absorbents: ammonia (NH 3), sulfuric anhydrite (SO 2), carbon dioxide (CO 2), caustic soda (NaOH), caustic potash (KOH), calcium chloride (CACl 2), etc. Known, for example, heat pump installation (ed. St. USSR N 1270499, class F 25 B 15/02, 29/00, 1986), containing absorption refrigeration unit with a refrigerant circuit, a condenser, a subcooler, an evaporator, a dephlegmator and a regenerative heat exchanger, as well as a heating water circuit passing through the condenser, a ventilation air line passing sequentially through the absorber and subcooler, the heating water circuit is made closed and a dephlegmator is additionally included in it. The plant additionally contains a two-cavity heat exchanger - subcooler, which is connected by one cavity to the refrigerant circuit between the subcooler and the evaporator, and the other - to the ventilation air line in front of the absorber. The described installation is cumbersome and metal-intensive, as it has components and systems operating at elevated pressure. In addition, achieving high energy indicators in a known installation, ammonia and its aqueous solutions, which are toxic and corrosive, are used as a coolant. The most efficient heat pump installations are of the absorption-injector type. Known thermal plant(ed. St. USSR N 87623, class F 25 B 15/04, 1949), including an ammonia steam generator (evaporator) filled with a highly concentrated water-ammonia solution, with a coil made of steel pipes, into which low-pressure steam is supplied, which serves to evaporate ammonia, absorbers high pressure(injectors), pumps, tubular heat system, high steam generator, low pressure steam condensate heater, cooler serving as a heater at the same time. The described installation allows you to increase the steam pressure at high value thermal efficiency due to the fact that the absorber of the installation has injectors that serve to increase the pressure obtained in the ammonia steam generator with the help of a lean solution supplied by a pump from the generator. However, in the described installation, aggressive media are used, which requires the use of special materials of high corrosion resistance. This greatly increases the cost of installation. The aim of the invention is to create a simplified, environmentally friendly, economical installation with high energy performance. This problem is solved by the fact that a heat pump installation containing a heat exchanger, an evaporator, an injector-absorber, a liquid pump, a pressure-separating tank, an evaporator and an injector-absorber, which, according to the invention, are interconnected by at least one capillary, and the evaporator is made of three-cavity, one cavity of which is connected to the heat exchanger by a ventilation air line, the other is filled with a coolant, separated by a vacuum cavity connected to an injector-absorber, and the evaporator contains a porous body placed simultaneously in all these cavities. The design of the connection between the evaporator and the injector-absorber in the form of a thermodynamically discontinuous system connected by at least one capillary makes it possible to conduct the process of obtaining heat in a region far from thermodynamic equilibrium, which significantly intensifies heat and mass transfer in the system under consideration. It is possible to connect the evaporator and the injector-absorber with several capillaries. This will enhance the effect of heat and mass transfer in the system under consideration. The execution of the evaporator with three independent, separated cavities and with a porous body placed simultaneously in all three cavities allows the formation of a developed mass transfer surface between the coolant and air (approximately 100-10000 cm 2 in 1 cm 3), due to which intensive evaporation of the coolant and saturation of the air with it, accompanied by a large absorption of heat coming from the heat-generating medium. It is advisable that the capillary has a diameter equal to the mean free path of the coolant molecules in the vapor phase at a residual pressure created by the injector-absorber and a temperature equal to the temperature of the liquid coolant, and a length equal to 10-10 5 diameters of the capillary. This ensures intensive mass transfer of the coolant in the direction only from the evaporator to the injector-absorber. It is advisable to make a porous body from two types of pores, the surface of some of which is wetted, while others are not wetted by the coolant. In this case, the porous body is simultaneously permeable to liquid and air and will allow the formation of a more developed mass transfer surface between the coolant and air inside the porous body. This greatly intensifies the evaporation process. The evaporation rate in the evaporator of the porous body structure described above reaches a value close to the evaporation rate in absolute vacuum. It is advisable to bring to the evaporator at least one heat pipe, one end of which is placed in a porous body, and the other in a heat-generating medium, for example, in the ground. This will intensify the heat exchange between the evaporator and the heat-generating medium. The branch pipe for the outlet of the gas-steam mixture of the pressure-separating tank can be connected to a heat exchanger, which is simultaneously in the described installation and a condenser. This will provide heating and, consequently, a decrease in the humidity of the ventilation air sucked into the evaporator from environment , thereby intensifying the process of evaporation of the coolant in the evaporator. It is advisable to connect the pressure-separating tank to a heat exchanger, which is simultaneously a condenser in the described installation. This will provide heating and, consequently, a decrease in the humidity of the ventilation air sucked into the evaporator from the environment, thereby intensifying the process of the coolant evaporator in the evaporator. The evaporator cavity filled with heat carrier can be connected to the heat exchanger by a heat carrier condensate line. This will avoid losses of the coolant with the vapor-gas mixture separated in the pressure-separating tank and ensure constant replenishment of the coolant in the evaporator. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the proposed heat pump installation; figure 2 the evaporator placed in it a porous body and a heat pipe. The inventive heat pump installation contains a heat exchanger 1 (figure 1) with nozzles 2, 3, respectively, for supplying ventilation air and an air-steam mixture, an evaporator 4 connected to the heat exchanger 1 by a gas-liquid line 5, which is two separate pipes, and with an injector-absorber with a capillary 7 connected to the suction line of the injector-absorber. The capillary must have a diameter equal to the mean free path of the coolant molecules in the vapor phase at the residual pressure created in the injector-absorber 6 and a temperature equal to the temperature of the liquid coolant. The length of the capillary line should be 10-10 5 of the capillary diameter. The injector-absorber 6 is installed on the pressure line of the liquid pump 8 and is connected to the pressure-separating tank 9, filled to 2/3 of its volume with a liquid heat carrier. The pressure-separating tank is connected by line 10 to heat exchanger 1 through branch pipe 3 and line 2, designed to remove the liquid heat carrier, with heating devices 12, which are connected to the suction line of liquid pump 7. Evaporator 4 is made of three independent cavities 13, 14 and 15 ( figure 2). The cavity 13 is connected to the air supply pipe from the heat exchanger. The cavity 15 is filled with a liquid heat carrier and is connected to the heat carrier condensate supply pipe from the heat exchanger 1, which is also a heat carrier vapor condenser. This makes it possible to avoid losses of the coolant with the gas-vapor mixture, which is separated from the liquid coolant in the pressure-separating tank 9. The cavity 14 is connected by means of a capillary line 7 to the suction line of the injector-absorber 6, inside the evaporator 4 there is a porous body 16, made in the form of a thick-walled a cylinder containing two types of pores - the surface of one type of pores is well wetted by the coolant, the surface of the other type of pores is not wetted by the coolant, but is permeable to air. The material for the porous body is selected depending on the coolant, which can be any non-aggressive liquid with a boiling point at a pressure of 1 atm not higher than 150 o C, for example, water, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons and their mixtures, consisting of two, three or more components, mutually soluble. The coolant is chosen depending on which room is required to be heated by the installation, on climatic conditions and other factors. The porous body 16 is placed inside the evaporator in such a way that its surfaces are in contact with all three of these cavities. To the evaporator 4 summed up the heat pipe 17, one end of which is placed in the porous body 16, and the other in a heat-generating medium, such as soil. There can be several heat pipes, which will increase the supply of heat from the heat-containing medium to the evaporator and thereby enhance the process of evaporation of the coolant. The heat pump plant is running in the following way. The air from the atmosphere through the pipe 3 of the air supply due to the rarefaction created by the injector-absorber in the evaporator 4 is sucked into the heat exchanger 1 and through the gas-liquid line 5 through the air pipe enters the chamber 13 of the evaporator 4. Inside the porous body 16, the heat carrier intensively evaporates and saturates it air vapor. In this case, the heat of the heat-generating medium, such as soil, is absorbed, which is supplied to the evaporator through heat pipes 17. The evaporation rate of the heat carrier inside the porous body reaches a value comparable to the evaporation rate in absolute vacuum of 0.3 g/cm 3 s, which corresponds to heat flow 0.75 W/cm 2 porous body. The air saturated with coolant vapor is sucked into the injector-absorber 6 through capillary 7, and the coolant is supplied here by a liquid pump 8 from heating devices 12 under pressure and mixed with the vapor-air mixture, forming an emulsion, which is air bubbles and coolant. In this case, vaporous moisture is absorbed by the liquid with the release of heat equivalent to the heat absorbed in the evaporator. The released heat is used to heat the coolant. The emulsion formed in the injector-absorber 6 enters the pressure-separating tank 9, where it is separated into an air-steam mixture and a heat-transfer fluid. From the pressure-separating tank 9, the heated coolant flows by gravity into the heating devices 12 and again to the suction line of the liquid pump 8, thus completing the cycle of the liquid coolant. The air-steam mixture from the pressure-separating tank 9 through line 10, due to a small excess pressure created in the pressure-separating tank 9, enters the heat exchanger 1 through the pipe 3. In the heat exchanger 1, the sucked atmospheric air is heated and the heat carrier vapors are condensed, which are separately enter the evaporator 4. Thus, the inventive heat pump installation has high energy characteristics, without the use of aggressive, environmentally harmful coolants, which makes it safe to operate. Water can be used as a heat carrier. To heat rooms, buildings in harsh climatic conditions, the evaporator can be filled with a low-boiling coolant for more intensive evaporation, and water can be passed through the heating system. For heating, for example, garages, when not required even in winter time constant heating, it is advisable to use alcohols or solutions with a low freezing point as a coolant, which will prevent the system from freezing during the shutdown of the unit. The use of non-aggressive heating fluids eliminates the need to use special materials and alloys in the manufacture of the unit. Some units of the installation, such as a pressure-separating tank, connecting pipelines can be made of plastics, rubber and other non-metallic materials, which will significantly reduce the metal consumption. The installation is technically simple in execution and operation, does not require large energy costs. The heat generating unit is compact and can be placed in a small area and can be used both for heating large rooms, buildings, and small buildings, as well as garages, and when working in a refrigeration cycle to cool basements in the summer. The possibility of a wide choice of the type of heat carrier allows the use of the unit in any climatic conditions. All this determines the low cost of the installation, the safety of its operation and accessibility for a large number consumers.

Claim

1. A heat pump unit containing a heat exchanger, an evaporator, an injector-absorber, a liquid pump, a pressure-separating tank, characterized in that the unit is equipped with a ventilation air line, at least one capillary and a porous body, and the evaporator is made three-cavity, one cavity of which is connected with a heat exchanger by a ventilation air line, the other is filled with a coolant and the third evacuated cavity is connected to an injector-absorber, while the porous body is placed in all three cavities, and the evaporator and the injector-absorber are interconnected by at least one capillary. 2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the capillary has a diameter equal to the free path of the coolant molecules in the vapor phase at a residual pressure created in the injector-absorber and a temperature equal to the ambient temperature, and the length of the capillary is 10 10 5 its diameter. 3. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the porous body is formed by two types of pores, the surface of some of which is wetted, while others are not wetted by the coolant. 4. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one heat pipe is connected to the evaporator, one end of which is placed in a porous body, and the other in a heat-generating medium. 5. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the pressure-separating tank is connected to a heat exchanger. 6. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is provided with a coolant condensate line, through which the evaporator cavity filled with coolant is connected to the heat exchanger.

Over the past year, heat pumps have occupied their niche in the Russian climate market, among other popular technologies. Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of heat pump installations (HPU) took place both on the pages of the industry press, and at thematic conferences and round tables. A lot of information has recently appeared about heat pumps - both in the Russian-language Internet and in specialized media. However, there are still very few publications on integrated heat pump systems. The purpose of this article is to somewhat fill this gap, to summarize some of the questions that arise in specialists when they first get acquainted with ring heat transfer systems, and to briefly answer them.

So, it is known about heat pumps that this is climatic equipment capable of utilizing the heat of the environment, using a compressor to raise the temperature of the coolant to the desired level and transfer this heat to where it is needed.

It is almost always possible to extract heat from the environment. After all, "cold water" is a subjective concept, based on our feelings. Even the coldest river water contains some heat. But it is known that heat passes only from a hotter body to a colder one. Heat can be forcibly directed from a cold body to a warm one, then the cold body will cool down even more, and the warm one will heat up. Using a heat pump, which "pumps out" heat from the air, river water or earth, lowering their temperature even more, it is possible to heat the building. In the classical case, it is considered that, spending 1 kW of electricity on operation, HPI can produce from 3 to 6 kW of thermal energy. In practice, this means that the power of two or three household light bulbs in winter can heat a medium-sized living room. In summer, by operating in reverse mode, the heat pump can cool the air in the rooms of the building. The heat from the building will be removed by being absorbed by the atmosphere, river or earth.

Currently, there is a huge variety of heat pump installations, which allows them to be widely used in industry, agriculture, in housing and communal services. As an example of the use of HPP, at the end of the article we will consider two projects - one of them is the project of a large-scale ring system implemented in Krasnodar Territory, the second is a small construction project in the Moscow region.

What are heat pumps?

Heat pumps come in a variety of heat outputs ranging from a few kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts. They can work with various sources heat in different states of aggregation. In this regard, they can be divided into the following types: water-water, water-air, air-water, air-air. Heat pumps are produced that are designed to work with sources of low-grade heat of various temperatures, up to negative. They can be used as a receiver of high potential heat requiring different temperature even above 1000C. Depending on this, heat pumps can be divided into low temperature, medium temperature and high temperature.

Heat pumps also differ in terms of technical device. In this regard, two directions can be distinguished: vapor compression and absorption HPP. Heat pumps can also use other types of energy for their work, in addition to electricity, for example, they can run on different types of fuel.

Various combinations of types of sources of low-grade heat and receivers of high-grade heat give a wide variety of types of heat pumps. Here are some examples:

• HPP, using the heat of groundwater for heating;
• HPP, using the heat of a natural reservoir for hot water supply;
• HPU - air conditioner using sea water as a source and receiver of heat;
• HPI - air conditioner using outside air as a source and receiver of heat;
• HPI for heating the water of the swimming pool, using the heat of the outside air;
• HPP, utilizing wastewater heat in the heat supply system;
• HPP, utilizing the heat of engineering and technical equipment in the heat supply system;
• HPP for cooling milk and at the same time heating water for hot water supply on dairy farms;
• HPP for heat recovery from technological processes in the primary heating of the supply air.

A wide variety of heat pump equipment is mass-produced, but heat pumps can also be manufactured according to special projects. There are experimental installations, pilot samples, as well as many theoretical developments.

If the facility provides for the use of several heat pumps, which will be designed to produce both heat and cold, their efficiency will increase many times if they are combined into a single system. These are the so-called ring heat pump systems (KHNS). Such systems are expedient to use on average and large objects.

Ring air conditioning systems

These systems are based on water-air heat pumps that perform the functions of air conditioning in the premises. In the room where air conditioning is provided (or next to it), a heat pump is installed, the power of which is selected in accordance with the parameters of the room, its purpose, the characteristics of the required supply and exhaust ventilation, the possible number of people present, the equipment installed in it and other criteria. All HPPs are reversible, that is, they are designed for both cooling and heating air. All of them are connected by a common water circuit - pipes in which water circulates. Water is both a source and a receiver of heat for all HPI. The temperature in the circuit can vary from 18 to 320C. Between heat pumps that heat the air and those that cool it, heat is exchanged through a water circuit. Depending on the characteristics of the premises, as well as on the time of year and time of day - in different rooms either heating or cooling may be required. With simultaneous operation in the same building of HPI producing heat and cold, heat is transferred from rooms where it is in excess to rooms where it is not enough. Thus, there is an exchange of heat between the zones, united in a single ring.

In addition to HPP performing the function of air conditioning, HPP for other purposes may also be included in the HPP. If there are sufficient heat requirements at the facility, waste heat can be efficiently utilized through the ring system using HPI. For example, in the presence of an intensive wastewater flow, it makes sense to install a water-to-water HPI, which will allow waste heat to be utilized by means of a HPS. Such a heat pump will be able to extract heat from wastewater, transfer it using a ring circuit, and then use it to heat rooms.

The air removed from the building by exhaust ventilation also contains a large amount of heat. In the absence of a large amount of impurities in the exhaust air that impede the operation of the HPI, it is possible to utilize the heat of the exhaust air by installing an air-to-water HPI. Through CHP this heat can be used by all consumers in the building, which is difficult to achieve using traditional regenerators and recuperators. In addition, the recycling process in this case can be more efficient, since it does not depend on the temperature of the outside air taken in by the supply ventilation, and on the set temperature for heating the air injected into the premises.

In addition, when operating reversible heat pumps in both wastewater and exhaust ventilation, they can be used to remove excess heat from the water circuit during the warm season, and thereby reduce the required capacity of the cooling tower.

In the warm season, with the help of heat pumps, excess heat in the water circuit is utilized through consumers available at the facility. For example, a water-to-water HPI can be connected to the ring system, transferring excess heat to the hot water supply system (DHW). In a facility with a small need for hot water, this heat pump may be enough to fully satisfy them.

If the facility has one or more swimming pools, for example, in health care facilities, rest homes, entertainment complexes and hotels, the pool water can also be heated using a water-to-water heat pump by connecting it to the KTS.

Combination of ring systems with other systems

The ventilation system in buildings using an annular heat pump system must be developed taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of HPPs that condition air. It is obligatory to recirculate air in the amount necessary for the stable operation of these heat pumps, maintaining the set temperature in the room and efficient heat recovery (the exception is those cases where recirculation is undesirable, for example, swimming pool halls, local kitchen hoods). There are some other features in the development of ventilation with CTNS.

However, at the same time, the ring system provides for simpler ventilation systems than with other air conditioning methods. Heat pumps carry out air conditioning directly on site, in the room itself, which eliminates the need to transport the finished air through long, heat-insulated air ducts, as happens, for example, with central air conditioning.

The ring system can fully take over the functions of heating, but joint use with the heating system is not excluded. In this case, a less powerful and technically simpler heating system is used. Such a bivalent system is more suitable for northern latitudes, where more heat is needed for heating, and it will have to be supplied to more from a high potential source. If a building has separate air conditioning and heating systems, these systems often literally interfere with each other, especially during transitional periods. The use of a ring system in conjunction with a heating system does not give rise to such problems, since its operation is completely dependent on the actual state of the microclimate in each individual zone.

At enterprises, ring heat pump systems can be involved in heating or cooling water or air for technological purposes, and these processes will be included in the balance of the general heat supply of the enterprise.

Speaking about traditional heat supply systems, it is difficult to agree with their limited efficiency. Heat is partially used, quickly dissipated into the atmosphere (during heating and ventilation), removed from sewage(through hot water supply, technological processes) and in other ways. It is also good if, for some economy, air-to-air heat exchangers are installed in the ventilation system, or water-to-water heat exchangers for heat recovery, for example, refrigeration units, or some other local heat recovery devices. KTNS, on the other hand, solves this problem in a complex manner, in many cases allowing to make heat recovery more efficient.

Automated control of ring systems

To the dismay of many manufacturers of expensive automation systems, heat pump systems do not require complex automation controls. All regulation here is reduced only to maintaining a certain value of the water temperature in the circuit. In order to prevent water from cooling below the set limit, it is necessary to turn on the additional heater in time. And vice versa, in order not to exceed the upper limit, it is necessary to turn on the cooling tower in a timely manner. Automatic management of this simple process can be implemented using several thermostats. Since the water temperature in the HPS circuit can vary over a fairly wide range (usually from 18 to 320C), there is also no need to use precise control valves.

As for the process of heat transfer from the heat pump to the consumer, it is controlled by the automation built into each heat pump. For example, HPI for air conditioning have a temperature sensor (thermostat) installed directly in the room. This ordinary thermostat is quite enough to control the operation of the HP.

The heat pump fully provides the necessary temperature parameters of the air in the premises, which makes it possible to refuse control dampers in the ventilation system and control valves in the heating system (with a bivalent system). All these circumstances contribute to reducing the cost and increasing the reliability of engineering systems as a whole.

At large facilities, where the ring system includes a large number of heat pumps and where various types of heat pumps are installed (for air conditioning, heat recovery and for technological processes), it often makes sense to implement more complex system automated control, which allows you to optimize the operation of the entire system.

The operation of an annular heat pump system is influenced by the following factors:

• Firstly, the temperature of the water in the circuit. The heat conversion coefficient (COP) depends on it, that is, the ratio of the amount of heat supplied to the consumer to the amount of energy consumed by the heat pump;
• secondly, the outside air temperature;
• thirdly, the operating parameters of the cooling tower. For the same amount of heat removed under different conditions, different amounts of energy consumed by the cooling tower can be expended. This, in turn, also depends on the temperature of the outside air, its humidity, the presence of wind and other conditions;
• fourthly, from the number of employees in this moment in the heat pump system. Here, the total power of the HPI, which take heat from the water circuit, is important in comparison with the power of all HPI, which transfer heat to the circuit, that is, the amount of heat entering the circuit or removed from it.

Good for the kids, good for the budget

Let's move on to the description of projects using ring heat pump systems.

The first project is the reconstruction of a conventional secondary school in the south of Russia. Last summer, the administration Krasnodar Territory implemented this project in Ust-Labinsk (city school No. 2). During the reconstruction, the highest standards were maintained in ensuring sanitary requirements and a comfortable stay for children at school. In particular, a full-fledged climate system was installed in the building, providing zone-by-zone control over temperature, fresh air inflow and humidity.

When implementing this project, engineers, firstly, wanted to ensure the proper level of comfort, individual control in each class. Secondly, it was assumed that the ring system would significantly reduce the cost of heating the school and solve the problem of low water temperature in the heating plant on the school site. The system consists of more than fifty heat pumps manufactured by Climatemaster (USA) and a cooling tower. It receives additional heat from the heating plant of the city. The climate system is under automated control and is able to independently maintain the most comfortable for a person and at the same time economical modes of operation.

The operation of the described system in the winter months gave the following results:

• before modernization (before the installation of heat pumps), the monthly heating costs for 2,500 m2 were 18,440 rubles;
• after the modernization of the building, the heated area increased to 3000 m2, and the monthly heating costs decreased to 9800 rubles.

Thus, the use of heat pumps made it possible to more than halve the cost of heating the building, the heated area of ​​which increased by almost 20%.

Autonomous heat

The problems of cottage construction in the Moscow region today are due to the fact that the infrastructure ( Electricity of the net, water pipes), often prevents the growth of new settlements. Existing transformer substations unable to cope with increased workloads. Constant interruptions in the supply of electricity (accidents at old substations, breaks in dilapidated wires) force consumers to look for ways of autonomous power supply.

In the described project, the engineers were faced with the task of providing a multi-room two-story cottage with an attic with heat and electricity. The total heated area of ​​the house was 200 m2. From the failed communications - artesian water and electricity.

Since the requirement of energy efficiency was put at the forefront, it was decided to install solar panels. 3.5 kW solar photovoltaic modules were purchased and installed right on the site behind the house. According to the calculations of the engineers, this should have been enough to recharge the batteries, which, in turn, would uninterruptedly feed the house and the heating system. The total cost of the system was about $27,000. Given that the received source free electricity, and this article will be crossed out from the family budget, it turns out that the cost of installing a solar battery will pay off in less than 10 years. And if we consider that otherwise we would have to build a substation or live with constant power outages, then the costs can already be considered paid off.

For heating, it was decided to use a geothermal heat pump system. An American water-to-water heat pump was purchased. This type of heat pump produces hot water using heat exchangers, which can be used for hot water supply and heating with radiator batteries. The circuit itself, supplying low-grade heat to the heat pump, was laid directly on the site adjacent to the cottage, at a depth of 2 m. The circuit is polyethylene pipe, with a diameter of 32 mm and a length of 800 m. Installation of a heat pump with installation, supply of equipment and components cost 10,000 US dollars.

Thus, having spent about 40,000 US dollars on organizing his own autonomous energy system, the owner of the cottage excluded the cost of heat supply from his budget and provided reliable autonomous heating.

Possibilities of application of ring systems

From the foregoing, it follows that the possibilities of using an annular heat pump system are unusually wide. They can be used on a wide variety of objects. These are administrative public buildings, medical and recreational institutions, rest houses, entertainment and sports complexes, various industrial enterprises. The systems are so flexible that their application is possible in a variety of cases and in very in large numbers options.

When developing such a system, first of all, it is necessary to assess the needs for heat and cold of the object being designed, to study all possible heat sources inside the building and all prospective heat receivers, to determine heat gains and heat losses. The most suitable heat sources can be used in the ring system if this heat is required. The total capacity of the heat recovery heat pumps should not be needlessly redundant. Under certain conditions, the most profitable option may be the installation of HPP using external environment as a source and receiver of heat. The system must be balanced in terms of heat, but this does not mean at all that the total capacities of heat sources and consumers should be equal, they can differ, since their ratio can change significantly when the operating conditions of the system change.

How to deal with the fire hazard of air ducts

Recently, the number of fires and even explosions inside the air ducts of ventilation and air conditioning systems has sharply increased. Although such fires have always occurred, recent changes have led to much larger fires involving more of people.

Analysis of advanced heat supply systems

This report addresses issues related to the transition of systems district heating to decentralized. Positive and negative sides both systems. The results of the comparison of these systems are presented.

Question 26. Beneficial use of low-potential energy resources. Heat pump installations

Recently there has been real opportunity solve the issues of integrated energy supply in a fundamentally new way industrial enterprises through the use of heat pumps that use low-grade emissions to generate both heat and cold. The simultaneous production of these energy carriers by heat pumps is almost always more efficient than the separate production of heat and cold in traditional plants, since in this case the irreversible losses of the refrigeration cycle are used to generate heat that is given to the consumer.

In heat pump installations, the temperature of the heat sink is equal to or slightly higher than the ambient temperature, and the temperature of the heat receiver is much higher than the ambient temperature, i.e. T n >T about. Heat pumps are devices that transfer energy in the form of heat from a lower to a higher temperature level required for heat supply. The main purpose of these installations is to use the heat of low-potential sources, such as the environment.

Currently, three main groups of heat pumps have been developed and are being used: compression (steam); jet (ejector type); absorption.

Compression heat pumps used for heating individual buildings or groups of buildings, as well as for the heat supply of individual industrial workshops or installations.

Freons are usually used as a working agent in heat pump installations.

Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of an ideal vapor compression heat pump. Available low-potential heat at temperature Tn is supplied to evaporator I. Vapors of the working agent come from the evaporator I to the compressor II in state 1 and are compressed to a pressure pk and the corresponding saturation temperature Tk. In state 2, the compressed vapors of the working agent enter condenser III, where they transfer heat to the heat carrier of the heat supply system. In the condenser, the vapors of the working agent are condensed. From the condenser, the working agent enters in liquid form into the expander IV (a device in which the expansion of the working fluid, produced together with cooling, occurs with the performance of useful work), where the working agent expands from pressure p to pressure p o, accompanied by a decrease in its temperature and heat transfer. From the expander, the working agent enters the evaporator I and the cycle is closed.

The scheme of heat pumps operating in a closed cycle is fundamentally no different from the scheme of steam compression refrigeration units. However, the connection of consumers is carried out in different ways. In refrigeration circuits, the cold consumer is connected to the evaporator, and in heat pump systems, the heat consumer is connected to the condenser.

Heat pumps belong to heat transformation plants, which also include refrigeration ( 120 K), cryogenic ( = 0 ... 120 K) and combined ( , ) plants. All these installations operate according to reverse thermodynamic cycles, in which at a cost external work there is a transfer of thermal energy from bodies with a low temperature (heat sinks) to bodies with a high temperature (heat sinks). But if the function of refrigeration and cryogenic installations is to cool bodies and maintain a low temperature in cold store, i.e. heat removal, the main function of heat pumps is to supply heat to a high-temperature source using low-temperature thermal energy. At the same time, it is advantageous that the amount of high-temperature heat obtained can be several times higher than the work expended.

The heat transformer can operate simultaneously as a refrigeration and heat pump unit; while T n< Т о и Т н >That. Such a process is called combined. In the combined process, heat and cold are generated simultaneously - medium A is cooled and medium B is heated. Thus, in refrigeration units, artificial cooling of bodies is carried out, the temperature of which is lower than the ambient temperature. In heat pump installations, the heat of the environment or other low-potential environments is used for heat supply purposes.

Ideal Carnot cycles for heat transformation units are shown in Fig.5.

The efficiency of refrigeration machines ( - useful effect, the amount of heat taken from a colder coolant) is estimated by the coefficient of performance. For a heat pump, the concept of transformation ratio is used ( - useful effect, the amount of heat given to the heated coolant) or heating coefficient, i.e. the amount of heat produced per unit of work expended.

, ,

, .

For real heat pumps = 2 - 5.

A real installation has losses caused by the irreversibility of the compression (internal) and heat exchange (external) processes. Internal irreversibility is due to the viscosity of the refrigerant and the release of heat of internal friction during compression in the compressor (entropy increases). The actual work of compression, where - perfect job in a reversible process; - relative internal efficiency of the compressor; - electromechanical efficiency of the drive.

External irreversibility is explained by the need to have a temperature difference for the occurrence of heat transfer, which is set (determined) by the area of ​​the heat exchange surface at a given heat flux.

That's why ,

where , - temperatures respectively in the evaporator and condenser of the installation.

Jet heat pumps of ejector type are currently widely used. High-pressure steam enters the jet apparatus, and due to the use of the energy of the working flow, the injected flow is compressed. A mixture of two streams comes out of the apparatus. Thus, when the injected vapor is compressed, its temperature simultaneously rises. The compressed steam stream is then withdrawn from the plant.

High-pressure steam with parameters p p and T p enters the jet apparatus (Fig. 6). Due to the use of the energy of the working flow, the injected flow is compressed with the parameters r n and T n. A mixture of streams with parameters comes out of the apparatus r s and T s. Thus, when the injected vapor is compressed, its temperature (and, consequently, the enthalpy) also increases. The compressed steam stream is then withdrawn from the plant. Pressure ratio r s / r n in such devices, called jet compressors, is relatively small and is within 1.2 ≤ r s / r n≤ 4.

Jet heat pumps are currently the most widely used due to ease of maintenance, compactness, and the absence of expensive elements.

Absorption heat pumps work on the principle of absorption of water vapor by aqueous solutions of alkalis (NaOH, KOH). The process of absorption of water vapor occurs exothermically, i.e. with heat release. This heat is spent on heating the solution to a temperature significantly higher than the temperature of the absorbed vapor. After leaving the absorber, the heated alkali solution is directed to a surface evaporator, where secondary steam is generated at a higher pressure than the primary steam entering the absorber. Thus, in absorption heat pumps, the process of obtaining high-pressure steam is carried out by using heat supplied from outside.

A schematic diagram of an absorption heat pump is shown in Fig. 7.

As a working substance in absorption heat pumps, a solution of two substances (binary mixture) is used, which differs in boiling point at the same pressure. One substance absorbs and dissolves the second substance, which is a working agent. The working cycle of an absorption heat pump is as follows. In the evaporator 3, through the walls of the heat exchanger, low-potential heat is supplied to the binary solution at a temperature Tо. The supplied heat ensures the evaporation of the working agent from the binary mixture at a pressure p o. The resulting vapors of the working agent from the evaporator through the pipeline enter the absorber 2, where they are absorbed by the solvent (absorbent), and the heat of absorption Q a is released. The strong liquid solution formed in the absorber is pumped by pump 1 to generator 6. The heat Q g spent on the evaporation of the working agent at high pressure p k, and, accordingly, high temperature T k, is supplied to the generator. becomes weak. A weak solution is sent through the pipeline to the absorber 2, lowering the pressure in the auxiliary thermostatic valve 7 to the pressure in the evaporator p about. The working agent vapor formed in the generator enters the condenser 5, where, through the separating wall, they give off the heat of condensation Q k at a high temperature T k. The working agent condensed in the condenser lowers the pressure in the thermostatic valve from p to p o, with which it enters the evaporator. Then the process is repeated.

The operation of an ideal absorption heat pump is characterized by the following heat balance equation:

where Q n- the amount of heat of low potential, summed up in the evaporator;

Q g - the amount of high potential heat supplied to the generator;

Q us - heat equivalent to pump operation;

Q to- the amount of high potential heat removed in the condenser;

Q a - the amount of low potential heat removed in the absorber.

The working agent is usually water and the absorbent is lithium bromide.

For chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries that have a large volume of water for cooling technological units, the temperature of which is in the range from 20 to 50 ° C, it is necessary to use absorption lithium bromide heat pumps, which will operate in cooling mode in summer recycled water, and in winter, use the waste heat of circulating water to generate hot water for heating workshops. Table 6 shows the parameters of absorption lithium bromide heat pumps (ABTN).

Absorption heat pumps have high efficiency, they have no moving parts, the equipment can be easily manufactured. However, absorption pumps require a high specific metal consumption, which makes them bulky. The possibility of metal corrosion requires the manufacture of equipment from alloyed steel. Therefore, absorption heat pumps are not widely used in industry.

Table 6

ABTN parameters

Working agents and coolants (coolants)

in heat transformers

For the implementation of processes in heat transformers, working substances (agents) are used that have the necessary thermodynamic, physicochemical properties. They can be homogeneous or are a mixture of several, usually two, substances. In most heat transformers, the working substances undergo phase transformations. Currently, the following working substances are used in heat transformers:

a) refrigerants - substances that have a low boiling point at atmospheric pressure from +80 to -130 ° C. Refrigerants with a boiling point from +80 to -30 °C are usually used in heat pump installations, and with lower boiling points from 0 to -130 °C - in moderate cold installations;

b) gases and gas mixtures (also air) with low boiling points;

c) working agents and absorbents of absorption plants;

d) water used in its own way thermophysical properties in refrigeration units, where the temperature of the lower source, heat tn> 0 ° C, for example, for air conditioning.

For economical and safe work heat transformers, refrigerants must meet the following requirements:

a) have a low overpressure at the boiling and condensing temperatures, a large heat output of 1 kg of the agent, a small specific volume of steam (for reciprocating compressors), a low heat capacity of the liquid and high thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients;

b) have a low viscosity, possibly a lower solidification point, do not dissolve in oil (for reciprocating compressors);

c) be chemically resistant, non-flammable, non-explosive, non-corrosive to metals;

d) be harmless to the human body;

e) be non-scarce and inexpensive.

The working agents of gas refrigeration units must have a low normal temperature boiling, low viscosity, high thermal conductivity and heat capacity Ср, which depends little on temperature and pressure.

The working agents of absorption plants, in addition to meeting the above requirements, must be well absorbed and desorbed in combination with appropriate sorbents.

Economic efficiency The use of heat pumps depends on:

The temperatures of a low-potential source of thermal energy and will be the higher, the more high temperature he will have;

The cost of electricity in the region;

The cost of thermal energy produced using various types of fuel.

The use of heat pumps instead of traditionally used sources of thermal energy is economically beneficial due to:

No need to purchase, transport, store fuel and spend money associated with it;

The release of a large area necessary for the placement of a boiler house, access roads and a fuel warehouse.

The greatest energy saving potential exists in the area of ​​heat supply: 40-50% of the country's total heat consumption. The equipment of existing CHPPs is physically and morally worn out, operated with excessive fuel consumption, thermal networks are a source of big losses energy, small heat sources are characterized by low energy efficiency, a high degree of environmental pollution, increased unit costs and labor costs for maintenance.

TNU provide an opportunity to:

1) minimize the length of heat networks (approximate thermal power to places of consumption);

2) receive in heating systems 3 - 8 kW of equivalent thermal energy (depending on the temperature of the low-potential source, while spending 1 kW of electricity).

To date, the scale of introduction of heat pumps in the world is as follows:

In Sweden, 50% of all heating is provided by heat pumps; totally agree last years more than 100 (from 5 to 80 MW) heat pump stations have been put into operation;

In Germany, a state subsidy for the installation of heat pumps is provided in the amount of 400 marks per kilowatt installed capacity;

In Japan, about 3 million heat pumps are produced annually;

In the USA, 30% of residential buildings are equipped with heat pumps, about 1 million heat pumps are produced annually;

In Stockholm, 12% of the entire heating of the city is provided by heat pumps with a total capacity of 320 MW, using the Baltic Sea as a heat source with a temperature of + 8 ° C;

In the world, according to the forecasts of the World Energy Committee, by 2020 the share of heat pumps in heat supply (municipal sector and production) will be 75%.

The reasons for the mass acceptance of heat pumps are as follows:

Profitability. To transfer 1 kW of thermal energy to the heating system, the heat pump needs only 0.2 - 0.35 kW of electricity;

Ecological purity. The heat pump does not burn fuel and does not produce harmful emissions into the atmosphere;

Minimum Maintenance . Heat pumps have a long service life before overhaul (up to 10 - 15 heating seasons) and operate fully automatically. Maintenance of installations is seasonal technical inspection and periodic monitoring of the operating mode. To operate a heat pump station with a capacity of up to 10 MW, more than one operator per shift is not required;

Easy adaptation to the existing heating system;

Short payback period . Due to the low cost of the heat produced, the heat pump pays off in an average of 1.5 - 2 years (2 - 3 heating seasons).

Now there are two directions of TNU development:

Large heat pump stations (HPS) for district heating, including vapor compression HPP and peak hot water boilers used at low air temperatures. The electrical (consumed) power of the HPI is 20 - 30 MW, the thermal power is 110 - 125 MW. Compared to conventional boilers, fuel savings of 20 - 30% are achieved, air pollution is reduced (no boilers!);

decentralized individual heat supply(low-power vapor compression heat pumps and thermoelectric semiconductor heat pumps). Fuel economy compared to small boiler houses is 10 - 20%. Refrigeration possible. Accompanied by high unit costs fuel, investment and labor costs.

Having refrigerators and air conditioners in their home, few people know that the principle of operation of a heat pump is implemented in them.

About 80% of the power supplied by a heat pump comes from ambient heat in the form of scattered solar radiation. It is his pump that simply “pumps” from the street into the house. The operation of a heat pump is similar to the principle of operation of a refrigerator, only the direction of heat transfer is different.

Simply put…

To cool a bottle of mineral water, you put it in the refrigerator. The refrigerator must “take away” part of the thermal energy from the bottle and, according to the law of conservation of energy, move it somewhere, give it away. The refrigerator transfers heat to a radiator, usually located on its back wall. At the same time, the radiator heats up, giving off its heat to the room. In fact, it heats the room. This is especially noticeable in small mini-markets in the summer, with several refrigerators in the room.

We invite you to imagine. Suppose that we will constantly put warm objects in the refrigerator, and it will, by cooling them, heat the air in the room. Let's go to the "extremes" ... Let's place the refrigerator in the window opening with the open door of the "freezer" out. The refrigerator radiator will be in the room. During operation, the refrigerator will cool the air outside, transferring the "taken" heat into the room. This is how a heat pump works, taking dispersed heat from the environment and transferring it to the room.

Where does the pump get the heat?

The principle of operation of a heat pump is based on the "exploitation" of natural low-grade heat sources from the environment.

They may be:

• just outside air;
• heat of reservoirs (lakes, seas, rivers);
• heat of the soil, groundwater (thermal and artesian).

How is a heat pump and a heating system with it arranged?

The heat pump is integrated into the heating system, which consists of 2 circuits + the third circuit - the system of the pump itself. A non-freezing coolant circulates along the external circuit, which takes heat from the surrounding space.

When it enters the heat pump, or rather its evaporator, the coolant gives off an average of 4 to 7 °C to the heat pump refrigerant. And its boiling point is -10 °C. As a result, the refrigerant boils, followed by a transition to a gaseous state. The coolant of the external circuit, already cooled, goes to the next “coil” through the system to set the temperature.

As part of the functional circuit of the heat pump "listed":

• evaporator;
• compressor (electric);
• capillary;
• capacitor;
• coolant;
• thermostatic control device.

The process looks like this!

The refrigerant "boiled" in the evaporator through the pipeline enters the compressor, powered by electricity. This "hard worker" compresses the gaseous refrigerant to high pressure, which, accordingly, leads to an increase in its temperature.

The now hot gas then enters another heat exchanger, which is called a condenser. Here, the heat of the refrigerant is transferred to the room air or heat carrier, which circulates through the internal circuit of the heating system.

The refrigerant cools down, at the same time turning into a liquid state. It then passes through a capillary pressure reducing valve, where it “loses” pressure and re-enters the evaporator.

The cycle is closed and ready to repeat!

Approximate calculation of the heating output of the installation

Within an hour, up to 2.5-3 m 3 of coolant flows through the external collector through the pump, which the earth is able to heat by ∆t = 5-7 °C.

To calculate the thermal power of such a circuit, use the formula:

Q \u003d (T_1 - T_2) * V_warm

V_heat - volumetric flow rate of the heat carrier per hour (m ^ 3 / h);

T_1 - T_2 - inlet and outlet temperature difference (°C) .

Varieties of heat pumps

According to the type of dissipated heat used, heat pumps are distinguished:

• ground-water (use closed ground loops or deep geothermal probes and water system space heating);
• water-water (open wells are used for the intake and discharge of groundwater - the external circuit is not looped, internal system heating - water);
• water-air (use of external water circuits and air-type heating systems);
• (using the dissipated heat of external air masses, complete with the air heating system of the house).

Advantages and benefits of heat pumps

Economic efficiency. The principle of operation of a heat pump is based not on production, but on the transfer (transportation) of thermal energy, it can be argued that its efficiency is greater than one. What nonsense? - you will say. In the topic of heat pumps, the value appears - the coefficient of conversion (transformation) of heat (KPT). It is by this parameter that units of this type are compared with each other. Its physical meaning is to show the ratio of the amount of heat received to the amount of energy expended for this. For example, at KPT = 4.8, the electricity consumed by the pump in 1 kW will allow you to get 4.8 kW of heat with it free of charge, that is, a gift from nature.

Universal ubiquity of application. Even in the absence of available power lines, the heat pump compressor can be powered by a diesel drive. And there is "natural" heat in any corner of the planet - the heat pump will not remain "hungry".

Ecological purity of use. There are no combustion products in the heat pump, and its low energy consumption "exploits" power plants less, indirectly reducing harmful emissions from them. The refrigerant used in heat pumps is ozone-friendly and does not contain chlorocarbons.

Bidirectional mode of operation. A heat pump can heat a room in winter and cool it in summer. The “heat” taken from the premises can be used efficiently, for example, to heat water in a pool or in a hot water supply system.

Operational safety. In the principle of operation of a heat pump, you will not consider dangerous processes. The absence of open flame and harmful emissions dangerous for humans, low temperature coolants make the heat pump a "harmless" but useful household appliance.

Full automation of the heating process.

Some nuances of operation

Efficient use of the principle of operation of a heat pump requires compliance with several conditions:

• the room that is heated must be well insulated (heat loss up to 100 W / m 2) - otherwise, taking heat from the street, you will heat the street for your own money;
• heat pumps are useful for low temperature systems heating. Under such criteria, underfloor heating systems (35-40 ° C) are excellent. The heat conversion coefficient significantly depends on the ratio of the temperatures of the inlet and outlet circuits.

Let's sum it up!

The essence of the principle of operation of a heat pump is not in production, but in the transfer of heat. This allows you to get a high coefficient (from 3 to 5) of thermal energy conversion. Simply put, each 1 kW of electricity used will “transfer” 3-5 kW of heat to the house. Is there anything else that needs to be said?