The infrastructure of the enterprise provides the conditions for the operation of the enterprise. the nature of economic relations with partners

Structure is a set of elements that make up a system and stable links between them. The structure of an enterprise is the composition and ratio of its internal links: workshops, departments, laboratories and other components that make up a single economic object. The factors determining the structure of an enterprise are: the nature of the product and the technology of its manufacture, the scale of production, the degree of specialization of the enterprise and its cooperation with other factories and plants, as well as the degree of specialization of production within the enterprise.

There is no set standard for structure. The structure of a particular enterprise is constantly being adjusted under the influence of production and economic conditions, scientific and technological progress and socio-economic processes.

Along with this, with all the variety of structures, all manufacturing enterprises have identical functions, the main of which are the manufacture and marketing of products. In order to ensure normal functioning, the enterprise must include workshops or workshops for the manufacture of the main products (performance of work, provision of services) and maintenance of the production process.

In addition, each enterprise, regardless of its size, industry affiliation and level of specialization, is constantly working to place orders for the manufacture of products; organizes its preservation and sale to the customer; ensures the purchase and supply of the necessary raw materials, materials, components, tools, equipment, energy resources.

Finally, in order for each employee at any time to do exactly what is needed for the rest and the entire enterprise as a whole, governing bodies are needed. These bodies are entrusted with the task of determining a long-term strategy, coordinating and monitoring the current activities of personnel, as well as hiring, processing and placement of personnel. All structural links enterprises are thus interconnected by means of a management system, which becomes its head organ.

Unlike overall structure the production structure of an enterprise is a form of organization of the production process and is expressed in the size of the enterprise, in the number and composition of workshops and services created at the enterprise, their layout, as well as in the composition, number and layout of production sites and jobs inside the workshops created in in accordance with the division of the production process into large links, partial production processes and production operations.

The production structure characterizes the division of labor between the divisions of the enterprise and their cooperation. It has a significant impact on the technical and economic indicators of production, on the structure of enterprise management, the organization of operational and accounting records.

The production structure of the enterprise is dynamic. With the improvement of technology and production technology, management, organization of production and labor, the production structure is also being improved. The improvement of the production structure creates conditions for the intensification of production, the efficient use of labor, material and financial resources, improve product quality.

Elements of the production structure

The main elements of the production structure of the enterprise are jobs, sites and workshops. The primary and most important link in the spatial organization of production is workplace. A workplace is an organizationally indivisible link in the production process, serviced by one or more workers, designed to perform a specific production or service operation, equipped with appropriate equipment and organizational and technical means. One worker can work at the workplace (for example, a turner at lathe, locksmith at the vise) or a group, a team of workers (for example, a blacksmith, a heater, a feeder - at a blacksmith's hammer, a team of locksmiths - at an assembly stand). In some cases, a multi-station workplace is created when one worker uses two or more pieces of equipment.

A site is a production unit that combines a number of jobs grouped according to certain characteristics, carrying out part of the overall production process for manufacturing products or servicing the production process. In small and medium-sized enterprises where a shopless structure has been introduced, the production site may have features characteristic of a shop (see below). Only the degree of administrative and economic independence of such a section is less than that of the shop, and the service apparatus is much more limited than the shop apparatus. At the production site, in addition to the main and auxiliary workers, there is a leader - the foreman of the site.

Production areas are specialized in detail and technologically. In the first case, jobs are interconnected by a partial production process for the manufacture of a certain part of the finished product; in the second - to perform the same operations.

The sections connected with each other by constant technological connections are united into workshops.

The workshop is the most complex system that is part of the production structure, which includes production sites and a number of functional organs as subsystems. Complex relationships arise in the workshop: it is characterized by a rather complex structure and organization with developed internal and external relations.

The workshop is the main structural unit of a large enterprise. It is endowed with a certain production and economic independence, is a separate organizational, technical and administratively production unit and performs the production functions assigned to it. Each workshop receives from the plant management a single task that regulates the scope of work performed, quality indicators and marginal costs for the planned scope of work.

Usually distinguish the following types workshops and production sites: main, auxiliary, service and secondary.

In the main shops and production areas, either a certain stage of the production process is performed to convert the main raw materials or semi-finished products into finished products of the enterprise (for example, foundries, mechanical and assembly shops at a machine-building plant), or all stages of production are performed for the direct manufacture of any product or parts of it (refrigerator workshop, round caliber workshop, etc.)

Auxiliary workshops or sections contribute to the release of the main product, creating conditions for normal operation the main workshops: they equip them with tools, provide energy, etc. The auxiliary workshops include repair, tool, model, energy and some other workshops.

Service shops and farms perform work on servicing the main and auxiliary shops, transporting and storing raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products etc.

Side shops are engaged in the use and processing of waste from the main production (for example, a consumer goods shop).

These principles underlie the structure of the enterprise of any industry. Enterprises have especially much in common in the construction of auxiliary and service farms. Repair and energy shops, transport and storage facilities are created at enterprises of any industry. The machine-building enterprise has a tool shop, and the textile factory has a roller and shuttle workshops that produce the tools necessary for textile production.

At the same time, enterprises of various industries have individual characteristics in the structure, which are determined mainly by the nature of the main production. As for the organizations for servicing workers, they are, as a rule, of the same type as those that exist at enterprises in other industries.

Workshop specialization

Main production shops are formed in accordance with the profile of the enterprise, as well as depending on specific types products, scale and production technology. At the same time, they are faced with the tasks of timely release of products, reduction of production costs, improvement of the quality of products, the possibility of prompt restructuring of production for the production of new products in accordance with rapidly changing market needs. These tasks are solved on the basis of rational specialization and location of workshops, their cooperation within the enterprise, ensuring the proportionality and unity of the rhythm of the production process from the first to the last operation.

Workshop specialization takes the following forms: subject; detailed (aggregate); technological (stage); territorial, as well as mixed.

Subject specialization consists in the concentration in separate workshops of the main part or the entire production process for the manufacture of specific types and sizes of finished products. For example, in a confectionery factory, there are separate workshops for the production of caramel, for the production of cookies and for the production of cakes. Common to these various workshops is a single engineering and technical service, logistics and product sales, warehouses, which reduces their overall production costs.

Detailed (assembly) specialization is most common in mechanical engineering. Its essence lies in the fact that each workshop is assigned the production of not the entire machine, but only individual parts or assemblies. For example, at an automobile plant, engines are separately manufactured in specialized workshops, a gearbox, a cabin, etc. are separately manufactured. All these units are transferred to the assembly shop, where the finished car is assembled from them.

Technological (stage) specialization is based on the operational division of labor between workshops. At the same time, in the process of movement of objects of labor from raw materials to finished products, fundamental differences in the production technology of each workshop stand out. So, at a textile mill, raw materials first enter the carding shop, where they are converted into fiber. The last goes to the spinning shop. Threads are spun from the fiber in this workshop, from which the fabric is made in the weaving workshop. Finishing canvases are produced in the dye shop.

At a number of enterprises, in order to improve the quality of processing, reduce production costs or improve sanitary working conditions, one technological operation is assigned to individual workshops and sections. For example, the painting of individual components and parts from which the finished product is completed. These could be operations. heat treatment, drying of materials, etc., i.e. a separate technological stage of manufacturing finished products. Stage specialization of workshops and sections is widely used in almost all industries, in construction, and partly in agriculture.

The territorial specialization of production units is most typical for transport enterprises, Agriculture and construction. At the same time, each workshop, section can perform the same work and produce the same products, but in different, distant territories.

A mixed type of production structure is often found in light industry (shoe, clothing production), in mechanical engineering and in a number of other industries. This type of production structure has a number of advantages: it reduces the volume of intra-shop transportation, reduces the duration of the production cycle for manufacturing products, improves working conditions, and reduces the cost of production.

Improving the production structure implies the expansion of subject and mixed specialization, the organization of sites and workshops with a high load of equipment, the centralization of auxiliary departments of the enterprise.

Auxiliary and service production processes have a significant impact on the economy of the enterprise. For the main production, it is necessary to supply materials, semi-finished products, various types of energy, tools, and transport. The performance of all these diverse functions is the task of the auxiliary divisions of the enterprise: repair, tool, energy, transport, warehouse, etc. Despite the fact that many production maintenance works (manufacturing of spare parts, tools, small-scale mechanization and vehicles, etc.) can be performed at specialized enterprises or plants that manufacture equipment, specific gravity such work at modern enterprises is quite large.

Auxiliary and service units form the production infrastructure of the enterprise.

The production infrastructure of an enterprise is a complex of departments and services, the main task which - ensuring the normal (without interruptions and stops) functioning of the main production and all areas of the enterprise.

The composition of the production infrastructure of the enterprise is determined by the characteristics of the main production, the type and size of the enterprise and its industrial relations.

The normal course of the production process can proceed only if it is uninterruptedly provided with materials, blanks, tools, equipment, energy, fuel, adjustment, maintenance of equipment in working condition, etc. The complex of these works constitutes the concept Maintenance production or production infrastructure.

Production maintenance is an integral and essential part of the production process maintenance system. Maintenance of production includes functions to ensure the technical readiness of the means of production and the movement of objects of labor in the process of manufacturing products.

Tool services and workshops of the plant must provide production with tools and equipment in a timely manner High Quality with minimal costs for their manufacture and operation. The introduction of advanced technology, the mechanization of labor-intensive work, the improvement of the quality of products and the reduction of their cost largely depend on the work of tool shops and services.

Repair shops and plant services ensure the working condition technological equipment through renovation and modernization. Quality repair equipment increases its service life, reduces losses from downtime and significantly increases the overall efficiency of the enterprise.

Energy workshops and services provide the enterprise with all types of energy and organize its rational use. The work of these workshops and services contributes to the growth of the energy supply of labor and the development of progressive technological processes based on the use of energy.

Transport, supply and storage facilities and services ensure the timely and comprehensive supply of all material resources, their storage and movement in the production process. The rhythm of the production process and the economical use of material resources depend on their work.

Shops and services of auxiliary and service production are not directly involved in the creation of the main products of the plant, but their activities contribute to the normal operation of the main shops.

General characteristic features organization of production in auxiliary and service units are:

Low level of concentration, specialization and cooperation;

Small-scale and individual nature of production;

Batch and single methods of organization of production;

Absence in a number of cases of reasonable calculations of standards for the organization of production;

Low level of labor mechanization;

A significant proportion of employed workers;

Low productivity and high costs for the production of products, the provision of services, the performance of work.

At present, at most machine-building plants, the entire range of maintenance work is carried out by the enterprises themselves, which leads to large wasteful costs: dispersion of funds, labor, equipment, etc.

The fragmentation of support services and their low level of specialization hinder the creation of an appropriate technical base and progressive forms of organization of support work. Ancillary industries are characterized by single and small-scale production types with significant costs. manual labor, and manufactured products are much more expensive and of lower quality than at specialized enterprises. For example, making certain types tools and spare parts in the tool and repair shops of machine-building plants are two to three times more expensive than in the plants of the machine-tool industry, and the cost of overhaul often exceeds the cost of new equipment.

The underestimation of the role of auxiliary farms has led to a significant gap in the level of technology and organization of the main and auxiliary production, the specifics of production maintenance work in many cases makes it difficult to mechanize and regulate them. This has led to a high number of auxiliary workers, reaching more than 50% of the total number of workers in engineering enterprises, while in a number of industrialized countries this figure is half as much. For example, the number of repairmen in the total number of employees in enterprises in the United States is 5%, and in our country - 15%; transport workers, respectively - 8 and 17%, which is mainly due to the different levels of specialization and mechanization of work on the maintenance of production. In the USA, the predominant part of production maintenance work is carried out by specialized firms, 88% of machine-building enterprises do not have their own tool shops and purchase all tools from outside.

Ancillary production and maintenance in an enterprise can employ up to 50% of all workers. Of the total volume of auxiliary and maintenance work, transport and storage accounts for approximately 33%, repair and maintenance of fixed assets - 30%, instrumental maintenance - 27%, energy maintenance - 8% and other work - 12%. As a result, repair, energy, tool, transport and storage services account for approximately 88% of the total volume of these works. From them proper organization and further improvement to the greatest extent depends on improving the efficiency of maintenance of production as a whole.

The increase in the technical equipment of enterprises, the mechanization and automation of the main production call for a radical improvement in technology and the organization of auxiliary work, bringing them closer to the level of the main production.

Enterprise infrastructure- these are the services that perform the supporting functions for the normal functioning of the main profile types enterprise activities. They serve the main and auxiliary production.

On fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of the enterprise infrastructure.

Rice. 3.1 General scheme enterprise infrastructure

The production infrastructure at the enterprise is aimed at ensuring the smooth and efficient functioning of the enterprise itself.

AT infrastructure includes:

- tool economy;

Repair facilities;

Logistics;

transport economy;

Organization of sales of products;

Information communications at the enterprise.

Tool economy is created to provide production with tools and technological equipment, organize their storage, operation and repair.

One of the most complex types works - design and manufacture of technological equipment. They account for more than 80% of the labor intensity of all pre-production work. For the manufacture of products, a huge number of tools are needed. Before organizing the production or purchase of a tool, it is necessary to determine the needs for it. Determining the need for a tool is based on wear rates.

Wear rate- this is the time of operation of the tool before its final wear.

In practice, industry standards for the use of tools per 1000 machine hours or 100 units of finished products are used.

An important function of the organization of the tool economy is the regulation of the stock of the tool.

The minimum number of tools required by an enterprise for smooth operation is revolving fund. It includes stocks in the central tool warehouse (CIS) and in workshop tool distributing pantries (CDI), operational stock at workplaces and temporarily non-working tools (in sharpening, repair, restoration and testing). Tools at workplaces and in the IRC are the shop working revolving fund of the tool, and if we add to it the tools that are in the CIS, then we will get the general factory revolving fund of tools.

For normal storage and timely supply of instruments great importance has the organization of a modern automated storage facility, in which a comprehensive stock of tools is created and their uninterrupted supply to the workshops is ensured. Saving tools is achieved by improving the conditions for their work and operation. The main task of the repair facilities of the enterprise is to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the equipment. To maintain the equipment in a state of full readiness for operation, the enterprise must carry out scheduled preventive maintenance. Distinguish between current, medium and capital scheduled repairs.

Maintenance carried out during the operation of the equipment, when individual parts are replaced.

Medium repair- this is a deeper intervention in the operation of the equipment, with the replacement of the main parts and assemblies.

Overhaul associated with the complete replacement of the main parts, assemblies, rubbing surfaces.

unscheduled repair - in case of emergencies.

Logistics- carries out direct and feedback with the market:

Purchases raw materials, materials, fuel;

Designed to reduce the time of goods distribution from the supplier to the consumer;

Reduces distribution costs;

Helps to minimize stocks of material resources.

Functions of material and technical supply at the enterprise:

Logistics planning based on the balance of a reasonable total need and the coverage of its resources from various sources;

Establishment of rational economic relations for the supply of products to the enterprise;

Organization and planning of supplying the production departments of the enterprise with products for industrial and technical purposes;

Operational regulation of the movement of material resources based on strict accounting and control.

There are two forms of supply: transit and warehouse.

At transit form supply, the company receives the material directly from the supplier, which speeds up delivery and reduces transportation and procurement costs; however, its use is limited by transit release rates, below which the supplier does not accept orders for execution. The use of this form of supply for materials with little demand leads to an increase in inventory and associated costs.

Provision of material resources for workshops, sites and other divisions involves the implementation of the following set of works:

Planned establishment of quantitative and qualitative supply targets;

Preparation of material resources for production consumption;

Release and delivery of material resources from the warehouse of the supply service to the place of its direct consumption or to the warehouse of the workshop;

Operative regulation of supply in the conditions of improvement of technological regimes, design and regulatory documentation;

Strict accounting and control over the use of material resources in the divisions of the enterprise;

Improving the organization of material and technical supply at the enterprise based on the latest achievements of science and practice.

The material and technical supply of the entire range of material resources largely depends on the availability and complexity of production stocks in the warehouses of the enterprise - from warehouse supply. The main goal of inventory planning is to guarantee the availability of the necessary types, volumes and delivery dates of materials. Mainly warehouse, insurance, minimum and maximum stocks are planned.

Stocks- those that are in stock at the time of inspection and planning. The amount of inventory depends on the receipt of materials at the warehouse and its issue from the warehouse.

Insurance stocks- those that are not usually issued into the production process. These are the so-called emergency reserves, which guarantee the continuity of the production process in the event of supply disruptions or other difficult situations.

Minimum stock is the volume of reserves, upon reaching which

an urgent material order signal is received. The time for submitting an application for an order must be set in such a way that during the period until the receipt of the ordered material, the insurance reserve remains untouched.

Max level reserves indicates which materials can be in stock in the maximum quantity. It can help avoid over-inventory levels and prohibitively high capital expenditures associated with warehousing.

Permissible minimum stock level- this is the amount to which it is theoretically possible to reduce stocks before placing an order for their replenishment.

The most advanced logistics optimization systems include logistics and kanban.

Logistics includes all tasks related to the management, storage and movement of materials between suppliers and consumers.

The basic principle of the Kanban system is the delivery of products (material resources) to the customer in a “just in time” way. At all phases of the production cycle, the required parts, the assembly are delivered to the place of production consumption strictly on schedule, exactly when the assembly is assembled, and in the quantity that is necessary for the rhythmic release of a strictly defined volume of products, and the assembly is delivered when it is needed at the assembly .

Product distribution system- this is the final stage of the production cycle, the most important in the market. The very concept of "sales" is the volume of products sold at a given time. Sales actively influence production activities and product quality. The sale of products takes place in four stages:

1) conclusion of contracts for the supply of products;

2) drawing up an implementation plan;

3) shipment of products to consumers;

4) receipt of money to the current account.

When considering marketing problems, the enterprise must have not only reliable data on the demand in the market for each type of product, but also an assessment of the various determinants of demand. If most of the factors that determine demand, the company is not able to influence (taxes, social factors, international crisis, etc.), then it can influence a number of factors. Such factors are called sales impact parameters.

Sales impact parameters are divided into:

Initial - the price of the goods, its quality and packaging, service maintenance, location of the enterprise, sales channels, assortment;

Combined.

An integral element of the enterprise infrastructure is transport economy. Its main task is to timely and uninterrupted maintenance of production by vehicles for the movement of goods during the production process.

At an enterprise where stable and sustainable cargo flows (mass production) have developed, transportation is carried out according to the schedule, along constant routes and with the same intensity. With unstable cargo flows in the conditions of serial and single production, the movement of goods is possible on the basis of one-time tasks or an enlarged shift schedule.

The performance of intershop transportation can be carried out according to the fan or ring schemes.

For fan pattern characterized by one-way, two-way and fan movement of vehicles.

With one-way traffic, the transport moves only in one direction, for example, parts are moved from one workshop to another.

With two-way traffic, the interaction of workshops is carried out, for example, the transportation of parts from a mechanical workshop to a thermal one and vice versa.

The fan scheme includes a warehouse and the supply of materials and parts to workshops from a warehouse.

The disadvantage of this transportation scheme is that vehicles are sent from the warehouse to the workshops as loaded as possible, and returned empty. This reduces the efficiency of transportation.

At ring pattern the route of movement is made up so that it is possible, having loaded at the warehouse, to bypass the shops in turn and return to the warehouse for a new batch of cargo.

In modern conditions, very importance acquires such an element of the enterprise infrastructure as information communications. Describing the resources of the enterprise, we necessarily talk about information technology. Recent advances in information technology can help improve communication across the enterprise.

When looking for ways to improve the production structure, one should keep in mind the complexity of this process.

The main ways to improve the production structure:

Search and implementation of a more perfect principle of building a production structure (for enterprises under design) and use of reserves for improving the structure (for operating enterprises);

Rationalization of the ratio between the main, auxiliary and service shops;

Improving the layout of the enterprise (compliance of the master plan of the enterprise with the selected main technological processes);

Development of specialization, cooperation and combination of production:

Unification and standardization of processes and equipment.

Since the process of transition to a new production structure is more complex than the creation of a new organizational structure, it is necessary to determine:

Principles and methods of improvement, in accordance with which the production structure will be improved;

Factors of internal and external environment that need to be taken into account (the production structure must change in accordance with changes in the external environment);

Trends in improving the production structure.

The main trend in improving the organizational structure is the transition from linear-functional to divisional and matrix. In relation to the production structure, this is expressed in deepening the financial independence and responsibility of the production units of the enterprise, i.e. in turning them into centers of financial accounting (profit and cost). In this understanding, the effectiveness of the activity is determined not by the quality of the performance of the functions assigned to it, but by the financial results.

In the future, enterprises should move to such a production structure, where there are no procurement and tool shops, where the number of mechanical and repair shops is reduced.

One of current trends improvement of the production structure continues to be formation of flexible production processes. The production structure of the enterprise, consisting of flexible modules aimed at changing needs, reflects new character production as customer-oriented, which is in line with the new trends of creating a perfect production structure. This is also the aim of such methods and forms of its change as business process reengineering, a universal quality management system according to international standards ISO 9000 in its various modifications.

Findings.

1. Necessary condition effective work enterprise is to build a rational production structure. The system of sustainable interaction between the divisions of the enterprise (sections, shops), due to the existing division and cooperation of labor, forms the production structure of the enterprise.

2. The production structure significantly determines the continuity of the production process, the rhythm of manufacturing products, the reduction in the size of work in progress, the level of labor productivity, the efficiency of the use of material and labor resources of the enterprise.

3. The factors that determine the production structure of the enterprise include the nature of the products, the range, range and volume of output; level of specialization and cooperation of production; the level of development of technology, technology and organization of production and the complexity of manufacturing products.

4. The production structure of an enterprise in any socio-economic system must ensure the proportionality of all departments of the enterprise, compliance with the organizational structure and personnel potential of the enterprise. The production structure of the enterprise must be flexible and dynamic.

5. Those units that serve the main and auxiliary production are called the infrastructure of the enterprise. This includes warehousing and transport facilities, logistics at the enterprise and the organization of product marketing. The production infrastructure of the enterprise must ensure the smooth and efficient functioning of the enterprise itself.

6. When determining the directions for improving the production structure, it should be taken into account that, since the transition to a new production structure is a more complex process than the creation of a new organizational structure, it is necessary to determine the principles and methods of improvement, in accordance with which the production structure will improve, factors of internal and external environments to be taken into account, as well as trends in the improvement of the production structure.

Questions for self-control

1. What is the production structure of the enterprise?

2. Name the factors that determine the production structure

enterprise tour.

3. What types of production structures do you know? List their advantages and disadvantages.

4. What are the requirements for the production structure of the enterprise?

5. What is the importance of improving the production structure for the enterprise?

6. What is the purpose of the enterprise infrastructure?

7. List the main directions for improving the production structure.

Not a single speech by a politician of recent times is complete without calling for the need to develop infrastructure, implement large infrastructure projects, and the like. Accordingly, huge funds are allocated for these projects, and the results are not always visible, or rather rarely. Meanwhile, for many citizens of the country it remains unclear what is meant by the concept of infrastructure. Until now, it remains something abstract and not related to reality. Actually, it is not. Therefore, I would like to give an understanding of this term and explain with examples why infrastructure is really important, and also why the development of the country will depend on its availability and quality. It goes without saying that the article will deal with economic infrastructure.

Economic infrastructure represents the necessary support (including in the form of specific objects and structures) for the implementation of the reproduction process in the economy. Economic activity in the economy consists of four stages: production, distribution, exchange and consumption. In order for economic entities (the state, citizens, and also financial institutions and firms (organizations)) to interact freely, at the lowest cost, with each other at each of these stages, their activities must be based on a certain structure of the economy, which is the basis for them. This basic structure is the infrastructure. If the infrastructure is not developed, interaction, of course, is carried out, but it is difficult. The costs that arise for this reason have a very specific expression, measurable in specific amounts. And each of us, directly or indirectly, is forced to pay for the imperfection of the infrastructure, even without noticing it. Society as a whole suffers losses.

Why does talk about infrastructure appear in the key of an opportunity to make a breakthrough in the economy, appear during a recession in the economy? Yes, because in conditions when it is impossible to influence other types of costs, then their reduction through the development of infrastructure is quite feasible. In addition, this leads to a restructuring of the entire structure of the economy of the economic system. And if the crisis is structural, as it is now, then the development of infrastructure is doubly necessary. In addition, investments in infrastructure are long-term investments. Not every private investor is ready to invest in the hope of getting a return only after decades. For this reason, conversations carried out at the level of the state must be supported and brought to concrete actions. Infrastructure development has a pronounced positive effect on the whole society over a very long period of time.

Now let's look at examples. It should be noted here that a number of enterprises involved in the creation of the corresponding infrastructure simultaneously belong to one or another industry, for example, enterprises producing asphalt belong to the construction industry.

So the first block is transport infrastructure. The first, of course, is the roads. There are many aspects here. Roads are, first of all, an improvement in transport accessibility, which means the development of sales markets for each individual enterprise, i.e. ceteris paribus, this means an increase in sales with all the positive consequences for the enterprise and its employees. Roads are an increase in labor mobility. The worker will be willing to work farther away from their place of residence if it is possible to get to the place of work and home faster. At the same time, the enterprise has the opportunity to choose employees not only from “local” residents, but also from citizens of other regions. If we are talking about the development of roads within a region or city, then this motivates people to move. Good example- phased launch of the WHSD - the Western High-Speed ​​Diameter - the road around St. Petersburg. Getting from the southern part of the city to the northern part and back is now faster. Another example is the M4 Federal Highway. The fact that it passes through Rostov-on-Don gives a powerful impetus to the development of the city itself, as well as the entire region. A particularly sore point is the roads of regional significance - between villages and villages. It's no secret that many roads simply do not exist, although there is an urgent need for them. Roads in this case are an incentive for the development of agriculture. Another point is the quality of the roadway. There is an inverse relationship between the number of vehicle breakdowns and the quality of roads. Bad roads mean more repair costs. Of course, there is a microeconomic positive effect - a lot of car services, tire shops, but the effect at the macro level, the effect for the whole society is still negative in a region with bad roads. Bad roads and their absence are also the image of the region, as well as an indicator of quality government controlled which many people don't realize. The investor, when making a decision, will definitely take this into account when making a decision on investment. I would also refer to the transport infrastructure enterprises serving roads (for example, the creation storm sewer, timely repair), as well as such objects as stations, bridges, tunnels, viaducts. A simple example: in Volgograd there are two railway crossings dividing the city into two parts (the so-called Tulak area). Many people spend 2-3 hours a day on them in traffic jams. Hence, the normal regime of work and rest is disturbed. You have to leave early for work and arrive late. The result is the low efficiency of each individual worker, low productivity. At the same time, linking this with the presence of a crossing (and not a tunnel (bridge)) seems to be quite difficult. I think a resident of every city will be able to give similar examples.

The next big block is social infrastructure. It includes schools, kindergartens, hospitals, clinics. The second sub-block of this block is libraries, theaters, museums, canteens, and restaurants. Partly, some shops can be attributed to the social infrastructure. From the name, everything is clear: this kind of infrastructure includes enterprises and organizations that ensure the normal functioning and restoration of human capital, that is, you and me. Why do I say "human capital"? Because from the standpoint of the economy, we are human capital, that is, a resource involved in the production of goods and services. Medical enterprises are the timely treatment and prevention of diseases, educational enterprises are the professional development of employees, the growth of qualifications, the development of the necessary skills and abilities. To question the importance of these objects, I think, no one will. As for the second sub-block: museums, libraries, etc. These institutions provide leisure time for residents. I am convinced that the main reason for the inclusion of citizens, starting from adolescence to alcohol and drugs, and the destructive connection associated with this is boredom and the inability to find a use for oneself. How does it relate to infrastructure? In her absence, there really is nothing to do, except perhaps "to drink beer." The consequences are the same: human degradation. He becomes incapable of work, his efficiency falls. Again, this is a public problem, a national problem. Institutions of social infrastructure ensure the development of a person with a capital letter, and not his existence. If the situation with social infrastructure is good in the region, it attracts qualified personnel, investors who are ready to pay “good” money for valuable personnel.

Third block: engineering infrastructure. Enterprises of this type of infrastructure provide the technical conditions for the existence of society. These include hydroelectric power plants, combined heat and power plants (CHP), a water utility, a housing department and a housing office, enterprises serving the elevator industry, and others. Specifications the work of enterprises is the most important factor in making a decision to open a business. Engineering infrastructure, its development, corruption are also associated with such an industry as construction. An investor-developer is unlikely to come to a region where there are huge difficulties not only with the allocation of a land plot for construction, but also with the connection of communications, the implementation of all necessary approvals, which can take months or even years. All this affects the cost. square meter and affects already indirectly the quality of social infrastructure - the provision of housing for residents. At the same time, one should not forget that construction is such an industry that provides huge employment in enterprises of related industries. Therefore, how the development process is organized engineering infrastructure maintaining its performance will depend on the state of the entire economy. And there are no trifles here. If someone's pipe burst and it is impossible to get through to the emergency service, then what can we talk about? How is the work structured? Depreciation of water supply pipes, power outages, lack of gas supply - this is a loss of income for a business, higher costs, loss of income due to downtime associated, for example, with repairs

And another block: information infrastructure. I refer to it the media: television, radio, newspapers, Internet providers. The enterprises of this block create and maintain a certain information background, facilitate and provide citizens with access to new and necessary information. A simple example: there is probably not a single TV set in the country that would not receive Channel One. In villages and villages, in the majority, where there is no appropriate infrastructure, this is the only channel for obtaining information. Can you imagine how you can influence consciousness when there is no alternative? In what information vacuum are the residents, what information policy is being formed? Due to the underdevelopment of the information infrastructure, it becomes impossible to critically perceive the information received, due to the lack of an alternative. Such a society becomes more manageable, driven by someone else's interests. It is easier for such a society to impose a point of view that is beneficial to someone. Such a society is not able to compare and analyze. Of course, the example with the First Channel is somewhat exaggerated, but it still takes place. The development of the information infrastructure also ensures the remote development of a person, the exchange of experience, if the appropriate tools are used correctly. Here you can also add the ability to work remotely (on "remote"), as well as look for customers, and in fact, expand sales markets. The information infrastructure provides business access to a new level - to the Internet. And the development of each individual person is a multiplier effect for the whole society.

Surely, after reading the article, you concluded that the bulk of enterprises of various infrastructure facilities generate a positive effect at the level of the state, the whole society. At the same time, from the point of view of each individual enterprise, the expediency of having one or another enterprise may be questioned. This leads to the fact that it may simply not be profitable for an entrepreneur / businessman to engage in such activities.

In other words, for some infrastructure enterprises, their effectiveness as an organization is not aligned with their effectiveness for society. From this it follows that the main part of the work on providing and creating infrastructure is taken over by the state, namely in those many cases when an entrepreneur will not take on a type of business that will not bring him tangible profits in the short term and with such a scale of operation. .

The concept of infrastructure is quite broad. It is customary to refer to the infrastructure as a set of industries, organizations and enterprises included in these industries, whose activities are directed. All of them are designed to create conditions for the effective functioning of production or trade, as well as the normal life of people. What is infrastructure can be understood by considering it depending on the field of activity. Infrastructure is industrial and social. Infrastructure includes roads, transport, communications, storage facilities, water supply, external power supply, sports facilities, service enterprises and landscaping. Sometimes infrastructure includes healthcare, science, education. Capital construction serves social and industrial infrastructure.

Production infrastructure.

What is production infrastructure? enterprise, which consists of units not directly related to the production of products.

These divisions are dedicated to the maintenance of the main production processes. These include auxiliary and service facilities and workshops that solve the issues of moving objects of labor; providing production with fuel and raw materials, maintenance and repair of equipment and other means of labor; storage of material values; marketing and delivery of finished products and the normal operation of other processes designed to create conditions for efficient production.

social infrastructure.

What is social infrastructure? The concept of social infrastructure is explained as a set of such divisions of the enterprise that ensure the satisfaction of the cultural and social needs of employees and employees of the enterprise, including family members working at the enterprise.

The social infrastructure includes subdivisions (cafes, canteens, buffets), health protection subdivisions (polyclinics, hospitals, first-aid posts). This and preschool institutions for children (kindergartens, nurseries), educational institutions (vocational schools, schools), utilities (residential buildings), consumer service establishments, recreation and culture organizations (clubs, libraries, boarding houses, camps for schoolchildren, sports and entertainment) and other units .

What is IT Infrastructure?

There is also such a thing as IT infrastructure. This is the totality of the systems and software and technical means, automated processes and databases.

IT infrastructure is a complex of interconnected parts of a single process, which is provided by several automated information systems that communicate with each other. Low-level systems are mechanisms for implementing the tasks that systems perform. high level.

Therefore, IT infrastructure is not a simple collection of IT solutions that are randomly collected in one place. This is a large integrated system that fully provides all the activities of the organization. Like any system, it must be purposefully designed in order to operate correctly. At present, it is difficult to imagine business development without the use of information technology (IT). Business success is impossible without the effective functioning of the IT infrastructure, the reliability and quality of IT services, the stability of the IT infrastructure and its full compliance with the task.