In order to understand what is meant by character accentuations, it is necessary to analyze the concept of "character". In psychology, this term is understood as a set (or set) of the most stable features of a person that leave an imprint on the entire life of a person and determine his relationship to people, to himself and to business. Character finds its manifestation both in human activity and in his interpersonal contacts, and, of course, he gives his behavior a peculiar, characteristic shade only for him.
The term character itself has been proposed Theophrastus, who was the first to give a broad description of the 31st type of human character ( read about), among which he singled out tedious, boastful, insincere, talkative, etc. Subsequently, many different character classifications were proposed, but all of them were built on the basis of typical features inherent in a certain group of people. But there are times when typical character traits appear more vividly and peculiarly, which makes them unique and original. Sometimes these features can "sharpen", and most often they appear spontaneously, under the influence of certain factors and in appropriate conditions. Such a sharpening (or rather, the intensity of features) in psychology is called character accentuation.
character accentuation- excessive intensity (or strengthening) of a person's individual character traits, which emphasizes the originality of a person's reactions to influencing factors or a specific situation. So, for example, anxiety as a character trait in its usual degree of manifestation is reflected in the behavior of most people who find themselves in extraordinary situations. But if anxiety acquires features of personality character accentuation, then a person’s behavior and actions will be distinguished by the predominance of inadequate anxiety and nervousness. Such manifestations of traits are, as it were, on the border of the norm and pathology, but, under the influence of negative factors, certain accentuations can turn into psychopathy or other deviations in a person’s mental activity.
So, the accentuation of human character traits ( in lane from lat. accentus means stress, strengthening) inherently do not go beyond the boundaries of the norm, but in some situations quite often prevent a person from building normal relationships with other people. This is due to the fact that each type of accentuation has its own “Achilles heel” (the most vulnerable spot) and most often the impact of negative factors (or a traumatic situation) falls on it, which in the future can lead to mental disorders and inappropriate behavior person. But it is necessary to clarify that accentuations themselves are not mental abnormalities or disorders, although in the current International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) accentuations are all tact and are included in class 21 / paragraph Z73 as a problem that is associated with certain difficulties in maintaining normal for a lifestyle person.
Despite the fact that the accentuation of certain traits in the character, in terms of their strength and characteristics of manifestation, quite often go beyond the boundaries of normal behavior for a person, yet they cannot in themselves be attributed to pathological manifestations. But it must be remembered that under the influence of difficult life circumstances, traumatic factors and other irritants that destroy the human psyche, the manifestations of accentuations increase and the frequency of their repetitions increases. And this can lead to various neurotic and hysterical reactions.
Samo the concept of "character accentuation" was introduced by a German psychiatrist Carl Leonhard(or rather, he used the terms "accentuated personality" and "accentuated personality trait"). He also owns the first attempt to classify them (it was presented to the scientific community in the second half of the last century). The term has since been clarified. A.E. Lichko, who under accentuations understood the extreme variants of the norm of character, when some of his features are excessively strengthened. According to the scientist, in this case, selective vulnerability is observed, which is related to certain psychogenic influences (even in the case of good and high resistance). A.E. Lichko emphasized that, regardless of the fact that any accentuation, although it is an extreme option, is still the norm, and therefore it cannot be presented as a psychiatric diagnosis.
Andrei Lichko singled out two degrees of manifestation of accentuated features, namely: explicit (the presence of clearly defined features of a certain accentuated type) and hidden (in standard conditions features of a particular type appear very weakly, or are not visible at all). The table below shows more detailed description these degrees.
Degrees of severity of accentuations
Severity | Norm Options | Peculiarities |
explicit | extreme | Accentuated features are well expressed and appear throughout the individual life of a person. Accentuated features are most often well compensated (even if there is no mental trauma), but maladjustment can be observed in adolescence. |
hidden | normal | Accentuations find their manifestations most often due to mental trauma or under the influence of a traumatic situation. Basically, accentuated features do not lead to a violation of adaptation (short-term maladjustment is occasionally possible). |
In psychology, unfortunately, today the problems related to the development and dynamics of accentuations have not yet been sufficiently studied. The most significant contribution to the development of this issue was made by A.E. Lichko, who emphasized the following phenomena in the dynamics of types of accentuations (in stages):
As soon as scientists turned their attention to the features of the manifestation of a person’s character and the presence of some similarities, their various typologies and classifications immediately began to appear. In the last century, the scientific searches of psychologists were focused on the features of the manifestation of accentuations - this is how the first typology of character accentuations appeared in psychology, which was proposed back in 1968 by Karl Leonhard. His typology gained wide popularity, but the classification of types of accentuations developed by Andrei Lichko became even more popular, who, when creating it, relied on the work of K. Leonhard and P. Gannushkin (he developed the classification of psychopathy). Each of these classifications is intended to describe certain types of character accentuation, some of which (both in the typology of Leonhard and in the typology of Lichko) have common features of their manifestations.
K. Leonhard divided his classification of character accentuations into three groups, which were distinguished by him depending on the origin of accentuations, or rather, where they are localized (related to temperament, character or personal level). In total, K. Leonhard distinguished 12 types and they were distributed as follows:
Character accentuations according to Leonhard
Type | Characteristic |
hyperthymic | optimistic, active, luck-oriented; there is a desire for activity, a need for experiences |
dysthymic | slow (inhibited), silent, focused on failure; characterized by excessive emphasis on ethical manifestations, frequent fears and various experiences, a heightened sense of justice |
affectively labile | oriented to standards, compensation (mutual) traits is observed |
affectively exalted | emotional, (the desire to elevate feelings and cult various emotions), excitable, inspired, contact |
anxious | timid, timid (fearful), submissive, confused, non-contact, insecure, executive, friendly, self-critical |
emotive | soft-hearted, sensitive, impressionable, fearful, executive, sympathetic (tendency to compassion) |
demonstrative | self-confident, boastful, agile, ambitious, vain, light, deceitful; focused on one's "I" (is the standard) |
pedantic | indecision, non-conflict and conscientiousness: hypochondria is observed; often there is a fear that one's own "I" does not correspond to ideals |
stuck | suspicious, touchy, responsible, conceited, stubborn, conflict; subject to jealousy; there are transitions from elation to despair |
excitable | quick-tempered, pedantic, hard on the rise, focuses primarily on instincts |
extroverted | contact, sociable, open, non-conflict, frivolous, spontaneity |
introverted | non-contact, closed, silent, restrained, principled, stubborn |
K. Leonhard developed his typology of accentuations based on an assessment of interpersonal communication between people. His classification is focused mainly on adults already. Based on the concept of Leonhard, a characterological questionnaire was developed, the author of which is H. Shmishek. This questionnaire allows you to determine the dominant type of accentuation in a person.
The types of accentuation of Shmishek's character are as follows: hyperthymic, anxious-fearful, dysthymic, pedantic, excitable, emotive, stuck, demonstrative, cyclomitic and affective-exalted. In the Shmishek questionnaire, the characteristics of these types are presented according to Leonhard's classification.
Basis of classification A. Lichko accentuations of character in adolescents were, because he directed all his research on studying the features of the manifestation of character in adolescence and the causes of the appearance of psychopathy in this period. According to Lichko, during adolescence, pathological character traits manifest themselves most clearly and find their expression in all spheres of a teenager's life (in the family, school, interpersonal contacts, etc.). Adolescent accentuations of character are manifested in a similar way, for example, a teenager with a hyperthymic type of accentuation splashes his energy everywhere, with a hysteroid type he attracts as much attention as possible, and with a schizoid type, on the contrary, he tries to protect himself from others.
According to Lichko, they are relatively stable in the pubertal period, but speaking of this, it is necessary to remember the following features:
Many psychologists, including Lichko himself, argue that the term “character accentuations” is the most ideal for the pubertal period, because it is adolescent character accentuations that manifest themselves most clearly. By the time puberty comes to an end, accentuations are mostly smoothed out or compensated, and some move from explicit to hidden. But it should be remembered that adolescents who have obvious accentuations constitute a special risk group, since under the influence negative factor or traumatic situations, these traits can develop into psychopathy and affect their behavior (deviations, delinquency, suicidal behavior, etc.).
Accentuations of character according to Lichko were identified on the basis of the classification of accentuated personalities by K. Leonhard and psychopathy by P. Gannushkin. The following 11 types of character accentuations in adolescents are described in Lichko's classification: hyperthymic, cycloid, labile, asthenoneurotic, sensitive (or sensitive), psychasthenic (or anxious and suspicious), schizoid (or introverted), epileptoid (or inert-impulsive), hysteroid ( or demonstrative), unstable and conformal types. In addition, the scientist also called a mixed type, which combined some features various types accentuations.
Character accentuations according to Lichko
Type | Characteristic |
hyperthymic | most often there is a good mood, sometimes irascibility and irritability are manifested; good health, increased activity, energy, high performance |
cycloid | frequent mood swings (polar) - from depressive and irritable to calm and upbeat (phase alternation) |
labile | increased mood volatility (and the cause may be the most insignificant), outwardly fragile and infantile, increased affectivity, need for friendship and |
asthenoneurotic | high fatigue, irritability, capriciousness, suspiciousness, low concentration, weakness and an increased level of claim |
sensitive | high sensitivity and responsibility, there is instability of self-esteem, fearfulness, timidity, impressionability |
psychasthenic | increased suspiciousness (anxious), indecision, prudence, pedantry, |
schizoid | introversion, isolation, dryness (do not show empathy), low emotionality, |
epileptoid | a combination of inert traits and impulsive manifestations (painstakingness, accuracy, purposefulness, suspicion, conflict and hostility) |
hysterical | emotionality, instability of self-esteem, the need for increased attention in oneself |
unstable | characterized by weak will, inability to resist negative influences |
conformal | high comfort (adapts to the standards of behavior established in a particular group), therefore this type is characterized by stereotyped, banal, conservatism |
Despite the fact that A.E. Lichko studied mainly adolescent accentuations of character, his typology is widely used to identify accentuations in adults.
character accentuation or personality accentuation- excessive strengthening of individual character traits. This feature of a person determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all spheres of her activity: attitude towards herself, towards others, towards the world. Accentuation is an extreme version of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or disease.
Prevalence. Personality accentuations are widespread, especially among adolescents. Among young people, explicit or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of those surveyed. With age, people will be able to smooth out unwanted features, and the number of accentuations is reduced to 50-60%.
The benefits and harms of accentuations. On the one hand, an accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysterical accentuation are talented actors, and people with hyperthymic accentuation are positive, sociable and can find an approach to any person.
On the other hand, an accentuated character trait becomes a vulnerable point of a person, complicates life for himself and those around him. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypothymic type of accentuation experience difficulties if it is necessary to get to know each other and make contact.
There is a danger that in difficult situations these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, become the cause of alcoholism, illegal behavior.
Group | Type of accentuation | Characteristic |
temperament like a natural formation | emotive | Kind, compassionate, humane, appreciates close friends, peace-loving, executive, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time it is distinguished by timidity, tearfulness and shyness. |
Affectively exalted | Sociable, amorous, different good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time, he is prone to panic, gets lost under stress, and is prone to mood swings. | |
Affectively labile | Soft, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But he is prone to sharp cyclic mood swings that determine his relationship with people. Does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, rudeness. | |
alarming | Friendly, loyal, executive, self-critical. The mood is often lowered, timid, does not defend his interests, needs support. | |
Dysthymic (hypothymic) | Conscientious, serious, laconic, appreciates friends. But at the same time, an individualist, closed, prone to pessimism, passive. | |
Hyperthymic | Sociable, optimistic, active, hardy, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely brings what he started to the end. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control. | |
Types of accentuations related to character how to social education | Excitable | It is characterized by mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, accurate. During outbursts of anger, he does not control his condition well, is irritable. |
stuck | Responsible, stress-resistant, stubborn, hardy, makes high demands on himself and others. But at the same time suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. He does not tolerate when someone else claims to be in his place. | |
Pedantic | Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peaceful. But boredom, grumbling, not work - bureaucracy are often noted. | |
Demonstrative | Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time, he is vain and prone to lies, selfish. He does not tolerate when he is not paid attention, suffers if his authority is undermined. | |
Types of accentuations related to personalities generally | extroverted | Sociable, friendly, attentive, executive, always ready to listen, does not pretend to be a leader. But at the same time, he is talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, prone to rash impulsive actions. |
introverted | Principled, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, distinguished by a rich imagination. But at the same time, closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if it turns out to be wrong. He does not tolerate interference in his personal life. |
Type of accentuation | Characteristic |
Hyperthymic | Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, striving for leadership, resourceful, enterprising. Cons: frivolous, restless, inattentive, not responsible enough for his duties, sometimes irritable. |
Labile | Empathy is well developed, feels the emotions of others and their attitude towards themselves. Experiencing severe mood swings on minor occasions. Needs the support of loved ones. |
Cycloid | Cyclical ups and downs in mood. The frequency is several weeks. In periods of upswing, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During the recession - apathetic, irritable, sad. |
Astheno-neurotic | Disciplined, meticulous. Increased mental fatigue is noted, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health. |
Psychasthenic (anxious and suspicious) | Intellectually developed. He is prone to reflection, introspection, evaluation of his actions and the actions of others. Inflated self-esteem is combined with indecision. In times of crisis, he can make rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to the development of obsessive actions. |
sensitive (sensitive) | High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, assiduous, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: unsociable, suspicious, whiny, hard to adapt to a new team. |
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive) | Strives for leadership, loves to set the rules, enjoys authority with management and among peers. It tolerates harsh discipline well. Cons: can offend the weak, establishes cruel orders, irritable. |
Schizoid (introverted) | Closed, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, incapable of showing sympathy and empathy. |
Unstable | Sociable, open, courteous, eager to have fun. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to alcohol, drugs, gambling. |
Hysteroid (demonstrative) | Artistic, impulsive, enterprising, sociable, loves attention, seeks to take a leading position, but is not able to achieve authority. Cons: self-centered, prone to lies. Behavior is unnatural and pretentious. |
Conformal | There is no criticality and initiative, he is inclined to obey the opinion from the outside. Strives to be different from the rest of the group. For the sake of the group, he can commit unseemly acts, while he is inclined to justify himself. |
Paranoid | Characteristic features develop by the age of 30. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with an epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly overestimated, ideas about their exclusivity and genius appear. |
Emotionally labile | Suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, feels the attitude of people towards him well. Cons: emotionally unstable. |
Each of the 88 questions characterizes some accentuated feature.
Scale | 1 point is awarded for | Coefficient | |
Answer "yes" | The answer is "no" | ||
Hyperthymia | 1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77 | 3 | |
distimity | 9, 21, 43, 74, 87 | 31, 53, 65 | 3 |
Cyclothymicity | 6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84 | 3 | |
Excitability | 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86 | 3 | |
Jam | 2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81 | 12, 46, 59 | 2 |
emotivity | 3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79 | 25 | 3 |
Exaltation | 10, 32, 54, 76 | 6 | |
Anxiety | 6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82 | 5 | 3 |
Pedantry | 4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83 | 39 | 2 |
demonstrativeness | 7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88 | 51 | 2 |
The very presence of an enhanced character trait is not dangerous, but it makes a teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, and affects relationships with parents and peers. The same accentuations under adverse conditions can cause offenses, and under right approach and the right choice of profession will help to achieve success in life.
It is important for parents to know about the presence of character accentuation in a teenager in order to help him adapt to life, to build a parenting style that will be as effective as possible. The task of parents is to develop qualities and skills in a teenager that will smooth out an accentuated character trait.
Characteristic
As long as they feel loved and all the attention is on them, there are no behavioral problems. AT Everyday life everyone possible ways draw attention to themselves. This is a defiant behavior, an expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. Take credit for accomplishments. They can boast that they drank a lot, ran away from home. They often lie, mostly fantasies concern their own person. They can’t stand it when the attention of others switches to others (a newcomer to the class, a newborn, a stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, “out of spite” to do things that their parents will obviously not like. In words, they defend independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need guardianship and do not seek to get rid of it.
Problems
Often, behavioral problems are an attempt to get the attention of parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to commit suicide, but to avoid punishment or achieve sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. Easily amenable to suggestion, they run the risk of falling into a "bad" company. May consume alcohol, but not large quantities. There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, absenteeism, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, revealing clothing and a desire to show one's adulthood can provoke sexual violence.
Positive sides. If they are set as an example, they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the lower grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, conversational genre.
How to interact
Distinctive feature. Periods of intense irritability and hostility to others, lasting up to several days.
Characteristic
Adolescents with epileptoid accentuation are stubborn and uncompromising in nature. They are vindictive and do not forget insults. In the first place put personal interests, do not take into account the opinions of others. The company tries to become leaders by uniting the younger and the weak around them. Since they are despotic, their power rests on fear. The process of growing up is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke bouts of anger and aggression. During seizures, teenagers are looking for a “victim” on whom they can pour out their emotions. During these attacks, they can reach sadism.
Problems.
Suicidal attempts as a reaction to "unfair" punishment. They tend to drink alcohol in large quantities "before memory loss." They do not remember the actions that they perform in this state. But rarely consume other toxic drugs. During puberty, they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. There is a predilection for setting firecrackers and making fires.
Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They know how to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to make things.
How to interact
Distinctive feature isolation, immersion in a fantasy world.
Characteristic
They prefer to fantasize, to engage in their own hobby, as a rule, highly specialized (they mold soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. They do not express their emotions. Closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. Consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from the absence of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: “I don’t know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words.” At the same time, they are not interested in the opinion of others. Not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with someone else's grief. They are not tactful, they do not understand when to remain silent, and when to insist on their own. Speech is florid, statements are often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems. A tendency to take narcotic drugs may develop to enhance fantasies and immersion in their invented world. Occasionally they can commit illegal acts (theft, damage to property, sexual violence), and they think through their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed fantasy, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact
How to interact
It is necessary to be as tolerant and tactful as possible, especially when a teenager is going through a subdepressive phase.
Distinguishing feature - weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
They love pleasure, need frequent changes of impressions. Avoid any work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when it is necessary to study or fulfill instructions from parents. Only communication with friends seems attractive to them. On this basis, they run the risk of falling into an asocial company. Easily succumbed to negative influences.
Problems associated with the desire to have fun. On this basis, they begin to drink early and use various intoxicants. The risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. “For fun” they can skip school, steal cars, break into other people’s apartments, commit theft, etc. They have a tendency to wander.
Positive sides. Striving for positive emotions, cheerfulness.
How to interact
Distinctive feature- Mood volatility for minor reasons.
Characteristic
During periods Have a good mood teenagers are talkative, active, tuned in to communication. But any little thing can ruin their mood and piss them off. At the same time, they can burst into tears, easily go into conflict, become lethargic and withdrawn.
Problems.
Very dependent on people they value (close friends, parents). Loss loved one or its location, separation from it, causes affect, neurosis or depression. A bad mood can cause a deterioration in well-being up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, migraine, nervous tics). Very badly endure criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, close friends. They become withdrawn, react with tears.
Positive sides. Often talented. They have deep inner peace. Capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. Appreciate people for good relationship to them. During periods of good mood, they are full of energy, desire to communicate, learn and engage in hobbies. Empathy is developed - they accurately feel the attitude of others towards them.
How to interact
Problems
Having contacted a bad company, they can become drunk, addicted to taking drugs. To avoid being accused of cowardice, they may commit acts that endanger their health or harm other people. The prohibition to communicate with the company can provoke a scandal with parents or an escape from home.
Positive sides. Appreciate their surroundings. Attached to friends. They love stability and order.
How to interact
Problems- high fatigue, the risk of developing neurosis.
Positive sides. Kindness, sympathy, high intelligence. Such teenagers do not run away from home, hooliganism and other illegal actions.
How to interact
Characteristic
This type of accentuation is formed if parents impose too much on the child. big hopes in education or sports. Failure to meet their expectations leaves an imprint on the character. These teenagers have low self-esteem, they are tormented by guilt and fear of failure, which can further disappoint their parents. Teenagers suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid, no matter how something terrible and irreparable happens to them or their loved ones. As defense mechanism pedantry develops. Adolescents draw up a detailed plan of action, believe in omens, develop rituals that should ensure success (not washing your hair before an exam).
Problem. The risk of developing anxiety, obsessive thoughts and actions that are prone to complications.
Positive sides. In critical situations, quickly find the right decision capable of bold action. Obedient, non-confrontational, as a rule, they are quite successful in their studies, they become good friends.
How to interact
Distinctive feature- optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to pranks.
Characteristic
Very sociable, quickly become the center of any company. They do not bring the matter to the end, they are not constant in their hobbies. It is easy to make and break promises. Despite good abilities, they study mediocrely. They easily provoke conflicts, but they themselves can make amends for them. quickly acquire peace of mind after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short lived.
Problems- unable to perform routine work that requires perseverance and intense attention. Illegible in the choice of acquaintances. If such teenagers find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol and soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual relations. Prone to risk, extreme hobbies and gambling. Caught in conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp) can escape.
Positive sides. Energetic and tireless. They are distinguished by fun, do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. They find a way out in any situation.
How to interact
The task of adults is to teach a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.
Distinctive feature- hypersensitivity.
Characteristic
Teenagers deeply and for a long time experience everything that happens. Praise and criticism are deeply embedded in their memory, and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. Very shy and for this reason uncommunicative. It is difficult to get used to the new team. They quickly get tired of mental work. Tests and exams cause them considerable stress. They are also very worried about ridicule from their peers. Dreamy, introspective. Conscientious, have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to finish what you started. They are very worried about the result of their actions (control, actions).
Problems. Tendency to self-flagellation and the development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive demands on oneself can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can trigger a suicide attempt.
Positive sides. Diligent in studies, responsible attitude to all tasks. Strive to become good friend appreciate loved ones.
How to interact
In addition to the classification of K. Leonhard, in the practice of psychologists and psychiatrists are used accentuation of Lichko's character.
He expanded and supplemented this concept, deduced his own typology of characteristics of pointed personality traits.
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A. Lichko derived his systematics of character accentuations, based on, G.E. Sukhareva and P. B. Gannushkin.
However, she slightly different.
Classification in the first place for studying adolescence, covers not only accentuations, but also psychopathological deviations of character.
Lichko suggested replacing the term "personality accentuations" with "character accentuations", explaining that personality is a broader concept and cannot be assessed only in terms of accentuations.
Attention in the studies was directed to adolescence, because during this period, various psychopathy begin to manifest itself most clearly.
Types of character accentuation according to Lichko:
According to Lichko's theory, accentuation is temporary. In the process they may appear and disappear. These changes and personality traits sometimes turn into psychopathy and persist into adulthood.
The direction of development of pointed personality traits is determined by the social environment and the type of accentuation. She happens overt and covert.
According to psychiatrist A. Lichko, accentuations are borderline states between norm and pathology.
Therefore, he built his classification on the basis of the types of psychopathy.
Character accentuations - examples:
Were singled out the following types accentuations:
For them, excitement, noisy, active companies and entertainment are acceptable. There are many hobbies, they are superficial.
In the process of growing up, the pronounced features of accentuation can be smoothed out, but sometimes it gets stuck at the oppressive-melancholic stage. During the period of recovery, when the mood is good, there is cheerfulness, optimism, high activity, sociability, initiative. In the opposite state - a bad mood - they show increased sensitivity, react sharply to criticism.
People of this type have a developed sense of responsibility, make high moral demands on themselves and others.
Perseverance allows you to successfully engage in painstaking work and complex activities. choose carefully. They prefer to communicate with those who are older.
Prone to deceit, fantasies, pretense. Often they show a demonstrative type of suicide in an attempt to attract attention and earn the sympathy of others.
To relieve tension, they tend to use alcohol or drugs. Psychasthenics manifest themselves arbitrarily in personal relationships, which can ultimately lead to their destruction. They are also prone to pettiness.
The type is sensitive, needs support, especially during periods bad mood.
Treats peers well. It has sensitivity, understands the attitude and mood of others. Strongly attached to people.
They have self-esteem and a desire for power. If they become the boss, subordinates are kept in fear. Of all the accentuations, it is considered the most dangerous personality type, as it has a high degree of cruelty. If it is necessary to make a career and achieve a high position, they are able to please the top management, adapt to its requirements, while not forgetting their own interests.
There is a possibility of emotional breakdowns, especially if events do not happen the way asthenics want. Irritability is replaced by remorse.
In addition to pronounced types, there can also be observed mixed characters.
Table of character accentuations:
Lichko test expanded to 143 questions. Focused more on children and teenagers.
used to identify obvious problems and accentuations in character, allows you to predict the appearance of psychopathy, start correcting negative states in a timely manner, and identify dangerous personalities.
Lichko believed that it was important to study accentuations already in adolescence, since the majority during this period manifests itself most clearly and is formed. up to adolescence.
The use of methods of diagnosing, testing, conversation allows identify the problem in a timely manner and develop a corrective program.
How to identify character accentuations? Psychologist's comment:
The main types of accentuation include:
- Cyclothymic, which is characterized by alternation (cyclicity) of periods of good and bad mood. Often these transitions are associated with a change in the situation, sometimes even with the weather, which makes the cyclothymic type related to the labile, unstable one.
Hyperthymic type, which is characterized by constantly high spirits, the desire for activity, increased excitability. People of this type tend to take on a large number of cases that they often do not complete, taking on new ones.
Associated with the predominance of low tone, bad mood. People of this type are characterized by a tendency to depression, they usually see everything in a dark light and their forecasts are the most pessimistic. Irritability and hypochondria make this type related to the asthenic type, which is also characterized by fatigue.
The schizoid type, which is characterized by emotional coldness, isolation from others. Often people of this type are closed, self-centered, not inclined to expand contacts; is common and high level intelligence, primarily in the field of abstract, logical thinking.
The epileptoid type, on the contrary, is characterized by concreteness, viscosity of thinking, often a low general intellectual level, as well as scrupulous pedantry. A tendency to an angry-dreary mood often manifests itself in attacks of aggressive behavior, conflict, sometimes even rage and cruelty, which makes this type similar to a stuck one.
The stuck (paranoid) type is characterized by increased suspicion and painful resentment, suspiciousness, especially in relations with others. Distrust of them and the desire for dominance lead to frequent conflicts, and vindictiveness, the persistence of negative emotional experiences - to cruelty and revenge.
The demonstrative (hysterical) type is characterized primarily by pronounced vanity, the desire for recognition, to attract attention at any cost. For this, deceit, fantasizing, pretense, and imaginary illnesses are sometimes used. Adventurism and the ability to repress unpleasant facts and memories into the unconscious are also very common in people of this type.
The psychasthenic type is characterized by high anxiety, indecision, suspiciousness associated with the constant search for diseases. Frequent manifestations of introspection, a tendency to "self-eating" and a mental return to unpleasant events, which leads to insecurity, a decrease in claims. This heightened sense of one's own inferiority makes one given type with sensitive, which is also characterized by increased impressionability and timidity.
It should be noted that in pure form these types of accentuation are quite rare, usually a person has a “mixed” accentuation, with more or less pronounced forms of several types.
The combination of individual qualities, which is completely unique for each person, in many respects his behavior, communication with other people and attitude towards himself. It represents the second level in the structure of individuality, that "integral individuality" (V. Merlin's term), which underlies the individual lifestyle, mediating the connection between psychodynamic individual traits and personality structure. The tasks of psychotherapy are largely connected precisely with helping a person in creating an individual style of activity and communication based on his integral disposition of psychodynamic features, which uses the positive aspects of his personality, compensating for the negative ones if possible.
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