House of Denmark. Energy-efficient houses in Denmark - High-tech buildings - Engineering systems - Electronic magazine
The largest energy-efficient village in Europe has been built in Denmark.
The experiment began in 2005. The municipality of Egidau has allocated a plot of land to begin construction of new energy-efficient housing. Construction of housing was allowed only with environmentally friendly pure materials and by energy saving technologies. The management of the town very meticulously monitors the fulfillment of construction conditions. About 400 buildings have already been put into operation, and each of them uses 35% less energy than provided building codes Denmark.
Stenlesse is the name of the new village, which translated means Beskamenka. At the same time, stone wool insulation is a popular building material. In the village, all houses are built using the same technology: a row of bricks is laid, then a thick layer of insulation. The architecture of the building can be any. For example, a family that occupies not the last place in the village municipality built a one-story house that has a large glazed bay window. It is important that all developers must comply with energy-saving systems; the methods of their application are the same for all developers. 
The installation of double-glazed windows must be three-chamber with a special coating that retains heat loss; the ventilation system must be equipped with recuperators. The operation of such a system is quite simple. but effective. Recuperation allows cold street air to be heated by exhaust air, while heat loss is reduced to a minimum. 
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Rainwater collection is mandatory during construction. From the roof it is collected into special containers. When there is a lot of rain, excess water is drained through a special pipeline to the site, the drainage is done very slowly to avoid soil subsidence. 
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Filters trap small debris and are cleaned once a month. This water is used for household needs toilet and washing machine. Water for economic needs It turns out to be free, which the residents are very happy about.
Rainwater is very soft, so washing machine No limescale, no special water softening additives are required.
In order to find a company to build such an energy-saving house, you need to spend a lot of time. Denmark, although an advanced country in the field of construction, has a problem.
The second family moved from Germany because the husband got a job in a pharmaceutical company in Denmark. They searched for two years for a company that would build a house in an energy-saving village. 
The house turned out great. The house is located in such a way that almost all windows face south, not a single ray of sunlight is lost. The insulation is excellent, the thickness of the stone wool is 50 centimeters. There are simply no heating radiators, so there is no need to use them. There are completely no drafts in the house. A lit candle brought to the window frame does not move. The houses built in the village are like a thermos; they are completely sealed. The main source of heat in houses is the person himself. Per day human body emits 100 kW of thermal energy. Some owners joke that they can heat their home with one candle and a bottle of wine.
Such a house is heated in winter by the inhabitants and solar energy, as well as the energy released by operating electrical appliances.
The excess heat heats the water used in the shower, and if the outside temperature drops below 20 degrees, then the heated floors are turned on.
400 energy-saving buildings have already been built in Beskamenka; the crisis that has arisen in Denmark does not prevent construction from continuing in the village. The construction is being carried out in a Scandinavian manner, there are no fences, and there are also no curtains on the windows.
Longhouse is a small modular house in Denmark. Pre-fabricated in production Møn Huset, it consists of modules of standard width 4.66 m, but of different lengths.
Customers have the opportunity to choose a bedroom module, a kitchen/bathroom module and a living room module. These volumes are connected by a ventilated module to form a whole "dogtrot" design.
Homes in style dogtrot were widespread at one time in the southeastern United States.
Historically dogtrothouse consisted of two log cabins connected by a ventilated space « dogtrot» (can be translated as “a dog trotting”), and covered common roof. Traditionally, one log house was used as a kitchen-dining room, and the second was used for private rooms: living room and bedroom. The first characteristic feature of the house dogtrot is that it is always one-story and has at least two rooms with an average width of 5.5 to 6.1 m on each flank of the hall, open on both sides. Additional rooms– extensions flank ( bypassIt on the side) hall and are almost always located at the back of the house. A covered gallery is traditionally located on the main façade.
The through hall in the center of the building with rooms opening into it is a unique feature of the building. It provided coolness and protection from weather conditions during summer holiday. Combination of through space and open windows effectively provided ventilation living rooms cool air in the era before air conditioning.
Second characteristic houses dogtrot– this is the position of fireplaces, stairs and galleries. Fireplaces were almost always located on each of the building's two gables, and each heated the main rooms. One and a half stairs and two-story houses were located, as a rule, in one of the parts, and the covered terrace usually ran along the entire front of the building.
This house also has an internal open passage allowing refreshing wind to flow through the house. It would seem that this feature is not very popular in Scandinavia, but such summer holiday homes are in great demand and lead the sales market in Denmark. The through module can be closed on both sides with large doors that perform several functions - protection from wind and protection from penetration.
This combination of modules is called Læ ngehus55 , with floor area 55m². This model is formed from medium-sized modules. It has two small bedrooms and additional area for sleep and relaxation, located above the kitchen and bathroom. The photographs show two different models Læ ngehus55 . Black House - relatively standard option in finishing (basic model). In a green house we see additional options - finishing wood panels and a fireplace.
The dark tones of the building's decoration are quite consistent modern trends, common in Scandinavian countries - against a dark wall background, white window frames and details look contrasting and bright.
But still, in my opinion, special attention in this Danish project deserves the fact that the house is manufactured in production in accordance with your choice of its constituent modules. The modules are then transported to the construction site and mounted on columnar or strip foundations and the finishing coating is applied to the roof.
Secondly, you should pay attention to the simple but very rational layout of the house. There are practically no corridors - all spaces are comfortable and optimal. Above low rooms kitchen and bathroom are equipped with spacious additional sleeping area. The central hall serves covered terrace, which can be partially closed with doors from the wind depending on its direction, or completely closed in cold period.
This factor, as well as the modular frame structure of the building and budget finishing form an affordable final cost of the house, which, apparently, along with the layout, influence the huge demand for this house in Denmark.
I think that such or similar modular houses will be in demand in Ukraine, and their production will be promising profitable investment investments.
Review prepared by an expert
Medyanik Egor Mikhailovich
(rewritten from SmallHouseBliss)
How are our houses different?
from the others?
Your home will be warm
We guarantee that a house built according to our design will be warm. Our houses fully comply with SNiP. Heat leaks can also be caused by “wrong” bay windows, balconies, unnecessary cuts in the walls and some other elements. But the most main reason heat loss is the blowing of walls due to an incorrect profile longitudinal groove on a log or beam or due to unprofessional assembly. We make sure our homes are warm.
We make changes to the project for free
Most clients ask to make their own changes to the project: add or remove a boiler room, a terrace, a “second light”, extra bedroom, windows, enlarge or reduce rooms. We are happy to implement the wishes of clients in the project. But we can also refuse changes if they do not comply with the current SNiPs or rules of wooden house construction or may lead to increased construction costs. We make all changes to the project free of charge.
You save up to 200,000 rubles on construction.
With our project, you are guaranteed to save on building a house - up to 200,000 rubles when building a 200-meter house.
The placement of utility networks has already been thought out
Our projects have thoughtful placement utility networks. If this is not done in advance, then you will have to use the equipment later non-standard sizes, which usually costs more. Or you will need to install additional boxes in a visible place and then decorate them.
Optimal furniture arrangement
Our projects include competent arrangement furniture. This eliminates errors when planning the size of rooms, the location of windows and doorways. If this is not done during design, then, for example, due to incorrect placement of a door or window, you will not have enough 10-30 centimeters for the placement of plumbing fixtures, cabinets or kitchen drawers.
We build houses
We not only create projects, but also build houses. Each project presented on our website has been built by us several times. Our architects visit completed houses and see the result of their creativity “not on paper”. We also receive feedback from the owners of houses built according to our designs, take into account their wishes and make changes to standard projects. Thus, we can say with confidence that our projects have been tested by time and repeated construction, they are comfortable for living and economical
Optimal cutting of a 6-meter log
For the production of the log house, 6-meter logs are used. The logs are cut into elements. When cutting, waste remains, which can reach up to 20% of the total volume of wood. We design the house and the dimensions of the premises in such a way that the cutting of a 6-meter log is optimal, and waste tends to zero. This allows you to significantly reduce the cost of the log house. Therefore, the exact dimensions of the premises are very important, and a change in size even by 20 cm can lead to a large waste, and, consequently, an increase in cost.
Energy efficient houses in Denmark
Nikolay Shilkin, Alla NasonovaGreen building involves minimal impact on environment and aims to reduce emissions carbon dioxide(as an indicator of energy consumption).
This is a whole system from which it is useless to pull individual elements, say the Danes. In Denmark, not only houses and neighborhoods (a residential building in Østerbro), but also cities are selected as pilot projects. One of them is Copenhagen, which should become “carbon neutral” by 2025. The other is Sønderborg, where Project Zero is being implemented until 2029.
National idea
In 2011, Denmark created the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Construction, which demonstrates A complex approach countries to the topic of green construction at the government level. Back in the mid-1970s, as a result of the oil crisis in the country, traffic had to be completely banned. road transport(except emergency services) on weekends. Since then, energy independence, comfort and safety of citizens have been the national superidea of the Danes. The country has announced a goal of becoming independent from fossil fuels by 2050. This transition must be carried out cost-effectively. So far it turns out: since the beginning of the 2000s, Denmark's GDP has increased by 80%, but CO 2 emissions have remained at the same level.
Bicycle highways
One of the components of environmental policy is green mobility. It is expected that by 2025, 75% of all city travel will be by bicycle. public transport or on foot. In addition, 20-30% of passenger cars and 30-40% of trucks will switch to hydrogen fuel, biogas or bioethanol (ethanol obtained by processing plant raw materials).
The number of tricycles with carts in Copenhagen is amazing different modifications. For a quarter of families with children, the bicycle is the main vehicle. By 2015 there will be at least 30%. An appropriate infrastructure is being created for cyclists. Traffic lights are set to green wave specifically for cyclists. By 2025, the capital and its suburbs will be connected by a system of bicycle highways - high-speed routes where only bicycles can travel.
Heat supply
Denmark is a country of district heating. Unlike Russia, losses in networks there are not 70%, but only 3-5%. District heating supply is considered the basis of the country's energy efficiency policy. It's prohibited here electric heating. Denmark is currently developing a program to use the system district heating for cooling houses in summer. The country is actively building “solar” boiler houses - water heating collectors are installed not on the roofs of buildings, but in the fields. The possibility of using wind power plants for heating is being considered.
Circuit
Denmark's electricity grid is part of the Nordic interconnected grid. Prices in this market are adjusted every hour, and the jumps can be significant (up to 150%). In Sweden and Norway, the basis of electricity generation is hydroelectric power plants. When it rains in these countries, the price of electricity falls and the electricity generated at CHP plants in Denmark by burning fuel becomes uncompetitive.
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| Danish energy company Dong Energy |
Windmills are held in particular esteem by power engineers. The Danes are not stopped even by the fact that connecting these extremely unstable sources of electricity to the network requires high costs. Another direction is the transfer of thermal power plants to cogeneration plants (simultaneous production of heat and electricity). Alternative energy sources (biomass, pellets - granules from wood waste, bioethanol) and household waste(about 80% of all waste is burned).
ENERGY SAVING MEASURES
- Replacement of old windows with double-glazed windows with increased heat-insulating properties.
- Additional thermal insulation of external building envelopes and attic.
- Installation of a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (efficiency - 80%) and low energy consumption (35-50 W per apartment).
- Application of solar wall construction for heating supply air ventilation systems.
- Use of solar collectors on the roof for hot water supply.
- The use of low-temperature radiators for space heating.
- Glazing of balconies.
- Installation of new water-saving fittings.
- Use of monitoring and control system.
Thermal insulation
The primary task for energy saving in Europe is the insulation of building envelopes. Houses in Denmark have traditionally used single-pane glazing. In Sønderborg, the vast majority of houses belong to the last three energy efficiency classes out of seven possible. It was in Sønderborg that Denmark's first active house was built in 2008. The thickness of its walls with insulation is 60 cm; 42 m2 solar panels generate 6 kWh of energy, which covers the family's needs. Used for heating and cooling heat pumps. From 2009 to 2012, the cost of solar panels decreased by almost 2 times. Today, 1,500 of Sønderborg's 37,500 homes have solar power, some of which share energy. In Copenhagen, 70% of older houses do not have satisfactory energy efficiency ratings. Average costs for major renovation(window replacement, insulation) amounted to 22,000 euros for an individual house.
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| Energy efficient house in Sønderborg |
Below is an example of a residential building in Osterbro, a central district of Copenhagen. The reconstruction of this house led to a significant reduction in energy costs for heating, ventilation and hot water supply. The goal of the project was to achieve a reduction in energy consumption of up to 50%.
Residential building in Østerbro
The reconstruction of the building (with 76 apartments), built in the middle of the last century, was carried out in 1994-1995 with the support of EU Thermie - the European Commission for the Research, Development, Demonstration and Implementation of Non-nuclear Energy Technologies. The reconstruction included the following:
. Using solar energy.
To reduce heat consumption, the building was equipped with a passive solar collector for heating the supply air in the ventilation system and solar collectors for cooking hot water in the hot water supply system.
The intensity of solar radiation from the reconstruction area falling on the surface varies depending on the orientation and angle of inclination to the horizon. During the cold period, the vertical surface on the south side receives approximately the same amount of solar radiation as a roof with a slope of 45°. Compared to the roof, the west-oriented surface receives almost the same amount of radiation in summer and half as much in winter.
The installation of a passive solar collector for heating the supply air in the ventilation system has been completed in the following way: the southern (facing the courtyard) facade of the building is covered with transparent thermal insulation panels with an area of 178 m2 (“solar” wall). Outside air enters the building through the air gap between the building envelope and the transparent panels of the solar wall, heated by the energy of the sun. Twelve apartments located on the south side of the building thus receive fresh air for the ventilation system. The contribution of solar radiation to heating the outside air per year is 105 kWh per 1 m 2 of wall structure, the average annual heat gain over the entire surface of the “solar” wall is 18,690 kWh.
The design of the “solar” wall, in addition to heating the supply air in the ventilation system, also provides additional thermal insulation of the building. This made it possible to refuse additional insulation external enclosing structures of the building over the entire area of the “solar” wall. The design of the “solar” wall turned out to be 2 times more expensive than expected due to large quantity windows and expensive interfaces between windows and walls.
Solar collectors (for hot water supply) are built into the roof structure of the building on the east, west and south sides. All three groups of solar collectors are installed at an angle of 45°. The total area of the collectors is 238 m2. Water heated in solar collectors is sent via a circulation pump to storage tanks and used by residents as needed. Circulation pumps are switched on only if the temperature of the water in the solar collectors exceeds the temperature of the water in the storage tanks.
The annual productivity of 1 m 2 of solar collectors is 354 kWh, the total productivity of the entire collector area is 84,252 kWh. This system allows you to cover 60-65% of the annual energy costs for hot water supply.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: residential building in the Østerbro area.
Location: Copenhagen (Denmark).
Main purpose: residential building.
Types of premises: residential, public (shop).
Number of storeys - 5 (76 apartments).
Square:
- general - 11,047 m2;
- residential - 9,896 m2;
- warm attic and store - 1,151 m2.
Completion of reconstruction work: 1995
. Thermal insulation device.
Vertical enclosing structures not insulated by a “solar” wall were insulated thermal insulation material Rockwool 200 mm thick.
The attic was insulated with a 300 mm thick layer of mineral wool. The chief architect of Copenhagen gave permission to cover the external walls with a thermal insulation layer only on the courtyard side, so as not to disturb the traditional old brick facades of Copenhagen.
CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONSTRUCTION AREA
Location: Copenhagen, Denmark.
Geographical coordinates - 56° N. latitude, 13° east. d.
Height above sea level - 22 m.
Average annual temperature - 7.8 °C.
Average temperature of the coldest month - - 0.4 °C.
New window designs made of three-layer double-glazed windows were installed in the building. The reduced heat transfer resistance of a window (double glazing and window frame) is 0.80 m 2 .°C/W. For comparison, old windows have a heat transfer resistance of 0.25 m 2 .°C/W. Difficulties also arose with the choice of window design. The chief architect of Copenhagen did not give permission to change the traditional Danish flag window shape. The problem was that for this type of window the transom area takes up 50% of the total area windows, and this reduces the reduced heat transfer resistance of the window even when using highly efficient double-glazed windows.
. Reconstruction of the ventilation system.
The installation of new sealed three-layer windows has increased the requirements for ventilation system. To improve the quality of the microclimate, mechanical ventilation was installed in all apartments with heating of supply air in counterflow heat exchangers that consume a minimum amount of electrical energy (35-50 W per apartment). Development of cost-effective systems mechanical ventilation was carried out in cooperation with ABB Energy and Temovex. The efficiency of the heat exchangers was 80%. Twelve apartments adjacent to the southern façade of the building facing the courtyard receive outside air, preheated in the solar wall structure.
Two options for installing heat exchangers were considered: using individual heat exchangers in each apartment or installing one heat exchanger in the attic for every five apartments located one above the other. Despite the fact that the first option was more expensive, for the convenience of residents who were not evicted from their apartments during reconstruction, heat exchangers were installed in each apartment. In addition, this made it possible to study the effectiveness of apartment-by-apartment mechanical ventilation systems.
. Reconstruction of the heat supply system.
The reconstruction project was based on the idea of using low-temperature heating devices operating on district heating return water.
However heat supply organization noted that for last years temperature return water dropped to 50 °C and may reach even lower values in the coming years. This trend shows the inappropriateness of using only low-temperature return water in a reconstructed building; it is more advisable to use it in parallel with direct water for experimental purposes.
During the first year of operation of the building (1996), the energy consumption for heating the building in Østerbro, obtained from the district heating supply, amounted to 61 kWh/m2 for 9,896 m2 of living space. About half of buildings of this type in Denmark have an energy consumption for heating and hot water supply of approximately 140 kWh/m2, a quarter of such buildings consume 102 kWh/m2. Before reconstruction (1994), energy consumption in this building for heating and hot water supply was 125 kWh/m 2 . After reconstruction, annual energy consumption decreased from 1,241 to 607 MWh, with energy costs for heating decreasing by 54%, energy costs for hot water supply - by 37.5%. The overall reduction in energy consumption was 51%. The payback period for energy-saving windows was seven years.
The expected reduction in energy costs was approximately 60%. The authors of the project hoped to achieve this value by further improving the system. For example, in 1999, new thermostat designs were installed in the building to improve the temperature control of heating devices, thereby reducing energy costs for heating. Reducing energy costs is also possible with correct operation occupants of air conditioning equipment. For example, during operation ventilation units Low efficiency of the heat exchanger was noted in some apartments due to residents reducing the temperature in the bathroom and toilet, from where air is removed through the heat exchanger. In any case, the implementation of the project made it possible to begin the development of completely new standards for economical and energy-efficient reconstruction of buildings, which could be used in the reconstruction of residential buildings in Copenhagen.
Nikolay Shilkin -Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow Architectural Institute.
Alla Nasonova -
journalist writing about energy efficiency and innovative technologies in construction; department employee general chemistry Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
The payback period for the energy-saving measures used in the project was 33.5 years, but if the expensive “solar” wall is excluded, the payback period decreases to 12.5 years. The best energy saving measures implemented in this building are now being used in many other renovation projects in Denmark, demonstrating the possible potential for improving energy efficiency in the construction industry. ●
ARTICLES
“In the living room, the talking clock insistently sang: tick-tock, seven o’clock, seven in the morning, it’s time to get up!.. In the kitchen, the stove sighed hoarsely and expelled eight perfectly toasted toasts from its hot belly... The garage rang in the yard, lifting the door behind which it stood a car ready to leave... All the rooms were swarming with small, fussy cleaners made of metal and rubber. They bumped against chairs, twirled their bristly rollers, ruffled the pile, quietly sucking out hidden specks of dust...” - this is how the famous science fiction writer Ray Bradbury described a fully automated house of the 21st century in one of his works.Then, in the 50s of the 20th century, all this seemed completely unreal. However, already in 1970, scientists from Washington introduced the concept of “smart home” into use - they were talking about buildings that would create for people comfortable conditions for life, for example: automatically lower or raise room temperature, turn off the water in case of a sewer pipe leak, turn on burglar alarm in case of burglary front door etc.
These prophecies of scientists seemed to most ordinary people to be as fantastic as the works of Bradbury. Perhaps people will live in such houses, but only in the distant, distant future... Meanwhile technical progress literally in two or three decades it has picked up such a rapid pace that the “distant future” has arrived faster than could be expected. And now in different countries they are designing and building “ smart houses».
Among the leaders of this progressive housing construction are the Scandinavian countries, in particular Denmark. And although not every Dane lives in a “smart home”, such dwellings are no longer perceived here as science fiction. Most Danes live in houses that can be said to be “built wisely”...
Minimalism and practicality
If we talk about the houses of the Danes (regardless of whether they are “smart” or the most ordinary), then first of all it should be noted that they are noticeably different from the housing of Russians.
Imagine that we arrived in an ordinary Danish cottage village. The first thing that will seem strange to us Russians is the house buildings land Here it is not customary to fence with meter-long fences, like here. The boundaries of different properties are marked rather conventionally - with paths made of pebbles or “ green fence"from low bushes. But, perhaps, what is most unusual for the Russian eye is the complete absence of various outbuildings (baths, sheds, summer kitchens), as well as slides, sandboxes and children's pools. Garden plot with beds and berry bushes is also not observed. Prone to simplicity, the Danes prefer to see a neat lawn near the house, a place to park a car, a table and chairs, toys on the porch if there are children in the house - and that’s it. Nothing extra.
The Dane’s cottage house will immediately surprise us with the presence of large windows, which are not customary to be tightly covered thick curtains, and curtains, if any, are intended for the aesthetic decoration of the home. In some places there is even a so-called “French window”, through which you can go out into the street if you wish. Sometimes additional unique openings-windows are cut in the roof. All this is necessary so that there is more light in the rooms and there is no need to use electric lamps during the day.
If in Russia, especially in the North, where winters are very cold, it is customary to build houses so that the floor is at the highest possible level from the ground, then in Denmark, where the climate is also very harsh, the opposite is true. Paul in Danish house almost on the same level with the ground. And at the same time, such a home is warm, and energy is not wasted. The secret to the energy efficiency of a Danish home lies in special technologies. But this will be discussed later.
The interior of a Danish house is so minimalist that a Russian person, accustomed to carpets, sideboards with figurines, televisions in every room, large crystal chandeliers under the ceiling, will find it uncomfortable. In the Dane's cottage, the only place for a TV is in the living room, which is connected to the kitchen like a studio. There are also chairs and a sofa. The living room is a room for communicating with the family and receiving guests, so it is quite spacious. If a family member needs to work at home, then there can be a table in the living room. In general, the Danes believe that they should work in offices, and the home is intended for relaxation and communication with family and friends.
The kitchen in a Danish house is equipped with everything you need: a stove with an oven (mostly gas), furniture, and appliances for ease of cooking. Instead of the usual chandelier under the ceiling, the Danes use various lamps to provide directional lighting: place lamps above the countertop, sink in the kitchen, dining table. This way, no energy is wasted and there is enough lighting to get the job done. In other rooms, sconces are used for the same purpose, Spotlights, desk lamp. The main thing is to be comfortable. Of course, the light bulbs throughout the house are energy-saving. The Danes also love to light candles - they create coziness and serve as an additional source of light and warmth in the room.
The Dane's bedroom is intended only for relaxation, so there is no TV or computer there. The furniture in this room, as in the whole house, is the simplest: shelving, convenient cabinets, chairs, beds. The walls in the bedroom, living room, kitchen are usually plain, plastered and painted, sometimes covered with wallpaper (usually light: white or beige with a simple texture). There are no frills in the decoration of the walls. The children's room looks a little different. Here, in the only room in the entire house, you can find a carpet on the floor and bright wallpaper. The children's room has child-friendly furniture, an equipped place to do homework and, of course, a lot of toys.
Distinctive feature The interior of a Danish house is considered to be simple. The Danes love to use trinkets and figurines that are dear to their hearts in the interior, but they always fit into the overall design solution of the house and are a pleasant and cozy addition to the home. The exception is the children's room, where a special atmosphere reigns. creative disorder“: on the racks and shelves there are numerous handicrafts of the young inhabitants of the house, and on the walls there are drawings. The Danes in every possible way encourage children’s desire for self-realization through creativity, considering this the most important integral part spiritual and intellectual development. Children's drawings can be seen even in the kitchen - loving parents attach them to the refrigerator with magnets.
Energy efficiency of the home: savings without sacrificing comfort
The main secret of a Danish house is its energy efficiency. The Danes prefer to save correctly, wisely, that is, not on materials and technologies for housing construction, but on energy consumption during its operation, since the cost of light and heating in this country is quite high. Currently, Denmark is implementing a government plan to further improve the energy efficiency of buildings - by 2015 it is planned to reduce energy consumption by 50%.
So, let's turn to the technologies used in building a house. The Danes do not have a single “recipe” for constructing buildings, so all houses are different - brick, wood, concrete. Construction technologies are also different, but most often they use frame and panel-frame methods for constructing houses. These technologies, invented, by the way, in the Scandinavian countries, are quite simple and help to build a house in as soon as possible. In addition, using the example of these technologies, it is convenient to show how to properly insulate a house.
So, when frame technology With warm side a vapor barrier film is laid for the insulation, then the insulation itself is slabs made of stone wool from the Danish company Rockwool, windproof membrane. Then from the side of the room it is made interior decoration, and on the outside – façade cladding. By the way, there are nuances in choosing insulation boards when different technologies construction: at frame method use ROCKWOOL LIGHT BUTTS slabs, if the walls are brick - KAVITI BUTTS, for plaster facades– FACADE BATTS, for ventilated facades – VENTI BATTS. In addition to the walls, the roof and floor are insulated with slabs, because these structures are responsible for 40% of the energy consumed by the building.
The Danes are very attentive to thermal insulation work, especially to the thermal insulation of “cold bridges” - areas of the building where, due to certain reasons, increased heat transfer occurs (for example, window and door lintels, basement plinths, etc.). They carefully treat all the joints between the panels with sealant or cut out strips of insulation and lay them in these places.
Double-glazed windows on the windows also help prevent cold from penetrating into the house. A special inert gas is pumped into the inter-glass space of double-glazed windows, which contributes to better thermal protection of such windows. To prevent heat from escaping through the glass, a very thin film can be applied to its surface. protective layer, which allows solar heat to pass into the building, heating the room, and does not release it outside. By the way, the Danes buy double-glazed windows with aluminum or wooden frames, which are produced, for example, by the Danish company Velux. Such double-glazed windows are more environmentally friendly than the PVC profiles common in Russia.
The Danes are actively looking for and using alternative energy sources, especially after the oil crisis of 1973, when there was a forced massive transition to coal. Danish authorities, concerned about the negative impact of fossil fuel combustion products on the environment, urged citizens to use wind energy whenever possible. And now wind turbines generate more than 20% of this country's electricity. Many owners country houses unite and invest money in a cooperative that installs a wind generator that generates the necessary energy for lighting and heating several houses. Also as alternative source solar energy is used. For this purpose, they are installed on the roof solar collectors, which are used to produce hot water for bathrooms and for technical needs.
In a Danish house, special attention is paid to sealing the front door, since it can become an additional “gate” to the cold. As a rule, between street door and the entrance directly to the living space is a vestibule. The Danes believe that the design with a vestibule is most effective in combating heat loss through the door.
The Danish house also has a ventilation system with recovery, which also helps to retain heat in the room, while providing housing fresh air from the street. The main principle of operation of this system is that a recuperator is installed in the house - a heat exchanger in which fresh street air entering through the ventilation system is heated with heat room air removed from the premises. Thus, heat is not wasted, and the room is ventilated.
And in a Danish house there are sensors that help the owner control the microclimate in the room. Most ordinary residential buildings in Denmark are not equipped with automatic climate control, as in " smart homes" The owner himself checks the sensors and, depending on the indicators, can adjust the microclimate manually. In both the first and second cases the effect is the same.
So, the main advantage of a Danish house is its comfort for living and energy efficiency. The Danes prefer to invest in high-quality construction using new technologies, because they know that it will pay off in a few years. Energy costs in such a house are 5 times less. The Danes are careful about their choice building materials for your home - they are all safe for health. Thus, the Danish house combines simplicity design solution with energy efficiency, which creates a comfortable living space.