Use cinder block brick partitions. Standard sizes of cinder blocks: options for use in construction

Reliable and beautiful cinder block masonry consists of about 10% theory and 90% practice, but despite this ratio, without 10% theory it is difficult to master practical skills and start applying them at a construction site.

On the image: illustration of the three basic rules for laying blocks (bricks), 1 - the direction of the load force on the wall, 2 - the direction of the destructive forces when laying wedge-shaped stones, 3 - the distribution of the load over the wall surface.

1. Cinder block and any other stone, both natural and artificial, tolerate compression well and do not break or bend well. Hence the first rule of reliable masonry arises - the overlying stone must rest on the underlying masonry with its entire surface. To achieve this, when laying cinder blocks, apply the solution to the entire surface of the underlying block, and not just along the edges.

2. The side faces of the stones should be located only at right angles to the horizon. If you do not follow this rule, then the stones begin to act as wedges, which, under load, push the masonry apart, destroying it.

3. Each next row of blocks should be shifted relative to the bottom one by a quarter or half of the block, that is, the vertical seams of adjacent rows should not be allowed to coincide. If the seams do not match (correct masonry), then the vertical load is distributed throughout the wall, and if the seams match (wrong masonry), then the load is distributed along the post, dramatically increasing the likelihood of failure of part of the wall.

And a few tips: when working in hot or windy weather, it is advisable to moisten the blocks, this increases the adhesion between the mortar and the cinder block; if a break is expected during the laying process, then the solution should not be spread on the top row; every 3 - 4 rows it is necessary to check the horizontality and verticality of the rows.

On the image: cinder block elements: 1 - top bed, 2 - large side face - spoon, 3 - small side face - poke.

To make it easier to understand which cinder block masonry can be used in the construction of a wall, you need to remember that the block has 6 faces: 2 opposite ones on which the block is laid - the upper and lower beds; large side faces - spoons; small side faces - pokes. Masonry is carried out in horizontal rows and cinder blocks are laid on the bed.

The height of each horizontal row is formed from the height of the stone and the thickness of the horizontal mortar joint, which is usually 10 - 12 mm.

On the image: 1 - laying in half a cinder block, 2 - laying in a cinder block, 3 - one and a half cinder blocks.

The width of the masonry, which is ultimately the thickness of the wall, must be a multiple of 1/2 of the cinder block.

Factors affecting the reliability of a cinder block wall or any other stone

The strength of the masonry is determined by the quality of the cinder block and the properties of the solution. The maximum strength of masonry from blocks is 40 - 50% of the tensile strength of the blocks themselves. This situation is explained as follows: during laying, the mortar lays on the blocks in an uneven layer, microscopic kinks and voids appear, this leads to the formation of different pressure on the cinder block in different parts of the wall, bending stress occurs in the block, and just such a load cinder block does not hold up well.

On the image: stages of destruction of masonry, 1 - the appearance of cracks, 2 - the formation of individual columns, 3 - complete destruction of the wall.

If the wall experiences excessive load, then it is primarily covered with vertical cracks, which are most often located along vertical seams. Over time, the cracks expand and the monolithic wall turns into a set of columns that can move out of the plane of the wall and, as a result, the masonry collapses.

The reliability of the masonry largely depends on the quality of the solution, such an indicator as the plasticity of the solution is especially important. The plastic solution evenly lays down on the stone, as a result, the bending stress decreases and the reliability of the wall increases.

When mixing the solution, strictly observe the proportions, taking into account the quality of sand and cement, do not prepare for future use.

The strength of the masonry also depends on the thickness of the seam, the thicker the mortar layer, the harder it is to evenly place it on the cinder block and the likelihood of fracture stress increases. For this reason, each type of masonry is made with a certain thickness of the seam (for a cinder block, this is about 1 cm), and it will not work to increase this thickness without the risk of reducing the strength of the structure.

Cinder block masonry tools

On the image: tools necessary for laying a stone wall, 1 - trowel (trowel), 2 - mortar shovel, 3 - jointing for convex and concave joints, 4 - pickaxe, 5 - plumb, 6 - square, 7 - building level, 8 - tape measure , 9 - level, 10 - folding rule, 11 - duralumin rule, 12 - ordering.

1. A trowel is a steel shovel with a wooden handle, with which the mortar is leveled, the seams are filled, and the excess mortar is cut.

2. The mortar shovel is designed to mix the mortar, preventing it from delamination, to feed it onto the wall and spread it out.

3. Joints with which the seams can be given a convex, concave, triangular, rectangular recessed shape.

4. A pickaxe is used when cutting and hewing bricks or blocks.

5. A plumb line, with its help, the bricklayer controls the verticality of the wall, walls, corners, and so on. This tool, depending on whether the verticality of the masonry is checked within one or several floors, has a different weight. For the first case, it is 200 - 400 g, for the second 600 - 1000 g.

6. The square is for checking angles.

7. Building level, which is designed to control the horizontal and vertical plane. Can be 300, 500 and 700 mm long. Structurally, it is an aluminum case with two glass ampoules filled with non-freezing liquid, in which an air bubble remains. The principle of operation of the device is simple: put it on the surface of the wall and look at the position of the bubble. If it froze in the middle between the divisions of the ampoule, then the surface is horizontal, if it is shifted in any direction, then there is a deviation.

8. Tape measure and folding rule are designed to measure short distances.

9. Rules-level - this tool is made of planed wooden (section 30 × 80 mm, length 1.5 - 2 meters) or duralumin rail with a special profile. With its help, the front surface of the laid out wall is controlled.

10. Ordering - is a wooden lath (section 50 × 50 or 70 × 50, length 1.8 - 2 meters) with divisions every 77 mm, which is equal to the thickness of one row with a solution (65 mm + 12 mm). Ordering can also be made from a metal corner, on the edges of which divisions are cut with a depth of 3 mm and with a step of 77 mm.

The sequence of work in the construction of walls from cinder blocks

On the image: 1 - laying the outer spoon verst, 2 - the inner spoon verst, 3 - tying row.

One of the first questions that arises before the start of the construction of walls is how thick should they be made? The most correct answer to this question is to get in the project documentation, but many people build houses without projects, in which case you can rely on these numbers. During the construction of a 1-storey building and at an air temperature in winter - 20 C, the wall thickness is 350 - 400 mm; temperature - 30 C thickness 450 - 500 mm; temperature - 40 C thickness 550 - 650 mm.

Cinder block laying is carried out by a master and an assistant. The latter stands in front and, moving along the masonry, delivers blocks to the wall, laying them out in increments equal to the length of the block being laid and at a distance from the wall equal to two stone lengths. With this arrangement, it will be convenient for the master to spread the solution and lay the blocks on the wall. The duties of the assistant also include the supply of the solution.

Cinder block is a "fast" building material that speeds up the work of a bricklayer.

The master lays the solution with a shovel on the upper surface of the wall, the width of the strip is several centimeters narrower than the width of the block. The cinder block is laid on a fresh mortar and pressed close to the laid block, after which it is settled with both hands and, if necessary, with a hammer. The protruding solution is cut off with a trowel and vertical seams are filled. If the cinder block does not have a recess on the bonding surface, then a solution must be applied to this face before laying the block on the wall.

Additional articles with useful information

Whether or not to use cinder block as the main building material when building a house can be determined only after taking into account the positive and negative sides of this artificial stone.

Many developers can be helped out by frame walls, especially if their features are taken into account during construction and operation, since they can be built without special equipment and they are much cheaper.

What could be more pleasant than the feeling that you are a “jack of all trades”! Almost every man can build a garage or a shed on a personal plot on his own. The main thing is to choose a building material that is easy to work with, and the result will satisfy the requirements for durability and thermal conductivity.

First, consider what materials you can build an outbuilding:

1. wood
2. brick
3. foam concrete or aerated concrete
4. shell rock or cinder block

A wooden building (if it is not a temporary shed) is more suitable for residential buildings or baths, and not for a garage. A brick building will be more durable, but it will require significantly larger financial investments and building experience. More affordable options will be the construction of outbuildings from foam concrete or aerated concrete blocks, sawn shell rock, but still the cheapest will be laying walls from cinder block, which is a versatile material used for these purposes for many years.

Pros and cons of slag concrete.

One of the main advantages of cinder blocks is their relative cheapness and the fact that masonry can be done with minimal building skills. The thermal conductivity of the block can be increased if, during construction, all cavities are covered with expanded clay or other loose insulation.

However, there are several parameters in which cinder blocks lose. In particular, these are:

• environmental friendliness of the material (it is better to choose a manufacturer that indicates the composition of the filler),
• poor adhesion of blocks with masonry and plaster mortars,
• increased susceptibility to moisture.

Without external finishing, cinder block walls will not be able to serve for a long time, so their advantage as a cheap building material can be covered by the cost of facade work. The interiors have the same problems with finishing. The plaster will fall off over time, and the wallpaper does not adhere well to the material due to the uneven surface.

Cinder block wall masonry: material calculation.

Cinder block, unlike foam blocks, is produced in a standard size - 39x19x19 cm, which is equal to about four bricks, or half the size for partitions.

The strength of the cinder block directly depends on the composition and percentage of voidness, so it is quite difficult to talk about a specific figure. To test the strength, you can try to throw a block from a height of one and a half meters, and if it does not crack, then the quality is good.

The price of one wall standard cinder block is from 20 to 40 rubles, depending on the composition of the raw material and the method of production.

The calculation of the required number of blocks is quite simple. The area of ​​​​the walls and the volume of masonry are calculated. In one cubic meter - 72 standard blocks. If the laying of cinder block walls is provided in one block (wall thickness 38 cm), then 30 pieces will go to one m 2 of the wall, and if in the floor of the block, then only 18.

High-quality masonry is ensured by properly mixed cement mortar with the addition of a plasticizer (you can use ordinary detergent or clay). One cubic meter of mortar is enough for laying 4.5 cubic meters of blocks.

Technology of laying walls from cinder block.

In order for the walls of the blocks to turn out to be even, it is necessary to adhere to some mandatory rules.

Rule one. The foundation for the walls of the blocks should have the most even surface and be slightly larger than the width of the blocks.

There is a set of mandatory tools needed to work with blocks: a level, a plumb line, a rubber mallet, a mooring cord, a trowel, and ordering.

Before starting laying on a foundation or plinth, cut-off waterproofing is made on a bitumen basis, in the form of waterproofing mastic or mortar (the choice in building markets is huge). This layer will protect against moisture penetration into the wall from below. If roofing material is used, then the sheets are overlapped with a margin of 10-15 cm.

The blocks are stacked so that the edge hangs slightly over the plinth. It is optimal if the blocks protrude beyond the base by about 5 cm.

The masonry process begins with marking the location of door and window openings and internal partitions.

Beacon blocks are the first to be placed at the corners and, using a level and a plumb line, align the corners of the house at 90 degrees. This is a very important stage, on which the evenness of the masonry depends.

After that, the corner blocks can be laid on the mortar, the layer thickness of which is approximately 2 cm. Once again, we make sure that the blocks are level.

For the accuracy of fitting all other blocks, a mooring cord is used, which is fastened with a nail and weight on the corner blocks. So it will be convenient to beat each next block with a rubber mallet so that it is clearly flush with the cord. The installation time of the blocks on the applied solution should not exceed 10 -12 minutes. The solution is applied to the bottom row and side of the stacked block. The block is oriented downwards with voids (if the option of backfilling with expanded clay is not provided).

The solution that is squeezed out when fitting the block is necessarily collected with a trowel and used further.

That's all the rules that will help make the walls of your "fortress" smooth and reliable.

This is where the name came from among the people - cinder block, although time changes everything, it also changed the physical composition of this material:

• popular fillers are: granite screenings; the battle of bricks, cement, concrete; expanded clay; crushed stone, perlite, ash, etc.;
• the binding material was still cement (M-500) with the addition of clay, lime, gypsum or plasticizing additives.

Buy or make your own?

You can make cinder blocks both independently and in industrial conditions. For the first case, one cannot do without a vibroforming machine or a vibrating table, since the technological condition for obtaining a cinder block is vibrocompression method. Such a "home" production makes sense if you have skills and a small amount of construction: a private house, a garage, outbuildings.

Buying a ready-made building material will slightly increase the cost of construction, but will allow you to make a choice according to the goal set by the project, climatic conditions, the authority of the manufacturer, the environmental friendliness of the composition, the type and size of the block, and the color.

With large volumes of construction, this will avoid unprofitable costs of physical labor.

Characteristics of the cinder block

In addition to the composition, the cinder block is characterized by standard dimensions - 200x400 mm and less than 200, the so-called semi-blocks (for partitions), as well as the presence of internal voids (to facilitate the product).

That's why distinguish between monolithic and hollow cinder blocks, which are characterized by the degree of volume of the cavities:

• two rectangular cavities;
• four rectangular cavities;
• two or three round cavities;
• three rows of cavities of arbitrary shape.

The strength of the cinder block can be determined by the brand, the marking of which contains the magnitude of the load that the material can withstand per 1 sq. cm.

So the M-35 product goes only in combination with another carrier material of greater strength. M-50 and M-75 are used for partitions and interior walls. M-100 and M-136 - for laying load-bearing structures.

The low bearing capacity limits the use of cinder blocks for multi-storey buildings, and the high hygroscopicity of the blocks requires the obligatory fulfillment of the following conditions:

• to build a cinder block structure only in dry weather;
• laying on a high foundation (up to 70 cm);
• apply the outer coating with a layer of at least 2 cm immediately after the erection of the wall;
• do not leave the skeleton of the house for a long time without a roof.

A short video about cinder block houses.

What is good about a cinder block house

1. Its main advantage is fire safety, which is a priority in the conditions of suburban construction.
2. A house made of cinder blocks is not afraid of not only a hurricane or an earthquake, but the most destructive tornado, especially if the walls are reinforced with steel bars during masonry.
3. The building is repaired without any problems, retains heat and protects well from temperature extremes outside.
4. The laying process itself is easier than from bricks. It is possible to vary the thickness of the walls using masonry in one block, half a block, one and a half or two stones.
5. The process of laying cinder blocks is available to a non-professional.
6. Currently, there are interesting offers on the service market for free projects of private houses from cinder blocks.
7. Cinder block is an excellent sound insulator and material inaccessible to biological destruction.
8. Operational shelf life - 100 years.
9. The prices for this type of building material are quite affordable.

Photo of cinder block houses.

What reduces the dignity of a cinder block house

1. It is gratifying that at present there is a sufficient selection of exterior finishes on the building materials market, because a cinder block house cannot be left without wall covering - it is so unpresentable in appearance.
2. True, cinder blocks are also produced with a decorative texture, but their hygroscopicity requires protection from precipitation and any kind of moisture. And such protection creates difficulties in the construction of ventilated facades, drainage systems, and the use of waterproof materials.
3. This building stone complicates the work of laying pipes and cables.
4. High heat conductivity requires indispensable wall insulation.
5. The environmental friendliness of the blocks depends entirely on the integrity of the manufacturer, so you need to choose licensed brands that have proven themselves.

What you need to pay attention to when building from cinder blocks

1. When choosing a cinder block, be interested in the environmental friendliness of the filler: the best are expanded clay, shell rock, sawdust, crushed stone.
2. When choosing a material, pay attention to the integrity and identity of the geometry of several blocks from different pallets.
3. Before buying, ask the seller for the characteristics of the material that affect the density, frost resistance, strength, and thermal conductivity.
4. The quality of the material can be checked with a 15mm nail by trying to manually stick it into the bottom block. If it does, there is cause for concern.
5. A cinder block made without a vibrator is inferior in strength and reliability; only suitable for non-residential premises.
6. By making blocks yourself, you can always add the missing ones, you just have to observe the setting time of the material.
7. The thickness of the masonry walls is determined based on the climate of the area.
8. Too thick a layer of mortar (over 1.5 cm) will reduce the heat resistance of the walls.
9. Without preparation, ordinary plaster does not adhere to cinder blocks.
10. For high-quality masonry, even a low wall will need scaffolding.
11. Cinder blocks are not used as structural materials and foundations.
12. The calculation of blocks can be done without taking into account window and door openings, taking into account 10-15% percent of losses during the construction process.

The sizes of the foam block, gas block and cinder block are different. When choosing a cinder block as the main material for building a private house, we will have to carry out a lot of calculations in terms of the quantity of the product, its weight and dimensions. And all this will be related to the final estimate, and, as you know, it is our finances!

Sizes for different tasks

In general, a cinder block does not have one size, at least not in the sense in which there are only one parameters and that's it.

1. Firstly, There are several dimensions, and they can differ in absolutely all sides and sizes.
2. Secondly, the material itself can be used in several areas of construction work, where it makes sense to use its different dimensions.

In addition, the cost of one cinder block directly depends on its dimensions. Let's look at all the existing options, as well as determine their impact on the construction process.

Related articles:

Bearing structures

In load-bearing structures, the dimensions of a standard cinder block can be 390X190X188 mm, and this fully meets the requirements of the load-bearing element:

• Wall strength ensured by the fact that the material has a marking from M50 to M 150, and this is really high strength. Let us explain that the standard dimensions of the cinder block can withstand a load of up to 150 kg per square centimeter.
• Thermal conductivity 0.8 W/m0S, the material is just fine for building a house, and this is in view of the fact that we always try to look at materials pessimistically, this is how their real performance comes to light.
• Frost resistance. Do not forget that cinder blocks can be saturated with water, so the frost resistance index is F 35.

In addition, in relation to load-bearing structures, one can note the thickness of the walls, in principle, the width in 190 mm may be quite sufficient, but if there is a strong desire to arrange masonry in two rows, the cinder block size standard can also be used, and the wall in 380 mm, will already be a fairly massive structure.

Naturally, from the point of view of the dimensions of the wall, we are interested in the size, but what about the collection of loads on the foundation?

We cannot bypass the collection of loads, and the choice of our foundation for the house largely depends on it. Recall. That, ideally, we need to calculate absolutely everything, including the foundation itself, and the roof and interior, and, of course, load-bearing walls. Just for the latter, we need the weight of the cinder block.

And here we need to understand that the weight indicators of the product always directly depend on the voidness and the manufacturer. That is, several options for arranging voids in the product, and each time the weight and size of the cinder block will vary depending on these parameters.

Nevertheless, we can offer some “weight” grid that will help us roughly navigate the product:

• The weight of a full-bodied product, with the greatest strength, it is also called a wall stone, can range from 25 to 28 kg. And the size here we can also not always be the same. Let's say we know about the existence of a dimension of 390X190X188 mm, but there are also 400x200x200.
• A hollow block, which, by the way, can also be used, including for the construction of load-bearing structures, varies from 18-23 kg, the same can be said about the dimensions.
• And the third option, these are semi-blocks, which have a void and are used in the construction of interior partitions, here we have a weight of 10 to 13 kg.

Important! Due to the difference in size, the material has to be purchased all at once, or to check new batches that will be intended for construction. Therefore, the issue of the initial calculation of the total amount of material is relevant.

Internal work

Cinder blocks are used not only in the construction of load-bearing walls, we can easily use it in the construction of interior partitions. And what size of cinder block we choose for this, such partitions will be.

To do this, we can choose the standard size of the cinder block specifically for the interior wall 390X120X188, where 120 mm is the wall thickness. The parameters are quite consistent with the size of the brick, it is important to compare, because we are used to a certain type of partitions.

Here, however, there is one pleasant nuance. With a block length of 390 mm and a height of 190 mm, we have one such product that replaces 4.5 pieces of ordinary red brick in the masonry.

What gives us this alignment:

• First of all, we seriously save on the solution. And given that our material is hollow, and not all of its surface is covered with glue, the savings become even more noticeable.
• Laying speed. Naturally, with large material parameters, we lay the masonry much faster, plus, it’s easier for us to do it, which is quite an important condition for someone who decides to do everything with their own hands.

We are only talking about work, but is there any point in installing piers from cinder blocks?

Let's take a look at the obvious disadvantages of this material:

• First of all, poor soundproofing. And for the interior wall, this is one of the main conditions. However, you can achieve a higher level by sheathing partitions.
• Low thermal insulation. The temperature in the rooms will be almost the same.
• The low strength is precisely the option for partitions, on the other hand, here we are not chasing reinforced concrete strength.

There is another rather significant minus that can make us partially reconsider our attitude to our choice, this is its non-compliance with environmental standards and requirements.

The latter directly relates to the filler, because it is he who can be toxic and hazardous to health. In this case, we will still find a use for it, various sizes of cinder blocks allow us to build various utility rooms from it, and these are sheds, garages, storage rooms.

emptiness

From this indicator directly depends on where exactly we use the product, how much its main physical characteristics change.

We have already noted that the product is represented by two types:

• A monolith is a solid block, which, although it is highly durable, has low thermal insulation and a lot of weight.
• A hollow option, in which all its characteristics directly depend on the dimensions of the voids of the cinder block.

These parameters are determined by the mass of molds for the production of cinder blocks, various geometric shapes in the device of the void, but most importantly, we can derive the ratio of voidness to the body of the material.

And here we have only two indicators that we should really be interested in, these are: 30 and 40% voids.

Consider the difference:

• At 30%, we get a product that has average strength indicators, but at the same time does not lose in thermal insulation qualities. That is, the principle of compromises is applied in its production, and all physical and technical characteristics are brought under the average value.
• At 40%, the product, of course, is somewhat inferior in terms of strength, however, the instructions for its use indicate that its thermal insulation characteristics have increased due to voids.

Application

Here we come to the core of our entire conversation. What can be said about the application of the material, if we already know about its shortcomings?

Despite all the disadvantages, cinder block products remain popular in low-rise construction, low price, ease of use, availability of material, lead to the fact that it is constantly used in the construction of not only adjacent non-residential buildings. But also in the construction of houses.

By the way, the number of storeys of a house made of this material can reach three floors! And given that the guest on the size of the cinder block gives a clear answer to its dimensions, we can more easily calculate all the necessary parameters in quantitative and weight terms.

Conclusion

The dimensions of the product, its voidness and weight completely determine the scope of application, while in one construction process we can use several standard sizes of the product. And in the presented video in this article you will find additional information on this topic.

The reliability of any structure depends on the strength of the building material. When choosing cinder blocks for building a house, garage, bathhouse or any other building, it is necessary to choose the right cinder block of the desired grade of strength - the durability of the structure will depend on this.

The advantage of cinder blocks is that they can be made from different types of materials. It can be slag or screening of gravel and crushed stone, ash, expanded clay, sawdust, shell rock, brick waste, sawdust, perlite, etc. are used. Since all these materials have different properties, the composition of the finished mixture will change the technical characteristics of the finished cinder blocks, their strength, thermal conductivity, frost resistance, resistance to atmospheric phenomena, etc.

Like any building material, it is denoted by the letter M (grade strength). The grade strength of cinder blocks can be different: M35, M50, M75, M100, M125, M15, M200. The higher the indicator, the higher the strength of the blocks. These figures show what load (35.50.75.100.25 kg / cm2) the block can withstand per 1 cm2 of surface.

For the construction of walls and partitions, lighter and warmer cinder blocks of grades from M35 to M75 are suitable, and for the construction of a basement, foundations, cinder blocks of higher strength from heavy concrete of grades M125 to M200 are used.

In terms of strength and durability, cinder blocks are not inferior to bricks, and in terms of cost and ease of laying, cinder blocks win favorably among other building materials.