Humidity for indoor plants. Research work on the topic "air humidity and its role in the life of indoor plants
Humidity for plants is one of the most important criteria for survival. Knowing the moisture requirements of plants can extend their life and significantly improve their appearance.
On the example of drying clothes, it can be seen that when any matter comes into contact with dry air, it evaporates moisture. Plants are no exception. That is why the dense leaves of some of them, living mainly in desert areas (cacti, succulents and thick-skinned like peperomia), have adapted to retain maximum moisture and survive in extremely dry climates. At the same time, the combination of high temperature and low humidity greatly affects equatorial plants (for example, ferns and dracaena), whose paper-thin leaves easily lose moisture. At high temperatures and low humidity, in particular in houses with central heating, the level of evaporation of water through the stomata can easily exceed the allowable. Plant cells and compost begin to lose moisture (meaning the drying of the roots), which leads to negative consequences, often irreversible. The classic sign of reduced moisture is brittle leaf margins; flowers and buds dry out, the edges of the leaves turn yellow, and they themselves gradually die off. Sometimes the plant also suffers from excess moisture, especially if the ventilation mode is not maintained: musty damp air contributes to the occurrence of fungal diseases and rot.
Natural conditions for indoor plants
Many of the houseplants we know well come from tropical and subtropical regions, where the air is usually supersaturated with moisture. Although it is very important for successful cultivation of plants to recreate natural conditions their habitats, few people will like the idea of sweltering tropics at home. In most cases, it is enough to simply localize the increased humidity directly around a particular plant.
Glass house for plants
Bottle gardens or terrariums create favorable conditions for self-humidification and self-watering. They are
ideal for low-growing plants that are sensitive to moisture levels, like Fittonia,
arrowroot and adlaritum.
General use
Gather plants together to share the moisture they produce: most plants don't mind company at all and respond well to group growing.
Humidifiers
Creating comfort
People also do not tolerate excessively dry air. To increase the level of humidity, making the microclimate more pleasant, you can use humidifying pendants or trays for radiators. Air conditioners with humidity control are also suitable.
Moisture Lovers
Some plants need high humidity. These include, in particular, many carnivorous plants like sarracenpp and cyperus (Cypenis altemifblia), which, in addition to high humidity air require constant moistening of the roots.
Regular spraying
Since some plants have to be sprayed several times a day in the heat, it is better to purchase small plastic or metal-coated spray guns for this. Fertilizers can be added to ordinary water for irrigation if necessary. Try not to spray plants with hairy leaves, but if you do it by mistake, let them dry completely, but not in bright sun.
mini greenhouse
To create conditions for soft or woody cuttings for better rooting and less moisture loss, you can cover them with a straightened plastic bag, pulling it over wire spacers that are installed above the pots.
double pot
To create additional moisture, you need to insert the plant pot into a more spacious
Waterproof and cover it with water-retaining peat or sphagnum moss. This way
ideal for ferns.
Pallet with a secret
You can raise the moisture level without eroding the compost by filling a large, shallow tray of water with gravel, sand, or pebbles and planting plants on them. In places where water spillage is highly undesirable, it is preferable to use expanded clay balls.
bedding
For multiple pots better
use a special bedding that will serve as a constant source of moisture for the capillaries due to the formation of an air plug between it and the bottom of the pot. This method is ideal for plants that require consistently high compost and air humidity.
Self-watering pots
Making houseplant care much easier, these pots store water in special reservoirs, which, if necessary, serve to increase the level of humidity in the immediate vicinity of the pot.
Steam and moisture
As the most humid rooms in the house, bathrooms are ideal for growing moisture-loving plants, the success of which also depends on the location of the room, the temperature in it and the frequency of use of the bathroom.
Pomelova Alexandra
The purpose of the research work is to study air humidity and to study the effect of air humidity on humans and plants.
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MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL
SCHOOL № 10 ARZAMAS
competition of research papers and projects for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren "I AM A RESEARCHER"
Research on the topic
"AIR HUMIDITY
AND ITS ROLE IN THE LIFE OF HOUSE PLANTS»
Performed:
4th grade student
Pomelova Alexandra
Supervisor:
Moshkova S.G.
Arzamas, 2015
Introduction
Most recently, on 12/11/13, I had younger brother Artyomushka. Therefore, Olga Vladimirovna Belozertseva, a doctor from the polyclinic, often came to us for examinations of the baby. Every time she came to us she always said that we have very dry air and we need to increase the humidity of the air. Since low humidity has a very bad effect on the condition of a person, especially a small child.
At school, we did not study the humidity of the air. Therefore, in my research work, I decided to study the theory of air humidity, learn about humidity measuring devices and make my own device for measuring air humidity. Understand how you can change the humidity of the air and create your own device, as well as explore how humidity affects humans and plants.
The purpose of my research work is to study air humidity and to study the effect of air humidity on humans and plants.
Hypothesis: Understanding the features of humid air and knowing its characteristics, you can create a favorable microclimate in your home.
To confirm the hypothesis, I set and solved the following tasks:
1. Study the theory on the topic "humidity"
2. Learn to measure air humidity
3. Assemble the device for measuring air humidity
4. Learn the types of humidifiers
4. Assemble a humidifier at home
5. Investigate the development of plants from air humidity
Research methods and forms: literature analysis, instrument design, visual experiment.
1. Theoretical part
1.1. Air humidity
In addition to gases and dust, water is an important component of air. For all terrestrial organisms, air humidity is important indicator environment. Almost all of them make their demands on it, and deviations from these requirements entail serious consequences.
Air can be dry or humid.
Absolute humidity is the amount of moisture (in grams) contained in one cubic meter air (g/m 3 ). Air cannot contain an infinite amount of water, there is a maximum of water that air can contain, that is, 100% humidity, this amount of water is called the maximum absolute humidity. At a certain air temperature, the air can contain only a certain amount of moisture (with an increase in temperature, this maximum possible amount of moisture increases, with a decrease in air temperature, the maximum possible amount of moisture decreases) introduced the conceptrelative humidity.
Relative humidity -the ratio of absolute humidity and the maximum possible absolute humidity at a specific temperature (characterizes the degree of air saturation with water vapor). Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage, for example: 100% - full saturation, 50% - half saturation, etc. Thus, when heated, the maximum absolute humidity of the air increases, but the amount of water in it (absolute humidity) remains the same, so the ratio of water to the maximum decreases, so the relative humidity drops.
1.2. Humidity measurement
To determine the humidity of the air, special devices are used.
The hygrometer is metal box, the front wall of which is well polished. The box is surrounded by a polished ring, separated from it by a heat-insulating gasket. The box is connected with a rubber pear. An easily evaporating liquid - ether is poured inside the box and a thermometer is inserted, blowing air through the box with the help of a pear, causing strong evaporation of the ether and rapid cooling of the box. The thermometer notes the temperature at which dew drops appear on the polished surface of the wall.
The psychrometer consists of two thermometers. The tank of one of them remains dry, and the thermometer shows the air temperature. The tank of another thermometer is surrounded by a strip of fabric, the end of which is lowered into the water. The water evaporates and this cools the thermometer. The higher the relative humidity, the less intense the evaporation and the smaller the difference between the readings of the thermometer and the dry thermometer. At a relative humidity of 100%. the water will not evaporate at all and the readings of both thermometers will be the same. According to the temperature difference of thermometers, using special tables called psychometric tables, you can determine the relative humidity of the air. Psychrometers are usually used in cases where a fairly accurate and fast determination of air humidity is required.
Integrated humidity sensors are also used.
To calibrate instruments for measuring humidity, special installations are used - hygrostats.
1.3. Humidifiers
There are many ways to increase indoor humidity. The easiest is to hang a wet towel on warm battery or put a container of water next to the heating. As a result of the evaporation of water, the humidity of the air increases slightly. But you need to constantly monitor that the towel remains wet or add water. Similar technologies were known in ancient Egypt. Archaeologists discovered special vessels with water, in which a rope of canvas was placed. If you place such a vessel in a draft, then as a result of the natural evaporation of water, you can achieve some increase in air humidity. Currently, household humidifiers are used, which humidify the air very well.
There are four types of humidifiers:
Hot steam humidifiers
Cold steam humidifiers
Ultrasonic Humidifiers
Air wash
Hot steam humidifiers
Operating principle steam humidifiers air is based on the hot evaporation of water, i.e. This is the usual process of boiling water, as a result of which water turns into steam and saturates the air with moisture. In humidifiers, the operation scheme is very similar to that of electric kettle: voltage is applied to the electrodes, the water heats up, begins to boil and evaporate. When the water completely evaporates (boils away), the circuit opens and the device automatically turns off. The performance of such devices is quite high - they are capable of short term increase air humidity to 80-100%. They work silently, but at the same time they “heat” the room with hot steam, which allows them to be used as air flavors. To do this, aromatic additives are placed in a special container. But if the air temperature in the house is already high, excess heat can be regarded as a disadvantage.
Cold steam humidifiers
The principle of operation of such humidifiers is based on the cold evaporation of water, i.e. water molecules evaporate, or rather disappear (without heating the water - in a natural way), thus saturating the air - with moisture. In the devices, water is poured into special tanks, then water is supplied to the sump, from where it enters special evaporative elements (cartridges, filters or discs). The simplest humidifiers work on replaceable paper cartridges, where water impregnates the paper, rising from the bottom up, as if through capillaries. In more expensive systems, the evaporator has plastic discs that are constantly moistened as they rotate. The built-in fan drives the air through the evaporative elements and moisturizes it naturally. The performance of these humidifiers is highly dependent on the humidity in the room - the higher the humidity, the lower the evaporation rate, i.e. the air humidification process is self-regulating, which to a certain extent is their advantage.
Ultrasonic Humidifiers
Ultrasonic humidifiers are the most efficient humidifiers available. Water from the tank is supplied to a plate vibrating with a high (ultrasonic) frequency, where the water is broken into a fine water suspension. The air flow created by the fan delivers it to the room, where it passes into a vapor state. Simply put, an ultrasonic humidifier allows you to generate fog at home. The released vapors only seem to be hot, but in fact they are cold and damp, and also absolutely safe for both human health and plants.
Unlike steam and traditional humidifiers, the advantage of ultrasonic humidifiers is precise humidity control, normal temperature outgoing steam (no more than 40°С) and low noise level.
Air wash
Climate complexes, air washers, they are also humidifiers - air purifiers - devices that combine two main functions to create a favorable ecological atmosphere in the room: humidification and air purification (as additional features may be aromatization and/or air ionization). Air purifiers-humidifiers are distinguished by the method of air purification: the main filter element HEPA filter or water filter.
1.4. Humidity control value
For humans and animals, excessive humidity often causes respiratory diseases. The lack of moisture in the air causes irritation of the mucous membranes, impairs vision and can cause fatigue. It is believed that for normal health of a person, relative humidity should be 40-60%.
In weaving, confectionery and other industries, a certain humidity is necessary for the normal course of the process. Storing works of art and books requires maintaining air humidity at required level. Therefore, in museums on the walls you can see psychrometers.
Chapter 2. Practical part
After studying the theory of air humidity, I moved on to practice. The first thing to do was to learn how to determine the humidity in the room. To do this, my teacher and I asked the physics teacher of our school Shalanova Irina Vadimovna for a school psychrometer. Determining humidity with a psychrometer was not at all difficult.
The order of observations on the psychrometer:
1. 5 minutes before the urgent hour, wet the cloth on the thermometer. To do this, take distilled water. In the absence of such, you can use pure snow water or use rain water, previously passed through filter paper or cotton wool.
2. After 4 minutes, the dry and wet thermometers of the psychrometer are read.
3. Find the temperature difference.
4. Using a psychometric table, according to the temperature difference and the readings of a dry thermometer, find the humidity of the air.
So, in our class humidity: 56%.
At school, I was allowed to take the psychrometer home for a few days. Therefore, in order to always have the opportunity to find out the humidity in our apartment, we decided to assemble our own home psychrometer.
Home psychrometer
Main parts:
1. Two thermometers.
2. A piece of damp cloth.
3. Plastic cover.
4. Shoe box lid.
5. Double-sided tape.
6. Psychometric table.
Order:
1. Using double-sided tape, thermometers were glued to a cardboard shoe cover with inside. For convenience, thermometers were placed nearby.
2. C reverse side lids glued a psychometric table.
3. One of the thermometers at the bottom was wrapped with a piece of napkin, so that a small ribbon would remain free.
4. A plastic cover was placed under the thermometer with a napkin, into which the end of the napkin was lowered.
5. Pour some water into the lid.
After the napkin got wet, we proceeded to determine the humidity of the air.
We checked the readings of our psychrometer and the school one, they matched.
We already have a humidifier in the house that we bought from the store. He is in my little brother's room. For our room, we decided to assemble a humidifier with our own hands. We collected the humidifier together with my grandfather.
Components
- Plastic container with lid
- Case cooler (computer fan)
- Dust wipes
- Power Supply.
Assembly
- We connect the cooler with the power supply.
- We cut a hole for the cooler on the lid of the container.
- Installing the cooler
- We make cuts on the cover for napkins.
- Insert napkins.
- Pour water
- As soon as the napkins get wet, turn on the cooler.
Principle of operation
This humidifier works on the principle of a cold steam humidifier. Water from the container gets on the napkins. Napkins are an evaporative element. The cooler drives the air through wet wipes and moisturizes it.
Specifications
Water consumption: 1 liter of water per hour
Hydration: 3% increase per day
Advantages
Cheap and does not require high costs at work.
disadvantages
The fan makes noise.
Rice. 3 Assembling a home humidifier
Chapter 3. Experimental part
It is very difficult to study the effect of air humidity on the human condition. Because we are not always in the same room. I spend time at school, my parents are at work, my little brother often visits grandparents. So I decided to do my research on indoor plants. Violets grow in our house, so I investigated the effect of air humidity on the growth and flowering of violets.
Violet suits me in several ways:
- The optimal air humidity for violet growth corresponds to the optimal humidity for humans (about 60%).
- We have several violet flowers.
Hypothesis
With favorable (optimal) humidity, the violet will grow more actively, flowering will be longer, there will be more flowers.
Experiment condition
Pots with violets should be in the same climatic conditions (temperature, lighting), but the humidity will be significantly different. All flower pots and homemade psychrometers were numbered:
The first flower pot is in a room where the humidity is low (about 30%).
The second flower pot is in the room where optimal humidity(about 60%).
The third flower pot is in a room where the humidity is high (about 90%).
Task
Find out how humidity affects the growth and flowering of homemade violets.
feature of the experiment.
The main part of my experiment was carried out in autumn and winter. This is due to significant changes in air humidity in our apartment. In summer, air humidity in all rooms corresponds to 55%. Therefore, it is difficult to create conditions that would reduce the humidity of the air. In autumn, when the heating is turned on, the air in our apartment becomes dry, i.e. humidity is greatly reduced. The study showed that during the heating season, the humidity in our apartment is about 30%.
Experiment.
- I arranged the pots of violets in different rooms, but so that they receive the same amount of light. All the flowers stood on a shelf, next to the window, which did not open directly onto the street, but onto a glazed balcony.
- The temperature in all rooms is the same.
- I installed home psychrometers next to the flowers to determine the humidity of the air.
- Humidifiers were installed to humidify the air with flowers No. 2 and No. 3. With flower No. 2 we put our humidifier (it was in my room), with flower No. 3 we put an ultrasonic humidifier from the store.
- Watching started:
First stage of observations(before heating season) (Appendix 1).
Observation result:
Humidity is throughout the entire periodAugust 24 - October 4an average of 58%. Violets No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 grow and develop in the same way. The appearance of violets corresponds to the norm of a healthy plant. Flowering is abundant and long.
Healthy leaves are clean, free of blooms, spots and deformations.
Healthy flowers: large, brightly colored
The smell is pleasant, floral.
The second stage of observations(heating season) (Appendix 2).
Observation result:
Flower No. 1 (humidity below normal):
The flower did not differ from what it was before the heating season. The leaves were rich. Flowering has stoppeddormant period begins
After about three months, significant changes began to occur. The leaves have become lethargic and drooping. A brown dry border began to appear on the edges of some leaves. Outwardly, the flower is noticeably different from a healthy one, it looks lethargic.
Appeared a large number of yellowing leaves over the entire surface, especially the lower ones. The tips of some of the leaves turned brown and withered. Three buds appearedrest period is over). Outwardly, the flower is sluggish and dry.
Lots of yellowed leaves with dried edges. flowers bloomed small size, which quickly fell. New small buds appeared. Outwardly, the flower is sluggish, dry.
dormant period begins). Outwardly, the flower looks healthy.
Rice. 10 Photo Flower #2
rest period is over
Rice. 11 Photo Flower #2
The appearance of violets corresponds to the norm of a healthy plant. Leaves are saturated. The lower leaves gradually dry out and fall off. New healthy leaves appear. Flowering is abundant and long. The flowers are large, brightly colored.
Rice. 12 Photo Flower #2
Flower number 3 (humidity above normal):
The flower did not differ from what it was before the heating season. The leaves are saturated, without spots and deformation. The lower leaves gradually dry out and fall off. New healthy leaves appear. Flowering has stoppeddormant period begins). Outwardly, the flower looks healthy.
The appearance of violets corresponds to the norm of a healthy plant. The leaves are saturated, without spots and deformation. The lower leaves gradually dry out and fall off. New healthy leaves appear. Buds and flowers have begun to appearrest period is over). Flowering is not large, but the flowers are large, with bright colors.
The appearance of the violet has changed. Thickened leaves appeared. Lots of leaves with brown rot spots. Flowering is plentiful, but the flowers also have brown spots rot. There was an unpleasant putrid smell.
Third stage of observations(after the heating season) (Appendix 3).
Observation result:
Within a month, the air humidity in all rooms equalized and returned to normal.
Flower number 1 (humidity is normal):
Yellowed and dry leaves gradually fall off. New young healthy leaves grow. New buds and large ones started healthy flowers. According to external data, the flower itself has revived and looks healthy.
Flower number 2: (humidity is normal):
The appearance of violets corresponds to the norm of a healthy plant. Leaves are saturated. Flowering is abundant and long.
Flower number 3 (humidity is normal):
Leaves and flowers with rot spots gradually fell off. Young healthy leaves and flowers appeared. Flowering is plentiful. The smell of rot is gone. The flower looks healthy.
Final result:
Flower watching room violet at different air humidity showed the following. Humidity has great importance for the growth, development and flowering of room violets. Moreover, both high and low humidity are unfavorable for the flower. At high low, the flower gradually dries up, at high humidity it begins to rot. Moreover, if the humidity returns to normal, the diseased flower also begins to gradually return to normal. Diseased leaves and flowers fall off, new healthy leaves and flowers appear in their place. The bright color of the leaves appears. Flowering increases and returns to normal.
I also note that during the experiment I observed the changes in my body. Being in a room with normal humidity was better and more pleasant. It was easy to breathe.
In a room with low humidity, it started to tickle in the nose and throat, coughing often began.
It was hard to be in a room with high humidity, the air was suffocating.
Conclusion
As a result of work on this topic, we were convinced that air humidity plays an important role in human life and in nature. Moreover, all deviations from the norm are harmful, both low humidity and high humidity are harmful. So, at low humidity, the plants begin to dry and may die, and the human condition worsens, dryness in the nose and throat and cough appear. High humidity is also harmful to the human body, and in plants (for example, violets) causes decay. It is necessary to constantly maintain a certain humidity. To do this, it is necessary to control the humidity of the air, for example, using a psychrometer and, in case of changes, use humidifiers.
Literature
1. Pokrovsky A.A. Educational equipment for physics at school. M.: Education, 1973.
2. Do-it-yourself humidifier
IMPACT OF AIR HUMIDITY
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT WORLD
big role in life flora plays humidity. Measure her
hygrometers various types. Low air humidity increases water evaporation from
substrate, which can lead to desiccation that is fatal for plants. The lower
air humidity, the stronger the evaporation of water from leaves and soil, the more often it is required
watering.
The provision of a plant with water affects its appearance and features.
life support. On the basis of this, the following groups of plants are distinguished:
Hydrophytes - aquatic plants completely submerged in water or having
leaves floating on the surface.
Hygrophytes - plants of wet habitats (rain forests, swamps, coasts
reservoirs). These are herbaceous species with a weak root system, high ability
evaporate water, underdeveloped mechanical tissue. They can't stand it at all
short-term drying of the substrate,
Externally
characterized by large thin leaves, sometimes with a drip tip,
to which water flows (for example, some ficuses), with special outgrowths on the leaves
to enhance the evaporation of water (for example, imperial begonia).
wet
love
air.
Xerophytes are plants of dry habitats. They have a specific look and feel
special fixtures. Xerophytes are found in places with dry heat
climate (dry steppes, deserts and semi-deserts). Dry conditions may occur
even in rainy tropical forests - for example, many people experience a lack of moisture
epiphytes growing on the upper branches of tall trees. Features of xerophytes
are a decrease in the size of the leaves, their pubescence, the presence of a thick skin,
wax coating on it, numerous veins and stomata. Some xerophytes have
a highly developed root system or special organs that store water.
Xerophytes, unlike hygrophytes, can regulate water evaporation well.
Most known types xerophytes are succulents, hard-leaved,
thin-leaved and false xerophytes.
Succulents are plants with succulent, fleshy leaves or stems (spurge,
cacti, agaves, etc.), storing water in the tissues. Succulents grown in
room conditions do not suffer from dryness room air unlike the rest
plants.
Hard-leaved xerophytes
withstand drought due to strong root
system. These are mainly shrubs and trees (for example, saxaul).
Thin-leaved xerophytes - plants with a root system that penetrates to a depth
10–15 m.
False xerophytes - annual or perennials very fast cycle
development. By the onset of the summer drought, they have time to form seeds and go into
state of rest.
Mesophytes are plants that require moderate moisture conditions. This group includes
most indoor plants. For many
plants,
grown in room conditions, humidity of the order of 70–80% is necessary, then
as usual, the humidity is about 50%. Tropical species with thin delicate
leaves (Fittonia, arrowroot, selanginels, ferns) need moisture
air about 90%. To maintain high humidity, especially in winter, very
It is useful to use household humidifiers.
INCREASE IN HUMIDITY
Plants grow better when the air in the room is not too dry. Some
sensitive plants require an air humidity that is difficult to tolerate.
Humidity in a residential area should be within certain limits, so
called the comfort zone, and not exceed 70%. At 65% relative humidity
can grow most indoor plants without much difficulty. Dryness
air can cause yellowing of the edges of the leaves, abscission of buds and flowers.
It is useless to intensively water such plants, it is even harmful. Regular
spraying plants has a beneficial effect, but increases
air humidity only near them and for a short time. For many
tropical plants (dracaena, arrowroot and others) not only roots, but also leaves -
source of moisture for plants.
Humidity can be increased by placing plants on pallets of damp sand,
moss, peat or expanded clay. Large pallets that are filled with expanded clay,
add water until the expanded clay is completely moistened, but so that the expanded clay is not
completely in water, but only half (this increases the surface of evaporation).
You can also increase the humidity of the air by placing containers with
water or humidifier. Increase in plant density. The thicker they grow
plants, topics large surface earth (wet) evaporates moisture. Plants at the same time
how to help each other survive. Small plants can be kept in glass
sharahakvariums, immersed in sphagnum or other substrate. With light spraying
These balloons are easy to maintain high humidity. However, the optimal
humidity can only be ensured in a climate-controlled room greenhouse.
Sometimes one particular plant needs to urgently increase the humidity in order to
"revive" it. Water the plant, spray with water and cover with a plastic bag.
Monitor the humidity, do not forget to ventilate (so that mold does not appear, and
rotten roots). Usually, watering the soil will not be required soon.
Spraying. The simplest way creating the necessary humidity - neat
leaf spraying clean water from a spray bottle. For many plants this
it is advisable to do it at least once a day, and in hot weather- in the morning and
in the evening. Use warm water and spray plants in cool conditions
in the morning so that the leaves dry before nightfall.
In winter, care must be taken: excessive moisture can lead to
decay, so you need to spray only occasionally or take a break.
Plants with leaves densely covered with hairs (synningia, saintpaulia, coleus,
pelargonium), should not be sprayed, as this causes yellow or
white spots and they can rot. Dust is removed from them with a soft dry brush.
It is necessary to spray the plant from all sides, but in no case when it is
direct sunlight enters. Drops of water on the leaves form a prism effect and
cause burns.
Spraying not only temporarily increases the humidity of the air; in hot weather
it saves the plant from overheating, protects against infection with red spider mites
and cleans the leaves of dust.
L and t er a t u r a:
1. indoor floriculture/ R. Milevskaya, Yu. Vies. - Minsk: Book House, 2005.
2. 1000 + 1 houseplant care tips / auth. E. Manzhos. – M.:
AST; Minsk: Harvest, 2005.
2. HUMIDITY IN CONSTRUCTION
Sand is irreplaceable material in the construction business. But with all his
positive qualities, pluses and advantages, there are also minuses. This and the content
all kinds of impurities, and characteristics, one of which is the moisture content of the sand.
Humidity has a significant effect on bulk density sand. Unlike others
building materials, for which an increase in humidity leads to an increase
density, for sand the picture is completely opposite. Wet sand loses its
quality, namely, flowability. Grains of wet sand stick together into aggregates, which
leads to the formation of a loose structure. Laying sand in this case
will no longer be compact.
Take into account the moisture content of the sand construction work necessary. Especially when
sand is used for the preparation of mortars and concrete. Knowing the value of humidity,
You can adjust the amount of water used for production. In addition, this
can also affect the consumption of the sand itself.
At a moisture content of four to seven percent by weight, the greatest
sand loosening. But with an increase in humidity to twenty percent of the film of water,
which envelop the sand grains, thicken and the sticking process stops.
very important in the manufacture concrete mix control the moisture content of the sand.
Changing this value by one percent leads to a decrease in concrete strength by 2
MPa, and to a change in the mobility of the concrete mixture by four centimeters.
To date, methods have been developed for continuous monitoring of humidity.
sand, using radioactive isotopes and microwave radio waves.
Humidity must be taken into account when pasting walls with wallpaper, painting, etc.
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION PROCESSES
IN THE FORMATION OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON THE EARTH
Water occupies about 70.8% of the surface the globe. Living organisms contain
50 to 99.7% water. Figuratively speaking, living organisms are animated water. AT
atmosphere is about 13-15 thousand cubic meters. km of water in the form of drops, snow crystals and
water vapor. On average, there are 1.24 ∙ 1016 kg of water vapor in the atmosphere. And although his share
is less than 1% of the total mass of the atmosphere, its impact on the weather, the climate of the Earth,
people's well-being is very high.
The main source of water vapor in the atmosphere is the evaporation of water from the surface
oceans, seas, reservoirs, wet soil, plants. From expanses of water and land for a year
more than 500,000 km3 of water evaporates, that is, an amount of water almost equal to the amount
waters in the Black Sea. In the atmosphere, under the influence of various processes, water vapor
condenses. In this case, clouds, fog, precipitation, dew are formed. When condensing
moisture, an amount of heat is released equal to the amount of heat spent on
evaporation. This process leads to a softening of climatic conditions in cold
areas.
Water vapor enters the atmosphere as a result of the process of evaporation from the surface.
Evaporation depends on the temperature of the evaporating surface and on the relative
air humidity. Saturated air cannot hold more vapor if
its temperature will not rise. As the temperature rises, it moves away from saturation,
when lowered, on the contrary, condensation may begin in it. This happens, for example,
on a summer night in clear weather, in contact with a cold surface, leaves on it
dew drops. At a negative temperature frost falls. In the air,
cooling from the surface or from the cold air that has come, fog is formed.
It consists of small droplets or crystals suspended in the air. In strongly
In polluted air, a dense fog is formed with an admixture of smoke - smog.
Clouds form when water vapor condenses in rising air.
due to its cooling. The height of their formation depends on the temperature
relative humidity. When it reaches a height at which saturation
becomes complete (100%), condensation and cloud formation begin. If the ascendant
the air will meet a warm layer (inversion), the rise stops, the air does not reach
condensation boundaries and clouds do not form.
Clouds are in constant motion, falling below the condensation line, they
evaporate ("melt"). Clouds may consist of small droplets or crystals, more often
they are all mixed. By shape (by appearance), clouds are distinguished cirrus, stratus and
cumulus. Cirrus clouds - clouds of the upper tier (above 6000 m), translucent,
icy. Precipitation does not fall out of them. Layered clouds of medium (from 2000 to 6000 m) and
lower (below 2000 m) tiers. Basically, they give precipitation, usually long,
overlay. Cumulus clouds can form in the lower tier and reach a very large
height. Often they look like towers and consist of droplets below, above - from
crystals. They are associated with showers, hail, thunderstorms. In addition to the three main cloud forms,
there are many combinations. For example, cirrostratus, stratocumulus,
cirrocumulus, etc.
The shape of the clouds is explained by their origin. Cloud cover usually consists of
different clouds. The degree of cloud coverage of the sky - cloudiness is measured in points.
Full cloud cover - 10 points. On average, half of the sky on Earth is covered with clouds.
The greatest cloudiness is where the air rises, that is, in clouds of low
pressure. The least cloudiness, respectively, in areas of high pressure. Above
it is greater over the ocean than over land, since there is more moisture in the air. Absolute
maximum cloudiness - over the North Atlantic (9 points), absolute minimum - over
Antarctica and over tropical deserts (0.2 points). Cloud cover delays
solar radiation reaching the earth's surface, reflects and scatters it.
At the same time, clouds delay the thermal radiation of the earth's surface in the atmosphere.
Therefore, the influence of cloud cover on the climate is great.
Humidity in the earth's atmosphere varies widely. Yes, on earth
surface, the content of water vapor in the air is on average from 0.2% to
volume in high latitudes up to 2.5% in the tropics. Steam pressure in polar latitudes
less than 1 mb in winter (sometimes only hundredths of mb) and in summer below 5 mb; she's in the tropics
increases to 30 mb, and sometimes more. In subtropical deserts, vapor pressure
lowered to 5–10 mb.
Relative humidity is very high in equatorial zone(average annual up to 85%
and more), as well as in polar latitudes and in winter inside the continents of middle latitudes. Summer
monsoon regions are characterized by high relative humidity. Low values
relative humidity are observed in subtropical and tropical deserts and
in winter in monsoon regions (up to 50% and below).
Humidity decreases rapidly with altitude. At a height of 1.5–2 km, the average vapor pressure
half that of the earth's surface. Troposphere contains 99% of water vapor
atmosphere. On average over each square meter the earth's surface in the air
contains about 28.5 kg of water vapor.
4. HUMIDITY VALUE
FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE
Comfortable conditions for our body and the objects around us
are made up of many optimal components: temperature, noise, humidity,
dustiness and others. Often creating comfortable environment in your home or
enterprise, first of all we focus on the most tangible parameters -
heating system (temperature), tightly closed windows (noise), sometimes ventilation.
Air humidity usually remains undeservedly bypassed by our attention. And this
the most important parameter that affects our health and comfort at home. Humidity -
is the moisture content of our air. A hygrometer is used to measure it.
special device to determine the humidity of the air. From optimal content
moisture directly depends on the state of our body, it is the most important component
healthy lifestyle and comfortable conditions work.
Comfortable for any person, pets and everything that surrounds us,
humidity ranges from 50 to 60%. It can only be supported by household or
industrial atomizers (depending on the size of the premises). Device only
air humidification can stop the continuous destruction of moisture in the air
heating systems, stove in the kitchen, refrigerator compressor, other household appliances
and industrial devices. It turns out that all these are very useful and necessary in
Household appliances constantly dehumidify our air. And the air conditioner during its operation
takes precious moisture from the air of an apartment or house and pours it with condensate onto
street. We, like all living organisms, consume and give water from the mucous membranes.
and from the entire surface of the skin, so the destructive dry air acts on us
constantly.
At low humidity in a heated room, any wood begins to give off
air its moisture. When it is lost, furniture, floors and other wood shrivel and
diverges, forming deformations and cracks on the surface. The same phenomena
occur with textiles, paper, certain types plastics, porcelain, wax,
vegetables, fruits and other hygroscopic materials that are always
strive to achieve equilibrium with their environment and are able to secrete and
absorb moisture. In the printing industry, when drying quickly, the paper curls and
shrinks, causing the paper to tear, lift, and even misalign the printed
ink as it passes through the printing press. Museums and other places of storage
valuable sculptures and paintings, sudden changes in humidity can even lead to
destruction of works of art. Timely determine the degree of moisture loss in any
objects and the air around them are helped by moisture meters, which are widely used
in furniture production, construction, carpentry. These devices can measure
humidity of concrete, furniture, humidity of walls and the whole room during repair work,
laying parquet, etc.
open windows you can slightly compensate for the consumption of moisture, but
ventilation works when the temperature outside is higher than in the house, and
the amount of moisture in the natural air is sufficient. Cold air to heating
the season after entering the house expands, so the moisture content in it decreases in
repeatedly. Can I drink more water apply a moisturizing cream or other
ways of war with the symptoms, but it is more rational to eliminate the cause with the help of
contemporary technical progress, that is, use a humidifier
air to maintain a comfortable humidity.
Support for comfortable values of humidity and air temperature in the room in
different periods of the year:
geek report
EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON TONER QUALITY
Toner performance in copiers, printers, and fax machines is significantly affected by
air humidity (moisture content per unit volume), since the value depends on it
the electrical charge of the toner, which in turn determines the density
image and background level of copies, toner performance (print output)
products per tube or toner bottle) and the degree of dust
machine with toner particles. This is important to consider when evaluating toner or investigating causes.
copy quality changes. The humidity of the surrounding air is related to its temperature,
which indirectly is therefore of great importance for the operation of the toner, since the warmer
air, the more moisture it can hold and the higher its humidity tends to be.
The change in humidity affects two and one-component products in different ways.
manifestation systems. In a typical two-component system, high humidity, reducing
the electrical charge of the toner, weakens the attraction of its particles to the media, which makes it easier to
transferring toner to the drum. As a result, copies tend to be darker,
the toner performance decreases and the dustiness of the machine increases. Low
humidity, on the contrary, increases the charge of the toner, increases its attraction to the carrier, which
slows down the transfer of toner to the drum. As a result, copies usually come out more than
light, toner performance increases and machine dustiness decreases.
In the exact opposite way and even more sharply, the environment affects
operation of the toner in monocomponent systems, as in most copiers
Canon. Since there is no carrier in these systems, high humidity reduces the charge
toner, delays its transfer to the drum, and is usually the cause of lighter toner
copies with better toner performance and less machine dust.
On the contrary, low humidity, which increases the charge of the toner, contributes (due to the lack of
media) is transferred to the drum and therefore usually results in darker copies,
toner performance will decrease and the machine will become dusty.
It is generally impossible to deal with the effect of humidity on toner performance, and
adjusting machines to reduce the effects of high or low humidity does not
is an effective measure as it provides only a temporary improvement in performance
toner, and adjust the machine again, after the humidity returns to normal
level, it will be very difficult. Toner performance can be stabilized to some extent
throughout the year, as long as temperature extremes are not allowed and
humidity in the places where the machines are used, e.g.
air conditioners and dehumidifiers during periods of high humidity and humidifiers
air during dry months.
Often, relative humidity is not even taken into account when examining print defects.
Therefore, a whole day can be spent testing a product when the real reason
impression defects - simply a case of extremely high or low relative
humidity.
To maintain print defects that are dependent on relative humidity at
minimum level we recommend to maintain in your working and test
indoor relative humidity as close to 50% as possible. AT
rooms where fluctuations in relative humidity can be a problem,
install a hygrometer to measure the humidity in the air. Use
humidifier to increase low relative humidity and
air conditioning to reduce high relative humidity.
Storing an Empty Cartridge in Extreme Relative Humidity
(RH) or temperatures noticeably different from those in your work area,
can create high levels of latent moisture or condensation on components,
creating an image.
There are two most common scenarios:
1. Moving the cartridge from a cold storage area to a warmer working area
area may cause moisture to condense on the imaging components.
2. Cartridges stored at high relative humidity will have
high levels of latent moisture on imaging components.
Any attempt to immediately recycle or test condensate cartridges
or excessive latent moisture (as described above) will result in a light print or
fluctuations in print density. High relative humidity (above 80%)
in the developer station is preventing the toner from being fully charged.
You must also consider the level of relative humidity in your work area.
area when packaging finished cartridges. When you pack the cartridge in
plastic or foil bag, you essentially lock the level in the package
relative humidity available at your place of work. If the relative levels
humidity in your workplace is extremely high or low and your cartridges
show print defects, your customer may also see the same defects
(including reduced print density) when he/she installs the cartridge in
Printer. Although plastic or foil bags are slightly permeable to moisture, the severity and
The duration of print defects depend on where and how long the cartridge has been
saved before use. These moisture-related print defects will not
subside until the cartridge is fully acclimated to the working environment
client.
To overcome the problems associated with the above storage conditions,
cartridges must be properly acclimatized before recycling. We
We recommend cleaning empty cartridges first, then storing them overnight
(12-14 hours) in a climate-controlled work area for
acclimatization to temperature and relative humidity.
L and t er a t u r a:
Translation of the article "Managing The Cartridge Environment", placed in "Tech Bulletin"
http: // www.sccinc.com/imaging/tech...ocs/documents/sss/sss102/sss102.htm (01/31/98).
Literature lovers
Analyze from the point of view of physics the poem by E. Jenner “Forty Reasons
in order to refuse a friend's offer to make a joint
walk":
Lights flickered in the night -
The fireflies lit up the hollow,
Mercury dropped in the barometer.
Here the wind begins to blow.
It seemed to be closer to a distant forest,
It seemed like the vault of heaven was lower.
Clouds pressed to the ground.
And the song of the cricket cuts the ears.
She is echoed by the sharp cry of a thrush.
The water is as clear as ever.
The fish is busy playing -
Grabs flies over water.
A spider peeked out of the web.
I'm suddenly drawn to the sofa.
And my dog quit chewing mosol.
Wagged his tail and went to sleep.
Obedient to the wind, road dust
Twisted into a spinning ball.
Smoke settles on the slopes of the roofs.
The shepherd is tormented by a premonition.
Angry flies bite cattle.
All below swallows flight.
The frog has changed color
She is wearing a brown jacket.
And the toad crawled out into the grass.
The pig is worried in the barn.
Fresh, even though it's a July day.
Touch - the old stump is wet.
The rooks descended from the height,
As if struck by a bullet.
Here the kuroslep closed his eyes.
Old Betty's nerves ached.
The closet crackles slightly.
It smelled of the dampness of the ditches.
A cat warmed up by the hearth,
Mustache rubs with a fluffy paw.
The distance before sunset is pale,
The moon is hiding behind the clouds.
Yes, be rain! It's time to accept
With the fact that the picnic will not take place.
Microclimatic conditions are considered favorable for humans with a relative humidity of 30-70%.
Vegetation, having a large evaporating capacity, has a noticeable effect on air humidity and temperature, causing positive human heat sensations. An increase in the relative humidity of the air is almost always (except for days with very high temperatures) is perceived by a person as a slight decrease in temperature. Thus, an increase in humidity by 15%, as it were, lowers the air temperature by 3.5 °C.
The increased air humidity inside green spaces compared to open areas is uniform, does not have sharp fluctuations, which is caused by the fact that the evaporating surface of green spaces (trees, shrubs, grasses) is 20 times or more larger than the area occupied by these plants. Green spaces, as it were, regulate humidity: during the period of dryness, plants increase evaporation; at high humidity, water vapor condenses on leaves - cooler surfaces.
It should be noted that the relative humidity in the city is usually lower than in natural areas. natural conditions, which is a consequence of radical changes in the properties of the underlying surface (roofs, pavements contribute to quick removal from the territory of the city of precipitation).
Techniques for placing green spaces and their combination with open spaces largely determine the relative humidity of the air. Best Results in building comfortable environment are achieved by alternating trees and shrubs, located in compact arrays, with clearings with a dense grass cover. In this case, the existing radiation temperature difference between open areas and shaded areas reaches 30 ° C, and humidity 20%, which contributes to the movement of air.
In the physiological process of evaporation of water by a plant, called "transpiration", leaves or needles are involved. In their skin there are peculiar slit-like holes - stomata that can open and close and thereby regulate water loss. When transpiration reaches a value that exceeds the intake of water from the soil, wilting occurs. Prolonged lack of water leads to the death of plants. This is due to the fact that plants cannot close their stomata for a long time, since carbon dioxide enters through them, and its absence leads to carbon starvation, which affects plant nutrition and photosynthesis.
During the hot part of the day, the leaves may look drooping, but in the morning they are again firm and fresh due to the action of osmotic pressure, or turgor. day when chemical processes in the plant proceed most actively, this pressure gradually decreases, and during the night, as root system replenishes water reserves, it rises. Turgor depends on weather conditions. On cool and cloudy days, it does not fall at all and all leaf stomata remain open.
The tree absorbs water from the soil with an enormous root system, and above all with young root endings and numerous root hairs. An apple tree 2-3 years old, according to V. Kolesnikov, already has 45 thousand roots. With the advent of cold weather, plants reduce the absorption of water from the soil, and the leaves continue to evaporate it, which leads to a discrepancy between the amount of water received and consumed. Trees and shrubs get rid of the main organs of moisture evaporation - they shed their leaves. Studies show that the absorption of water by a tree is largely dependent on the oxygen content of the soil. When the soil is compacted, the influx of water is sharply reduced, and it no longer enters the most remote and highest points of the plant - the trees begin to "dry top".
The speed of water movement in a tree depends on the conductivity of the wood and the power of the water current engines: for example, in one of the experiments set in the Moscow region, for 5-10-year-old trees (depending on weather conditions), it was 60-400 cm / h for oak , for poplar 20-400, birch 80-240, spruce 5-50 cm/h.
The force moving water up the trunk of a deciduous tree must be at least 4 atm for every 10 m of lifting height. Root pressure is able to raise water along the tree trunk to a height of 4-5 m. With the blooming of leaves, the sucking power of the crown becomes the main engine that raises water through the vessels of trees, which occurs due to the loss of water by leaves (or needles) in the process of transpiration.
One hectare of plantations during the growing season evaporates up to 3000 tons of moisture, during the same period 1 m2 of lawn evaporates 500-700 liters of water. Every day, an adult linden evaporates 0.2 tons of moisture, a well-developed beech - up to 0.6 tons of moisture, and 1 hectare of hundred-year-old oaks - about 26 tons. Every year, green plantations evaporate 20-30% of the precipitation that falls on the territory they occupy. Comparing the effect of plants and water on increasing air humidity, we can say with confidence that 1 hectare of full-fledged plants moisturizes and refreshes the air much better (almost 10 times) compared to a reservoir of the same area.
Depending on the size and structure of green spaces, the influence of vegetation on air humidity extends to adjacent insolated open spaces and manifests itself at a distance 15–20 times greater than the height of plants. The conducted studies allow us to conclude that in the territory 500 m away from the green massif, due to the influence of plants, relative humidity can, under certain conditions, increase by 30%. Air humidity is increased even by narrow 10-meter strips of tree and shrub vegetation, which at a distance of 500 m raise the humidity by 5-8% compared to the open area.
If we take the relative humidity in the street up to 100%, then among the landscaped buildings it will be 116%, and in a large park it can reach up to 200% or more.
Evaporating moisture, the surface of leaves and shrubs heats up. It is known that up to 600 kcal of heat is required to evaporate 1 liter of water. A simple calculation shows that 1 hectare of oak grove absorbs 15,600 kcal per day. It is this process that contributes to a decrease in temperature in the lower layers of the crown and the surface layer by 3-5 ° C (compared to the ambient air temperature). In the surface layer of dense green spaces, the highest relative humidity of the air is noted.
The relative average monthly air humidity among the green spaces of the park is higher by 4-9%, in the public garden - by 3-5% compared to the territories of high-rise buildings. Even small areas of greenery inside the quarter significantly contribute to an increase in relative humidity.
Skillfully using moisture-loving plants and using their qualities, in areas with high relative humidity (above 70%), the latter can be significantly reduced.
"Urban Green Building". Gorokhov V.A. 1991