Automatic lighting control is easy. Automatic lighting control systems

The article deals with the issue of classification, device, principles of operation and implemented functions of lighting control systems of various levels, including those based on LED technologies.

If we analyze the average 8-hour working day in any large or small production, then we can definitely come to the conclusion that it is necessary to organize artificial lighting. Create without it optimal conditions for labor activity, it is unrealistic to increase the productivity and safety of personnel. This is stated in many industry and departmental acts, but one important point for today is missed here - saving resources. When working, lighting devices consume a certain amount of electricity, which, with an inefficient scheme, becomes a heavy burden on the enterprise's budget. You can, of course, switch to halogen or LED lamps, but lighting control systems in production seem to be much more effective. This is what will be discussed next.

What is an SUO?

The electric current, which is necessary to power all electrical appliances, including lighting, does not arise from nowhere. To do this, for example, you need to burn a certain amount of coal at thermal power plants, releasing thermal energy. The latter is transferred to steam, which turns the blades of the turbine, as a result of which the same electricity is generated. There are plenty of similar technological chains, depending on the type of plant (NPP, HPP, etc.), but the common thing for them is the need to use natural resources, and they, as you know, are not unlimited.

The desire to in such conditions looks more than justified, if not from the consideration of saving resources, then certainly from a financial point of view. Moreover, the Law of Ukraine 75/94-VR directly obliges to take specific measures to improve efficiency. Such activities include, in particular, the design of lighting, control systems for it. In a professional environment, they are called abbreviated, by means of an abbreviation - SLA.

Such a system is an electronic network in which predetermined intelligent algorithms operate. The main task of the LMS is to automate the functioning of both indoor and outdoor lighting. In practice, this means that a person no longer needs to walk around and press the buttons of switches to make the workplace brighter. For him, these tasks are solved by a central or local control panel. Moreover, it determines not only the time when it is necessary to connect / disconnect individual circuits, but also the intensity of the light flux.

Classification

Depending on the undertaken design and scale of the system, they can be equipped with various devices:

• Switches with the possibility of automatic response;
• Dimmers that adjust the brightness of the lighting depending on the specified conditions;
• Lamps, spotlights, LED strips (with related equipment);
• Sets of sensors (light, movement, opening, presence);
• Control systems using special software, etc.

Given the variety of tasks and components used for their, the system automatic control lighting is classified according to a wide range of criteria. These usually include the method of data transmission, as well as the scale and hierarchical structure.

According to the method of data transmission and control, all SLAs can be divided into two types: analog and digital. For the first group characteristic feature is the presence a large number cable connecting products, which in any case is not economically viable. Digital systems use a special protocol, such as DSI (similar to those used in displays mobile devices), which allows you to minimize the amount of wiring, increase the comfort of installation and operation.

According to the scale of implementation, everything is also divided into two types:

• Local . A separate small group of luminaires is controlled. In most cases, such systems do not need separate wiring - the entire structure, including sensors and controllers, is mounted in a compact package directly on the fixtures. Separate versions of such SLAs can exchange information with each other using the existing power supply network of devices;
• Centralized . Control capability large quantity lighting circuits, including the rest engineering systems object (heating, air conditioning, water supply, etc.). The implementation of such tasks requires the construction of a complex hierarchy, the use of special software, microprocessors, and data exchange systems. Individual branches are controlled from the central node based on the specified operating parameters and readings from local sensors.

In addition, there is a fairly clear hierarchy within which the outdoor lighting control system (as well as indoor) can implement a certain amount of tasks:

• SLA basic level . It has the ability to adjust the illumination in the range of 0 ... 1000 lux at heights of 0 ... 5 m, the luminous flux within 10 ... 100%, detect movement, presence on the site, activate and deactivate lighting in automatic mode. In addition to lamps, the package includes industrial sensors and local automation;
• Intermediate LMS . based on control cabinets, including automation, switching, electricity metering and freely programmable controllers with expansion modules;
• Advanced LMS . The management of such a large-scale project requires the use of special software and hardware. It is implemented on the basis of personal or industrial computers. It has the ability to visualize processes, archive, analyze, transfer data, control the state of the system, generate reports. Wired and wireless technologies (Ethernet, Internet, GPRS, IP) can be used for communication.

Functions of the lighting control system

Automatic control systems, depending on the function, perform the following groups of functions:

• Informational . Providing visualization of the state of the OMS and its management. This includes the collection and processing of information from sensors, measurement, control of work parameters individual elements, registration of regular and emergency situations, generation of reports, etc.;
• Signaling . Informing personnel about the operation of automatic switches (switches), the occurrence of accidents, unauthorized connections to the system, the number of faulty lighting points;
• Managers . Ensuring the ability to work in automatic and manual (remote, hardware) modes;
• Service . Automatic and manual diagnostics, configuration, protection and access to the OMS.

LED lighting control systems

The use of semiconductors emitting in the visible range today is one of the most promising. But since this type of device has a completely different principle and work requirements than energy-saving and incandescent lamps. In particular, it is possible to change the brightness depending on the requirement (eg time of day). For this, pulse-width modulation (PWM) is usually used. Pulsed to LEDs high frequency current, resulting in their frequent on / off. The human eye perceives this process as a smooth change in brightness.

Another specific point is the color that is obtained by mixing individual channels. To control this process, various variations of RGB controllers (standard, multi-channel, DMX, DALI), repeaters, dimmers, and sensors are usually used.

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One of effective methods increasing the energy efficiency of the lighting system and reducing the cost of its operation is the use of lighting control systems. Based on years of experience operation of various facilities, the BL GROUP holding has developed its own control system ASUNO "BRIZ".

ASUNO "BREEZE" includes a line of various equipment and software designed to automate street, architectural and industrial lighting systems.




- Software.

In addition, NPO GALAD provides services for the design of facilities, installation supervision and training of the client's personnel. Below is a list of standard equipment. At the same time, our company offers the possibility of developing and manufacturing equipment at the request of the client.

Lighting control cabinets (SHUNO)

Designed for autonomous and/or remote switching on of lighting, collection and processing of diagnostic and control information, commercial electricity metering.

Benefits of using SHUNO:
- Reducing the cost of maintaining the lighting system due to remote control of its parameters;
- Accurate accounting and analysis of consumed electricity;
- Rapid detection and, as a result, rapid elimination of emergencies.

Voltage regulators

Designed for group control of the luminous flux in the line by reducing the voltage in the network. They are energy-saving equipment and are designed to control the process of starting, stabilizing and reducing the energy consumption of outdoor lighting fixtures with lamps high pressure(sodium or mercury), using electromagnetic control gear, and special LED lamps GALAD (LED , Standard LED , Wave LED)

Benefits of using a Voltage Regulator:
- Saving of the consumed electric power up to 35%;
- Alignment of phase voltage - increasing the service life of lighting equipment.

Automated outdoor lighting power points (APPNO)

Designed to supply and control outdoor lighting installations via outgoing three-phase lines. APPNO performs the functions of an input-distributing device and has the ability to connect a voltage regulator, as well as connect control cabinets of the SHUNO-SS.GALAD.xx type and an automated information-measuring system for electricity metering (AIISKUE).

	APPNO.GALAD.RV.6.0	Automated point outdoor lighting power supply (6 outgoing three-phase lines of 100A each), providing autonomous control of outdoor lighting using the BRIZ-RV controller (autonomous turning on and off of outdoor lighting according to the annual schedule).
	APPNO.GALAD.TM.6.0	Automated power point for outdoor lighting (6 outgoing three-phase lines 100A each), providing remote control outdoor lighting using the "BRIZ-TM" controller (switching on and off outdoor lighting on the dispatcher's commands, collection and transmission of diagnostic information).

The article discusses the need for automation of lighting, classification existing systems and stages of implementation standard project modernization.

It is difficult to find such an industry or National economy, where there would be no need for production space and jobs. Quite serious requirements are imposed on its organization, especially from the regulatory authorities in the field of labor protection. But at the same time, we should not forget that all elements of such systems (in the simplest version - a set of lighting devices) consume electricity, for which you have to pay quite a lot. The desire to save money in such a situation looks more than natural, but in order to solve the problem, as they say, “in the spirit of the times”, just replacing old incandescent bulbs with LED ones will not be enough. The best option, despite the required investment, is the automation of lighting systems, which will save much more due to effective management available resource without loss of comfort.

Why automate lighting?

It's no secret that complete solution Such a task is impossible without the development of a comprehensive project, the selection of equipment suitable for the characteristics and its subsequent installation at the facility. In order for such actions to have a real positive effect, it is better to entrust their implementation to some specialized organization. , development project documentation, purchase of equipment, installation and commissioning, etc. - this is a serious burden on the budget and, obviously, may require search and attraction of investments.

For most small enterprises, such a load at the start can be a serious reason to refuse modernization. But let's take a look at the question from the side of some average resident of our country, who once again burned out an ordinary 60-watt light bulb in the kitchen. He has several options:

1. Buy the same 60-W analogue . The solution, as they say, is budgetary, since such a light bulb costs 5-10 times less than the cheapest LED. In this case, you can not even dream of saving, especially with a short daylight hours. So, if we assume that such a light bulb works on average up to 8 hours a day (in winter this is more than realistic), then in a month on one device you can get up to 14 kWh on the meter and up to 13 UAH on the receipt. If 5 bulbs work, the ratio will increase to 70 kWh and 65 UAH, with 10 devices - up to 140 kWh and 160 UAH, respectively. The trend is not very comforting, given that other household appliances also consume electricity in the house;
2. Buy led light bulb . An analogue in terms of light output for a 60-watt incandescent lamp is an LED source with a power of about 4 watts. It consumes 15 times less energy, which means that the amount in the payment will decrease proportionally. Naturally, it is more expensive, but it also works longer than in comparison;
3. Use intelligent systems . Savings in the previous case may be enough for most, but there is real opportunity reduce consumption even more. For example, take the same LED bulbs, but in addition use elements of the lighting control automation system (ACS), say, the simplest motion sensors, light sensors, etc. In this case, each device will turn on as needed, for example, when a person approaches to him.

Of course, in the latter case, you will have to invest in equipment, but in the long run, this approach will pay off more than real savings electricity. Now imagine for a moment what effect such a modernization would have more or less with a few hundred workers, a shift schedule, a large amount of equipment and production space.

What are the SLAs?

Depending on the goals and objectives of lighting modernization, a rather large list of equipment may be required for its implementation. These are directly lighting fixtures, sensor sets, switches, etc. It is the scale of the upcoming modernization that affects the classification of such systems and makes it possible to distinguish two of their main types:

• Local LMS . The simplest version of the system, in which control is carried out by one or more lighting fixtures. In this case, a minimum set of auxiliary tools is required - sometimes control units are built into the luminaire itself;
• Centralized OMS . This system is more high level, in which full-fledged automation of lighting control can be implemented. May consist of a large number of circuits, including various engineering networks object of modernization. Most a prime example- any modern large shopping and entertainment center. For implementation in practice, it requires the use of a large amount of equipment associated with a complex hierarchy of construction, special software systems and software. Typically, in this case, central point management of the entire network, as well as, with its significant volumes, local control nodes.

In addition, it is possible to classify by quantity and quality ( technical capabilities) equipment used: entry-level, intermediate and top-level. The basic configurations include the lighting devices themselves, the simplest sensors and automation, and the top-end ones include entire complexes of auxiliary systems with extended functionality, software systems management, including using wireless technologies.

How are lighting systems installed and automated?

It is not so easy to implement such a project in practice, even with not the most complex task setting. Firstly, the specialist or their group that will deal with this issue must be fully competent. This means not only the availability of specialized knowledge and skills, but also extensive practical experience.

Implementation process automated systems control for lighting an object should take place in several stages:

• Audit . Before proceeding with the development of the project, it is necessary to assess the condition of the object, its size, production purpose, the availability of existing lighting and power systems;
• Development and approval . At this stage, there are necessary calculations, the purpose of which is to select the optimal lighting scheme and equipment corresponding to the characteristics;
• Commercial offer . After the project is agreed with the customer, the latter is provided with its financial justification, including the calculation of the payback period ( necessary condition when using external investments);
• Supply of equipment . After all financial issues are resolved, the equipment and consumables necessary for the implementation of the project are manufactured or purchased;
• Mounting . The final stage of modernization is the direct installation of all elements of the lighting system.

It would be possible to put an end to this, but another integral stage of work is commissioning. This is not surprising, because in addition to having to use a set of sensors and other monitoring / control devices that have to be tested and configured in accordance with the tasks. Without this, even the most outwardly a complex system will not work consistently.

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Electricity consumption for lighting purposes can be markedly reduced by achieving optimal performance lighting installation at any given time.

It is possible to achieve the most complete and accurate accounting for the presence of daylight, as well as accounting for the presence of people in the room, using means of automatic lighting control (LMS). The lighting load is controlled in two main ways: turning off all or part of the fixtures (discrete control) and smooth change in the power of lamps(same for all or individual).

To discrete lighting control systems primarily include various photorelays (photoautomatic devices) and timers. The principle of operation of the first is based on the inclusion and disconnection of the load by signals outdoor light sensor.

The second switches the lighting load depending on the time of day according to a pre-set program.

Discrete lighting control systems also include vending machines equipped with presence sensors. They turn off the lights in the room after a specified period of time after the last person leaves it. This is the most economical type of discrete control systems, however, side effects their use includes a possible reduction in the life of the lamps due to frequent switching on and off.

Systems for smooth control of lighting power its structure is somewhat more complicated. The principle of their operation is illustrated in the figure.

AT recent times many foreign firms mastered the production equipment for automation of internal lighting control. Modern systems lighting controls combine significant features with maximum user-friendliness.

Automated lighting control systems intended for use in public buildings, perform the following typical functions for this type of product:

Precise maintenance of artificial lighting in the room at a given level. This is achieved by introducing a photocell into the lighting control system, which is located inside the room and controls the illumination created by the lighting installation. This function alone allows you to save energy by cutting off the so-called "excess light".

Accounting for natural light in the room. Despite the presence in the vast majority of premises natural light during daylight hours, the power of the lighting installation is calculated without taking it into account.

If you maintain the illumination created jointly by the lighting installation and natural light at a given level, then you can further reduce the power of the lighting installation at any given time.

At certain times of the year and hours of the day, it is even possible to use natural light alone. This function can be carried out by the same photocell as in the previous case, provided that it monitors the total (natural + artificial) illumination. In this case, energy savings can be 20 - 40%.

Accounting for time of day and day of the week. Additional energy savings in lighting can be achieved by turning off the lighting installation at certain hours of the day, as well as on weekends and holidays. This measure allows you to effectively deal with the forgetfulness of people who do not turn off the lighting at their workplaces before they leave. To implement it, the automated lighting control system must be equipped with its own real-time clock.

Accounting for the presence of people in the room. When the lighting control system is equipped with a presence sensor, it is possible to turn the lights on and off depending on whether there are people in the room. This function allows you to spend energy in the most optimal way, but its use is not justified in all rooms. In some cases, it can even shorten the life of lighting equipment and make an unpleasant impression when working.

The energy savings obtained by turning off the lamps according to the signals of the timer and presence sensors is 10 - 25%.

Remote wireless control of the lighting installation. Although this function is not automated, it is often present in automated lighting control systems due to the fact that its implementation on the electronics of the lighting control system is very simple, and the function itself adds significant convenience to the control of the lighting installation.

The methods of direct control of the lighting installation are the discrete switching on / off of all or part of the lamps according to the commands of the control signals, as well as a step or smooth decrease in the lighting power depending on the same signals.

Due to the fact that modern adjustable electronic ballasts have a non-zero lower control threshold, in modern automated lighting control systems a combination of smooth control is used up to the lower threshold with a complete shutdown of the lamps in the luminaires when it is reached.

Automatic lighting control systems can be conditionally divided into two main classes - the so-called local and centralized.

It is typical for local systems to control only one group of luminaires, while centralized systems allow the connection of an almost infinite number of separately controlled groups of luminaires.

In turn, according to the scope of management covered, local systems can be subdivided into "lighting control systems" and "room lighting control systems", and centralized specialized (only for lighting control) and general purpose(to manage all engineering systems of the building- heating, air conditioning, fire and burglar alarm etc.).

Local "luminaire control systems" in most cases do not require additional wiring, and sometimes even reduce the need for wiring. Structurally, they are carried out in small-sized cases, fixed directly on the lamp or on the bulb of one of the lamps. All sensors are usually one electronic device, in turn, built into the body of the system itself.

Often luminaires equipped with sensors communicate with each other along the aisles. electrical network. Due to this, even if there is only one person left in the building, the lamps in his way will remain on.

Centralized lighting control systems

Centralized lighting control systems that most fully correspond to the name "intelligent" are built on the basis of microprocessors that provide the possibility of almost simultaneous multi-variant control of a significant (up to several hundred) number of lamps. Such systems can be used either only for lighting control or also for interaction with other building systems (for example, with telephone network, security systems, ventilation, heating and sunscreens).

Centralized systems also issue control signals to luminaires based on signals from local sensors. However, signal conversion takes place in a single (central) node, which provides additional features manually control the lighting of the building. At the same time, the manual change of the system operation algorithm is greatly simplified.

In systems of centralized remote or automatic lighting control, the power supply of the control circuits is allowed from the line supplying the lighting.

For rooms with zones with different conditions natural lighting, the control of working lighting should ensure that the lamps are switched on and off in groups or rows as the natural illumination of the premises changes.

The existing range of automated lighting control systems (LMS) is divided into three classes:

1) Luminaire control system - the simplest small-sized system that is structurally part of a luminaire and controls only or one group of several nearby luminaires.

2) - standalone system, which controls one or more groups of luminaires in one or more rooms.

3) A building control system is a centralized computerized control system covering lighting and other systems of an entire building or group of buildings.

Most manufacturing companies lighting control systems (LMS) for luminaires these systems are manufactured in the form of separate blocks that can be built into various types of luminaires.

The undoubted advantage of LMS lamps is the simplicity of their installation and operation, as well as reliability. The control systems that do not require power supply are especially reliable, since the power supply units of the control system and power-consuming microcircuits are most susceptible to failure.

However, if it is required to control the lighting installations of large premises or, for example, the task is to individually control all the lamps in the room, the LMS of the lamps turns out to be a rather expensive control tool, since they require the installation of one LMS for one lamp. In this case, it is more convenient to use, which contain fewer electronic components than required in the previous case, and therefore are cheaper.

are blocks placed behind suspended ceilings or structurally embedded in electrical switchboards. Systems of this type, as a rule, perform one function or a fixed set of functions, the choice between which is made by rearranging the switches on the case or remote control panel of the system.

Such control systems are relatively easy to manufacture and are usually built on discrete logic circuits. Room control systems sensors are always remote, they must be placed in a room with controlled lighting installations and they require special wiring, which is a certain practical inconvenience.

Lighting control systems are control over the mode of operation, the level of illumination and other parameters of electric lighting. different ways changes in light parameters are now implemented in "smart homes".

Kinds

Lighting control systems are presented in the following types:

• Local. This method is used in small rooms and houses, implemented with manual switches and switches. usually located near front door into a house room at a height of about 1.5 m. In some rooms (bathroom, pantry), it is more expedient to install manual switches in adjoining rooms. Most often there are single-pole switches with a current strength of 6 to 10 A.
• Centralized. Represented by machines that are installed in office or industrial premises.

Home lighting control systems

• in this way today is often used in homes. It is implemented thanks to the panel of control stations, which is included in the circuit of the lighting network. This type of lighting control system makes it possible to use the remote control. The checkpoint sometimes has an alarm system.
• Automatic. An autonomous version of the lighting control system in the premises provides for the absence of human participation. It can be carried out according to a schedule or depending on data from motion or light sensors.

Light control schemes from multiple locations

Often, when installing a lighting system in buildings, it may be necessary to turn on the light in the passage room when entering it and turn it off when the exit is located on the opposite side.

To prevent the owner of the house from returning to the beginning of the corridor, there is technical option way out of the situation - lighting control from 2 places.

There is a whole list of devices that allow you to implement this at home:

• through switch. Represented by a switch, which contains a 3-pin group (2 contacts are movable, the 3rd is not). While pressing the switch key, the movable wire is connected to one of the fixed ones. Thus, it is possible to independently control one lamp using 2 switches. Peculiarity pass-through switch- the position of the second switch from the diagram, and not the device button itself. There is such a kind of pass-through switch as a dual one - it allows you to turn the light on and off from 2 places with not one, but two devices at once. Outwardly, he is pair device in the general building;

• cross (four-pin) switch. It is used when controlling one or 2 light sources with different places home is not enough. The installation of 4 contacts of the device is as follows: the first and last switches in the circuit are through, and the second and third are cross;
• bistable (two-stable) relay. Allows you to control the light from 2 or more places in the house. Fixture presented electronic circuit, which has 2 states. The trigger is controlled by a pulse applied to the input. Using such a relay, you can use buttons as switches, and a manual control circuit for lighting in a building allows you to connect buttons in parallel.

Remote lighting control

Wireless control of light from the remote control can be implemented by hand. You can use a regular infrared remote control from the TV. The control scheme for light in a building involves:

• using PIC16F628 microcontroller. To control lighting fixtures, the circuit has a hardware PWM. Its signal is isolated using an optocoupler from the power components of the circuit;
• the power components of the circuit involve adjusting the lamp (in this case, halogen) by supplying direct current. Despite the existing disadvantages of such a connection, it will be less noisy than a triac;

Remote control of light

• the IR receiving module operates at a frequency of 40 kHz. When installed as a radiation receiver RPM7140, the remote control range will be 40 m;
• to power the lighting control circuit in the building, you can use the old charger from mobile phone. And the control buttons here can be unused teletext buttons on the TV remote control.