Shchr distribution board. SHR, SHR, SCHRS, SCHS - Switchboards

There are several different types of switchboards, each of which has its own design features and scope. In this article, we give a brief description and purpose of the existing types of switchboards.

Classification of electrical panels according to the method and place of installation

There are three types of switchboards according to the installation method: overhead, built-in and floor. Overhead shields are mounted directly on a wall, support or other building structure. The main distinguishing feature of this type of shields is that its entire body is located outside.

Recessed shields are mounted in a pre-prepared recess in the wall. Thus, only the cover is visible from the outside, and the entire body is recessed into the wall.

The floor shield is installed directly on the floor surface or mounted on a special stand.

As for the installation site, in this case, electrical panels are outdoor or indoor installation. The possibility of installing the shield outdoors is determined by its design features, namely, the presence of appropriate body protection.

There are several degrees of enclosure protection that indicate where the shield can be installed. The most common degrees of protection of the body of electrical panels:

IP20, IP30 - shields installed indoors without high humidity, since they do not have moisture protection, they differ in the degree of protection against foreign objects;

IP44, IP54 - shields have a higher degree of protection against foreign objects, they are protected from moisture, they are installed in rooms with high humidity, as well as outdoors, but provided that they are protected from ingress of a jet of water;

IP55, 65 - shields installed in rooms with aggressive environmental conditions, as well as outdoors. They have sufficient protection against moisture, rain and can be installed outdoors without additional protection. These enclosures have full protection against contact, differ in the degree of protection against dust - the first has partial protection against dust, the second - full dust tightness of the housing.

Outside the premises, cases of overhead and floor types of shields are installed. Shields are mounted on the walls of buildings and structures, on supports, stands or directly on the equipment case.

Electrical cabinet material

The body of electrical panels can be made of plastic or metal. Plastic shields (boxes) are used as small switchboards indoors. The entire body of such shields is made of plastic, the cover is made of transparent plastic for easy control of the state of protective devices and various devices.

Metal shields can be made entirely of metal, or they can have glass or transparent plastic inserts on the front panel for the possibility of taking readings from metering devices, controlling the operating mode of various devices, etc.

DIN-rails for the installation of electrical devices in all shields, regardless of the case material, are made of metal. The metal enclosures of the shields are equipped with special mounting panels, on which various devices and electrical devices can be mounted, as well as allowing the necessary modular devices to be mounted.

To ensure the required degree of protection, the body of the electrical panel can have rubber seals, sealed cable glands, which provide dust tightness and tightness of the body. The metal cases of shields, as a rule, have locking devices that prevent unauthorized persons from entering them.

Shield body size

Switchboard enclosures are also classified by size. The size of the shield body determines how many electrical devices and other devices can be installed in it, how many cable lines can be connected and whether there is enough space for their connection.

In this case, the main characteristics are:

internal volume of the shield;

number of modular places on a DIN rail;

mounting plate size;

number of cable entries.

Classification of electrical panels by purpose

The types of electrical panels discussed above can be equipped with various electrical devices, protective devices and have different purposes. Consider the main types of switchboards according to their purpose.

ASU - introductory switchgear. Cabinets of this type are installed to receive electricity from a source - power transformers or from the supply lines of the electrical network.

In this switchboard, switching and protective devices are mounted, and various protection and automation devices, metering devices can also be additionally mounted. This panel distributes electricity to other shields located in the building.

Main switchboard - main switchboard, in fact, is the same ASU and performs the same functions - receiving and distributing electricity to supply power to boards for other purposes, which are discussed in the following paragraphs.

In large switchboards of enterprises, various electrical installations, measuring instruments and metering devices are installed to control the operating mode of the switchboard equipment, as well as to account for the electricity consumed, both in general and on individual outgoing lines that feed shields for other purposes.

AVR shield- automatic reserve input shield. This panel is equipped with automation devices that monitor the parameters of the electrical network and switch the power supply of consumers from a backup power source in case of power loss at one of the sources. One of the supply lines, a generator or a storage battery can act as a backup power source.

SCHO - lighting or heating shield. In these cabinets, electrical devices and other elements are installed that are designed to control lighting equipment or space heating, equipment that requires heating.

ShchS - power shield, designed to supply power consumers at the facility, where there is a separation of circuits and electrical receivers for their intended purpose. Also, this marking may mean that this is a communication shield.

Various telecommunication equipment, means of communication, collection of information from various equipment and objects at the enterprise are mounted in the body of the communication shield.

ShCHE - storey shield. It is installed on the floors of apartment buildings in a special niche or directly on the wall of apartment buildings, they are used to receive electricity from the main switchboard (ASU) and distribute it to several apartment shields.

ShchK - apartment shield. Installed on the floor or directly in the apartment. In this shield, a metering device for this apartment is installed, as well as protective devices.

Two shields can be installed - one on the floor, introductory protective devices and a metering device are mounted in it, the second shield is installed directly in the apartment, it distributes electricity to several electrical wiring lines and installs protective devices.

SCZ, SCHU and SCHA- protection, control and automation shield. These types of shields can be found in electrical installations; a number of devices are mounted in these shields for the implementation of protection and automation of equipment for distribution substations, power plants, and industrial enterprises.

These shields are often combined into one shield, in which protection devices, automation and control elements are mounted for a separate piece of equipment, a group of equipment or a section of an electrical network. The abbreviation ShchU can also show that this is a metering board.

SCHSN - shield for own needs. It is, in fact, the main switchboard, only this switchboard serves exclusively to power devices located at the facility - the so-called own needs. Such panels are installed in electrical installations of electrical stations, distribution substations.

Own needs include: heating and cooling systems for equipment, power supply for on-load tap-changers of power transformers, equipment control circuits, lighting, space heating, etc.

Separate switchgears (shields) are installed to supply the outgoing lines of consumers. In the auxiliary switchboards, the same elements are mounted as in the main switchboard, ASU, as well as automation devices, in particular, ATS.

SHPT - DC shield. It is used in electrical installations of stations, substations, enterprises for the reception and distribution of DC circuits. Reception of direct current electrical energy is carried out from batteries, special charging units, rectifiers.

Direct current is distributed to separate lines as an operating current for powering various protection, automation and equipment control devices. In this shield, switching and protective devices are mounted, as well as measuring instruments to control the mode of charging batteries, load and voltage.

The equipment of the house cannot be imagined without electricity. The main component of the power grid at home is considered to be a shield designed for arranging protection devices and the metering device itself. There are certain types of switchboards. Their use is typical in the house and apartment.

In our article today, we will look at the various options that are purchased for installation at home. Consider the details and purpose of each of the types of electrical panels.

Important! All shields are divided into built-in and mounted. They must be used based on the type of power system in the room.

Important! It is necessary to take into account the number of modules when choosing an electrical panel.

Choosing a shield for living conditions

In the house, when choosing an electrical panel, not only safety requirements, but also aesthetics must be observed:

Attention! Any of the devices for the comprehensive protection of the power system at home can be installed independently. See instructions here.

General specifications

According to the technical characteristics, each of the types of electrical panels must comply with certain general parameters.

Firstly, the design must meet all electrical safety rules. That is, to have additional insulation to withstand high currents for a certain time, and also not to succumb to combustion and melting. Secondly, all shield panels have a specific weight for each condition.

The size of the switchboard depends strictly on how many groups your network is divided into, and how many circuit breakers and other protective devices will be installed. It is obligatory to have straps for fastening devices in all shields; the presence of a grounding rail cannot be ruled out.

It is impossible to imagine the operation of equipment at home without electricity. The main component of any power grid at home is a do-it-yourself switchboard, for example, created or purchased at any hardware store. It is necessary for the layout of all protective devices, as well as a metering device.

To date, there are many different types of shields, the use of which is typical for enterprises and private homes.

Why are shields installed?

In no apartment or the simplest office, any electrical installation work is carried out without the obligatory installation of a switchboard. Some time ago, everyone had exclusively junction boxes, but now they are no longer enough. The reason lies in safety and comfort.

If at home there is, as before, only a junction box, then nothing can be done during the replacement of sockets without de-energizing the entire apartment. For example, to connect electrical appliances with high power, it will be necessary to additionally equip them with special protective devices, which will clearly affect the free space in the room - it will decrease.

After installing a plastic switchboard or any other material made, you yourself reduce the risk of burning any of the electrical appliances. It is thanks to the operation of the shield that electrical energy can be distributed really evenly over each of the channels, and excessive current flow through any one of them can be avoided.

It is especially important today to use such indispensable devices for various premises with a large area, which are characterized by huge loads.

This situation is now familiar even for some residential buildings, given the fact how many electrical appliances are used by people in each apartment.

Which shield to choose?

The main switchboard, which can be bought at the store, is a high-quality power plant, characterized by high voltage. It is essentially a simple mechanical/electronic system primarily used to provide power to all free space.

An input-distribution type device is a whole complex of many different components used for metering, as well as for the rapid reception of electricity. Almost always it is made in a metal case, and its panels can easily replace each other.

Models of metal switchboards are devices that are also used in factories and in homes for the correct distribution of electricity. Thanks to their work, you can protect yourself not only from overcurrents, but also from a short circuit dangerous to life and health.

Automatic reserve input - all devices of this type work flawlessly when it is necessary to transfer to a certain additional power source from the main one in cases where the voltage in the house drops or any emergency occurs. Also, the room is always safe from possible overloads.

Classification

After looking at a few photos of the switchboard, it is easy to understand that this is not a high-tech device and it should be used for the most convenient installation process, as well as the subsequent use of equipment. There are no special performance requirements, and all that is needed is that it has the required number of devices and that it itself is of the right size.

When choosing a size, it is worth starting solely from the number of machines / switches, and not making a purchase on the principle that the larger the shield, the better.

Hinged or built-in shield?

If you are interested in the instructions for assembling the switchboard, then it is best to choose the built-in type switchboard first of all, since the hinged switchboard can be hooked very easily during repairs.

Built-in shields are simply deprived of such a drawback, but the process of assembling them is much easier. It is for this reason that when there is an opportunity, it is desirable to choose the placement of the shield in any niche.

Choose material: plastic, metal

It is impossible to give an unambiguous answer to the question of which material is best to choose, since during use, metal switchboards last the same time as less expensive plastic ones.

However, it is worth noting that in the event that you opt for metal, you can easily repair the case in the future if necessary or attach a small lantern directly on it for convenience.

Indoor or outdoor shield?

Very often today the installation of the shield is carried out precisely on the street and for this reason the appropriate shield is selected, because otherwise it will not be possible to simply supply electricity in the future.

As a rule, the device of this type of shield implies the obligatory presence of not only a good counter, but also an introductory machine. It is best to choose outdoor shields for the house only from metal and always with a lower cable entry. This will minimize the risk of water entering the system in an emergency.

Among other things, it is very important to ensure that the meter readings are always freely accessible without the need to open the lid. Thus, it will be possible to significantly increase the life of any shield.

Switchboard manufacturers

Speaking about the dimensions of switchboards, it is worth noting, first of all, the fact that if you purchase a defective switchboard, then it will definitely not be able to perform its functions at full capacity. It is for this reason that you should pay attention to trusted manufacturers in the store, such as Makel or EIK. These are representatives of the mid-price segment, but nevertheless they have proven themselves more than just successfully.

If you want the shield not only to perform many functions, but also to have an interesting appearance, you should pay attention to the FOTKA brand. But it is better not to buy products of unknown Turkish, Chinese manufacturers, because having decided to save money, you will most likely have to pay twice in the end.

Photo of switchboards

The electrical panel is a serious device that distributes electricity throughout the house. It performs many functions for safety, protection of wiring from overloads, and distribution of energy to all consumers.

Installation and assembly of the electrical panel

The structure of the electrical panel includes complex modular equipment. If necessary, you can carry out the installation yourself, but first you need to learn how to properly assemble the shield.

To separate work from electrical components and installation of the case, you should purchase a panel on which the frame is removed and there are DIN rails.

There are several types of electrical installations:

• wall mount;
• wall installation.

Consider the second option, since the first is installed simply on the holders. Before you gouge an opening in the wall, you need to make sure that it is not "bearing" in the house. According to the rules, it is impossible to do installation work in it.

The power supply must be visible. Doors should not interfere with his access. For safety reasons, the shield must not be placed near gas pipes and other combustible substances. To place it on the wall, it is necessary to take into account the height from the floor to its lower edge of at least 1.4 m, and the distance of the upper edge from the floor is not more than 1.8 m.

The building level will help to mark the future area. To comply with all dimensions, you can attach the case to the wall and circle it with chalk. A cut is made along the marked lines with a grinder.

A chisel and a puncher will help to hollow out the inside. It is necessary to check the depth of the resulting niche by inserting the body of the electrical panel into it.

First, the mount included in the kit is mounted there. Then the electrical panel. Holes are made for fasteners and dowels are inserted. The remaining cavities are sealed with mounting foam.

DIN rails are unscrewed from the electrical panel in order to install modular equipment on them. If there are no special fasteners in the kit, then you need to drill holes in the back wall of the shield for future fasteners. This is done carefully, from excessive force the case may burst.

How to insert cables correctly

The electrical panel with a removable cover will help to correctly and conveniently insert the wires inside. Conventional enclosures have openings for cables that are slightly cut or extruded. They are located at the top or bottom of the case. They may also be in the back wall.

Poor quality switchboards may not even have a hint of any holes. Then you will have to mark and drill them yourself, not everyone has the patience for this. Therefore, it is better to buy a more expensive case and it will take less time to install it.

In modern cases for the plant of cores there are plugs. They are removed after the shield is installed in the wall. Cables are inserted into the holes obtained. Instead of plugs, there can be stuffing plates.

The first step is to get the input core. It should be located near the input machine. There are comb-type fasteners on the shield, an introductory core should be attached to it. A plastic clamp is used as a tie. Its excess ends are cut off.

The cable is marked with a marking, which is indicated on the diagram. So do with all the veins. After their installation, a removable cover is applied and marks are applied to it. Cutouts are made along them, and the lid falls into place.

How to cut cables inside the shield

It is necessary to remove the insulation from the inserted cores. This process is done carefully, the conductive wires cannot be damaged. Immediately it is re-labeled. This is important because after cutting all the wires, a lot of confusion can occur.

Paper tape is good for tags. Do not forget the main rule: labels must be applied, as indicated on the diagram.

To ensure that the cable is enough for the entire length of the wiring, you need to enter it into the electrical panel and run it to its entire height. Then measure the same distance in height again. The result is a length twice the height of the shield. This supply of cable will allow you to confidently lead it to the desired point according to all the wiring rules, and you can always cut off excess pieces.

Modern modular protection devices

The quality of electricity in modern networks is not always happy. To protect the line from overloads, modular-type protective devices began to be used. The electrical panel with automatic machines will be protected from short circuit. It will immediately react to the appearance of overcurrents. When connecting the machine, you must adhere to the general rule for power supply - it is connected only from above.

The insulation is removed from the wires. The machines have clamping terminals, insert the core into them and tighten with a screw. Be careful not to get insulating materials into the contact of the terminal. If this happens, then electricity may suddenly disappear in the apartment, or the protection device will fail. Perhaps this will lead to a fire.

There is another important rule: do not connect wires of different sections to one AB terminal. A wire with a large cross section will get a good contact when tightened, and a wire with a smaller cross section will get a bad one. The insulation on it will melt and cause a fire.

If the connected core is monolithic, then for good contact, its end should be bent in the shape of a U. The connection area increases, and the contact is reliable.

Stranded wires in the terminals of the machine cannot be tightened without special lugs. Contact will be poor and unreliable. For their switching use:

• tip NShVI (2);
• tip NShV.

Assembly of modular shield elements

For those who have never come across such a task, you can give instructions for assembling an electrical panel. We prepare the workplace, nothing should interfere with the assembly of modules. We make good lighting.

You will need the following modules:

• automatic switch (load switch);
• voltage relay;
• residual current device (RCD);
• differential automata;
• automatic switches;
• cross module.

You can assemble a single-phase shield with your own hands, provided that you have some knowledge of an electrician.

All modules are mounted on a previously removed DIN rail. They are arranged in the same order strictly according to the list. Modules are fastened with special clamps. After checking the correct distribution, proceed to the terminals. They need to loosen the screws.

You will need different types of combs. Introductory clamps (terminals) will help to more conveniently connect the combs to the power wires. They must be placed between the terminal of the module and the comb.

The introductory load switch has a phase output (lower contact) from which a phase is distributed to the RCD, automatic machines and other switches. There are zero clamps on the RCD, they receive a working zero, which is taken from the lower output clamp of the introductory machine.

For further assembly of the electrical panel, one end of the neutral wire must be free. It is connected to the main bus of the working zero. Zero tires and zero outputs of all RCDs are switched with a blue wire.

All unused connections are twisted with a screwdriver. After that, the entire installation is checked. After applying voltage to the introductory machine, press the test button.

The terminals of the circuit breakers are checked for voltage. When they are turned on, the same measurements are taken at the output. To prevent household appliances from burning out from voltage surges, a voltage control relay is installed. The method of assembling a three-phase shield is the same as for a single-phase one. They differ only in the number of conductive wires.

Final assembly

When all modular devices are adjusted and tested, it remains to transfer them to the electrical panel housing. For safety, turn off the power. A niche in the wall is being prepared. The assembled devices on a DIN frame are mounted inside the case.

The main and protective zero tires are mounted. When distributing wires into bundles, it is not recommended to allow their intersections. Protective zero wires are attached to the PE bus. The connection sequence is observed as in the electrical panel diagram. Protective zero before switching with the bus terminal - marked.

When all devices are connected, a check for compliance with the connection diagram begins. On the Internet you can see a photo of the electrical panel in the assembled state.

To check the assembled electrical panel, it is necessary to install all switches and sockets in the apartment. Connect the load to sockets on all lines of powerful consumers. After applying voltage, phases and zeros are checked for compliance.

When the adjustment is over, do not rush to close the electrical panel. He should work for a couple of hours, and then it will become clear whether the assembly was carried out with high quality. Installing and connecting the shield is a laborious process that requires certain knowledge and experience. It should be started after studying the theoretical part, and follow the step-by-step assembly instructions.

This type of device is designed for the reception and subsequent distribution of electrical energy in various circuits. Distribution cabinets are classified into several types.

Usually cabinets are marked with the letters "shr". They are used in networks with a rated current of 400 amperes and a rated voltage of 380 volts with an alternating current frequency not exceeding 50 hertz. In addition, there is a separate type of distribution cabinets for use in networks with a voltage of 660 volts.

Marking "shrn" means that the distribution cabinet is wall-mounted. Typically, the capacity of such cabinets varies from two hundred to one thousand two hundred bar. These types of cabinets are equipped with special frame fasteners, where skirting boards are subsequently mounted.

The marking "pr" means "distribution point", this type of cabinet serves to distribute electric current in networks with voltages up to 660 volts and with a frequency ranging from 50 to 60 hertz. distribution points also serve to ensure the safety of electrical networks and prevent short circuits and accidental overloads.

Another type of wall cabinet ("shrn") is wall-mounted. It should be singled out separately, since increased requirements for strength and reliability are applied to its design. Often these cabinets are made of metal and are reliable and durable.