Stream cable. The main types of cables and connectors used in the construction of local networks

Let's take a closer look at what products - wires and cables - are usually used when installing electrical wiring indoors, in a private house or apartment.

Power cables

One of the most popular types of cables in recent times is a cord marked VVG. This abbreviation marks the power with a copper conductive core (TPZH). Each TPG is insulated with polyvinyl chloride plastic compound (PVC). In addition, it has an additional PVC sheath (cambric). There is no additional protective coating.

It is used for networks of 600 and 1000 volts, 50 Hz. It can have from 1 to 5 cores. For domestic needs (in an apartment) it is usually used with a core cross section of 1.5 to 6 mm2. In private households, wire with cores up to 16 mm2 can be used. Although there are no upper limits. In the apartment, you can also lay a cord with a cross section of more than 10 mm2. It is produced with a cross section of TPG from 1.5 to 240 mm2. The cores can be multi-wire or single-wire.

The temperature limits for the use of VVG are quite wide. It works in the range -50 / +50°C. At 40 °C humidity can reach 98%. The cable has good bending and breaking strength. Resistant to aggressive chemical environments. Its outer shell is usually made black. Although there are also white cables. It does not conduct combustion. Each TPG is marked with its own color. Colors can be: red, black, blue, brown, yellow-green and white with a blue stripe. Do not forget that for each cable there is a permissible bending radius. For the VVG modification, the radius is 10 section diameters. If the wire is made in the form of a strip, the width of the plane is taken as the section. Industrial packaging - coils with a length of 100 and 200 m. Although other lengths may occur.

VVG cable modifications:

AVVG. It has the same technical characteristics as the original VVG; core material - aluminium.

VVGng - with the use of material with increased incombustibility

VVGp - flat version of VVG. The most common modification.

VVGz - modification of the cable with filling the internal space with a rubber mixture or PVC bundles.

This is the European analogue of VVG. An abbreviation from the German name (N - standardized cable, Normenleitung; Y - PVC insulation; M - with a protective sheath, Mantelleitung).

The cable uses copper, multi-wire or single-wire TPG. It can have from 2 to 5 cores. The cross section of the conductors is from 1.5 to 16 mm2. Each core has PVC insulation. The outer sheath is made of PVC, non-flammable and does not conduct combustion. Inside the cable, between the cores, a coated rubber filler is added. It has increased heat resistance and strength. It is intended for power supply and lighting installation, in networks with voltage up to 1000 V. It has increased resistance to temperature extremes, high humidity and mechanical damage. The bending radius is 4 sections. Can be used both indoors and outdoors. Can be applied over a wide range, -40 / +70 °C. The main disadvantage is the destruction of the shell under direct sunlight. Therefore, with an external network, it must be covered. More resistant and convenient when laying, compared with VVG. The inconvenience can be attributed to the fact that the cable is only of a circular cross section, which is not always convenient during installation. Its cost is also higher than that of VVG.

The name stands for quite simply - Flexible Cable. Designed for voltage up to 660 V, up to 400 Hz. Or direct current, voltage up to 1000 V.

The number of cores in the cable is from 1 to 6. Highly flexible copper cores. Rubber is used to isolate the TPG. The outer insulation of the cable is also rubber. Can be used in the temperature range -60 / +50 °C. Most often used to connect portable units -

• heat guns,
• generators,
• welders.

It is also produced in the GKng modification - non-combustible.

The HA works great outdoors, in almost all weather conditions. Most often used as a power cable in construction work. Sometimes it is even used as indoor lighting wiring, due to ease of installation and reliability.

VBBSHv - power, armored, with copper conductors.

The number of cores in VBShShv can be from 1 to 5. VBBSHv cores are made both single-wire and multi-wire. The cross section of the TPG is from 1.5 to 240 mm2. PVC is used to insulate the TPG, as well as the space between the cores, and as the outer sheath.

A feature of the cable is armor. It is wound over the cambric, in two tapes, with overlapping layers. On top of the armor is a protective PVC hose. Moreover, in the VBBSHvng modification, a material with reduced flammability is used. It is designed to power installations at a rated voltage of 660 and 1000 V. Single-core modifications are used for direct current transmission. Thanks to the armor, this type has improved mechanical characteristics. Temperature operating range -50 / +50 °C.

Moisture resistant, can withstand humidity up to 98% at 35°C. It can be laid in the ground, in cable ducts or in pipes. When laying in open areas, protection from sunlight is required. It is used to power stationary installations or stand-alone objects. Ideal for underground wiring to a detached building. The bending radius is at least 10 cable sections.

Cable modifications:

• AVBBSHv - with aluminum conductors;
• VBBSHvng - non-combustible;
• VBBSHng-LS - non-combustible, with reduced gas and smoke emission during heating.

Electrical wires for power transmission

Among the installation electrical networks, the most popular brands are PBPP and PBPPg. Sometimes they are also called PUNP and PUGNP. Just because it's easier to pronounce. They belong to the category of assembly, or installation.

PBPP (PUNP) - flat wire. The number of current-carrying conductors in the network is 2 or 3. The conductors are copper, single-wire. TPG insulation is made of PVC. The outer shell is made of the same material, mostly white, less often black. The cross section of the TPG is from 1.5 to 6 mm2. It is used mainly for the installation of stationary lighting systems, or (less often) for powering sockets. Used for voltages up to 250 V, 50 Hz. Temperature limits -15 / +50 °C. Bending radius - from 10 sections of TPG.

PBPPg (PUGNP), flexible. This is indicated by the letter "g" in the title. It differs in the structure of conductive wires. It uses stranded conductors, which gives the wire flexibility. The minimum bending radius for PUNGP is 6 sections. All other characteristics are similar to PUNP. The color of the insulation is predominantly white, sometimes black is found. It is used in places of frequent bends of the power line, as well as for connecting sockets. Sometimes used to connect to a network of devices. A network of these brands is produced in bays, 100 or 200 m long.

APUFP- modification with aluminum conductors. It has characteristics similar to copper parts. However, the core is single-wire, and its flexibility is much less.

Typically, wires of this brand are used in a household network, up to 250 V. More than half of the entire network is usually performed by power lines of these brands. However, although they are great for an internal network, wires should not be used in place of power cables.

Recently, cases of incorrect marking of cords in this series have become more frequent. This is largely determined by the popularity of these brands. For example, when checking, the actual cross section of the measured cores was less than the declared one. It is recommended to check the quality of the insulation and the cross-section of the wires upon purchase.

PPV - copper, with PVC insulation:

PPV - flat with a dividing jumper. Single-wire conductors, section 0.75-6.0 mm2. It can be used for a stationary lighting network, and power lines for voltages up to 450 V, at frequencies up to 400 Hz. It is non-combustible, with increased resistance to aggressive environments. Resistant to vibration and mechanical damage. Operating temperature level -50 / +70°C. Moisture resistant. At +35 °C withstands 100% humidity.

APPW is similar in characteristics to APW. Conductor material - aluminum:

APV is the most common single-core wire. Core insulation - PVC. It has a round section. The core can be single-wire (cross-section from 2.5 to 16 mm2) or stranded (from 25 to 95 mm2).

It is used everywhere, in all types of power or lighting networks. Can be laid:

• in pipes
• technological voids,
• steel or plastic trays.

Has increased mechanical strength, resistant to vibration. Voltage rating up to 450 V, at a frequency of up to 400 Hz. PVC insulation is resistant to chemical aggressive environments, non-flammable. Used at temperatures -50 / +70°C. Moisture resistance at +35 °C - 100% humidity.

PV 1. It has a copper, single-wire conductive core, with a cross section of 0.75 to 16 mm2; or multi-wire with a cross section of 16-95 mm2. In addition, it has better flexibility than an AR of similar cross section.

PV 3. The characteristics are similar to those of PV 1 or AR. It has great flexibility, therefore it is recommended for use in sections of power lines or lighting networks, with frequent kinks. For example, it is often used in switchboards or electrical circuits in cars. Bending radius - 6 sections (diameters). Since the wires PV1, PV3 and APV can have a wide variety of insulation colors, it is convenient to use them when installing switchboards.

PVS. This is a stranded cord. The current-carrying conductor is copper, covered with PVC insulation. The sheath is made of PVC, cast, filling the gaps between the cores. As a result, it is dense, round in shape. The core is multi-wire, the number of cores in the cable is from 2 to 5. The cross section of the cable cores is from 0.75 to 16 mm2. Available for voltage up to 380 V, 50 Hz. The sheath is usually white, the core insulation is colored. Due to its exceptional flexibility and lightness, it can be used for mounting lighting or connecting sockets.

PVC is the most common household wire. Used to connect:

• electrical devices,
• household appliances,
• as an extension cable for network repair.

Resistant to mechanical stress - able to withstand up to 3000 bends. Does not burn and does not spread combustion. Operates in the temperature range -40 / +40 °C (in the PVA U modification) or -25 / +40 °C (in the standard modification).

SHVVP- 2-core or 3-core, flat in section. The core is copper or copper-tinned, with a cross section of 0.5-0.75 mm2, stranded. Designed for operation with voltage up to 380 V, 50 Hz. It has increased flexibility. It is used as an extension cord for connecting low-power household appliances (coffee grinder, mixer). It is not recommended to use this type of power line for mains, fixed sockets or lighting devices.

Informational

Cables and wires are currently used not only for the transmission of electrical energy. They are also used to convey information. The number of such conductors has recently increased significantly. Especially rapidly the situation began to change over the past fifteen years. In addition to cables for telephones and antennas, there has been a significant increase in the variety of signal cables. But, for use in everyday life, it is enough to know several types. The rest are often of interest only to narrow specialists in the field of information transfer. Let's look at the main types and types of such cables.

Antenna

Today, RG-58, RG-59 and RG-6 cables are most often used in everyday life. Or their domestic counterparts, for example, RK 75.

RG-6 - coaxial signal designed to transmit high frequency signals. It is used for transmission of television and radio signals, and in HF technology.

Structurally, the cable is designed in the form of a cylinder, inside which a copper core with a cross section of 1 mm2 passes, insulated with foamed polyethylene. Next comes an aluminum foil screen, on top of which there is an external conductor, which is a copper braid. A PVC sheath is put on over the braid. Most often used to transmit a television signal, in cable, terrestrial or satellite television. Coaxial cables differ in many ways, including ohmic resistance, degree of shielding, frequency response, and more. The name of the most popular domestic cable RK (RK 75) means that the ohmic resistance is 75 ohms.

Radio engineers understand what this means. And it is enough for the user to know that it is this resistance that is ideal for transmitting a signal to a TV (tuner, other receiver) from an antenna or video camera. Also, using this cable, you can transmit and branch the signal to several receivers.

RG brand cables, of which there are a great many, have a similar structure. And they differ in technical characteristics, including signal attenuation, frequency characteristics, resistance to mechanical stress, temperatures, resistance, screen types, and so on.

Twisted pair of wires. Used in computer networks for signal transmission

The Internet is most likely delivered to your house by just such a twisted pair cable. With the help of such wires, computers communicate with each other or connect to the Internet.

Tip type RJ-45, to connect to the network

A twisted pair is a pair of wires twisted in pairs, which gave it its name. They are intertwined in order to improve the quality of signal transmission. Each core is insulated with PVC coating, the outer sheath is made of PVC or propylene. Some cable modifications have an additional waterproof polypropylene sheath. In addition, a breaking thread is inserted inside the outer shell, for more convenient removal of the outer shell during installation. Various protection options are implemented in the following modifications:

utp, without general shielding of conductors, unprotected;

ftp, conductors are shielded with aluminum foil (foil);

STP, shielded with copper mesh (shielded). In addition, a separate screen surrounds each pair;

S/FTP, shielded with aluminum foil, with additional shielding of each pair with its own shield.

Different models are also divided into categories, according to the number of pairs of wires. The most common category for networks is CAT5e. It has four pairs of conductors, each core is marked with its own color. Information transfer rate over twisted pair, when using all pairs - up to 1 Gb / s. Sometimes this type of cable is used as a telephone cable. In this case, one or two pairs of wires are used, as in CAT1 or CAT2.

Cables and wires for telephone lines

There are two main types of telephone wires. Cords for distributing telephone lines in apartments, and general cords for laying many (up to 400) lines.

The most common type of cable for laying telephone lines is TPPep. It is designed for a large number of lines.

TPPep cable structure:

1. insulation (polyethylene);
2. cable core;
3. fastening winding;
4. belt insulation;
5. outer screen.

The cable structurally consists of twisted pairs of wires. The conductors of the cable are copper, made of soft wire, the conductors have a cross section of 0.4-0.5 mm2. Each core is covered with polyethylene insulation. Usually pairs are combined into groups, each containing 5 or 10 pairs. The outer sheath of the cable is made of PVC or polyethylene. If the names contain the letters "p" or "e", then the cable has a screen. There are modifications of the armored cable (twisted tapes). In some models, the space between the cores is filled with a water-repellent seal. This type of cable is designed for telephone communication in multi-storey buildings. It can be laid in almost any conditions: in cable ducts, underground, overhead wiring.

To enter a telephone line into a separate apartment, the following power lines are used:

TRV - telephone distribution (noodles). It can be with one or two pairs of conductive wires.

It has single-wire copper conductors with a cross section of 0.4-0.5 mm2. Has a split base. The number of cores is one or two pairs. PVC insulated. Intended for switching telephone sets in the room. Temperature conditions -10 / +40 °C. The humidity level at +30 °C should not exceed 80%.

TRP has conductive characteristics similar to TRV. The difference is in the insulation - it is made of polyethylene in the TRP.

Due to this, the TRP can be laid outdoors, as it is more resistant to external natural influences.

STLP- flat telephone cord. It has copper stranded wires. PVC is used as the outer insulation. In addition, each core has its own polyethylene sheath. It can have 2 or 4 cores, with a cross section of 0.08-0.12 mm2. Shur has increased flexibility. It can be used for telephone wiring in the premises, and in the telephone sets themselves.

PRDP- the wire is flat, with a split base. It has two single-wire cores with a cross section of 0.9-1.2 mm2. Each core is enclosed in polyethylene insulation and sheath. In some modifications, the shell is made of PVC.

Resistant to natural conditions, temperature limits -60 / +60 °C. It can be used when laying lines outside buildings, in the ground, along walls and on air poles.

Special types of wires and cables

If the operating conditions of the electrical network differ from the standard, then it is necessary to use specialized wires and cables. They must have increased resistance to aggressive environments. In housing construction, these are furnaces, cellars, baths. That is, in conditions of increased heat, cold or humidity. And also where there is a high risk of mechanical damage. It is not recommended to install standard conductors in such places.

RKGM- mounting, power, flexible, increased heat resistance. She lived in a cable alone, multi-wire, copper. Cross section 0.75-120 mm2. The insulation is made of silicone rubber. The outer shell is made of fiberglass, impregnated with varnish or heat-resistant enamel.

This wire is used in power networks with a nominal voltage of up to 660 V, up to 400 Hz. Differs in the increased heat resistance, -60 / +180 °C. Resistant to mechanical stress and vibration. It is not affected by fungal mold, as well as solvents and varnishes. It can be used in saunas, baths, when connecting ovens. And also in places with high temperature, for example, boiler rooms.

PNSV- single-core heating. Lived steel, single-wire. Available in blued or galvanized. It is produced with a cross section from 1.2 to 3 mm2. PVC or polyethylene is used as insulation.

Used at voltages up to 380 V, 50 Hz. Heat resistant, moisture resistant, immersion resistant, alkali resistant. Temperature range -50 / +80 °C. It is used in system of heat-insulated floors as a heating element.

WFP- copper single-core. The core was stranded, copper, with a cross section of 1.2-25 mm2. Designed to work in networks with a voltage of 380 or 660 V.

Temperature range -40 / +80 °C. Resistant to pressure drops, moisture resistant. It is used to power the engines of artesian wells, at great depths.

LED cable. A new and interesting version of the power cable. Along the power conductor, under a transparent sheath, additional wires are placed, with multi-colored LEDs. The distance between the LEDs is 2 cm. The light is strong enough, constant.

Used to indicate the connection of portable electrical equipment. If the cable is damaged, the diodes in the indicated area stop glowing. It can be used for decorative purposes, or for stage equipment. It can be used in advertising, creating pictures and inscriptions. Produced by the company "Duralight". Glowing computer cables are also produced. The structure is similar to power. They can be used for decorative purposes, and even as lighting elements.

Electroluminescent cables, unlike LED, emit light evenly, along the entire length. Such cables are mainly used in industrial design, as a replacement for luminous neon tubes. Allows you to create inscriptions and pictures. Unlike neon tubes, they have no length restrictions and a smaller bending radius. In addition, the price is much cheaper than the latter.

For stationary installation of internal wiring, it is recommended to use only copper single-wire power lines and cables in multi-colored insulation. Use of aluminum cords and cables for internal wiring.

• For connection to the floor panel on the site, the model NYM-5x6.0(10.0) or NYM-3x6.0(10.0) (NYM is read in German "nyum") is recommended.
• For an underground branch, armored VBBSHV 4x6.0(10.0) or VBBSHV 5x6.0(10.0) is recommended.

Small stranded wires are used where frequent bending is required (power cords, carriers), and are not recommended for fixed installation. Moreover, they are more expensive than single-wire ones and require the mandatory use of expensive tubular lugs during installation. However, with a large cross section of the conductors (> 2.5 mm 2), it is very difficult to use single-wire cables and cables due to their high mechanical rigidity, therefore, in such cases, multi-wire wires and cables are used.

The cross section of conductors for electrical wiring is determined by the amount of current flowing through them, which means that it must be calculated and indicated in the project. In everyday life, almost everything comes down to a few recommended types of wires and cables, the sections of which depend on the place of application and do not differ in variety. And when using conductors of standard sections for each specific application, as a rule, a good current margin is obtained, especially for the thinnest cords. But the calculation still needs to be made, if only to make sure that this current margin is available. When calculating the cross section, choose the nearest larger value.

For example, you got the required cross section of the conductors of the supply cable for air connection to the support 18.5 mm 2, therefore, you need to choose with a cross section of 25.0 mm 2. But let's get back to the recommendations.

NYM-5x6.0(10.0) or NYM-3x6.0(10.0) (NYM is German for nyum) is recommended for connection to the floor board on site.

NYM-5x4.0(6.0) or NYM-3x6.0(10.0) is recommended for connecting the main switchboard in an apartment/cottage and room or floor switchboards.

For connection of separate powerful consumers NYM-5x4.0(6.0) or NYM-3x4.0(6.0) is recommended.

As a rule, it is more convenient to use flat VVGng for internal wiring. PUNP is only flat.

Pay attention to the correct color of the insulation of the conductors of the electrical cords and cables you have chosen. When buying on the market, it will be useful to measure the diameter of the core of a single-wire cable or wire with a caliper. The resulting value must correspond to the diameter of the conductor on the label. The difference between the true diameter and the declared one by more than one tenth of a millimeter down is completely unacceptable. This is especially true for VVG cables and PUNP wires.

The generally accepted alphabetic types of marking wires and cables characterize products by type of purpose, regardless of their manufacturer. Marking letters and numbers indicate various properties of wires and cables: conductor and insulation material, cross section and number of cores, heat resistance, wear resistance, flexibility, etc.

Electrical wires are made from copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) and may include one or more strands. The most commonly used copper wires, which can withstand heavy loads and have higher flexibility. Aluminum, more brittle and less conductive, but due to their lower price, they are common in electrical work. For better insulating protection of electrical wires, plastic (PVC) and rubber are used. Also, the wires can be bare, i.e. uninsulated. Power wires are required for outdoor work and laying power supply inputs to houses, and a copper mounting wire is required to connect electrical circuits and radio elements. Bare wires are most often used in overhead wiring, and bare copper wires are also used for the manufacture of some types of antennas and for installation work in closed electrical installations. Also, wires are specialized, only for specific narrow areas, for example: fire alarm, telephone, usb, antenna, compensating and welding wires and others.

Correct reading of labels.

Wire marking consists of several groups.
Let's define it like this: APWHH

• The first group of letters is the material of the cores - "A" is aluminum. For copper wires, this designation is absent;
• "P" is a wire;
• The next group is the insulation material; "R" is rubber, "B" is polyvinyl chloride (PVC), "P" is polyethylene;
• The next group is construction. "O" - braid, "T" - for laying in a pipe, "P" - flat, "G" - flexible;
• Next - the number of cores;
• And only then - the cut.

For example: APPV 2x4. Aluminum Wire Flat PVC 2-wire 4 mm2.
Or PPV 3x2.5. Since there is no letter "A", then the wire is copper. And further: Wire Flat PVC 3-core 2.5 mm2
In some cases, there are also numbers that can indicate the class of wire flexibility, as, for example, when marking a wire. PV1 And PV3. Here PV3 is a more flexible wire.
Coming up in the wire PV3 10- "10" - indicates the wire section equal to 10mm2, and accordingly PV3 16– where “16” denotes a section of 16 mm2.

Aluminum electrical wires and cables.

Consider some types of aluminum wires and cables.

• APUFP(Al Wire Universal Flat), which has two or three cores laid in parallel, PVC protection. Designed for electrical installation of low current devices, up to 250V and a frequency of 50 Hz. But, for wiring in houses, it is better not to use such wires.
• AR(Al PVC Wire) - single-core wire, with a round section of 2.5–120mm². APPV - flat stranded wire. Operating voltage 450–750V. It is used in the repair of flexible sections of the electrical circuit, equipment, machine tools and various mechanisms. Temperature limit t 70°C, service life 15 years.
• APR(Al wire with rubber protection) has a round cross section from 2.5 - 120 mm², APPR- flat stranded, with a circular cross section of 2.5 - 6 mm². It is used when laying in pipes and wooden rooms.
• APRN(Al Wire with Rubber Insulation in Flame Retardant Sheath) - solid wire, cross-section from 2.5 - 120 mm². It is applied at laying in dry rooms and on street open sites.
• AVVG(Al power cable in PVC sheath) - stranded wire with a round cross section from 2.5 to 50 mm², limiting temperature t 80 ° C, service life 30 years. It is intended for dry and damp rooms, open spaces, on routes of various types, in fire and explosive places.
• AWRG(Al cable Flexible in PVC sheath with rubber insulation) - can have up to 4 cores, cross section from 4 - 300 mm². Rated voltage 0.66 kW, constant 1.0 kW, frequency 50 Hz, temperature t 200°C, service life 30 years. They are used in areas where there are increased requirements for resistance against short circuits, dry and damp rooms, on bridges, canals, mines, overpasses.

Copper wires and cables.

• Characteristics of brand wires PV1, PV2,PV3, PV4(Cu Wire in PVC insulation) the figure indicates the class of flexibility. Cross section from 0.5 to 120mm², voltage for networks from 450 - 750V, frequency 400Hz. They can be single-wire and multi-wire, have many modifications and a huge range of applications: installations, machines, houses, trays, plastic pipes, etc.
• PPV(Cu Wire Flat with PVC insulation) - two and three cores, has a separating base with a cross section of 0.75 - 4 mm², temperature up to t 70 ° C, voltage for networks from 450 - 750V, frequency 400Hz. It is used when installing power lighting networks on walls, as well as when laying in channels, pipes.
• PVA(Cu Wire with stranded strands in PVC braid) with a cross section from 0.5 to 2.5 mm², PRS - section from 0.5 to 4 mm² - flexible wires with copper conductors (2–3). Mainly used for household appliances, extension cords, vacuum cleaners, etc.
• PUNP, PBPP(Cu Wire with PVC insulation) - two or three strand copper wire with a cross section of up to 4 mm². Widely used in lower current devices.
• MGSH(copper electrical Flexible Wire Mounting with Silk insulation) with a cross section of 0.5 - 0.12 mm². MGSHV is a single-core flexible cable with a cross section of 0.12–1.5 mm². It is applied in electronic devices and interblock connections.
• VVG(Cu power cable with PVC sheath and PVC insulation), which can have from one to four cores, cross section 1.5 - 502 mm². It is used for laying networks on the street in shady places. Double insulation of the cable allows you to mount wiring in ceilings and partitions of rooms without a channel cable, to make power wiring.
• AWG(Cu Flexible Cable with Rubber Insulation PVC Sheath) - section 1-240 mm², can have 1-4 cores. It is used for air laying, in rooms of various types, bridges and electric flyovers.
• NWG(Cu Flexible Power Cable with Rubber Insulation Sheathed with Rubber Flame Retardant Braid) has a round section of 1-240mm², frequency 50Hz, rated voltage 0.66kW, constant 1.0kW, service life 30 years. It is used in mines and canals, in rooms with a high probability of flooding.

For wiring in the house, it is better to use copper wires. They are more flexible, less likely to break during installation, oxidize less, solder in the usual way, and have better electrical conductivity.

The purpose of the winding wire.

Winding wires are used for the manufacture of windings of electrical machines and devices, as well as in the production of radio engineering products, TV elements, etc. Such wires are made of high purity copper with good conductivity.
Here are some of their brands:

• PETV— (Enamelled Heat-Resistant Winding Wire with Enamel Insulation), is a copper core-wire, with a diameter of 0.063 - 2.500 mm². Enamelled wires are highly resistant to heat (up to 120 ° C) and do not need to be stripped.
• The wire PETV2 where "2" is the number of layers of varnish on the wire. PETV2 diameter from 0.08 to 5 mm². Used for windings of power motors, motors for household appliances and tools, transformers, measuring instruments, coils and relays.

Cables and wires of narrow specialization.

• TRP(Cu Telephone Validation in PVC insulation) - two-core with a dividing base, cross section 0.4 - 0.5 mm². For laying the telephone network. The so-called telephone noodles.
• KPSng(A) - FRLS, KPSng (A) - FRHF, KPSng (A) - FRLSLTx - these are special low-current cables for installing fire alarms and fire protection systems. Explanation: ng - flame retardant, (A) - category, LS - low smoke generation, HF - low oxidizing activity, LTx - with low toxicity, KPS - fire alarm cable. In accordance with the regulatory documents GOST 31565-2012 (GOST R 53315-2009), only such cables can be used in a fire protection system. The alarm wire must be especially tenacious, otherwise the security system will not respond in time. These wires are made according to the latest technology in the field of fire protection and alarm cables.
  Prior to the entry into force of Federal Law No. 123 "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety" in 2009, fire cables KPSVV and KPSVEV, in a red braid, were successfully used. Now they can only be used for burglar alarm systems.
• USB wire. All multimedia devices and gadgets are equipped with a USB connector. USB 2.0 is high speed and consists of one 28 AWG twisted pair for data transmission and two 20 AWG to 28AWG power conductors. All usb cables are shielded and have a ferrite ring that acts as a filter. It can be up to five meters long.
• Antenna coaxial cable for TV. It has an electrically conductive braid (screen) and insulation of a certain thickness. That is why it turns out thick (about 6 mm²). The braid protects it from electromagnetic and electrostatic interference, minimizing losses. It has a wave impedance of 75 ohms. For better reception quality, the central core of the television antenna cable is made of copper, and the screen can be made of both copper braid and aluminum foil. The main types of brands RK 75, RG 6, RG 59, SAT 50, SAT 703, DG 113 are used for both analog and cable TV and satellite dishes. An F-plug is used to connect to a TV.

Wire for welding machine.

KS- the marking is simply deciphered - the cable is welding. The letter "P" means that the wire has polymer protection, a combination of the letters "HF" (high frequency) "PP" (alternating and direct current). The cable for the welding machine is copper and resistant to t ° 50C. , and has a special rubber hose insulation for short circuit protection, non-flammable. Cross section 10–70 mm², operating voltage 600V, frequency 400Hz.
Types of cable marking for connecting the welding machine:

• KG-T used for high temperature operation. t up to 85°C.
• KG-KhL, contains special rubber resistant to cold (t up to -60°С).
• COG1 has increased flexibility.

Electrical wires are decorative.

the wire- different types of wires used, both in houses for wiring, and on the street, made in their original form. The cross section is from 0.5 to 2.5 mm², the sheath is most often silk. Externally, the decorative retro electric wire looks in the spirit of the old times and consists of two wires twisted together. Retro wire is used by designers in log houses and looks pompous and majestic.
Decorative wires are widely used and have a variety of modifications. In the interiors of clubs and entertainment venues, you can find glowing neon, multi-colored wires. Decorative braids will allow you to perform work of any complexity, not only qualitatively, but also beautifully.

In fact, all these electrical products are designed to perform a common task: the transfer of electricity from a voltage source to a consumer. They must perform their functions for a long time and reliably without creating emergency situations and malfunctions.

Wires and cables work in all branches of human practical activity, when it is necessary to create a closed circuit for the passage of electric current, to exclude its losses through unforeseen leaks.

Due to the similarity of the issues being addressed, many ordinary people do not distinguish their differences, they refer to one category.

However, cables, wires and cords work in different operating conditions, are used in different sections of electric current mains, and differ in purpose. Therefore, they have an unequal internal structure and design.

On transmission lines, there are cases where electricity is transmitted in series through overhead wires and cable, as shown in the photo below.

A cable branch on an overhead power line is created to perform specific tasks required by local conditions.

electrical wire

Composition

It has the simplest design, consisting of two parts:

1. a metal core that serves to create an electric current path;

2. a layer of insulation that prevents the flow of currents in an undesirable direction.

The functions of insulation can be assigned to the air surrounding the metal, and not to a special sheath of polymers and dielectrics. In this case, the core of the wire is made bare, and the points of contact of the wires with the elements of fastening to the supporting structures are created with dielectric properties. They are called insulators.

Conductor materials are most often created on the basis of:

copper and its alloys;

aluminum.

A promising design is considered to be composite, created to effectively use the best performance characteristics of the above metals.

To solve specific problems, conductive conductors made of steel alloys, nichrome, other metals, and even silver or gold can be used.

Core construction

It can be created from:

1. solid conductor of a certain length;

2. or twisted from thin wires working in parallel. Single-wire wires are easier to manufacture. They are the most rigid, they are used to transmit electrical energy during stationary fixing, they transmit direct and low-frequency currents well.

Stranded conductors are more flexible, work better at high frequencies.

Typically, the term wire refers to a single wire product. In fact, they can be stranded or multi-stranded. Examples are twin telephone wires such as "noodles" and other designs.

All of them are designed to work in light operating conditions and in most cases require additional mechanical protection from external influences.

Electrical cable

Its more complex design is created to ensure reliable operation when exposed to destructive environmental factors.

The number of conductive wires is determined by the operating conditions. They are isolated from each other by various dielectric layers. Additional cable elements can be:

protective outer shell made of plastic, steel or wire armor;

aggregate;

core;

Each of these parts performs protective functions for specific conditions.

The main groups of cables for electricians are:

power, operating in electrical installations up to and more than 1000 volts;

control, transmitting information about the state of various elements of the system;

controls used to transmit commands entered manually or by automatic systems;

communications based on the exchange of signals of different frequencies.

A separate group includes cables for special purposes:

emitting, used to transmit high-frequency radio signals;

heating, converting electrical energy into heat.

Conductors

They are made according to the same principles as the wires. They can be created from different materials with a stranded or solid conductor. covered with a dielectric layer.

According to the degree of flexibility, cable designs are divided into seven groups. The hard-to-bent category No. 1 includes a monocore. The most flexible and, accordingly, the most expensive is number 7.

Stranded wires of flexible cables during installation are connected through special tubular lugs called end caps. There is no need to install them on a monocore.

shell

Protects current-carrying conductors and their insulation from mechanical damage, seals them from moisture penetration, foreign impurities. May contain reinforcing and shielding layers.

The most common shell materials are:

plastics;

• reinforced rubber grades;

Plastic materials can perform the following tasks:

1. provide an insulating layer with high dielectric properties;

2. create a sealed hose that protects the structure placed in it;

3. serve as a screen through the use of semiconductor properties.

Impregnated cable paper is used in high voltage products up to and including 35 kV.

Cross-linked polyethylene is used to ensure the dielectric properties of cables operating in electrical installations with voltages up to 500 kV with high reliability and durability.

For high-voltage circuits 110÷500 kV inclusive until 2005, oil-filled cables were produced, consisting of shielded cores mounted inside a sealed sheath with oil. With the massive introduction of insulation based on cross-linked polyethylene, their design has lost its relevance.

Conditions for safe work

All cable products are evaluated for:

1. short circuit behavior in the cable duct;

2. ability to withstand prolonged overloads;

3. Spread of open fire at high heat;

4. release of toxins during combustion.

Short circuit danger

When shorting between the cores, a temperature of up to a thousand degrees is created. It is transmitted to nearby cables with small losses, heats them up, and is able to involve them in combustion. The resulting gases create high pressure, which depressurizes the cable duct, provides an influx of fresh air with oxygen, which supports the development of a fire.

Long overloads

Excessive currents heat up the metal of the conductive core and the insulation layer with the sheath. Under the influence of the limiting temperature, chemical reactions of decomposition of the insulation layer occur, gases are released. They begin to mix with air and ignite.

Burning spread

A conventional sheath made of PVC plastic compounds and certain grades of polyethylene is able to transfer the combustion process further, which contributes to the development of fires. A particular danger is created with a vertical arrangement of cables.

According to this indicator, cable products are divided into:

• flame retardant in single laying: vertically and horizontally;

  flame retardant in group laying: vertically and horizontally;

  fire resistant.

The main indicator of this process is the specific heat of combustion of electrical wiring or cable lines, determined experimentally.

Ability to release toxic substances

Here, the reaction of the cable sheath to an external fire affecting its structure is taken into account. Insulation compounds, even non-flammable, can release dangerous toxins when heated significantly.

It is forbidden to use such cables in places with a mass congestion of people on subway transport and similar objects.

Requirements for cable products

To improve operational reliability and safety, modern cables are evaluated by:

fire resistance;

resistance to dielectric heating and fire resistance;

ways of cutting ends - ending;

protection against moisture penetration.

Each of these parameters has methods of analysis and criteria for evaluating the results.

Electrical cord

Its design takes something between an electrical wire in insulation of several strands and a cable. It is created by special technological methods to impart properties of increased flexibility, providing long-term operation when creating frequent, numerous bends.

The purpose of the electrical cord: providing connections to the voltage source with mobile electrical appliances.

To highlight the neutral or middle conductor, use a light blue color. Phase conductors are usually denoted in black, brown and gray.

The marking methods given as an example reflect the principles for determining the design of cables and wires. But, they do not contain a complete list of all the information about them, which are published in detail in special reference books.

In the arsenal of the modern cable industry - a huge range of all kinds of wires. Each of them solves a specific problem. Any wiring is made with aluminum, and more often copper wires and cables. The cores of these cables can have a solid or separate structure - when they are filled with many wires. The flexibility of the cable depends on the structure, but not the conductivity value. But the features of the cables do not end there. After all, their range is amazing. PVA, SHVVP, VVG - what are the advantages? The answer is simple: in the properties of isolation.

The article will tell about the fundamental types of electrical wiring and how to operate them.

With the help of this conductor, residential buildings are electrified. Its markings show: the flexibility of the cores, the insulation on the outside is polyvinyl chloride, the insulation of the rods is similar. The wiring is not very flexible.

The cable insulation has resistance to environmental aggression, and it does not burn. The cores consist of one or many wires, taking into account the modification of the cable.

This cable must supply and distribute electrical impulses at a factor of 1000 volts if the industrial frequency of alternating current is 50 Hz. To equip house networks, an VVG liner with a cut of 6 square millimeters is suitable; to supply light to households, this rate increases to 16 sq. Mm. A break is possible along the shortest radius with a 10-fold cord in breadth. The cable is supplied in coils of 100 meters.

The VVG cable has a gradation: AVVG - aluminum core, VVGng - refractory sheath, VVGp - flat cut, VVGz - the presence of PVC or rubber insulation between the cores.

VVG - copper cable - for indoor installation. It is laid openly, laid in strobes. Serves 30 years. The number of cores meets the requirements of the network phases: from 2 to 5.
The predominant tone of the surface insulating material of these leads is black, white comes across.
Modifications of the VVG cable with "NG" and "LS" show, respectively, the non-proliferation of combustion and a small amount of smoke emission during fire. A modification of the VVG is known, which can withstand open fire for several minutes.

A foreign analogue of the VVG cable is produced according to the DIN standard. This is a NYM product. Its special internal filler self-extinguishes.

Copper solid-wire conductors with current, with PVC insulation and a protective sheath, does not burn, is not afraid of an aggressive environment. The first 5 cores are produced with a cut: 1.5 - 35 square units. - in the body of a white protective sphere. The conductors are adjacent to dense coated rubber: there are no halogens, the cord is durable and heat-resistant. Its functionality is from -40°C to +70°C, moisture resistant. Color insulation: light green, bluish, brown.

NYM cable serves lighting systems in technical and civil engineering - voltage limit - 660 units. The product is laid indoors and outdoors, hiding it from the sun in the corrugation.
Installation allows bending the radius - at least 4 diameters. It goes in bays, starting from 50 meters.
When compared with VVG, this eyeliner has only copper and solid wire strands. It is convenient to lay it.

3. SIP cable

The cipher is interpreted as a "self-supporting insulated wire." He is not afraid of collisions with mechanics. Its insulation is cross-linked polyethylene, more often used as a street cable for power lines and individual branches. Replaces bare A and AC cords.

Sip cable price starts from 25 rubles/m.

This is an alumcable with no overall insulation. The cross section of the veins is 16 units, the largest is 150 units. The marking does not give out the number of cores - there is a nomenclature number.

SIP-1 is an eyeliner of 2 cores, one is a zero carrier. Option 2 to 4 - cores with a single zero carrier. Sample-4 consists of 4 current-carrying rods.

Installation of self-supporting insulated wires involves specific tools: brackets - anchors with connection and branch clamps.

4. Cable - PVC cord

PVA - made of copper with a vinyl insulating base. It lies in the void between the rods, so the wire is strong. Lived 2 or 5, cut - from 0.75 to 16 square millimeters.
The temperature norm is -25 ° C - + 40 ° C, he is not afraid of moisture and chemical attacks. The wire is kinked multiple times. The shell is white. Veins of all shades.

PVA wire - power cord for household appliances and extension cords. Flexibility is an important advantage of the product.

Insulation - polyvinyl chloride. Internal core insulation - with standard marking. PVS conductors are multi-wire. They are terminated or tinkered with.
The cable is ideal for powering portable electrical receivers.

PVA copes with mechanical loads. The cross section of the veins varies from 0.75 to 16 square meters. mm .. It is used in the production of extension cords and carriers when operating in heat. The shell of frost does not withstand.

5. SHVVP cable

ShVVP - a flat cord in vinyl, the same insulation. An analogue of VVG, but differs in the flexibility of dense copper rods. Usually sewn into extension cords. ShVVP insulation is not very strong, and if the lines are overloaded, the cable is not used.

The sections are modest: 0.5 or 0.75 sq. mm. with 2 or 3 cores. ShVVP habitually participates in automation, for powering systems with low current.

KG is a flexible rubber cable made of copper with stranded conductors, their cross section is 0.5 to 240 sq. mm. Quantity - 1-5. Natural rubber - for core insulation rubber.

The cable is functional from -60°C to +50°C, humidity - 98%. The cable is laid outdoors. Core color: black, blue, brown, grey.
Scope of KG - industrial installations.
The KG cable feeds portable mobile devices from alternating current or from generators.
During installation, bending along a radius of at least 8 outer diameters is possible. Modification KGNG - non-combustible insulation is provided.
The rubber insulation of this cable retains its properties and flexibility in frosty conditions. Extension cords based on it are used in any conditions.

Power cable with copper current-carrying conductors: single-wire and multi-wire, protected by armor. The first 6 veins have a cross section of 1.5 - 240 square millimeters. There is a PVC coating and an insulating base. The cable is distinguished by the presence of a layer of steel two-tape armor between the sheath and the rods. The cable is designed for -50°C to +50°C, humidity up to 98%. PVC insulation guarantees resistance to aggressive environments. Black shell. The insulation is either black and white or plain.

Bronyu VBBSHv lay power supply networks for autonomous buildings and buildings, in pipes underground and from above. The maximum AC voltage is 6000 volts. Direct current requires single-core cable modifications.

The radius bends are the same. It is delivered usually from 100 meters in bays. Modifications: AVBBSHv - aluminum cores, VBBSHvng - non-combustible version, VBBSHvng-LS - non-combustible mode with low gas emission at high temperature.

Cable VBBSHV price from the manufacturer "Electrokomplekt" will pleasantly surprise you. In addition, the company is represented in 8 cities of Kazakhstan.

8. Wire PBPP - PUNP

Flat type copper wire: single-wire cores, 2 or 3 pieces, PVC insulation and sheath. Works normally if the atmosphere is -15°C to +50°C, humidity limit is 98%. It tolerates aggressive environment well. Black or white, blue or greenish veins.

It is good for them to mount lighting systems and wiring sockets in buildings, with a maximum alternating current with an industrial frequency of 250 volts. The radius bends at a level equal to ten times the width. Delivery mode - bays of 100 and 200 meters.
The modification of PBPPg (PUGNP) is of such a multi-wire type of core, the bending radius is not less than 10 times the width. APUNP has solid-wire, only aluminum conductors.

9. Product PPV

Flat cable with copper rods and with a single PVC insulation rod with inserts - separators between the cores. Their number: 2 or 3. The wire is approved for operation in conditions: -50°C to +70°C.

It is not afraid of vibration, does not burn and loves 100% moisture. Snow white shade.

The PPV material is shown to stationary lighting and internal networks for domestic use. Voltage 450 volts at alternating current with a frequency of up to 400 Hz. The radius cannot be bent less than 10 times the width. Deliveries - 100 meters through the bay. Variation of APPV - aluminum conductors.

10. AR wire

Aluminium, one core, round section with PVC insulation. The core with wires has a cross section from 25 to 95 sq. mm, one - from 2.5 to 16 sq. mm. Acceptable temperature -50°C to +70°C. 100% moisture is acceptable.

Application: machine tools, panels, electrical equipment.
Needs sun protection.

11. Wire PV1

Round section type, PVC insulation, copper, 1 core.
Temperature, like other cables - from -50°C to +70°C, withstands vibration and chemical irritation, humidity - up to 100%. Insulation is offered in different scales.

Scope of action: transformers, shields, electrical equipment. The wire is designed for voltage up to 750 volts at alternating current with a frequency of up to 400 Hz, and up to 1000 volts at direct current.
It is laid underground and outside, in cable ditches. The material is defenseless against the sun's rays.
The amount of bending is not less than 10 times the wire diameter. Bays from 100 meters. APV wire is a modification of PV1, but the core is made of aluminum.

12. Wire PV3

Copper single-core wire of oval section in PVC insulation. A stranded wire core can have a cross section from 0.5 to 400 sq. mm. Working properties are repeated.

They are used for the purpose of electrification: when installing distribution panels, lighting in work shops, where frequent bending is appropriate. The wire is powered by 750 volts at 400 Hz alternating current, and up to 1000 volts at constant mode.

The application is similar: you can add auto-tuning and home risers. Sun protection shown.

13. ShVVP wire

Wire with conductive strands with PVC insulation and coating. The relief is flat. The veins are provided for a pair or triple, the diameter of the cut is within the boundaries: 0.5 - 0.75 square millimeters. Operation in the mode: -25°C to +70°C, and tolerates a wet composition of 98% and chemical influences. Sheath of light or black shades. The veins are absolutely colorful.

Cabling and wiring products have firmly entered human life, as they perform many functions: from transporting electricity to transmitting various signals. Without wires and cables, it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of industrial enterprises, the operation of household appliances and lighting equipment, the transmission of telephone signals, the performance of the Internet, and so on.

What are cables and wires, by what criteria are they classified? Every electrician, engineer or home master should know the answers to these questions when performing electrical work and repair manipulations.

Introductory information

Before studying the classification of cable products, it is necessary to consider the differences between wires and cables.

A cable is a product consisting of several (or one) conductive wires woven together in their own insulation, enclosed in one or more common protective sheaths.

Also, bonded products can have in their design a special shell with increased protective properties, which is called armor. Cables with such a protective layer are called armored, and products without such insulation are called bare.

A wire is a product that consists of one without insulation or one or several cores (wires) with insulation, which are enclosed in a lightweight protective sheath not made of metallic material. These cable connections are not intended to be laid underwater or underground.

Cord - a variation of the wire, which consists of several flexible or super-flexible veins with a cross section of up to 1.3-1.5 mm2, laid on top of each other in parallel or specifically intertwined with each other. A special cover for protection and a sheath of non-metallic material are usually applied over the conductor elements of the cord.

Important! The main difference between the above concepts is their technical properties and design.

The cable has increased bandwidth and a reinforced complex structure, respectively, it can be used to transmit, for example, a large current in strength and voltage over long distances and in aggressive conditions. And the wire and cord have a simplified lightweight design and are intended for connecting elements of a conductive network or powering household appliances.

All such electrical products differ from each other in the following ways:

• the material from which the protective and insulating-protective layer (s) is made;
• characteristics of the shielding element installed in the structure;
• technical parameters, which are expressed in physical quantities;
• material of manufacture and number of conductive wires;
• conductivity;
• the total cross-section of the cable product, the cross-sectional shape and diameter of the conductor cores, and others.

It is these features that formed the basis for the classification of products according to the field of application.

Classification of cables by application

Any cable and wire products are divided into types, based on their purpose.

Depending on the application, the following types of cables are distinguished:

1. Power cable products;
2. Communication cables;
3. Control electric cables;
4. Control cable;
5. RF cable products;
6. Special purpose cables.

Important! During electrical installation work, it is necessary to know the type of cable required for a particular situation, since their electrical properties and design features are different. Accordingly, for example, when laying power lines, the use of a communication cable is unacceptable.

Power cables

This type of product is intended for the transportation and distribution of electricity in stationary installations. It is used for the organization of power lines, installation of wiring of premises, power supply of industrial equipment and other things.

The core is usually made of aluminum, copper-aluminum alloy, copper. The material of the insulating layer can be rubber, PVC, paper tape, cross-linked polyethylene and others. The protective shell can be plastic, aluminum or lead alloy. Operating alternating voltage range - from 660 V to 450-500 kV.

Popular representatives: AVBShv, VVG, AVVG, VVG-P, AVVGng and other variations.

Communication cables

The organization of wire telecommunication and signaling system is carried out by means of communication cables. They are divided into two groups:

1. High-frequency cables are used for laying communication lines over long distances;
2. Low-frequency products are used for mounting local communication lines.

The copper communication cable is the most popular representative of this product class, having conductors made of copper composition. They are insulated mainly from plastic, paper or polyethylene, and a combination of these materials is also possible. The protective sheath can be made of lead, plastic, steel and aluminium.

Common brands: CCI, TPV, TZK, TZG, KMB, KMG, MKSG and others.

Control cable

Connection of household appliances and electrical equipment, control over the operation of objects, organization of signaling mechanisms are carried out by means of control type electrical cables.

The conductor element in such products can be made of bimetal (aluminum-copper), aluminum or copper. The insulating layer is PVC plastic, various variations of polyethylene and occasionally rubber material.

Representatives: KVVG, AKVBbShv, KVVGEng, AKVVGEng, KSPV, KSPVG, KVK, KVK-t, KVK-V and others.

Control cables

Conductor products used to transport low-power signals from sensors to control devices, as well as to control mechanisms at a distance, are called control cables. They can be either flat or rounded.

The cores in these electric cables are made only from copper, they can be shielded, but the insulating layer can be made from any substance: rubber, PVC, polyethylene material, fluoroplast. The shell is made of plastic, on top of which armor is often applied in the form of steel wires.

Popular modifications: KPV (single-core copper electric cable), KRShS, KRSHU, KGVV, MERSH-M and others.

RF cables

Transportation of various signals, pulses and information of a digital type in various ranges is carried out using radio frequency cables.

The conductor element is made of copper composition, the insulation is made of PTFE or polyethylene. The insulation can also be semi-airy due to the use of porous plastic or cordels (filler). The insulating layer is usually covered with an outer conductor element and a protective polyethylene or plastic sheath.

Popular brands of this class: RK, RD, RS and their subspecies.

Electrical cables for special purposes

There is also cable products of a narrow focus (special purpose), which can be used to organize the operation of equipment on assembly lines, conveyors, transport systems and other mechanisms. The design of such cables can be any - it all depends on the input parameters.

Types of wires by purpose

Wires according to the scope of application are divided into the following types:

• installation wiring products are necessary for distributing electricity and connecting various consumers to the network (the most popular brands: APV with a small cross section - single-core aluminum cable, different variations of PVS);
• winding wires are used for winding sections and elements of electrical mechanisms, measuring instruments and control devices (PEL brands - single-core copper wire, PEV, PLBD, PSD and others);
• insulated and uninsulated wires are used to transport electricity through overhead power lines (marking - M, A, AC and their variations);
• mounting wires are used to connect radio components and elements of electronic equipment to each other (brands MGTF, MGSHV, MLP, MSTP and others).