How is heating supplied in an apartment building. Radiator water heating

Most often, for many years, using such a blessing as a modern centralized heating system, we are absolutely not interested in how it works and how it works. More precisely, we are not interested in this as long as her work suits us. But imagine the situation - almost all the residents of your house are not satisfied with the heating system, and everyone is ready to connect separate autonomous systems. In this case, the question arises - how did everything work before, and whether the apartments can be heated independently of each other. Of course, in this case, it will be necessary to calculate the heating in apartment building, drafting - all this is done by special services.

In fact, during the construction of any house, regardless of the number of floors in the past few years (or even decades), the same enough simple circuit building heating. That is, both in a three-story and in a twelve-story house, the same schemes for creating heating system. Of course, there may be minor differences that the design of the heating system implies. apartment building, but in most cases - the identity is complete.

What is the scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building?

At a certain stage of construction, a special thermal track. A certain number of thermal valves are mounted on it, from which the process of powering the heating units takes place in the future. The number of valves (and nodes, respectively) directly depends on the number of floors (risers) and apartments in the house. The next element after the introductory valve is a sump. It is not uncommon for two of these system elements to be installed at once. If the project of the house provides for a Khrushchev heating scheme open type, this requires the installation of a valve on the hot water supply after the sump, which is necessary for emergency removal of the coolant from the system. These valves are installed by means of a tie-in. There are two mounting options - on the coolant supply pipe, or on the return pipe.

Some complexity and abundance of system elements district heating due to the fact that it uses highly heated water as a heat carrier. In fact, only the increased pressure in the pipes of the system through which it moves prevents the liquid from turning into steam.

If the supplied water has a very high temperature, it becomes necessary to use hot water from the waste. This is due to the fact that in the areas that produce the outflow of the spent coolant, the pressure is much lower than in the supply ones. After the temperature of the coolant drops to a normal level, the liquid again enters the system from the supply.

It should be noted that most often the heating unit is made in a small closed room, which can only be entered by representatives of the utility company serving this heating system. This is due to safety requirements and is applicable in almost all modern high-rise buildings.

Of course, the question involuntarily arises - if the temperature of the coolant in the system often reaches a critical point, then why are the batteries in apartments, basically, a little warm? In fact, everything is pretty banal.

Only the scheme of the system provides a certain amount of elements that will protect the system when elevated temperature coolant.

However, quite often utility companies simply save fuel by heating the coolant to a level that is extremely far from what is actually required. In addition, very often during the installation of the system, due to the negligence of workers, gross errors are made, which later cause severe heat loss.

Of course, few people have heard the term "elevator node" before. It can be safely called an injector, which includes a nine-story heating circuit panel house or houses with fewer floors. After all, it is into it through a special nozzle that the coolant heated almost to the limit enters. Here, the return water is injected, after which the liquid begins to actively circulate in the heating system. As a matter of fact, after the coolant and return have entered the system through the elevator assembly, they get the temperature that we feel when we touch the battery.

Often, depending on the plan, which implies an apartment building heating project, on thermal node valves can be installed various types. In many ways, their appearance depends on how many rooms should be heated, whether this unit is involved in heating one riser (entrance) or the entire house. In addition, sometimes, in addition to valves, an additional manifold is installed, on which, in turn, locking elements are fixed. Often separate plot the introductory system is used to install meters. Most often, one metering device is used for one entrance.

The principle of building a heating system

Speaking about the principle of operation of the heating circuit multi-storey buildings, a few words should be said about its construction. It's actually quite simple. Most modern houses single pipe is used centralized scheme heating five storey building or houses with fewer/more floors. That is, the heating scheme of a 5-storey building is a single (for one entrance) riser, in which the coolant can be supplied both from below and from above.

In this case, there are two options for the location of the supply element - in the attic or in the basement. Return pipes are always laid in the basement.

In accordance with the location of the supply element, two types of coolant orientation are also distinguished. So, provided that the supply pipes are located in the basement, it goes oncoming traffic coolant. And if the supply element is in the attic, then it is a passing direction.

Many are interested in how the radiator area is determined for a particular room. In fact, everything is quite simple - it is only necessary to take into account the cooling rate of the coolant (water) used.

Most of us mistakenly believe that the higher the house, the more complicated and confusing the heating scheme of a multi-storey building is. But this is a wrong opinion. In fact, in general, the number of apartments that need to be heated affects the calculation of heating in an apartment building.

District heating systems apartment buildings created in accordance with the projects. Therefore, you can learn literally everything about heating an apartment and the whole house if you find a project and understand it to the last screw.

Next, let's take a look at what heating solutions are commonly used in apartment buildings and how they affect the quality of heating in apartments. And also, how issues related to the repair and operation of pipes, batteries and the entire central heating system of a high-rise apartment building are resolved in practice

Why are you interested in the heating scheme of a high-rise building

The heating system of a multi-storey building can be of concern in several cases, for example:

• When replacing a radiator in an apartment, the question arises - how to turn off the riser, which radiator can be installed and how best ...
• If you change the riser, then what pipes can be used?
• When the heating does not work well, it is natural to ask - why? - can be adjusted, even independently ...
• If you want to organize your own boiler room together with other residents, then how to do it ...
• When installing a heat meter, in what place of the system should it be inserted?

But without the approval of the housing office, no action with centralized heating. And such actions are performed, usually only by specialists of the same service organization.

What schemes are found in apartment buildings

Heating projects for entire districts from a central heating plant are always individual and depend on the housing stock. Usually, one boiler house was equipped for 1 microdistrict, but this is not a rule, both very large thermal power plants and small boiler houses were built.

But heating wiring for high-rise buildings built in Soviet time are usually typical. Single-pipe schemes for connecting radiators were used, where one pipe was a vertical riser. The risers, of which there were many per house, were connected in parallel to the supply heat main, and thus found themselves in approximately the same hydraulic conditions.

An approximate diagram of a vertical single tube is shown in the figure.
It should be noted that there are up to 18 radiators on one pipe.

The correct schemes for connecting radiators are using a parallel bypass.

Scheme of connecting a radiator in an apartment with a single-pipe wiring around the house.

Turning off one radiator (drip!) will not affect the heating in other apartments due to the presence of a bypass. In addition, the balancing valve allows you to dampen the radiator at will.

But single tubes have a well-known drawback - the last radiators in the ring are cooler. How did you deal with it?

Features of heating in apartment buildings

So that the radiators on the upper floors do not turn out to be too cold, a high coolant velocity must be set in the riser, which equalizes the temperatures in the supply and return. In centralized heating systems, they were able to make it so that the temperature along the riser turned out to be without a significant difference for users. And no one struggled with an increase in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bradiators with the equalization of heat transfer.

• A centralized heating system is characterized by a high coolant velocity, up to the limit of noise in the pipes. Hence the large power of the pumps and the large pressure drop.
• The second feature is the high total pressure in the system. Filling was carried out from the bottom point, and in order to raise the coolant to the 9th floor, it was necessary to create an appropriate pressure, up to 12 atm.
• The next feature is the high temperature of the coolant - poor thermal insulation, heat leakage, ownerlessness of the energy resource, often made it possible for public utilities to solve the tasks “heat in houses” by simply winding up the flow and raising the temperature above the norm, even above 100 degrees C at elevated pressure.

All this places its own demands on radiators and pipes.

What pipes and radiators to use in a multi-storey building

All high-rise buildings in Soviet times were equipped with steel pipes and cast-iron radiators. Now there is a choice. Other types of pipes and radiators are more practical, cheaper, and more durable.

But it is unacceptable to make a choice on your own, when replacing a radiator in an apartment, without coordination with the Housing Office. Moreover, disassembling the riser and changing pipes - this will be done only by specialists.

Basically, Zhekov specialists solder PN30 foam 25 mm ( outside diameter) with aluminum reinforcement, despite the fact that its limiting temperature is still +95 degrees, and in the central it can be even more ... Now PN25 has already appeared with similar characteristics.

Possible application metal-plastic pipes for connecting radiators in a multi-storey building - by decision of the service network. Applicable diameter is mainly 20 mm (outside).

When replacing a radiator, the employees of the housing office will oblige to create a circuit with two shutdown valves and a bypass parallel to the radiator.

When replacing a radiator in an apartment

• The model, dimensions (heat transfer) of the radiator are agreed with the specialists of the service organization.
• The riser is turned off, the liquid is drained.
• Usually old steel pipes are cut off, so how to unwind threaded connections does not seem possible. More often, radiators are changed along with pipes, the types of pipes used are also agreed with the Housing Office.
• The radiator is hung on a regular mount, supplied with plugs, ball valves, Mayevsky crane.
• The radiator is connected to the riser with pipes according to the bypass scheme.

Why is it cold on the upper floors

If the coolant speed is reduced, the temperature is also reduced, then it will be cold in the houses, this will especially affect upper floors where the radiators are often the last in the ring. This happens both for technical reasons, due to overgrowth of pipes, wear and tear of equipment, and organizational ones.

Fuel is now expensive, and it is not known at what level of command, its allocated amount has halved, but the result is impressive - half of the prescribed coal, fuel oil, gas gets into the furnace. And the heating network specialists were asked to "get out" and redistribute heat, "find methods". As a result, part of the pumps is turned off, replaced, the boiler is turned off, the valves are tightened, and artificial “equipment wear” is created.

Another option bad work heating in a multi-storey building - radiators do not heat. In any basement of a multi-storey building, adjustment options are possible when any riser will heat poorly - the scheme is very complicated. The problem may lie in the lack of worthy personnel in the organization, as a result of which the network is simply not established.

But the way out of the situation can be found only in ordeals for local organizations. Or creations for small house own boiler house in agreement with the authorities. Or switching to individual heating in the apartment.

Features in new buildings

Nowadays, more and more people are switching to modern projects heating. Two-tubes are used in the wiring, as a result of which energy losses on the movement of the coolant are reduced. Scheme of connecting a radiator in an apartment with two-pipe system heating.

Such projects now include other materials, instead of steel, PEX is used, including reinforced with aluminum. Radiators with a minimum pressure of 16 atm, with a lower (concealed) supply.

The latest achievement is individual wiring for a separate apartment. Risers of two pipes designed for the whole apartment. The wiring around the apartment can be done as you like, but usually according to the projects, the location of the risers is such that it is convenient to make a beam pattern from the central collectors, while the pipes are laid under a false floor.

This also makes it possible for balcony blocks install floor convectors.
Also - an individual heat meter for the apartment.

But in the arrays of old buildings, with centralized system heating an apartment building, this is not achievable. They use the benefits that the housing office has established.

Option for installing heating in a modern apartment of a multi-storey building

• Connection to the central heating riser (individual boiler) heating network the entire apartment is carried out at one point, from which the wiring to the radiators goes.
• Pipes are placed in the floor, the design of which allows this. Radiators with bottom connection and floor convectors are used.
• A beam scheme for turning on radiators is preferable, in which only solid pipe sections are placed under the floor - from the central manifold to each heater.
• In the case of using a passing, dead-end scheme, all hidden branching of pipes can only be performed with non-removable compression fittings, using proprietary tools.
• Admitted to flush mounting fittings and pipes from only one manufacturer. Soldered pipes for concealed installation are not allowed.

Today, the lion's share of our compatriots lives in. Of course, they do not have to think about how to maintain a high temperature in each of the rooms: central heating easily and without hassle solves this problem for them. Yes, you have to pay a decent amount every month for such comfort, however, it's worth it.

Heating scheme of an apartment building

Still, residents do not have to think about spending a lot of money on installing necessary equipment and many forces to maintain the temperature in each of the rooms at the right level.

After all, the standards for heating apartment buildings in 2019 allow each of the inhabitants to feel comfortable. For example, an acceptable minimum for living rooms is a temperature of +20 degrees Celsius. For a bathroom or a combined bathroom, this figure rises to +25 degrees. In the kitchens, the temperature does not fall below +18 degrees.

In troubled side apartments, of which strong wind able to quickly blow out the heat, normal temperature+22 degrees is considered. Indoor temperatures are often 3 to 7 degrees warmer than those listed above, allowing occupants to feel quite comfortable without warm sweaters and trousers.

But all this is achieved through the application of considerable effort! Dozens and hundreds of people go to work every day to ensure quality heating residential buildings.

It has already been said above that most modern houses in cities are heated using a centralized heating system. That is, there is a thermal station at which (in most cases with the help of coal) heating boilers heat water to a very high temperature. Most often it is more than 100 degrees Celsius!

Therefore, in order to avoid boiling and evaporation of water, the pressure in the pipes is very high - about 10 Kgf.

Water is supplied to all buildings connected to the heating main. When connecting the house to the heating plant, inlet valves are installed to control the process of supplying hot water to it. A heating unit is also connected to them, as well as a number of specialized equipment.

Water can be supplied both from top to bottom and from bottom to top (when using single pipe system, which will be discussed below), depending on how the heating risers are located, or simultaneously to all apartments (with a two-pipe system).

Hot water, getting into heating radiators, heats them up to the required temperature, providing it required level in every room. The dimensions of the radiators depend both on the size of the room and on its purpose. Of course than larger size have radiators, the warmer it will be where they are installed.

What is heating

Considering the heating of an apartment building, you can not boast of a large selection. All houses are heated approximately according to the same scheme. In each room there is a cast-iron heating radiator (its dimensions depend on the size of the room and its purpose), into which hot water a certain temperature (coolant) coming from the thermal plant.

However, the entire water supply scheme may vary depending on which heating distribution is provided in a particular building - one-pipe or two-pipe. Each of these options has certain advantages and disadvantages. To better understand this issue, you need to know exactly everything about the first and second. So let's briefly describe them.

Of course, it is impossible to change the type of heating system in an apartment, it requires titanic efforts and a lot of work that will affect the whole house. But still be aware of the pros and cons different types heating systems will be useful to every apartment owner.

This video provides an overview various systems heating.

Development of a heating system project

The heating device, starting from the introductory system and ending with heating radiators, is created immediately after the frame is built. Of course, by this time, the heating project for an apartment building must be developed, tested and approved.

And it is at the first stage that a number of difficulties often arise, as in the performance of any other, very complex and important work.
In general, the heating system of an apartment building is complex.

The power of the heating system may depend on the strength of the wind in your area, the material from which the building is built, the thickness of the walls, the size of the premises and many other factors. Even two identical apartments, one of which is located on the corner of the building, and the other in its center, require a different approach.

After all, a strong wind in winter time cools the outer walls rather quickly, and, therefore, heat loss corner apartment will be significantly higher.

Therefore, they must be compensated by installing larger heating radiators. Take into account all the nuances, choose optimal solutions can only experienced professionals who know exactly how all the equipment is arranged and how it works.

A beginner who decides to calculate the heating system in an apartment building will be doomed to failure from the very beginning. And this will lead not only to a significant overspending of resources, but also put the lives of the inhabitants of the house in danger.

How Radiators Can Affect Room Temperature

Speaking about the heating of an apartment and a house as a whole, it is impossible not to pay attention to heating radiators. Still, they are the main suppliers of heat to most of the premises of the apartment. Most of people are accustomed to cast iron radiators, which began to be installed in homes almost a century ago.

These massive, slowly heating "monsters" still stand in most apartments today.

Homeowners paint them, cover them with curtains and tulle, and even install special screens to hide them.

But any obstacles reduce heat transfer, due to which the temperature in the room can drop by several degrees. That is why many apartment owners prefer to install more modern views radiators. They can be made from different materials.

This is what the main market for heating radiators looks like today. Big choice allows you to choose the right solution even for the most picky buyer who is not satisfied with outdated massive radiators made of cast iron.

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

• apartment system heating, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
• Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for themselves when to start the heating season.
• Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

• Water heating, water is used as a heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems where the coolant temperature does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
• Steam heating apartments in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant shortcomings, has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

• Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the pipe configuration, install radiators of a different type and dimensions, otherwise the system may be seriously impaired.
• "Leningradka" is an improved version of a single-pipe system, which, thanks to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but of a similar capacity and power.

• The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, accurate regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator

• The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Let us make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

• First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. How more quantity floors, the higher it can be test pressure, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. Exact value can be obtained from the local operating authority. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators not suitable for apartment buildings.
• Is it possible and how much to change thermal power radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

The average heat transfer data of various types of radiators may vary depending on specific model

• The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality coolant. The least sensitive to pollution traditional cast iron batteries, aluminum reacts worst of all to an aggressive environment. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. With regard to the existing housing stock with typical systems heating, this possibility is by no means always available. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

Alternative apartment meter- heat metering devices placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

The pressure that should be in the heating system of an apartment building is regulated by SNiPs and established norms. The calculation takes into account the diameter of the pipes, the types of pipeline and heating appliances, distance to the boiler room, number of storeys.

Types of pressure

Speaking about the pressure in the heating system, they mean 3 types of it:

1. Static (manometric). When performing calculations, it is taken equal to 1 atm or 0.1 MPa per 10 m.
2. Dynamic, which occurs when the circulation pump is turned on.
3. Permissible working, which is the sum of the previous two.

In the first case, this is the pressure force of the coolant in the radiators, shutoff valves, pipes. The higher the number of storeys of the house, the greater value acquires this value. Powerful pumps are used to overcome the rise of the water column.

The second case is the pressure that occurs during the movement of fluid in the system. And from their sum - the maximum working pressure, the operation of the system in a safe mode depends. In a multi-storey building, its value reaches 1 MPa.

GOST and SNiP requirements

In modern multi-storey buildings, the heating system is installed based on the requirements of GOST and SNiP. The regulatory documentation specifies the temperature range that central heating must provide. This is from 20 to 22 degrees C with humidity parameters from 45 to 30%.

To achieve these indicators, it is necessary to calculate all the nuances in the operation of the system even during the development of the project. The task of a heat engineer is to ensure the minimum difference in the pressure values ​​​​of the liquid circulating in the pipes between the lower and last floors home, thereby reducing heat loss.

The following factors influence the actual pressure value:

• The condition and capacity of the equipment supplying the coolant.
• The diameter of the pipes through which the coolant circulates in the apartment. It happens that, wanting to increase temperature indicators, the owners themselves change their diameter upwards, reducing general meaning pressure.
• The location of a particular apartment. Ideally, this should not matter, but in reality there is a dependence on the floor, and on the distance from the riser.
• The degree of wear of the pipeline and heating devices. In the presence of old batteries and pipes, one should not expect that the pressure readings will remain normal. It is better to prevent the occurrence of emergency situations by replacing your old heating equipment.

Check the working pressure in a high-rise building using tubular deformation pressure gauges. If, when designing a system, the designers laid down automatic adjustment pressure and its control, then additionally install sensors different types. In accordance with the requirements set out in normative documents, control is carried out in the most critical areas:

• at the coolant supply from the source and at the outlet;
• before the pump, filters, pressure regulators, mud collectors and after these elements;
• at the outlet of the pipeline from the boiler room or CHP, as well as at its entry into the house.

Please note: 10% of the difference between the normative working pressure on the 1st and 9th floors is normal.

pressure in summer

During the period when the heating is inactive, both in the heating network and in the heating systems, a pressure is maintained that exceeds the static pressure. Otherwise, air will enter the system and the pipes will begin to corrode.

The minimum value of this parameter is determined by the height of the building plus a margin of 3 to 5 m.

How to raise the pressure

Pressure checks in the heating lines of multi-storey buildings are a must. They allow you to analyze the functionality of the system. A drop in pressure level, even by a small amount, can cause serious failures.

In the presence of central heating, the system is most often tested cold water. The pressure drop for 0.5 hours by more than 0.06 MPa indicates the presence of a gust. If this is not observed, then the system is ready for operation.

Immediately before the start of the heating season, a test is performed with hot water supplied under maximum pressure.

Changes occurring in the heating system of a multi-storey building, most often do not depend on the owner of the apartment. Trying to influence the pressure is a pointless undertaking. The only thing that can be done is to eliminate air pockets that have appeared due to loose connections or improper adjustment of the air release valve.

A characteristic noise in the system indicates the presence of a problem. For heating appliances and pipes, this phenomenon is very dangerous:

• Loosening of threads and destruction of welded joints during vibration of the pipeline.
• Termination of the supply of coolant to individual risers or batteries due to difficulties in de-airing the system, the inability to adjust, which can lead to its defrosting.
• A decrease in the efficiency of the system if the coolant does not stop moving completely.

To prevent air from entering the system, it is necessary to test it in preparation for heating season inspect all connections, taps for water leakage. If you hear a characteristic hiss during a test run of the system, immediately look for a leak and fix it.

Can be applied to joints soap solution and where the tightness is broken, bubbles will appear.

Sometimes the pressure drops even after replacing old batteries with new aluminum ones. A thin film appears on the surface of this metal from contact with water. Hydrogen is a by-product of the reaction, and by compressing it, the pressure is reduced.

Interfering with the operation of the system in this case is not worth it. The problem is temporary and goes away on its own over time. This happens only in the first time after the installation of radiators.

You can increase the pressure on the upper floors of a high-rise building by installing a circulation pump.

Minimum pressure

From the condition when the superheated water in the heating system does not boil, the minimum pressure is taken.

You can define it like this:

A margin of approximately 5 m is added to the height of the house (geodesic) to avoid air pollution, plus another 3 m for the resistance of the heating system inside the house. If the supply pressure is insufficient, then the batteries on the upper floors will remain unheated.

If we take a 5-storey building, then the minimum supply pressure should be:

5x3+5+3=23 m = 2.3 ata = 0.23 MPa

Pressure drop

In order for the heating system to perform its functions normally, the pressure drop, which is the difference between its values ​​​​on the supply and return, must be a certain and constant value. In numerical terms, it should be in the range from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa.

The deviation of the parameter to a smaller side indicates a failure in the circulation of the coolant through the pipes. Fluctuation in the direction of increasing the indicator - about airing the heating system.

In any case, you need to look for the cause of the change, otherwise individual elements may be out of order.

If the pressure has dropped, then check for leaks: turn off the pump and observe changes static pressure. If it continues to decrease, then they look for the place of damage by sequentially removing different sections from the circuit.

In case when static head does not change, then the reason lies in the malfunction of the equipment.

The stability of the differential operating pressure initially depends on the designers, on their hydraulic calculations, and then correct installation highways. The heating of a high-rise building is functioning normally, during the installation of which the following points are taken into account:

• The supply pipeline, with rare exceptions, is at the top, the return at the bottom.
• Spills are made of pipes with a cross section of 50 to 80 mm, and risers and supply to batteries - from 20 to 25 mm.
• Regulators are embedded in the heating system in the bypass line of the pump or the jumper connecting the supply and return, ensuring that even with sudden pressure drops, air does not appear.
• Shutoff valves are present in the heat supply scheme.

There are no ideal operating conditions for a heating system. There are always losses that reduce pressure indicators, but still they should not go beyond the regulated building codes and the rules of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003.