How to drill a well for water with your own hands. Types of pumping stations

The desire to equip a water source on suburban area independently quite understandable from the point of view of reducing the cost of this event. However, before starting work or acquiring materials, you need to carefully weigh all the pros and cons of such a decision and make your own decision.

Fig.1. circuit diagram location of aquifers

1. This is a necessary operation that allows you to roughly determine. You need to go around the neighborhood, look at all the wells for their depth to water, the presence of natural reservoirs.
2. When communicating with local residents, it is necessary to find out the approximate debit of wells and wells, if any, nearby, which will make it possible to judge the thickness of aquifers.
3. Determine the influence of the climatic conditions of the area on the level of liquid in wells and reservoirs, since during drought years their complete drying is possible.
4. Pay attention to the presence near the site country toilets, baths, cesspools, livestock farms, warehouses or industries mineral fertilizers and other pollutants.
5. Roughly estimate the need for water for your site, taking into account household consumption and for irrigation needs.
6. Seek help from local hydrogeological organizations about the possible depth of artesian aquifers and the nature of soils in the area.
7. Conduct a primary search for nearby aquifers by observation and subject methods.

After analyzing the above factors, it will be possible to determine with great certainty what kind of well is needed - it will be enough for a top water from sand or you need to get to the depth of the calcareous aquifers with clean artesian water.

Well type selection

Considering all of the above factors, it is necessary to make a decision on further actions for water supply at the site. Possible options:

• the construction of a well from the sand horizon closest to the surface, while its depth can vary between 5 - 15 meters, it can be pumped both with a pump and a column can be installed. The expected quality of the liquid will make it possible to use it for irrigation and irrigation, but for domestic use it will have to be at least boiled, and in a good way - subjected to biological and chemical treatment, as well as iron removal;
• drilling to the depth of an artesian aquifer, which will provide clean, tasty water, the only open question will be to test it for iron content and decide on its additional processing. The debit of artesian wells is many times greater than that of sand wells;
• labor intensity is much higher similar works on sandy, material consumption is as much greater, but the life cycle is noticeably longer.

Choice of shaft sinking method

Depending on the accepted type of well, a decision is made on the method of penetration during its construction. General construction work, the same for any method:

1. Dig a pit measuring 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 meters (depth).
2. Sheathe the walls with boards to prevent soil collapses from them.

Manual rotary tool drilling

To drill a well with your own hands, many methods are suitable, up to garden drill, usually special auger drills are used.

From the center of the pit, the trunk of the future well is vertically drilled with a drill with a diameter of about 180 mm. At first, you need to carefully control the verticality. Excavation is carried out by raising the tool to the surface, the soil is immediately removed from the pit. Such cycles work continues until the appearance of wet soil. The drill rod is periodically increased in length in sections of approximately 1.5 meters. The appearance of wet sand means approaching the aquifer.

At this time, you need to start installation, otherwise the sand from the walls of the pit will not allow you to go deeper. The first section is equipped with a filter that allows liquid to pass through and retains sand. In addition, a “skirt” is arranged in the lower part with a diameter of 30–40 mm larger than the diameter of the pipe. The individual sections of casing are connected by threaded sockets or welding with straightness control. The casing pipe is lowered under its own weight, bringing down the sandy layer of the aquifer with a skirt, which is selected during further drilling. In addition, the skirt helps protect the screen from damage when the casing is lowered.

Upon reaching the water-resistant layer, as evidenced by the appearance of red or brown-red clays in the excavated soil, drilling should be stopped for some time.

After 1 - 3 hours, check the presence of water in the well and its level. When it is established, the value of the dynamic level will become clear. Now you need to install the pump and pump out water until the lower level is stabilized - the static level of the well. Knowing the performance of the pump, it is easy to calculate how much water is taken from the well for a real period of time, that is, to determine the debit of the well. For trunks with a depth of 5 - 15 meters, this figure is about 0.5 - 1.5 m 3 / hour, which is quite enough for a country economy. If the result achieved is less than 0.5, then the aquifer is weak and drilling should be repeated elsewhere.

When driving more than 5 meters above the pit, a tripod is installed, with the help of which the drill rod is removed, it becomes difficult to get it even with two people.

The gap between the wellbore and the casing pipe must be filled with a gravel mixture of fine and medium fractions.

Hammer drilling

To perform this work, you will need the following equipment:

1. The drilling rig is a tripod made of medium-sized logs or pipes up to 6 meters high, equipped with a block at the junction of the racks.
2. Striker - a pipe about 1.5 meters long with a built-in special metal valve that allows loosened soil to pass in one direction. From the rear end there is a wire loop made of wire 5 - 6 mm, one-piece. At the front end, it is advisable to cut the teeth and perform the wiring as on a saw.
3. Casing pipes - several sections (sometimes up to 50 or more) 1.5 - 2.0 meters long with cut threads or trimmed ends for welding. A "skirt" is installed at the lower end of the first section. Its purpose is described in the previous chapter.
4. Connecting couplings.
5. Garden drill with a diameter of 30 - 40 mm larger than the diameter of the casing pipe.
6. Manual or mechanized winch for working cable.

Work is performed in the following order:

• in the center of the pit, it is necessary to “drill”, that is, with a garden drill, make a recess up to 1.5 meters in size;
• install the tripod of the drilling rig, set it in such a way that the striker enters exactly in the center of the hole;
• install the first section of the casing pipe, equipped with a bailer and a skirt, inside the prepared hole, set it strictly vertically and fix it with temporary wood devices;
• attach the second section of the casing;
• lower the striker inside the casing pipe, raise it with a cable by about a meter and release it into free fall, while part of the soil will be loosened. Beating successively several times will lead to filling the striker tube with loosened soil, since the bailer valve prevents it from pouring into the barrel;
• when the striker is deepened by about half a meter, it must be removed from the barrel and the soil removed through the upper hole, then beat further.

As the hole deepens, the casing pipe sags under its own weight, destroying the remaining soil with the sharp edge of the skirt, which is then removed by the striker.

Fig.3 Scheme of percussion drilling

When approaching the upper water layer, the excavated soil becomes wet, which requires taking precautions with respect to the casing pipe - after installing the next casing section, a locking device must be installed on its upper part. It won't allow top edge pipes fall below the level of the inlet hole at the entrance to the "quicksand" - a sandy layer saturated with water, capable of freely passing the casing string. Extracting a failed column is always difficult, and often simply impossible.

After passing the first aquifer in the sand, you can continue to punch the hole in the same way.

The next layer is dense water-insulating clay, often with inclusions of scree stony rocks. Heavy soils can be passed using a striker with a tip in the form of a chisel, capable of destroying them. In this case, the speed of penetration is reduced.

The appearance of signs of limestone in the soil indicates the approach to the next aquifer - artesian. A good option- fractured limestone, abundantly saturated with water, which means the well will have a high debit and tasty clean water. The occurrence of such layers can be expected from 35 meters. Ideally, you can get to clean water underground river or lake. Often, water from such trunks comes to the surface under considerable pressure and gushing. In this case, you need to have a special plug ready.

The casing pipe is lowered to the stop and the well is being equipped.

Pump drilling

The method consists in erosion of the soil inside the casing, as a result of which it sinks under its own weight. The skirt on the first section does not allow the flow of pulp to extend significantly beyond the barrel.

To complete the work you will need:

• injection pump;
• slurry pump, a specially designed device capable of pumping heavy and contaminated substances.
• capacity for 2-3 cubic meters of water with a pressure pump;
• hose with a diameter of 40 - 50 mm with a metal tip about 1 meter long.

The order of work is as follows:

1. After the casing pipe is installed in the drilled shaft, the pit is covered with a wooden shield with the possibility of access to the casing pipe from above.
2. A “dirty” pump with a water intake hose is installed on the shield.
3. Lower the hose with the tip into the casing and turn on the injection pump. The flow of liquid erodes the soil, and it rises through the casing pipe into the pit. In this case, the casing sags, plunging into the ground

Upon reaching the aquifer, flushing stops and then the well is equipped.

conclusions

Familiarization with the above data allows you to understand that:

1. You can do the work yourself, but you can hardly do it without help.
2. It is necessary not only not to be shy to ask questions, but also to persistently collect any available information and experienced advice, they will certainly come in handy at all stages.

Now you know how to drill a well with your own hands, good luck to you!

Any suburban area, private or country house must be provided with water. Most agricultural plants cannot grow without water. In the absence of moisture, the plant will simply dry out, not pleasing the owners with a juicy and tasty harvest. Therefore, a well in a summer cottage must be present. At the moment, there are simple drilling methods that do not require the use of expensive drilling equipment.

Manual drilling of a well is a real opportunity to get the water that is necessary for life, without the use of heavy drilling rigs. As a rule, situations arise when it is impossible to create a well in a summer cottage using special equipment.

This can happen due to a number of reasons. For example, a narrow space that may arise due to dense housing development, as well as in adverse terrain and other circumstances. If one of the above cases happened, then you need to use the construction of the well by the manual method.

Many people ask the question: how to cut a well for water with your own hands? This is quite hard physical labor, and it is unlikely that one person can handle it. Therefore, it is necessary to take care in advance about the help that you can ask from friends or neighbors in their summer cottage.

Water well by hand

It is used for building various technologies. In turn, the life-giving source is divided into types:

1. Construction of a well. This method is suitable when there is a good spring near the summer cottage. Thanks to the pressure, the well can hold 2 cubic meters of life-giving moisture.
2. Filter well. To create it, it is necessary to immerse a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm to a depth of 30 m. Such immersion is carried out using an auger. A stainless mesh is installed at the end of such a pipe, which serves to retain small and large fractions of sand when immersed to a depth, usually from 10 to 50 meters. With proper work performed, the well can last more than 10 years.
3. Filterless. To get water, it is necessary to dive to the porous limestone rocks, which can occur at a depth of 50-100 meters. At correct installation the well will last more than 45 years. At what depth limestone rocks lie, it is rather difficult to determine. The well will be located at the same depth as the wells in neighboring summer cottages. However, such indicators may differ from each other due to the uneven occurrence of the soil. Casing pipes can come to the rescue. They are acquired on the basis of already known parameters from other land plots, but with one difference: they will need to be adjusted for their own soil layer.

What tools are needed?

So, to perform well drilling, the following tools are needed:

Device characteristics

The first in the list of devices for creating a well is a drilling rig. It is used for digging soil for deep wells. With the help of this design, it became possible to immerse the drill to a great depth. You can also carry out its lifting together with the rods. If you immerse the device for short distances, then you can get it manually, without using a tower.

What are drill rods? They are made from ordinary pipes, which are connected to each other using threads or, in rare cases, dowels. For the manufacture of cutting attachments use sheet steel with a thickness of 3 mm. After their manufacture, it is necessary to sharpen the edges of the nozzles. In this case, it should be taken into account that during the rotational movements of the drill mechanism, they must cut into the ground in a clockwise direction.

Start of the drilling process

Well construction does not take much time and effort. First you need to install the tower. It is located where the future water well will be located. Its height should be several times greater than the length of the drill rod.

This is done so that it is convenient to remove the rod when lifting the drill. How to equip a well? We take a bayonet shovel and dig a small amount of land to determine the direction of the drilling process. A well with a drill at the first stage is created quite simply. The first steps of rotation can be performed by one person, but later, when immersing the pipe to a greater depth, help will be needed. To pull the drill out of the soil, you need to perform counterclockwise movements. If it was not possible to extract it, you should repeat the procedure again.

How to drill a well for water with your own hands?

The more the drill sinks into the soil, the harder it is to perform. To facilitate the work process, water is used, due to which the soil will become soft and progress will be easy. In the process of work, it is necessary to get the drilling structure to the surface. This is done every half meter of advancement and serves to release from the ground. Further drilling proceeds according to the same principle. It takes a lot of time to dive and raise the drill. Therefore, you should try to extract as much soil as possible.

The drilling process continues until the structure reaches the aquifer. It can be determined by the state of the extracted soil. Next, you need to reach the next layer - waterproof, which comes after the aquifer. To do this, the device plunges even lower. Manual drilling of a well reaches a mark of 20 meters. Such a process will ensure the maximum flow of water into it. It is worth noting that a do-it-yourself well made without equipment will only work when immersed to the first aquifer. Another important point- pumping out dirty water. For these purposes, as a rule, two types are used and submersible.

Features of submersible pumps

Such devices are designed for partial or complete immersion in water.

In order for the device to work smoothly for a long time, its body is made of of stainless steel. Deep have small overall dimensions, which is very important when installed in narrow wells. In addition, they have impressive power. Externally, the pump resembles a long cylinder, usually from 0.5 to 3 m. It is specially designed for a certain diameter of the well. To install it, you need

After pumping out several buckets of dirty water, it is necessary to rinse the location of the water. After that, it will be clean. If this does not happen, then you need to use the drill and dive a few more meters. without equipment, it can also be equipped - using a hydropump or drill.

Percussion drilling

In order for a well to appear with your own hands without equipment, it is necessary to mark the rock with a driving glass. It is a heavy device that falls into the soil with high altitude(height of the drilling structure). To implement this method, it is necessary to build a drilling rig, as well as purchase tools for extracting earth from a well and percussion equipment. So, an ordinary three-legged structure can serve as a tower, which can be made not only from steel elements, but also from wooden logs. Its height should be proportional to the dimensions of the percussion element.

Let's talk about the technology of shock-rope drilling. As mentioned earlier, the process is based on lowering the driving glass from the height of the drilling tool. In this case, the driving tool breaks a part of the rock and captures it. With its volume, the soil is removed from the place of the future well. For the equipment of the drilling rig, a steel pipe is used. At its end is a cutting element that resembles half a screw coil.

Will be in direct contact with the soil. There is a hole at a distance of 0.5 meters from the end of the steel pipe. It serves to remove the mined earth and, as a result, to clean the drill glass. A cable is attached to its upper part, which is necessary for lowering the camp to a depth, as well as extracting it to the surface along with its contents. The glass must be constantly freed from the ground. It fills every 0.5 m.

Features of laying casing pipes

A do-it-yourself dug well without equipment requires the necessary casing. It is performed using special integers. asbestos-cement pipes or individual pieces. If you work with segments, then you should pay attention to their diameter. They should be the same so that in the future the immersion of the structure is easy and does not pose additional problems. The joints of the pipes must be fixed with brackets that will be invisible under the strips of steel. They prevent slipping of individual elements.

What is a bridging for?

It serves to prevent shedding of the walls during the rotational movement of the screw, and also eliminates clogging of the well. Casing pipes cover the layer where bad dirty water is located and prevent it from entering a clean source.

Shutdown

When the well is ready, a steel pipe with a filter is lowered to its bottom, which is a fine grate that does not allow small and large fractions to pass through, and also provides water purification. After that, it is fixed with a clamp. At this stage, the question of how to drill a well for water with your own hands can be considered closed.

The last step is to cover the structure with a caisson. It resembles a cap that serves to protect any contaminants from entering the well. After a while, you can notice the rise of the pipe. You don't have to worry about this, because it natural process that does not require any intervention. Serious changes must be made when the water begins to become contaminated with sand or other rocks.

Positive and negative sides

advantage manual method is that you can drill a well for water with your own hands absolutely anywhere. This repents not only land plot, but also some premises, such as a garage or a barn. If you install a water source in any room, then the owner of the summer cottage will not have to spend extra money on insulation, as well as purchase heating equipment. In addition, there is no need to use massive expensive drilling rigs. A well that was built by hand can last a different amount of time. The service life depends on the depth and frequency of use. Therefore, such a source can last both several months and a couple of years. To increase this period, high-quality maintenance is necessary.

The main disadvantages of such a system are the small depth, and in some cases the cost of work.

The manual method can be several times higher than the mechanical process. In addition, such wells can quickly become clogged, which is a significant problem.

Outcome

Undoubtedly, manual drilling wells is a complex process. But there is also a significant advantage - low cost of work. Since it uses its own power, and not special drilling equipment. Therefore, we can conclude that this method of drilling wells is the most popular precisely because of acceptable economic indicators.

So, we figured out how to make a well.

In areas where urban water supply does not function, the problem of water supply is one of the main ones. Water is needed in the country. Irrigation of plants, domestic needs, cooking - are not possible without it. The well is the most best option getting moisture in the garden. Moreover, it can be done in the shortest time and without significant financial outlay. The main thing is to pre-designate the place most convenient for drilling.

Methods for searching for water, establishing the depth and installation point of the well

If there are no obvious signs of water occurrence in the garden (area with lush vegetation), you need to look for it yourself. There are many methods of reconnaissance, we will analyze the most effective ones.

Soil water covers

In the soil, as a rule, there are three or more aquifers, divided among themselves by solid rocks, the relief outlines of which can differ significantly.

1. The upper one is located at a depth of about 25 m. It is formed due to the accumulation of water from melted snow and precipitation. Suitable only for technical needs, as it may contain fertilizer residues and other unwanted chemicals. elements.
2. The middle (ground) goes immediately after the first. The water extracted from this layer has a stable chemical composition and suitable for consumption.
3. The lower one (artesian) is located 40 m deep. Not every drilling rig will drill such a well, and it will be very expensive. But the waters of the artesian layer are distinguished by exemplary taste, organoleptic and biochemical qualities.

Based on this, it can be concluded that in order to obtain quality water a depth of 25-40 m is suitable. It will be possible to determine more precisely only during drilling operations, during sampling. It should be borne in mind that in summer cottages located in lowlands or close to rivers and lakes, the level ground water can be much higher (from 10 to 15 meters deep).

Search methods

• Silica gel. Bags of balls are usually placed with shoes to absorb moisture, and can also be bought at hardware stores. In the dried state (in the oven or in the sun), the balls are buried for a day in the ground, after being placed in a clay container (1m) in the place where it is planned to drill for water. After the specified time, the container is weighed, and the heavier it is, the closer the liquid is.
• Barometric. A 0.1 mmHg barometer (any one capable of showing elevation changes will do) shows a 1 meter difference in elevation. That is, you first need to take measurements on the shore of the nearest reservoir, and then compare them with measurements directly in the selected area. The difference between the air pressure drops in both places will be an indicator of the depth of groundwater. It will be much more convenient to use an electronic downhole cable level gauge.
• Pre-drilling. An ordinary garden drill with an auger diameter of 30 cm will be enough to decide on the choice of a place for a future source. It should be noted that you will have to go deep by 6-10 m, so take care in advance of increasing the length of the handle. It is recommended to remove the soil every fifteen centimeters of the recess. It is necessary to perform the action before the appearance of water in the mixture to be extracted. This is one of the most reliable search methods, but it requires a lot of work.

Determination of a place for a well

It is not advisable to choose a place for a well near sewer facilities, cesspools, garbage heaps and other sources of pollution. It is recommended to maintain a distance of 25-30 meters from them. Elevated terrain is best so that the pump does not flood.

How to drill a well on the site with your own hands

Many summer residents prefer to hire a team of people who have the appropriate equipment at their disposal, instead of trying to drill a well on their own.

In fact, the process is not difficult. It is only necessary to understand the sequence of actions, prepare the entire necessary inventory and get to work.

Subspecies of borehole structures

Regarding the depth of drilling, the volume of water produced, its quality and service life, there are the following types of structures:

• Sandy or filter. It is a pipe with a diameter of 100-130 mm, deepened by an auger into the sand by 20-30 m. A stainless steel mesh is fixed at the lower end of the riser, which acts as a filter. Such a design will last from 5 to 15 years, depending on the frequency of use: the less often it is used, the less it will function.
• Artesian or unfiltered. This is a catchment underground structure for the extraction of water from limestone porous rocks. The depth of a well of this type is from 20 to 200 m, and the service life is at least 50 years. In comparison with the previous type, it is practically impossible to dig an artesian well with your own hands, since a special drilling machine is needed for this purpose.

Do-it-yourself well drilling methods

To date, there are several common methods for extracting water with your own hands.

Manual drilling of wells for water

It is used for drilling wells up to 25 m deep.

Required tool:

• drill (its head is attached to the lower rod);
• rods (can be made from pipes by connecting them with dowels or threads);
• winch;
• siege pipes;
• drilling tower (if the well is planned to be deep, it will raise / lower the drill with rods).

Stages technological process:

1. Setting the tower to a height of 50-70 cm above the level of the bar (to make it easier to remove).
2. Digging a hole for a drill (depth - two bayonet shovels).
3. The initial rotation is easy, and then (as you dive) you will need an additional pair of working hands.
4. To facilitate further entry of pipes, you can try to moisten the soil with water.
5. Every 50 cm, you should raise the drill to the surface and clean the blades from the ground (since this takes a lot of time, you should try to grab as much soil as possible for each lift).
6. You need to continue until the head falls into the waterproof layer.
7. The slurry is pumped out with a submersible pump (AL-KO Drain 7000 Classic is suitable) until a clear liquid appears.

Manual drilling of wells under water has its advantages: low cost and not disturbing the structure of the land cover. However, the dimensions of such a structure (what is the depth, what is the diameter) do not allow a significant amount of water to be stored, and the service life does not exceed a decade.

Drilling a well for water using the shock-rope method

It consists in crushing rocks with a heavy object (driving glass), which is suspended by a rope from a makeshift tower and falls down.

Before drilling a well with your own hands percussion method, necessary:

1. Make a tower. It is made in the form of a tripod from steel pipes or wooden logs. The structure should rise above the projectile by 1.5 meters in height.
2. Prepare a driving glass. At the end of the steel pipe is installed cutting edge(a knife resembling an auger), and a little higher (about 50 cm) a hole is cut out to extract the earth. Top part the projectile is attached to the tower with a cable.
3. Pull the rope, which will set the installation in motion with a winch. Then the same cycle occurs as in the previous method.

The shock-rope extraction of water lasts a long time and troublesome, but is the cheapest way.

How to choose a well pump yourself

Before you drill a well for water yourself, you need to carefully select the equipment. Since the diameter of the hole in the water well is not large (110-130 mm), the only option for supplying water to the surface is a pump. But it is difficult to make a choice in favor of a particular unit, since manufacturers provide consumers with a wide selection of products. Before proceeding with the selection, it is necessary to carefully study not only the passport characteristics of the pumping apparatus, but also the features of the well device.

Options for selecting a specific model:

• Round the clock water supply. If you have an average family of 3-4 people, a pump with a capacity of 30-60 l / min will be enough, without taking into account the additional cost of watering and irrigation. If there are such needs, a more powerful device will be needed.
• Source depth. It is not difficult to make accurate measurements. To do this, it is enough to tie a piece of metal or a small stone with a strong thread and sink it to the bottom. After that, you will have to measure the length of the wet and dry part of the "meter", and determine the total height of the riser. Relative to it, a model should be selected (the depth for submersible pumps is indicated in the passport).
• The rate of residence of water (debit). You pump out all the water, note the time for the liquid to leave, and then for filling, divide the first value by the second and get the result.
• Piping pipe diameter. When drilling water wells, you need to consider that most pumps are designed for a four-inch opening.
• Construction quality. Choose a unit designed specifically for wells, as they are equipped with fine mesh filters. Otherwise, you will have to change it soon, because it will not be able to cope with blockages (for example, washed sand) and will quickly fail.

Types of pumping stations

According to the functional features, all units are divided into two groups.

Surface

They are installed on the surface of the earth. A branch pipe or hose is attached to them (a pipe is better, the pressure hose can be pinched, and water cannot circulate). The main advantage is that it is easy to install and operate. Centrifugal models are best suited (vibrating ones are not designed for pumping dirty water and are capable of destroying the walls of the source with vibration), such as Optima JET80S, Pedrollo PLURIJET 4/200.

Surface pumps have more advantages than submersible. They have more power and protection against overheating. Since they are larger (their size is not limited by the parameters of the well), they have more advanced filters, and they cool better. In addition, they are easier to lubricate or remove when repairs are needed.

Submersible

Suitable for pumping water from 40-70 meters deep. They are placed at the bottom of the tower and from there they push the liquid up. Characteristics of a certain pumping system are determined by the consequences of the measurements made. To do this, using the method described above, a rope with a load is lowered into the well. Add 3-4 m to the remaining dry part - this will be the height of the expulsion of the water jet. If it is up to 40 m, a unit with low power(indicated in the passport data), and if higher - select a high-power pump.

The best choice a fully automated device will become: in case of overheating or a voltage drop in the mains, it turns itself off. Models: Pedrollo 4SR8m/13 - PD 2.2, WILO TWI 5-306 EM, Gardena 6000/5.

Outcome

You can drill a well yourself without the use of rented expensive equipment. Let you spend a little more time drilling and arranging the source, but you will end up with a high-quality, do-it-yourself structure.

Pay special attention to the choice of the pump, since the hardware part is very important when working with water. You need a truly high-quality device that is easy to repair and maintain.

To ensure a full autonomous water supply country house or cottages on the site are drilling a well, involving specialized companies in the performance of work. Depending on the features geological structure soil is selected drilling technology. The use of powerful equipment allows you to punch a well anywhere, while the depth of the structure can reach up to 150 meters. With a close occurrence of the aquifer, drilling Abyssinian well on the water with your own hands. Its depth usually does not exceed 10 meters. Before starting work, you need to evaluate your strengths and capabilities, since drilling a well even to a shallow depth on your own is labor intensive. Therefore, it is better to entrust the installation of a water well to professional drillers who will complete everything in a short time and hand over the operating well to the customer on a turnkey basis.

What are the types of water wells?

Abyssinian (tubular) well constructed with a depth of 8 to 12 meters. It differs from a conventional well in that drinking water top water does not get in, as well as dust, dirt and various foreign elements.

Before drilling an aquifer, water must be found. 5 better ways search studied in this material:

Well on the sand is deepened by 15-30 meters by auger. At the same time, the design of the well for water looks like a pipe, at the end of which there is a perforated section wrapped metal mesh from stainless steel. The perforated section of the pipe (filter) is installed in coarse sands, in which there is an admixture of pebbles. The flow rate of the well for sand allows you to cover the need for water in a country house or a small country house with two water intake points. Such structures serve no more than 5 years with periodic operation and up to 15 years with constant operation. After the well is silted up, it is flushed or a new wellbore is drilled nearby.

Artesian well it is drilled to a great depth, reaching, depending on the occurrence of limestone, up to 15-200 meters. Allows you to provide any volume of water in one or more country houses. Serves up to 50 years.

The depth of the well for water depends on the location of the desired aquifer

Drilling a well with a small drilling rig

At the moment, you can drill a well for water on a private household plot using auger drilling, rotary drilling or percussion drilling.

A detailed overview of hydrodrilling technology is presented in the following material:

The difference between the listed drilling technologies from each other lies in the methods of rock destruction inside the well and the options for extracting soil from the wellbore. It is clear that in each option different equipment is used, which affects the quality of the well and the final cost of its creation.

Option #1 - auger drilling

It should be noted right away that the construction of a well under water by auger drilling is considered the simplest and cheapest option. Most of the small-sized ones in use are built on this method. The essence of the technology is to excavate the soil using the classic Archimedean screw, called an auger. The process can be compared to the drilling of a hole for ice fishing by hobbyists. winter fishing. Wells are drilled in the melon method, the depth of which does not reach 10 meters. It does not use water or drilling fluid to flush the structure.

There are such special, easily transportable installations for auger drilling. They are usually used by specialized companies.

Auger drilling is not applicable in all types of soil. The method works without problems in dry and relatively soft soils. It is not possible to drill quicksand and hard (rocky) rocks that can be encountered in the drilling process with an auger.

When choosing performers, you should pay attention to their experience and qualifications.

Performers must be able not only to punch holes of the required length in the soil, reaching the desired aquifer, but also to protect the aquifer from getting perched and Wastewater seeping from the surface.

Option #2 - rotary drilling method

When drilling deep wells in a rotary way, a special drill pipe is used, in the cavity of which a rotating shaft is immersed into the well, equipped with a tip - a chisel. The weight on the bit is created by the action of the hydraulic installation. This is the most common drilling method, with the help of which any depth of a water well is reached. To wash out the rock (soil) from the well, a drilling fluid is used, which is fed into the pipe in two ways:

• using a pump, it is pumped into the drill pipe, after which the solution with the rock flows out by gravity through the annulus (direct flushing);
• gravity flows into the annulus, and then the solution with the rock is pumped out of the drill pipe using a pump (backwash).

Backwashing allows you to get a greater flow rate of the well, as it is possible to better open the desired aquifer. However this technology requires the involvement of sophisticated equipment, which affects the increase in the cost of work. Drilling based on direct flushing is cheaper, therefore, most often, owners of private houses order this option for constructing a well for water intake.

You are unlikely to make an artesian well yourself, such drilling is carried out using drilling machines by specialized companies

Option #3 - percussion drilling

This method is the oldest, laborious and very slow, but with all this it is possible to obtain a high-quality well that can last up to half a century. The essence of the technology is as follows: the rock (soil) is crushed by the impact of a heavy projectile rising to a height and falling down with force. The destroyed rock is removed from the wellbore with the help of a bailer.

It is possible to make a bailer yourself after reading the following article:

Percussion drilling - enough effective method, but not so often used due to the high labor costs

The advantage of this drilling method is that no water or drilling fluid has to be used. Thanks to this, it is possible to open the aquifer more accurately, ensuring the maximum possible well flow rate and the duration of its service life.

The high cost of drilling with this method is a disadvantage that the average consumer has to reckon with. The technology surpasses the rotary method in terms of labor intensity. Besides percussion drilling wells with access to the second and subsequent aquifers require isolation of higher water carriers using additional casing strings. Therefore, it is necessary to spend money on the purchase of pipes of a larger diameter. The volume of work performed by specialists is also increasing, which affects the budget of the structure.

Option #4 - manual drilling (video)

Having become acquainted with the main types of wells and methods for their construction, you can choose the most suitable option for the water supply of your country house. Now, you know exactly how to make a water well so as to meet the demand for water in required volumes. Usually, a do-it-yourself well is built under water on the first aquifer, which lies at a shallow depth. Artesian wells are drilled with special drilling machines, for which it is necessary to provide access to the site.

Providing the site with water is the first task of its owner. The grander the plans for the improvement of your territory, the more acute the lack of water supply will be felt. Water is needed to perform construction works, for the garden you are about to plant, and for your own daily needs.

If a do-it-yourself well is made for water, the dream of water supply will not only come true, but will also allow significant savings. We will tell you how best to drill and what projectile will be needed by independent craftsmen. Taking into account our advice, you can equip your own water source on the site without any problems.

There are several real ways get life-giving moisture, which we will tell you about. There are several technologies that can be used to independently extract water in a suburban area.

You will have to choose the appropriate option yourself, since it depends on the landscape of the area, as well as on the technical equipment, finances and skills that you possess. Let's consider the main borehole structures.

It is difficult to give preference to any one design: each has its own advantages and disadvantages, so the choice depends on the landscape of the area and on the capabilities of the site owner

Abyssinian tubular well

If there is a spring on your site, then arranging a well is a great option for extracting water. The shaft of this structure will play the role of a fluid storage tank. If the source is active enough, up to 2 cubic meters of water will always be at your disposal.

The Abyssinian well is, in fact, the same well, but narrow and long. Due to the fact that its length can be approximately 8-12 meters, pollution from the soil surface does not get into the water that fills it.

The Abyssinian well is often called a needle well, because the pipe driven into the ground during the creation of this structure really resembles a needle

The following video will introduce the technology of punching and arranging a well-needle, otherwise called the Abyssinian well:

Sand well (filter)

The deepening of this structure by 15-30 meters is carried out in any way: auger, shock-rope, core. The walls of the well are formed using a pipe with an average diameter of 100 - 180 mm.

The deep end of the wellbore is equipped with a filter. As a filter, a stainless steel mesh is used, which is welded or soldered to the first link of the pipe string before it is immersed in coarse sand mixed with pebbles.

So schematically it is possible to represent the design of the well “on the sand”, where the number 1 will be the casing, number 2 - statistical level water, and number 3 is a strainer

This design is able to satisfy the need for water in a small country house with two water points. If the operation of the structure is seasonal, it will last about five years. With constant use, you can count on 15 years of water supply.

When the well is still silted up, it will be possible to try to flush it. If resuscitation measures do not give the desired effect, a new shaft will have to be drilled. Place it next to the previous one.

Artesian well without filter

This building does not need a filter. Such a well can reach a depth of 100 meters or more. The water produced by such a facility is contained in limestone cracks. The liquid accumulated in them due to condensation can be not only crystal clear, but also mineralized.

A little mineralization is acceptable for everyday use. If the extracted water in its composition is among the mineral waters, then it cannot be used for domestic purposes.

Scheme artesian well: 1 - conductor, 2 - statistical water level, 3 - intermediate column, 4 - perforated production string

It is difficult to determine in advance the depth of the well that will have to be drilled in search of water. You can only approximately orient yourself by talking with your neighbors in the area and finding out from them what parameters similar structures have in their territories.

The ground layers lie unevenly, so the information obtained still cannot be considered accurate for your site. For this reason, casing pipes are purchased taking into account the correction of the data obtained.

How is a typical well arranged?

If you do not focus on the nuances, the essence of arranging a water well for a country house is the same: it is a long narrow vertical shaft that reaches the depth of water. The walls of the working are reinforced with casing pipes. Wells differ from each other in width, depth and additional devices that increase their productivity and reliability.

In addition to the casing pipe, wells are equipped with equipment for the forced lifting of fluid and its distribution. To choose the right pumping equipment and storage capacity, you need to know the characteristics of the well, the most important of which is its depth and flow rate.

The flow rate of a well is an indicator of its productivity: the maximum volume of fluid obtained per unit of time. It is calculated in cubic meters or liters per hour or day.

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Casing Functions

Casing pipes are the main element of the well. Casing is carried out using separate segments, soldered, welded or screwed together. Special attention they should be given equal diameter: the whole structure should create a straight, even column.

If the casing pipes have an external thread, the links are connected by couplings, due to which the penetration diameter increases.

Casing pipes are needed to:

• while drilling the well, there was no shedding of the mine;
• the barrel is not clogged during its operation;
• the upper aquifers did not penetrate the structure.

Casing pipes made of steel alloys and polymers (PVC, PVC-U, HDPE) are widely used. Cast iron and obsolete asbestos-cement products are less commonly used. The space between the pipe and the ground around the mouth is poured with concrete if the working was drilled in loose soils or the aquifer lies at a considerable depth.

Only after this work is completed, all other equipment is installed. Sometimes during the operation of the well, a slight "squeezing" of the pipe to the surface may occur. This is a natural process that does not require any additional measures.

Threaded metal and plastic casing pipes are considered the most popular. The photo shows the installation of a blue plastic casing

Inner tube with filter

It is lowered into the wellbore, made according to the double casing scheme. Through its perforated first link, filtered water will flow into the backing, and then be pumped to the surface.

After the pipe is installed at the desired depth, it is desirable to fix its mouth. For this purpose, a clamp is used to prevent spontaneous subsidence of the pipe.

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Borehole device

The upper part of the casing pipe is equipped with . The basic design of this device is the same for heads of any kind. It consists of a flange, a cover and a rubber ring.

Different types of heads differ from each other in the type of material from which they are made, and additional options.

Heads are made of cast iron and plastic. This is a sealed device. It is used to fasten the pump cable and the outlet of the water pipe.

Due low pressure, created with the help of a tip in the pipes, the inflow of water and, as a result, the flow rate of the well increases.

Caisson, adapter, packer

To high humidity did not affect the operation of the instruments associated with the well, a special reservoir is provided for them -. It is made either from metal or plastic.

Metal caissons, unlike plastic ones, can be repaired, they are better adapted to the climate with significant temperature differences. In addition, a metal product can be independently assembled from parts that are sold separately. But plastic models cheaper and they don't rust.

Method #3 - rotary drilling (for rock)

If the development is to be arranged in rocky soils, then a rotary drilling method is used to create it. It is based on the use of a special drill pipe, which resembles a thin glass turned upside down with a cone bit crushing the soil along the lower edge.

Communications used in drilling pass through the cavity of the pipe. The hydraulic installation creates a load on the bit, making its way through the rock. The load is supplemented by the mass of the pipe string.

During rotary drilling of a well, the rock is broken with such a bit that can overcome even solid obstacles in its path

The soil is washed out of the well using a drilling fluid that is fed into the pipe using one of two possible methods:

• Direct flush. The solution is pumped into the pipe using a pump, after which it flows out through the annulus along with the rock.
• Backwash. The solution enters the pipe by gravity, and from the annulus it is pumped out together with the rock.

It is believed that backwashing is more effective than direct flushing: with its help, a greater well flow rate is achieved due to the highest quality opening of the aquifer. But for the implementation of this flushing method, it is necessary to use expensive equipment, which affects the increase in the cost of work. Direct flushing is cheaper than reverse flushing.

Method #4 - percussion drilling

If you want to get a well that will last you up to 50 years, and you have enough time, effort and nerves to implement your plans, then choose the percussion drilling method. It will take a long time to work. You will slowly but surely make your way to your cherished goal.

This shock-rope structure consists of a frame, a bailer and an impact chuck, which is made of a thick-walled pipe and is responsible for the drilling process itself.

The process is based on the use of a specific . This is a piece of thick-walled pipe from 1 to 2 m long with a ball valve or petal valve at the bottom. A “window” is cut out in the upper part of the pipe to extract the soil, the top is equipped with an eye for the torso.

Tied to a cable thrown over a block, the bailer is freely thrown to the face. Falling down, it loosens the soil and captures it with a valve. The process is repeated several times before removing the bailer from the barrel. The bailer removed from the well is freed from the soil: it is turned over and shaken out through the hole.

This method of punching a mine is considered very labor-intensive, but effective. In addition, sands saturated with water and loose sedimentary rocks can be extracted from the well only by the shock-rope method. When gelling, drilling fluid is not used, so that groundwater that has appeared in the well cannot be confused with it.

Due to the high labor intensity, this method is superior in price to the rotary one. In addition, if the goal is to go beyond the first aquifer, you will have to incur the cost of isolating the mine from water carriers that are located above.

For this, additional casing pipes are used. In addition to increasing the consumption of materials, the volume of work performed by specialists is also growing. Therefore, such a construction will cost a lot.

You can get more information on how to drill by reading our article.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

The video will visually present the process of drilling a well manually with the installation of a casing and a filter in the casing pipe:

Each type of water well has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Now that you have got an idea about the type of wells, their design and construction methods, it will be easier for you to make a choice in favor of a particular design, based on the characteristics of your site and your own financial capabilities.

If you have ever drilled a well with my own hands, tell us about how difficult or easy the process was to perform. Please write your comments in the box below. Ask questions, share your impressions, post pictures on the topic of the article.