Specific thermal heating characteristic of the building. Estimated and actual specific heating characteristic of the building

1. Heating

1.1. The estimated hourly heat load of heating should be taken according to standard or individual building designs.

If the value of the calculated outdoor air temperature adopted in the project for designing heating differs from the current standard value for a particular area, it is necessary to recalculate the estimated hourly heat load of the heated building given in the project according to the formula:

where Qo max is the calculated hourly heat load of the heating of the building, Gcal/h;

Qo max pr - the same, according to a standard or individual project, Gcal / h;

tj - design air temperature in the heated building, °С; taken in accordance with Table 1;

to - design outdoor air temperature for designing heating in the area where the building is located, according to SNiP 23-01-99, ° С;

to.pr - the same, according to a standard or individual project, °С.

Table 1. Estimated air temperature in heated buildings

In areas with an estimated outdoor air temperature for heating design of -31 °С and below, the value of the calculated air temperature inside heated residential buildings should be taken in accordance with the chapter SNiP 2.08.01-85 equal to 20 °С.

1.2. In the absence of design information, the calculated hourly heat load of heating separate building can be determined by aggregated indicators:

where  is a correction factor that takes into account the difference in the calculated outdoor temperature for heating design to from to = -30 °С, at which the corresponding qo value is determined; taken according to table 2;

V is the volume of the building according to the external measurement, m3;

qo - specific heating characteristic of the building at to = -30 °С, kcal/m3 h°С; taken according to tables 3 and 4;

Ki.r - calculated coefficient of infiltration due to thermal and wind pressure, i.e. the ratio of heat losses from a building with infiltration and heat transfer through external fences at an outside air temperature calculated for heating design.

Table 2. Correction factor  for residential buildings

Table 3. Specific heating characteristic of residential buildings

Table 3a. Specific heating characteristic of buildings built before 1930

Table 4. Specific thermal characteristic administrative, medical and cultural and educational buildings, children's institutions

The value of V, m3, should be taken according to the information of a typical or individual design of a building or a technical inventory bureau (BTI).

If the building has an attic floor, the value V, m3, is determined as the product of the horizontal cross-sectional area of ​​the building at the level of its first floor (above the basement floor) and the free height of the building - from the level of the finished floor of the first floor to the upper plane of the attic floor heat-insulating layer, with roofs, combined with attic floors, - to the average mark of the top of the roof. Architectural details protruding beyond the surface of the walls and niches in the walls of the building, as well as unheated loggias, are not taken into account when determining the calculated hourly heat load of heating.

If there is a heated basement in the building, 40% of the volume of this basement must be added to the resulting volume of the heated building. The construction volume of the underground part of the building (basement, ground floor) is defined as the product of the horizontal section of the building at the level of its first floor by the height of the basement (ground floor).

The calculated infiltration coefficient Ki.r is determined by the formula:

where g - free fall acceleration, m/s2;

L - free height of the building, m;

w0 - calculated wind speed for the given area during the heating season, m/s; accepted according to SNiP 23-01-99.

It is not necessary to enter into the calculation of the calculated hourly heat load of the heating of the building the so-called correction for the effect of wind, because this quantity has already been taken into account in formula (3.3).

In areas where the design value of the outdoor air temperature for heating design is up to  -40 °С, for buildings with unheated basements, additional heat losses through the unheated floors of the first floor in the amount of 5% should be taken into account.

For buildings completed by construction, the calculated hourly heat load of heating should be increased for the first heating period for stone buildings built:

In May-June - by 12%;

In July-August - by 20%;

In September - by 25%;

In the heating period - by 30%.

1.3. The specific heating characteristic of a building qo, kcal/m3 h °C, in the absence of a qo value corresponding to its construction volume in Tables 3 and 4, can be determined by the formula:

where a \u003d 1.6 kcal / m 2.83 h ° С; n = 6 - for buildings under construction before 1958;

a \u003d 1.3 kcal / m 2.875 h ° С; n = 8 - for buildings under construction after 1958

1.4. If a part of a residential building is occupied by a public institution (office, shop, pharmacy, laundry collection point, etc.), the estimated hourly heating load must be determined according to the project. If the calculated hourly heat load in the project is indicated only for the whole building, or is determined by aggregated indicators, the heat load of individual rooms can be determined from the heat exchange surface area of ​​the installed heating devices using the general equation describing their heat transfer:

Q = k F t, (3.5)

where k is the heat transfer coefficient of the heating device, kcal/m3 h °C;

F - heat exchange surface area of ​​the heating device, m2;

t - temperature difference of the heating device, °С, defined as the difference between the average temperature of the convective-radiative heating device and the air temperature in the heated building.

The methodology for determining the calculated hourly heat load of heating on the surface of installed heating devices of heating systems is given in.

1.5. When heated towel rails are connected to the heating system, the calculated hourly heat load of these heaters can be determined as the heat transfer of uninsulated pipes in a room with an estimated air temperature tj \u003d 25 ° C according to the method given in.

1.6. In the absence of design data and the determination of the estimated hourly heat load for heating industrial, public, agricultural and other non-standard buildings (garages, heated underground passages, swimming pools, shops, kiosks, pharmacies, etc.) according to aggregated indicators, the values ​​of this load should be refined according to the heat exchange surface area of ​​the installed heating devices of heating systems in accordance with the methodology given in. Initial information for calculations is revealed by the representative heat supply organization in the presence of a representative of the subscriber with the preparation of the relevant act.

1.7. The consumption of thermal energy for the technological needs of greenhouses and conservatories, Gcal/h, is determined from the expression:

, (3.6)

where Qcxi - heat energy consumption per i-e technological operations, Gcal/h;

n is the number of technological operations.

In its turn,

Qcxi \u003d 1.05 (Qtp + Qv) + Qfloor + Qprop, (3.7)

where Qtp and Qv are heat losses through the building envelope and during air exchange, Gcal/h;

Qpol + Qprop - consumption of thermal energy for heating irrigation water and steaming the soil, Gcal/h;

1.05 - coefficient taking into account the consumption of thermal energy for heating domestic premises.

1.7.1. Heat loss through building envelope, Gcal/h, can be determined by the formula:

Qtp = FK (tj - to) 10-6, (3.8)

where F is the surface area of ​​the building envelope, m2;

K is the heat transfer coefficient of the enclosing structure, kcal/m2 h °C; for single glazing, K = 5.5 can be taken, for a single-layer film fence K = 7.0 kcal / m2 h ° C;

tj and to are the process temperature in the room and the calculated outdoor air for the design of the corresponding agricultural facility, °C.

1.7.2. Heat losses during air exchange for greenhouses with glass coatings, Gcal/h, are determined by the formula:

Qv \u003d 22.8 Finv S (tj - to) 10-6, (3.9)

where Finv is the inventory area of ​​the greenhouse, m2;

S - volume coefficient, which is the ratio of the volume of the greenhouse and its inventory area, m; can be taken in the range from 0.24 to 0.5 for small greenhouses and 3 or more m - for hangars.

Heat losses during air exchange for film-coated greenhouses, Gcal/h, are determined by the formula:

Qv \u003d 11.4 Finv S (tj - to) 10-6. (3.9a)

1.7.3. The consumption of thermal energy for heating irrigation water, Gcal/h, is determined from the expression:

, (3.10)

where Fcreep is the useful area of ​​the greenhouse, m2;

n - duration of watering, h.

1.7.4. The consumption of thermal energy for steaming the soil, Gcal/h, is determined from the expression:

2. Supply ventilation

2.1. If there is a standard or individual building design and compliance installed equipment supply ventilation systems to the project, the design hourly heat load of ventilation can be taken according to the project, taking into account the difference in the values ​​of the calculated outdoor temperature for designing ventilation, adopted in the project, and the current standard value for the area where the building in question is located.

Recalculation is carried out according to a formula similar to formula (3.1):

, (3.1a)

Qv.pr - the same, according to the project, Gcal / h;

tv.pr is the calculated outdoor air temperature at which the heat load of supply ventilation in the project is determined, °С;

tv is the calculated outdoor air temperature for designing supply ventilation in the area where the building is located, °С; accepted according to the instructions of SNiP 23-01-99.

2.2. In the absence of projects or inconsistency of the installed equipment with the project, the calculated hourly heat load of supply ventilation must be determined from the characteristics of the equipment actually installed, in accordance with the general formula describing the heat transfer of air heaters:

Q = Lc (2 + 1) 10-6, (3.12)

where L is the volumetric flow rate of heated air, m3/h;

 - density of heated air, kg/m3;

c is the heat capacity of the heated air, kcal/kg;

2 and 1 - calculated values ​​of air temperature at the inlet and outlet of the calorific unit, °C.

The methodology for determining the estimated hourly heat load of supply air heaters is set out in.

It is permissible to determine the calculated hourly heat load of the supply ventilation of public buildings according to aggregated indicators according to the formula:

Qv \u003d Vqv (tj - tv) 10-6, (3.2a)

where qv is the specific thermal ventilation characteristic of the building, depending on the purpose and construction volume of the ventilated building, kcal/m3 h °C; can be taken from Table 4.

3. Hot water supply

3.1. The average hourly heat load of hot water supply of a consumer of thermal energy Qhm, Gcal/h, during the heating period is determined by the formula:

where a is the rate of water consumption for hot water supply of the subscriber, l / unit. measurements per day; must be approved by the local government; in the absence of approved norms, it is adopted according to the table of Appendix 3 (mandatory) SNiP 2.04.01-85;

N - the number of units of measurement, referred to the day, - the number of residents, students in educational institutions, etc.;

tc - temperature tap water during the heating season, °С; in the absence of reliable information, tc = 5 °С is accepted;

T - the duration of the operation of the hot water supply system of the subscriber per day, h;

Qt.p - heat losses in the local hot water supply system, in the supply and circulation pipelines of the external hot water supply network, Gcal / h.

3.2. The average hourly heat load of hot water supply in the non-heating period, Gcal, can be determined from the expression:

, (3.13a)

where Qhm is the average hourly heat load of hot water supply during the heating period, Gcal/h;

 - coefficient taking into account the decrease in the average hourly load of hot water supply in the non-heating period compared to the load in the heating period; if the value of  is not approved by the authority local government,  is taken equal to 0.8 for the housing and communal sector of cities in central Russia, 1.2-1.5 - for resorts, southern cities and towns, for enterprises - 1.0;

ths, th - temperature hot water during the non-heating and heating period, ° С;

tcs, tc - tap water temperature during the non-heating and heating period, °C; in the absence of reliable information, tcs = 15 °С, tc = 5 °С are accepted.

3.3. Heat losses by pipelines of the hot water supply system can be determined by the formula:

where Ki is the heat transfer coefficient of a section of an uninsulated pipeline, kcal/m2 h °C; you can take Ki = 10 kcal/m2 h °C;

di and li - diameter of the pipeline in the section and its length, m;

tн and tк ​​- temperature of hot water at the beginning and end of the calculated section of the pipeline, °С;

tamb - ambient temperature, °C; take the form of laying pipelines:

In furrows, vertical channels, communication shafts of sanitary cabins tacr = 23 °С;

In bathrooms tamb = 25 °С;

In kitchens and toilets tamb = 21 °С;

On stairwells tocr = 16 °С;

in channels underground laying external hot water supply network tcr = tgr;

In tunnels tcr = 40 °С;

In unheated basements tocr = 5 °С;

In attics tambi = -9 °С (at the average outdoor temperature of the coldest month of the heating period tн = -11 ... -20 °С);

 - efficiency of thermal insulation of pipelines; accepted for pipelines with a diameter of up to 32 mm  = 0.6; 40-70 mm  = 0.74; 80-200 mm  = 0.81.

Table 5. Specific heat losses of pipelines of hot water supply systems (according to the place and method of laying)

Note. In the numerator - specific heat losses of pipelines of hot water supply systems without direct water intake in heat supply systems, in the denominator - with direct water intake.

Table 6. Specific heat losses of pipelines of hot water supply systems (by temperature difference)

Note. If the hot water temperature drop is different from its given values, the specific heat losses should be determined by interpolation.

3.4. With absence background information required to calculate heat losses by hot water supply pipelines, heat losses, Gcal/h, can be determined by applying a special coefficient Kt.p, taking into account the heat losses of these pipelines, according to the expression:

Qt.p = Qhm Kt.p. (3.15)

The heat flow to hot water supply, taking into account heat losses, can be determined from the expression:

Qg = Qhm (1 + Kt.p). (3.16)

Table 7 can be used to determine the values ​​of the coefficient Kt.p.

Table 7. Coefficient taking into account heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems

studfiles.net

How to calculate the heat load for heating a building

In houses that were put into operation in last years, usually these rules are met, so the calculation of the heating power of the equipment is based on standard coefficients. An individual calculation can be carried out at the initiative of the owner of the housing or the communal structure involved in the supply of heat. This happens when spontaneous replacement of heating radiators, windows and other parameters.

See also: How to calculate the power of a heating boiler by area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house

Calculation of norms for heating in an apartment

In an apartment served by a utility company, the calculation of the heat load can only be carried out upon transfer of the house in order to track the parameters of SNIP in the premises taken on balance. Otherwise, the owner of the apartment does this in order to calculate his heat losses in the cold season and eliminate the shortcomings of insulation - use heat-insulating plaster, glue insulation, mount penofol on the ceilings and install metal-plastic windows with a five-chamber profile.

The calculation of heat leaks for the public utility in order to open a dispute, as a rule, does not give a result. The reason is that there are heat loss standards. If the house is put into operation, then the requirements are met. At the same time, heating devices comply with the requirements of SNIP. Replacing batteries and extracting more heat is prohibited, as the radiators are installed according to approved building standards.

The method of calculating the norms for heating in a private house

Private houses are heated by autonomous systems, which at the same time calculates the load is carried out to comply with the requirements of SNIP, and the correction of heating capacity is carried out in conjunction with work to reduce heat loss.

Calculations can be done manually using a simple formula or a calculator on the site. The program helps to calculate the required capacity of the heating system and heat leakage, typical for the winter period. Calculations are carried out for a certain thermal zone.

Basic principles

The methodology includes a number of indicators, which together allow us to assess the level of insulation of the house, compliance with SNIP standards, as well as the power of the heating boiler. How it works:

• depending on the parameters of walls, windows, insulation of the ceiling and foundation, you calculate heat leakage. For example, your wall consists of a single layer of clinker bricks and frame bricks with insulation, depending on the thickness of the walls, they have a certain thermal conductivity in combination and prevent heat from escaping in winter. Your task is to ensure that this parameter is not less than recommended in SNIP. The same is true for the foundation, ceilings and windows;
• find out where heat is lost, bring the parameters to standard ones;
• calculate the power of the boiler based on the total volume of rooms - for every 1 cubic meter. m of the room takes 41 W of heat (for example, a hallway of 10 m² with a ceiling height of 2.7 m requires 1107 W of heating, two 600 W batteries are needed);
• you can calculate from the opposite, that is, from the number of batteries. Each section of the aluminum battery gives 170 W of heat and heats 2-2.5 m of the room. If your house requires 30 battery sections, then the boiler that can heat the room must be at least 6 kW.

The worse the house is insulated, the higher the heat consumption from the heating system

An individual or average calculation is carried out for the object. The main point of conducting such a survey is that with good insulation and low heat leakage in winter, 3 kW can be used. In a building of the same area, but without insulation, at low winter temperatures, the power consumption will be up to 12 kW. Thus, thermal power and the load is estimated not only by area, but also by heat loss.

The main heat loss of a private house:

• windows - 10-55%;
• walls - 20-25%;
• chimney - up to 25%;
• roof and ceiling - up to 30%;
• low floors - 7-10%;
• temperature bridge in the corners - up to 10%

These indicators can vary for better and worse. They are evaluated depending on the types of windows installed, the thickness of the walls and materials, the degree of insulation of the ceiling. For example, in poorly insulated buildings, heat loss through walls can reach 45% percent, in which case the expression “we drown the street” is applicable to the heating system. Methodology and The calculator will help you evaluate the nominal and calculated values.

Specificity of calculations

This technique can still be found under the name "thermal calculation". The simplified formula looks like this:

Qt = V × ∆T × K / 860, where

V is the volume of the room, m³;

∆T is the maximum difference between indoors and outdoors, °С;

K is the estimated heat loss coefficient;

860 is the conversion factor in kWh.

The heat loss coefficient K depends on building structure, wall thickness and thermal conductivity. For simplified calculations, you can use the following parameters:

• K \u003d 3.0-4.0 - without thermal insulation (non-insulated frame or metal structure);
• K \u003d 2.0-2.9 - low thermal insulation (laying in one brick);
• K \u003d 1.0-1.9 - average thermal insulation (brickwork in two bricks);
• K \u003d 0.6-0.9 - good thermal insulation according to the standard.

These coefficients are averaged and do not allow estimating heat loss and heat load on the room, so we recommend using the online calculator.

gidpopechi.ru

Calculation of the heat load on the heating of a building: formula, examples

When designing a heating system, whether it is an industrial building or a residential building, it is necessary to carry out competent calculations and draw up a diagram of the heating system circuit. At this stage, experts recommend paying special attention to the calculation of the possible heat load on the heating circuit, as well as the amount of fuel consumed and heat generated.

This term refers to the amount of heat given off by heating devices. The preliminary calculation of the heat load made it possible to avoid unnecessary costs for the purchase of components of the heating system and for their installation. Also, this calculation will help to correctly distribute the amount of heat generated economically and evenly throughout the building.

There are many nuances in these calculations. For example, the material from which the building is built, thermal insulation, region, etc. Specialists try to take into account as many factors and characteristics as possible to obtain a more accurate result.

The calculation of the heat load with errors and inaccuracies leads to inefficient operation of the heating system. It even happens that you have to redo sections of an already working structure, which inevitably leads to unplanned expenses. Yes, and housing and communal organizations calculate the cost of services based on data on heat load.

Main Factors

An ideally calculated and designed heating system must maintain the set temperature in the room and compensate for the resulting heat losses. When calculating the indicator of the heat load on the heating system in the building, you need to take into account:

Purpose of the building: residential or industrial.

Characteristics of the structural elements of the structure. These are windows, walls, doors, roof and ventilation system.

Housing dimensions. The larger it is, the more powerful the heating system should be. Be sure to take into account the area of ​​window openings, doors, exterior walls and the volume of each interior space.

Availability of rooms special purpose(bath, sauna, etc.).

Degree of equipment with technical devices. That is, the presence of hot water supply, ventilation systems, air conditioning and the type of heating system.

Temperature regime for a single room. For example, in rooms intended for storage, it is not necessary to maintain a comfortable temperature for a person.

Number of points with hot water supply. The more of them, the more the system is loaded.

Area of ​​glazed surfaces. Rooms with French windows lose a significant amount of heat.

Additional terms. In residential buildings, this can be the number of rooms, balconies and loggias and bathrooms. In industrial - the number of working days in a calendar year, shifts, the technological chain of the production process, etc.

Climatic conditions of the region. When calculating heat losses, street temperatures are taken into account. If the differences are insignificant, then a small amount of energy will be spent on compensation. While at -40 ° C outside the window it will require significant expenses.

Features of existing methods

The parameters included in the calculation of the heat load are in SNiPs and GOSTs. They also have special heat transfer coefficients. From the passports of the equipment included in the heating system, digital characteristics are taken regarding a specific heating radiator, boiler, etc. And also traditionally:

The heat consumption, taken to the maximum for one hour of operation of the heating system,

The maximum heat flow from one radiator,

Total heat costs in a certain period (most often - a season); if an hourly calculation of the load on the heating network is required, then the calculation must be carried out taking into account the temperature difference during the day.

The calculations made are compared with the heat transfer area of ​​the entire system. The index is quite accurate. Some deviations happen. For example, for industrial buildings, it will be necessary to take into account the reduction in heat energy consumption on weekends and holidays, and in residential buildings - at night.

Methods for calculating heating systems have several degrees of accuracy. To reduce the error to a minimum, it is necessary to use rather complex calculations. Less accurate schemes are used if the goal is not to optimize the costs of the heating system.

Basic calculation methods

To date, the calculation of the heat load on the heating of a building can be carried out in one of the following ways.

Three main

• Aggregated indicators are taken for calculation.
• The indicators of the structural elements of the building are taken as the base. Here, it will be important to calculate the heat loss used to heat the internal volume of air.
• All objects included in the heating system are calculated and summarized.

One exemplary

There is also a fourth option. It has a fairly large error, because the indicators are taken very average, or they are not enough. Here is the formula - Qot \u003d q0 * a * VH * (tEN - tHRO), where:

• q0 - specific thermal characteristic of the building (most often determined by the coldest period),
• a - correction factor (depends on the region and is taken from ready-made tables),
• VH is the volume calculated from the outer planes.

Example of a simple calculation

For a building with standard parameters (ceiling heights, room sizes and good thermal insulation characteristics), a simple ratio of parameters can be applied, adjusted for a coefficient depending on the region.

Suppose that a residential building is located in the Arkhangelsk region, and its area is 170 square meters. m. The heat load will be equal to 17 * 1.6 \u003d 27.2 kW / h.

Such a definition of thermal loads does not take into account many important factors. For example, the design features of the structure, temperature, the number of walls, the ratio of the areas of walls and window openings, etc. Therefore, such calculations are not suitable for serious heating system projects.

Calculation of a heating radiator by area

It depends on the material from which they are made. Most often today, bimetallic, aluminum, steel are used, much less often cast-iron radiators. Each of them has its own heat transfer index (thermal power). Bimetallic radiators with a distance between the axes of 500 mm, on average, have 180 - 190 watts. Aluminum radiators have almost the same performance.

The heat transfer of the described radiators is calculated for one section. Steel plate radiators are non-separable. Therefore, their heat transfer is determined based on the size of the entire device. For example, the thermal power of a two-row radiator 1,100 mm wide and 200 mm high will be 1,010 W, and a steel panel radiator 500 mm wide and 220 mm high will be 1,644 W.

The calculation of the heating radiator by area includes the following basic parameters:

Ceiling height (standard - 2.7 m),

Thermal power (per sq. m - 100 W),

One outer wall.

These calculations show that for every 10 sq. m requires 1,000 W of thermal power. This result is divided by the heat output of one section. The answer is required amount radiator sections.

For the southern regions of our country, as well as for the northern ones, decreasing and increasing coefficients have been developed.

Average calculation and exact

Given the factors described, the average calculation is carried out according to the following scheme. If for 1 sq. m requires 100 W of heat flow, then a room of 20 square meters. m should receive 2,000 watts. A radiator (popular bimetallic or aluminum) of eight sections emits about 150 watts. We divide 2,000 by 150, we get 13 sections. But this is a rather enlarged calculation of the thermal load.

The exact one looks a little intimidating. Actually, nothing complicated. Here is the formula:

Qt = 100 W/m2 × S(room)m2 × q1 × q2 × q3 × q4 × q5 × q6 × q7, where:

• q1 - type of glazing (ordinary = 1.27, double = 1.0, triple = 0.85);
• q2 – wall insulation (weak or absent = 1.27, 2-brick wall = 1.0, modern, high = 0.85);
• q3 - the ratio of the total area of ​​window openings to the floor area (40% = 1.2, 30% = 1.1, 20% - 0.9, 10% = 0.8);
• q4 - outdoor temperature (the minimum value is taken: -35оС = 1.5, -25оС = 1.3, -20оС = 1.1, -15оС = 0.9, -10оС = 0.7);
• q5 - the number of external walls in the room (all four = 1.4, three = 1.3, corner room= 1.2, one = 1.2);
• q6 - type of design room above the design room (cold attic = 1.0, warm attic = 0.9, residential heated room = 0.8);
• q7 - ceiling height (4.5 m = 1.2, 4.0 m = 1.15, 3.5 m = 1.1, 3.0 m = 1.05, 2.5 m = 1.3).

Using any of the methods described, it is possible to calculate the heat load of an apartment building.

Approximate calculation

These are the conditions. The minimum temperature in the cold season is -20°C. Room 25 sq. m with triple glazing, double-leaf windows, ceiling height of 3.0 m, two-brick walls and an unheated attic. The calculation will be as follows:

Q = 100 W/m2 × 25 m2 × 0.85 × 1 × 0.8(12%) × 1.1 × 1.2 × 1 × 1.05.

The result, 2 356.20, is divided by 150. As a result, it turns out that 16 sections need to be installed in a room with the specified parameters.

If calculation is required in gigacalories

In the absence of a heat energy meter on an open heating circuit, the calculation of the heat load for heating the building is calculated by the formula Q = V * (T1 - T2) / 1000, where:

• V - the amount of water consumed by the heating system, calculated in tons or m3,
• T1 - a number indicating the temperature of hot water, measured in ° C, and for calculations, the temperature corresponding to a certain pressure in the system is taken. This indicator has its own name - enthalpy. If it is not possible to remove temperature indicators in a practical way, they resort to an average indicator. It is in the range of 60-65oC.
• T2 - temperature cold water. It is quite difficult to measure it in the system, therefore, constant indicators have been developed that depend on the temperature regime on the street. For example, in one of the regions, in the cold season, this indicator is taken equal to 5, in summer - 15.
• 1,000 is the coefficient for obtaining the result immediately in gigacalories.

When closed loop heat load (gcal/h) is calculated differently:

Qot \u003d α * qo * V * (tin - tn.r) * (1 + Kn.r) * 0.000001, where

• α is a coefficient designed to correct climatic conditions. It is taken into account if the street temperature differs from -30 ° C;
• V - the volume of the building according to external measurements;
• qo - specific heating index of the structure at a given tn.r = -30 ° C, measured in kcal / m3 * C;
• tv is the calculated internal temperature in the building;
• tn.r - estimated street temperature for drafting a heating system;
• Kn.r – infiltration coefficient. It is due to the ratio of heat losses of the calculated building with infiltration and heat transfer through external structural elements at the street temperature, which is set within the framework of the project being drawn up.

The calculation of the heat load turns out to be somewhat enlarged, but it is this formula that is given in the technical literature.

Inspection with a thermal imager

Increasingly, in order to increase the efficiency of the heating system, they resort to thermal imaging surveys of the building.

These works are carried out at night. For a more accurate result, you must observe the temperature difference between the room and the street: it must be at least 15 °. Lamps daylight and the incandescent lamps are switched off. It is advisable to remove carpets and furniture to the maximum, they knock down the device, giving some error.

The survey is carried out slowly, the data are recorded carefully. The scheme is simple.

The first stage of work takes place indoors. The device is moved gradually from doors to windows, paying special attention to corners and other joints.

The second stage is the examination of the external walls of the building with a thermal imager. The joints are still carefully examined, especially the connection with the roof.

The third stage is data processing. First, the device does this, then the readings are transferred to a computer, where the corresponding programs complete the processing and give the result.

If the survey was conducted by a licensed organization, then it will issue a report with mandatory recommendations based on the results of the work. If the work was carried out personally, then you need to rely on your knowledge and, possibly, the help of the Internet.

highlogistic.ru

Calculation of the heat load for heating: how to correctly perform?

The first and most important stage in the difficult process of organizing the heating of any real estate object (whether it be a country house or an industrial facility) is the competent design and calculation. In particular, it is necessary to calculate the heat loads on the heating system, as well as the volume of heat and fuel consumption.

Thermal loads

Performing preliminary calculations is necessary not only in order to obtain the entire range of documentation for organizing the heating of a property, but also to understand the volumes of fuel and heat, the selection of one or another type of heat generators.

Thermal loads of the heating system: characteristics, definitions

The definition of “heat load on heating” should be understood as the amount of heat that is collectively given off by heating devices installed in a house or other facility. It should be noted that before installing all the equipment, this calculation is made to exclude any troubles, unnecessary financial costs and work.

The calculation of thermal loads for heating will help to organize the smooth and efficient operation of the heating system of the property. Thanks to this calculation, you can quickly complete absolutely all the tasks of heat supply, ensure their compliance with the norms and requirements of SNiP.

A set of instruments for performing calculations

The cost of an error in the calculation can be quite significant. The thing is that, depending on the calculated data received, the maximum expenditure parameters will be allocated in the housing and communal services department of the city, limits and other characteristics will be set, from which they are repelled when calculating the cost of services.

The total heat load on a modern heating system consists of several main load parameters:

• For a common central heating system;
• On the floor heating system (if available in the house) - underfloor heating;
• Ventilation system (natural and forced);
• Hot water supply system;
• For all kinds of technological needs: swimming pools, baths and other similar structures.

Calculation and components of thermal systems at home

The main characteristics of the object, important to take into account when calculating the heat load

The most correctly and competently calculated heat load on heating will be determined only when absolutely everything, even the smallest details and parameters, is taken into account.

This list is quite large and can include:

• Type and purpose of real estate objects. A residential or non-residential building, an apartment or an administrative building - all this is very important for obtaining reliable thermal calculation data.

Also, the load rate, which is determined by heat supplier companies and, accordingly, heating costs, depends on the type of building;

• Architectural part. The dimensions of all kinds of external fences (walls, floors, roofs), the dimensions of openings (balconies, loggias, doors and windows) are taken into account. The number of storeys of the building, the presence of basements, attics and their features are important;
• Temperature requirements for each room in the building. This parameter should be understood as temperature regimes for each room of a residential building or zone of an administrative building;
• The design and features of external fences, including the type of materials, thickness, the presence of insulating layers;

Physical indicators of room cooling - data for calculating the heat load

• The nature of the premises. As a rule, it is inherent in industrial buildings, where for a workshop or site you need to create some specific thermal conditions and modes;
• Availability and parameters of special premises. The presence of the same baths, pools and other similar structures;
• The degree of maintenance - the presence of hot water supply, such as central heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems;
• The total number of points from which hot water is drawn. It is on this characteristic that special attention should be paid, because the greater the number of points, the greater will be the thermal load on the entire heating system as a whole;
• The number of people living in the home or in the facility. The requirements for humidity and temperature depend on this - factors that are included in the formula for calculating the heat load;

Equipment that can affect thermal loads

• Other data. For an industrial facility, such factors include, for example, the number of shifts, the number of workers per shift, and working days per year.

As for a private house, you need to take into account the number of people living, the number of bathrooms, rooms, etc.

Calculation of heat loads: what is included in the process

Do-it-yourself calculation of the heating load itself is carried out even at the design stage of a country cottage or other real estate object - this is due to simplicity and the absence of extra cash costs. At the same time, the requirements of various norms and standards, TCP, SNB and GOST are taken into account.

The following factors are mandatory for determination during the calculation of thermal power:

• Heat losses of external protections. Includes the desired temperature conditions in each of the rooms;
• The power required to heat the water in the room;
• The amount of heat required to heat the air ventilation (in the case when forced ventilation is required);
• The heat needed to heat the water in the pool or bath;

Gcal/hour - a unit of measurement of thermal loads of objects

• Possible developments of the further existence of the heating system. It implies the possibility of outputting heating to the attic, to the basement, as well as all kinds of buildings and extensions;

Heat loss in a standard residential building

Advice. With a "margin", thermal loads are calculated in order to exclude the possibility of unnecessary financial costs. It is especially important for a country house, where additional connection of heating elements without preliminary study and preparation will be prohibitively expensive.

Features of calculating the heat load

As already mentioned earlier, the design parameters of indoor air are selected from the relevant literature. At the same time, heat transfer coefficients are selected from the same sources (passport data of heating units are also taken into account).

The traditional calculation of heat loads for heating requires a consistent determination of the maximum heat flux from heating devices (all heating batteries actually located in the building), the maximum hourly consumption of heat energy, as well as total costs heat output for a certain period, for example, the heating season.

Distribution of heat flows from various types of heaters

The above instructions for calculating thermal loads, taking into account the surface area of ​​​​heat exchange, can be applied to various real estate objects. It should be noted that this method allows you to competently and most correctly develop a justification for the use of efficient heating, as well as energy inspection of houses and buildings.

An ideal calculation method for the standby heating of an industrial facility, when temperatures are expected to drop during non-working hours (holidays and weekends are also taken into account).

Methods for determining thermal loads

Currently, thermal loads are calculated in several main ways:

1. Calculation of heat losses by means of enlarged indicators;
2. Determination of parameters via various elements enclosing structures, additional losses for air heating;
3. Calculation of heat transfer of all heating and ventilation equipment installed in the building.

Enlarged method for calculating heating loads

Another method for calculating the loads on the heating system is the so-called enlarged method. As a rule, such a scheme is used in the case when there is no information about projects or such data does not correspond to the actual characteristics.

Examples of heat loads for residential apartment buildings and their dependence on the number of people living and area

For an enlarged calculation of the heat load of heating, a rather simple and uncomplicated formula is used:

Qmax from.=α*V*q0*(tv-tn.r.)*10-6

The following coefficients are used in the formula: α is a correction factor that takes into account the climatic conditions in the region where the building was built (applied when the design temperature is different from -30C); q0 specific heating characteristic, selected depending on the temperature of the coldest week of the year (the so-called "five days"); V is the outer volume of the building.

Types of thermal loads to be taken into account in the calculation

In the course of calculations (as well as when selecting equipment), a large number of various thermal loads are taken into account:

1. seasonal loads. As a rule, they have the following features:

• Throughout the year, there is a change in thermal loads depending on the air temperature outside the premises;
• Annual heat consumption, which is determined by the meteorological features of the region where the facility is located, for which heat loads are calculated;

Thermal load regulator for boiler equipment

• Changing the load on the heating system depending on the time of day. Due to the heat resistance of the building's external enclosures, such values ​​are accepted as insignificant;
• Heat energy consumption of the ventilation system by hours of the day.

1. Year-round thermal loads. It should be noted that for heating and hot water supply systems, most domestic facilities have heat consumption throughout the year, which changes quite a bit. So, for example, in summer the cost of thermal energy in comparison with winter is reduced by almost 30-35%;
2. Dry heat - convection heat transfer and thermal radiation from other similar devices. Determined by dry bulb temperature.

This factor depends on the mass of parameters, including all kinds of windows and doors, equipment, ventilation systems and even air exchange through cracks in the walls and ceilings. It also takes into account the number of people who can be in the room;

1. Latent heat is evaporation and condensation. Based on wet bulb temperature. The amount of latent heat of humidity and its sources in the room is determined.

Heat loss of a country house

In any room, humidity is affected by:

• People and their number who are simultaneously in the room;
• Technological and other equipment;
• Air flows that pass through cracks and crevices in building structures.

Thermal load regulators as a way out of difficult situations

As you can see in many photos and videos of modern industrial and domestic heating boilers and other boiler equipment, they come with special heat load regulators. The technique of this category is designed to provide support for a certain level of loads, to exclude all kinds of jumps and dips.

It should be noted that RTN can significantly save on heating bills, because in many cases (and especially for industrial enterprises) certain limits are set that cannot be exceeded. Otherwise, if jumps and excesses of thermal loads are recorded, fines and similar sanctions are possible.

An example of the total heat load for a certain area of ​​the city

Advice. Loads on heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems - important point in home design. If it is impossible to carry out the design work on your own, then it is best to entrust it to specialists. At the same time, all formulas are simple and uncomplicated, and therefore it is not so difficult to calculate all the parameters by yourself.

Loads on ventilation and hot water supply - one of the factors of thermal systems

Thermal loads for heating, as a rule, are calculated in combination with ventilation. This is a seasonal load, it is designed to replace the exhaust air with clean air, as well as heat it up to the set temperature.

Hourly heat consumption for ventilation systems is calculated according to a certain formula:

Qv.=qv.V(tn.-tv.), where

Measurement of heat loss in a practical way

In addition to, in fact, ventilation, thermal loads are also calculated on the hot water supply system. The reasons for such calculations are similar to ventilation, and the formula is somewhat similar:

Qgvs.=0.042rv(tg.-tx.)Pgav, where

r, in, tg., tx. - design temperature of hot and cold water, water density, as well as a coefficient that takes into account the values ​​​​of the maximum load of hot water supply to the average value established by GOST;

Comprehensive calculation of thermal loads

In addition to the theoretical issues of calculation, some practical work is also being carried out. So, for example, comprehensive thermal surveys include mandatory thermography of all structures - walls, ceilings, doors and windows. It should be noted that such works make it possible to determine and fix the factors that have a significant impact on the heat loss of the building.

Device for calculations and energy audit

Thermal imaging diagnostics will show what the real temperature difference will be when a certain strictly defined amount of heat passes through 1m2 of enclosing structures. Also, it will help to find out the heat consumption at a certain temperature difference.

Practical measurements are an indispensable component of various computational works. In combination, such processes will help to obtain the most reliable data on thermal loads and heat losses that will be observed in a particular building over a certain period of time. A practical calculation will help to achieve what the theory does not show, namely the "bottlenecks" of each structure.

Conclusion

The calculation of thermal loads, as well as the hydraulic calculation of the heating system, is an important factor, the calculations of which must be made before starting the organization of the heating system. If all the work is done correctly and the process is approached wisely, you can guarantee trouble-free operation of heating, as well as save money on overheating and other unnecessary costs.

Page 2

Heating boilers

One of the main components of comfortable housing is the presence of a well-thought-out heating system. At the same time, the choice of the type of heating and the required equipment is one of the main questions that need to be answered at the design stage of the house. An objective calculation of the heating boiler power by area will eventually allow you to get a completely efficient heating system.

We will now tell you about the competent conduct of this work. In this case, we consider the features inherent in different types of heating. After all, they must be taken into account when carrying out calculations and the subsequent decision to install one or another type of heating.

Basic calculation rules

• room area (S);
• specific power of the heater per 10 m² of heated area - (W sp.). This value is determined adjusted for the climatic conditions of a particular region.

This value (W beats) is:

• for the Moscow region - from 1.2 kW to 1.5 kW;
• for the southern regions of the country - from 0.7 kW to 0.9 kW;
• for the northern regions of the country - from 1.5 kW to 2.0 kW.

Let's do the calculations

The power calculation is carried out as follows:

W cat. \u003d (S * Wsp.): 10

Advice! For simplicity, a simplified version of this calculation can be used. In it Wud.=1. Therefore, the heat output of the boiler is defined as 10kW per 100m² of heated area. But with such calculations, at least 15% must be added to the obtained value in order to get a more objective figure.

Calculation example

As you can see, the instructions for calculating the heat transfer intensity are simple. But, nevertheless, we will accompany it with a concrete example.

The conditions will be as follows. The area of ​​heated premises in the house is 100m². Specific power for the Moscow region is 1.2 kW. Substituting the available values ​​into the formula, we get the following:

W boiler \u003d (100x1.2) / 10 \u003d 12 kilowatts.

Calculation for different types of heating boilers

The degree of efficiency of the heating system depends primarily on right choice her type. And of course, from the accuracy of the calculation of the required performance of the heating boiler. If the calculation of the thermal power of the heating system was not carried out accurately enough, then negative consequences will inevitably arise.

If the heat output of the boiler is less than required, it will be cold in the rooms in winter. In the case of excess performance, there will be an overexpenditure of energy and, accordingly, the money spent on heating the building.

House heating system

To avoid these and other problems, it is not enough just to know how to calculate the power of a heating boiler.

It is also necessary to take into account the features inherent in systems using different types of heaters (you can see a photo of each of them later in the text):

• solid fuel;
• electric;
• liquid fuel;
• gas.

The choice of one or another type largely depends on the region of residence and the level of infrastructure development. Equally important is the availability of the possibility of acquiring a certain type of fuel. And, of course, its cost.

Solid fuel boilers

The calculation of the power of a solid fuel boiler must be made taking into account the features characterized by the following features of such heaters:

• low popularity;
• relative accessibility;
• the possibility of autonomous operation - it is provided for in a number of modern models of these devices;
• economy during operation;
• the need for additional fuel storage space.

solid fuel heater

Another characteristic feature that should be taken into account when calculating the heating power of a solid fuel boiler is the cyclicity of the temperature obtained. That is, in rooms heated with its help, the daily temperature will fluctuate within 5ºС.

Therefore, such a system is far from the best. And if possible, it should be abandoned. But, if this is not possible, there are two ways to smooth out the existing shortcomings:

1. Using a bulb, which is needed to adjust the air supply. This will increase the burning time and reduce the number of furnaces;
2. The use of water heat accumulators with a capacity of 2 to 10 m². They are included in the heating system, allowing you to reduce energy costs and, thereby, save fuel.

All this will reduce the required performance of a solid fuel boiler for heating a private house. Therefore, the effect of the application of these measures must be taken into account when calculating the power of the heating system.

Electric boilers

Electric boilers for home heating are characterized by the following features:

• high cost of fuel - electricity;
• possible problems due to network interruptions;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of management;
• compactness.

electric boiler

All these parameters should be taken into account when calculating the power of an electric heating boiler. After all, it is not purchased for one year.

Oil boilers

They have the following characteristic features:

• not eco-friendly;
• convenient in operation;
• require additional storage space for fuel;
• have an increased fire hazard;
• use fuel, the price of which is quite high.

Oil heater

gas boilers

In most cases, they are the best option for organizing a heating system. household gas boilers heating have the following characteristic features that must be taken into account when calculating the power of the heating boiler:

• ease of operation;
• do not require a place to store fuel;
• safe in operation;
• low cost of fuel;
• economy.

A gas boiler

Calculation for heating radiators

Let's say you decide to install a heating radiator with your own hands. But first you need to buy it. And choose exactly the one that suits the power.

• First, we determine the volume of the room. To do this, multiply the area of ​​​​the room by its height. As a result, we get 42m³.
• Further, you should know that it takes 41 watts to heat 1m³ of a room in central Russia. Therefore, to find out the desired performance of the radiator, we multiply this figure (41 W) by the volume of the room. As a result, we get 1722W.
• Now let's calculate how many sections our radiator should have. Make it simple. Each element of a bimetallic or aluminum radiator heat dissipation is 150W.
• Therefore, we divide the performance we obtained (1722W) by 150. We get 11.48. Round up to 11.
• Now you need to add another 15% to the resulting figure. This will help smooth out the increase in required heat transfer during the most severe winters. 15% of 11 is 1.68. Round up to 2.
• As a result, we add 2 more to the existing figure (11). We get 13. So, to heat a room with an area of ​​​​14m², we need a radiator with a power of 1722W, which has 13 sections.

Now you know how to calculate the desired performance of the boiler, as well as the heating radiator. Take advantage of our advice and provide yourself with an efficient and at the same time not wasteful heating system. If you need more detailed information, then you can easily find it in the corresponding video on our website.

Page 3

All this equipment, indeed, requires a very respectful, prudent attitude - mistakes lead not only to financial losses, but to losses in health and attitude to life.

When we decide to build our own private house, we are primarily guided by largely emotional criteria - we want to have our own separate housing, independent of city utilities, much larger in size and made according to our own ideas. But somewhere in the soul, of course, there is an understanding that you will have to count a lot. The calculations relate not so much to the financial component of all work, but to the technical one. One of the most important types of calculations will be the calculation of the mandatory heating system, without which there is no escape.

First, of course, you need to take up the calculations - a calculator, a piece of paper and a pen will be the first tools

To begin with, decide what is called, in principle, about the methods of heating your home. After all, you have several options for providing heat at your disposal:

• Autonomous heating electrical devices. It is possible that such devices are good, and even popular, as auxiliary means of heating, but they cannot be considered as the main ones.

• Electric heating floors. But this method of heating may well be used as the main one for a single living room. But there is no question of providing all the rooms in the house with such floors.

• Heating fireplaces. A brilliant option, it warms not only the air in the room, but also the soul, creates an unforgettable atmosphere of comfort. But then again, no one considers fireplaces as a means of providing heat throughout the house - only in the living room, only in the bedroom, and nothing more.

• Centralized water heating. Having “torn off” yourself from the high-rise building, you, nevertheless, can bring its “spirit” into your home by connecting to a centralized heating system. Is it worth it!? Is it worth it again to rush "out of the fire, but into the frying pan." This should not be done, even if such a possibility exists.

• Autonomous water heating. But this method of providing heat is the most efficient, which can be called the main one for private houses.

You can not do without a detailed plan of the house with a layout of equipment and wiring of all communications

After resolving the issue in principle

When the solution to the fundamental question of how to provide heat in the house using an autonomous water system has taken place, you need to move on and understand that it will be incomplete if you do not think about

• Installation of reliable window systems that will not just “lower” all your successes in heating to the street;

• Additional insulation of both external and internal walls Houses. The task is very important and requires a separate serious approach, although it is not directly related to the future installation of the heating system itself;

• Fireplace installation. Recently, this auxiliary heating method has been increasingly used. Maybe he won't replace general heating, but it is such an excellent support that in any case it helps to significantly reduce heating costs.

The next step is to create a very accurate diagram of your building with all the elements of the heating system integrated into it. Calculation and installation of heating systems without such a scheme is impossible. The elements of this scheme will be:

• Heating boiler, as the main element of the entire system;
• A circulation pump that provides the coolant current in the system;
• Pipelines, as a kind of "blood vessels" of the entire system;
• Heating batteries are those devices that have long been known to everyone and which are the final elements of the system and are responsible in our eyes for the quality of its work;
• Devices for monitoring the state of the system. An accurate calculation of the volume of the heating system is unthinkable without the presence of such devices that provide information about the actual temperature in the system and the volume of the passing coolant;
• Locking and adjusting devices. Without these devices, the work will be incomplete, it is they who will allow you to regulate the operation of the system and adjust according to the readings of the control devices;
• Various fitting systems. These systems could well be attributed to pipelines, but their influence on the successful operation of the entire system is so great that fittings and connectors are separated into a separate group of elements for the design and calculation of heating systems. Some experts call electronics the science of contacts. It is possible, without fear of making a big mistake, to call the heating system - in many respects, the science of the quality of the compounds that provide the elements of this group.

The heart of the entire hot water heating system is the heating boiler. Modern boilers are entire systems for providing the entire system with hot coolant

Helpful advice! When it comes to the heating system, this word “coolant” often appears in the conversation. It is possible, with some degree of approximation, to consider ordinary “water” as the medium that is intended to move through the pipes and radiators of the heating system. But there are some nuances that are associated with the way water is supplied to the system. There are two ways - internal and external. External - from an external cold water supply. In this situation, indeed, the coolant will be ordinary water, with all its shortcomings. Firstly, in general availability, and, secondly, purity. When choosing this method of introducing water from the heating system, we highly recommend installing a filter at the inlet, otherwise severe contamination of the system cannot be avoided in just one season of operation. If a completely autonomous filling of water into the heating system is chosen, then do not forget to “flavor” it with all kinds of additives against solidification and corrosion. It is water with such additives that is already called a coolant.

Types of heating boilers

Among the heating boilers available for your choice are the following:

• Solid fuel - can be very good in remote areas, in the mountains, in the Far North, where there are problems with external communications. But if access to such communications is not difficult solid fuel boilers are not used, they lose in the convenience of working with them, if you still need to keep one level of heat in the house;

• Electric - and where now without electricity. But you need to understand that the cost of this type of energy in your house when using electric heating boilers will be so high that the solution to the question “how to calculate the heating system” in your house will lose any meaning - everything will go into electric wires;

• Liquid fuel. Such boilers on gasoline, solarium, suggest themselves, but they, due to their non-environmental friendliness, are very unloved by many, and rightly so;

• Domestic gas heating boilers are the most common types of boilers, very easy to operate and do not require a supply of fuel. The efficiency of such boilers is the highest of all available on the market and reaches 95%.

Pay special attention to the quality of all materials used, there is no time for savings, the quality of each component of the system, including pipes, must be perfect

Boiler calculation

When they talk about the calculation of an autonomous heating system, they first of all mean the calculation of the heating gas boiler. Any example of calculating the heating system includes the following formula for calculating the boiler power:

W \u003d S * Wsp / 10,

• S is the total area of ​​the heated premises in square meters;
• Wsp - specific power of the boiler per 10 sq.m. premises.

The specific power of the boiler is set depending on the climatic conditions of the region of its use:

• for Middle lane it is from 1.2 to 1.5 kW;
• for areas of the level of Pskov and above - from 1.5 to 2.0 kW;
• for Volgograd and below - from 0.7 - 0.9 kW.

But, after all, our climate of the XXI century has become so unpredictable that, by and large, the only criterion when choosing a boiler is your acquaintance with the experience of other heating systems. Perhaps, understanding this unpredictability, for simplicity, it has long been accepted in this formula to always take the specific power as a unit. Although do not forget about the recommended values.

Calculation and design of heating systems, to a large extent - the calculation of all junction points, the latest connecting systems, of which there are a huge number on the market, will help here

Helpful advice! This is the desire - to get acquainted with the existing, already working, autonomous heating systems will be very important. If you decide to establish such a system at home, and even with your own hands, then be sure to get acquainted with the heating methods used by your neighbors. Getting a "heating system calculation calculator" first hand will be very important. You will kill two birds with one stone - you will get a good adviser, and maybe in the future a good neighbor, and even a friend, and avoid mistakes that your neighbor may have made at one time.

Circulation pump

The method of supplying the coolant to the system largely depends on the heated area - natural or forced. Natural does not require any additional equipment and involves the movement of the coolant through the system due to the principles of gravity and heat transfer. Such a heating system can also be called passive.

Active heating systems, in which a circulation pump is used to move the coolant, are much more widespread. It is more common to install such pumps on the line from radiators to the boiler, when the water temperature has already subsided and will not be able to adversely affect the operation of the pump.

There are certain requirements for pumps:

• they must be quiet, because they work constantly;
• they should consume little, again due to their permanent job;
• they must be very reliable, and this is the most important requirement for pumps in a heating system.

Piping and radiators

The most important component of the entire heating system, which any user constantly encounters, is pipes and radiators.

When it comes to pipes, we have three types of pipes at our disposal:

• steel;
• copper;
• polymeric.

Steel - the patriarchs of heating systems, used from time immemorial. Now steel pipes gradually disappear "from the stage", they are inconvenient to use, and, in addition, require welding and are subject to corrosion.

Copper pipes are very popular, especially if hidden wiring is carried out. Such pipes are extremely resistant to external influences, but, unfortunately, are very expensive, which is the main brake on their widespread use.

Polymers - as a solution to problems copper pipes. It is polymer pipes that are the hit of use in modern systems heating. High reliability, resistance to external influences, a huge selection of additional auxiliary equipment specifically for use in heating systems ah with polymer pipes.

The heating of the house is largely ensured by the precise selection of the piping system and the laying of pipes.

Calculation of radiators

The thermotechnical calculation of the heating system necessarily includes the calculation of such an indispensable element of the network as a radiator.

The purpose of calculating the radiator is to obtain the number of its sections for heating a room of a given area.

Thus, the formula for calculating the number of sections in a radiator is:

K = S / (W / 100),

• S - the area of ​​​​the heated room in square meters (we heat, of course, not the area, but the volume, but the standard height of the room is 2.7 m);
• W - heat transfer of one section in Watts, characteristic of the radiator;
• K is the number of sections in the radiator.

Providing heat in the house is a solution to a whole range of tasks, often not related to each other, but serving the same purpose. Installing a fireplace can be one of these standalone tasks.

In addition to the calculation, radiators also require compliance with certain requirements during their installation:

• installation must be carried out strictly under the windows, in the center, a long and generally accepted rule, but some manage to break it (such an installation prevents the movement of cold air from the window);
• The "ribs" of the radiator must be aligned vertically - but this requirement, somehow no one particularly claims to violate it, is obvious;
• something else is not obvious - if there are several radiators in the room, they should be located on the same level;
• it is necessary to provide at least 5 cm gaps from the top to the window sill and from the bottom to the floor from the radiator, ease of maintenance plays an important role here.

Skillful and accurate placement of radiators ensures the success of the whole end result - here you can not do without diagrams and modeling of the location depending on the size of the radiators themselves

Calculation of water in the system

The calculation of the volume of water in the heating system depends on the following factors:

• the volume of the heating boiler - this characteristic is known;
• pump performance - this characteristic is also known, but it should, in any case, provide the recommended speed of movement of the coolant through the system of 1 m / s;
• the volume of the entire pipeline system - this must already be calculated in fact, after the installation of the system;
• the total volume of radiators.

The ideal, of course, is to hide all communications behind a plasterboard wall, but this is not always possible, and it raises questions from the point of view of the convenience of future maintenance of the system.

Helpful advice! It is often impossible to accurately calculate the required volume of water in the system with mathematical accuracy. So they act a little differently. First, the system is filled, presumably by 90% of the volume, and its performance is checked. As you work, vent excess air and continue filling. Hence, there is a need for an additional reservoir with a coolant in the system. As the system operates, a natural decrease in the coolant occurs as a result of evaporation and convection processes, therefore, the calculation of the replenishment of the heating system consists in monitoring the loss of water from the additional reservoir.

Definitely turn to the experts.

Many repair work Of course, you can also do housework by yourself. But creating a heating system requires too much knowledge and skills. Therefore, even having studied all the photo and video materials on our website, even having familiarized yourself with such indispensable attributes of each element of the system as an “instruction”, we still recommend that you contact professionals for installing a heating system.

As the top of the entire heating system - the creation of warm heated floors. But the feasibility of installing such floors should be very carefully calculated.

The cost of errors when installing an autonomous heating system is very high. It's not worth the risk in this situation. The only thing left for you is the smart maintenance of the entire system and the call of the masters for its maintenance.

Page 4

Competently made calculations of the heating system for any building - a residential building, workshop, office, shop, etc., will guarantee its stable, correct, reliable and silent operation. In addition, you will avoid misunderstandings with housing and communal services workers, unnecessary financial costs and energy losses. Heating can be calculated in several stages.

When calculating heating, many factors must be taken into account.

Calculation stages

• First you need to know the heat loss of the building. This is necessary to determine the power of the boiler, as well as each of the radiators. Heat losses are calculated for each room with an external wall.

Note! The next step is to check the data. Divide the resulting numbers by the quadrature of the room. Thus, you will get specific heat losses (W/m²). As a rule, this is 50/150 W / m². If the received data is very different from those indicated, then you made a mistake. Therefore, the price of assembling the heating system will be too high.

• Next, you need to choose the temperature regime. It is advisable to take the following parameters for calculations: 75-65-20 ° (boiler-radiators-room). Such a temperature regime, when calculating heat, complies with the European heating standard EN 442.

Heating scheme.

• Then you need to select the power of the heating batteries, based on the data on heat losses in the rooms.
• After that, a hydraulic calculation is carried out - heating without it will not be effective. It is needed to determine the diameter of the pipes and technical properties circulation pump. If the house is private, then the pipe section can be selected according to the table, which will be given below.
• Next, you need to decide on a heating boiler (domestic or industrial).
• Then the volume of the heating system is found. You need to know its capacity in order to choose an expansion tank or make sure that the volume of the water tank already built into the heat generator is enough. Any online calculator will help you get the necessary data.

Thermal calculation

To carry out the heat engineering stage of designing a heating system, you will need initial data.

What you need to get started

House project.

1. First of all, you will need a building project. It should indicate the external and internal dimensions of each of the rooms, as well as windows and external doorways.
2. Next, find out the data on the location of the building in relation to the cardinal points, as well as the climatic conditions in your area.
3. Gather information about the height and composition of the exterior walls.
4. You will also need to know the parameters of the floor materials (from the room to the ground), as well as the ceiling (from the premises to the street).

After collecting all the data, you can start calculating the heat consumption for heating. As a result of the work, you will collect information on the basis of which you can carry out hydraulic calculations.

Required formula

Building heat loss.

Calculation of thermal loads on the system should determine the heat losses and boiler output. In the latter case, the formula for calculating heating is as follows:

Mk = 1.2 ∙ Tp, where:

• Mk is the power of the heat generator, in kW;
• Tp - heat loss of the building;
• 1.2 is a margin equal to 20%.

Note! This coefficient The reserve takes into account the possibility of a pressure drop in the gas pipeline system in winter, in addition, unforeseen heat losses. For example, as the photo shows, due to a broken window, poor thermal insulation of doors, severe frosts. Such a margin allows you to widely regulate the temperature regime.

It should be noted that when the amount of thermal energy is calculated, its losses throughout the building are not evenly distributed, on average, the figures are as follows:

• external walls lose about 40% of the total figure;
• 20% goes through the windows;
• floors give about 10%;
• 10% escapes through the roof;
• 20% leave through ventilation and doors.

Material coefficients

Thermal conductivity coefficients of some materials.

• K1 - type of windows;
• K2 - thermal insulation of walls;
• K3 - means the ratio of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwindows and floors;
• K4 - the minimum temperature regime outside;
• K5 - the number of external walls of the building;
• K6 - number of storeys of the structure;
• K7 - the height of the room.

As for windows, their heat loss coefficients are:

• traditional glazing - 1.27;
• double-glazed windows - 1;
• three-chamber analogues - 0.85.

The larger the windows are relative to the floors, the more heat the building loses.

When calculating the consumption of thermal energy for heating, keep in mind that the material of the walls has the following coefficient values:

• concrete blocks or panels - 1.25 / 1.5;
• timber or logs - 1.25;
• masonry in 1.5 bricks - 1.5;
• masonry in 2.5 bricks - 1.1;
• foam concrete blocks – 1.

At negative temperatures, heat leakage also increases.

1. Up to -10°, the coefficient will be equal to 0.7.
2. From -10° it will be 0.8.
3. At -15 °, you need to operate with a figure of 0.9.
4. Up to -20° - 1.
5. From -25° the value of the coefficient will be 1.1.
6. At -30° it will be 1.2.
7. Up to -35°, this value is 1.3.

When you calculate thermal energy, keep in mind that its loss also depends on how many external walls are in the building:

• one external wall - 1%;
• 2 walls - 1.2;
• 3 outer walls - 1.22;
• 4 walls - 1.33.

The greater the number of floors, the more difficult the calculations.

The number of floors or the type of premises located above the living room affect the coefficient K6. When the house has two floors or more, the calculation of heat energy for heating takes into account the coefficient 0.82. If at the same time the building has a warm attic, the figure changes to 0.91, if this room is not insulated, then to 1.

The height of the walls affects the level of the coefficient as follows:

• 2.5 m - 1;
• 3 m - 1.05;
• 3.5 m - 1.1;
• 4 m - 1.15;
• 4.5 m - 1.2.

Among other things, the methodology for calculating the need for thermal energy for heating takes into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room - Pk, as well as the specific value of heat losses - UDtp.

The final formula for the necessary calculation of the heat loss coefficient looks like this:

Tp \u003d UDtp ∙ Pl ∙ K1 ∙ K2 ∙ K3 ∙ K4 ∙ K5 ∙ K6 ∙ K7. In this case, UDtp is 100 W/m².

Calculation example

The building for which we will find the load on the heating system will have the following parameters.

1. Windows with double glazing, i.e. K1 is 1.
2. External walls - foam concrete, the coefficient is the same. 3 of them are external, in other words K5 is 1.22.
3. The square of the windows is 23% of the same indicator of the floor - K3 is 1.1.
4. Outside temperature is -15°, K4 is 0.9.
5. The attic of the building is not insulated, in other words, K6 will be 1.
6. The height of the ceilings is three meters, i.е. K7 is 1.05.
7. The area of ​​the premises is 135 m².

Knowing all the numbers, we substitute them into the formula:

Fri = 135 ∙ 100 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 1.1 ∙ 0.9 ∙ 1.22 ∙ 1 ∙ 1.05 = 17120.565 W (17.1206 kW).

Mk = 1.2 ∙ 17.1206 = 20.54472 kW.

Hydraulic calculation for heating system

An example of a hydraulic calculation scheme.

This design stage will help you choose the right length and diameter of pipes, as well as correctly balance the heating system using radiator valves. This calculation will give you the opportunity to choose the power of the electric circulation pump.

High quality circulation pump.

According to the results of hydraulic calculations, you need to find out the following numbers:

• M is the amount of water flow in the system (kg/s);
• DP - head loss;
• DP1, DP2… DPn, - head loss, from heat generator to each battery.

The flow rate of the coolant for the heating system is found by the formula:

M = Q/Cp ∙ DPt

1. Q means total power heating, is taken taking into account the heat loss of the house.
2. Cp is the specific heat capacity of water. To simplify the calculations, it can be taken as 4.19 kJ.
3. DPt is the temperature difference at the inlet and outlet of the boiler.

In the same way, it is possible to calculate the consumption of water (coolant) in any section of the pipeline. Select sections so that the fluid velocity is the same. According to the standard, division into sections must be carried out before reduction or tee. Next, sum up the power of all batteries to which water is supplied through each pipe interval. Then substitute the value in the above formula. These calculations must be made for the pipes in front of each of the batteries.

• V is the speed of advancement of the coolant (m/s);
• M - water consumption in the pipe section (kg / s);
• P is its density (1 t/m³);
  • F is the cross-sectional area of ​​the pipes (m²), it is found by the formula: π ∙ r / 2, where the letter r means the inner diameter.

DPptr = R ∙ L,

• R means specific friction loss in the pipe (Pa/m);
• L is the length of the section (m);

After that, calculate the pressure loss on the resistances (fittings, fittings), the action formula:

Dms = Σξ ∙ V²/2 ∙ P

• Σξ denotes the sum of the coefficients of local resistance in a given section;
• V - water velocity in the system
• P is the density of the coolant.

Note! In order for the circulation pump to sufficiently provide heat to all batteries, the pressure loss on the long branches of the system should not be more than 20,000 Pa. The coolant flow rate should be from 0.25 to 1.5 m/s.

If the speed is above the specified value, noise will appear in the system. The minimum speed value of 0.25 m / s is recommended by snip No. 2.04.05-91 so that the pipes do not air.

Pipes made of different materials have different properties.

In order to comply with all the voiced conditions, it is necessary to choose the right diameter of the pipes. You can do this according to the table below, which shows the total power of the batteries.

At the end of the article, you can watch a tutorial video on its topic.

Page 5

For installation, heating design standards must be observed

Numerous companies, as well as individuals, offer the population heating design with its subsequent installation. But do you really, if you are managing a construction site, do you definitely need a specialist in the field of calculation and installation of heating systems and appliances? The fact is that the price of such work is quite high, but with some effort, you can do it yourself.

How to heat your house

It is impossible to consider the installation and design of heating systems of all types in one article - it is better to pay attention to the most popular ones. Therefore, let's dwell on the calculations of the water radiator heating and some features of boilers for heating water circuits.

Calculation of the number of radiator sections and installation location

Sections can be added and removed by hand

• Some Internet users have an obsessive desire to find SNiP for heating calculations in Russian Federation, but such settings simply do not exist. Such rules are possible for a very small region or country, but not for a country with the most diverse climate. The only thing that can be advised to lovers of printed standards is to refer to the tutorial on designing water heating systems for the universities of Zaitsev and Lyubarets.
• The only standard that deserves attention is the amount of heat energy that should be released by a radiator per 1m2 of the room, with an average ceiling height of 270 cm (but not more than 300 cm). The heat transfer power should be 100W, therefore, the formula is suitable for calculations:

Knumber of sections \u003d S room area * 100 / P power of one section

• For example, you can calculate how many sections you need for a room of 30m2 with a specific power of one section of 180W. In this case, K=S*100/P=30*100/180=16.66. Round this number up for the margin and get 17 sections.

Panel radiators

• But what if the design and installation of heating systems is carried out by panel radiators, where it is impossible to add or remove part of the heater. In this case, it is necessary to select the battery power according to the cubic capacity of the heated room. Now we need to apply the formula:

P panel radiator power = V volume of heated room * 41 required amount of W per 1 cu.

• Let's take a room of the same size with a height of 270 cm and get V=a*b*h=5*6*2?7=81m3. Let's substitute the initial data to the formula: P=V*41=81*41=3.321kW. But such radiators do not exist, so let's go up and get a device with a power reserve of 4 kW.

The radiator must be hung under the window

• Whatever metal the radiators are made of, the rules for designing heating systems provide for their location under the window. The battery heats the air enveloping it, and as it heats up, it becomes lighter and rises. These warm streams create a natural barrier to cold streams moving from window panes, thus increasing the efficiency of the appliance.
• Therefore, if you have calculated the number of sections or calculated the required radiator power, this does not mean at all that you can limit yourself to one device if there are several windows in the room (for some panel radiators, the instructions mention this). If the battery consists of sections, then they can be divided, leaving the same amount under each window, and you just need to purchase several pieces of water for panel heaters, but of lesser power.

Boiler selection for the project

Covtion gas boiler Bosch Gaz 3000W

• The terms of reference for the design of the heating system also include the choice of a domestic heating boiler, and if it runs on gas, then in addition to the difference in design power, it may turn out to be convection or condensing. The first system is quite simple - in this case, thermal energy arises only from gas combustion, but the second is more complex, because water vapor is also involved there, as a result of which fuel consumption is reduced by 25-30%.
• You can also choose between open or closed chamber combustion. In the first situation, you need a chimney and natural ventilation - this is a cheaper way. The second case involves the forced supply of air into the chamber by a fan and the same removal of combustion products through a coaxial chimney.

gas boiler

• If the design and installation of heating provides for a solid fuel boiler for heating a private house, then it is better to give preference to a gas generating device. The fact is that such systems are much more economical than conventional units, because the combustion of fuel in them occurs almost without a trace, and even that evaporates in the form of carbon dioxide and soot. When burning wood or coal from the lower chamber, the pyrolysis gas falls into another chamber, where it burns to the end, which justifies the very high efficiency.

Recommendations. There are other types of boilers, but about them now more briefly. So, if you opted for a liquid fuel heater, you can give preference to a unit with a multi-stage burner, thereby increasing the efficiency of the entire system.

Electrode boiler "Galan"

If you prefer electric boilers, then instead of a heating element, it is better to purchase an electrode heater (see photo above). This is a relatively new invention in which the coolant itself serves as a conductor of electricity. But, nevertheless, it is completely safe and very economical.

Fireplace for heating a country house

To assess the thermal performance of the adopted design and planning solution, the calculation of heat losses by the building fences is completed by determining specific thermal characteristic of the building

q beats \u003d Q with about / (V n (t in 1 - t n B))(3.15)

where Q with o- maximum heat flow for heating the building, calculated according to (3.2), taking into account infiltration losses, W; V n - construction volume of the building according to external measurement, m 3; t in 1 - average air temperature in heated rooms.

Value q beats, W / (m 3 o C) is equal to the heat loss of 1 m 3 of the building in watts at a temperature difference of 1 ° C between indoor and outdoor air.

Calculated q beats compared with indicators for similar buildings (Appendix 2). It should not be higher than reference q beats, otherwise the initial costs and operating costs for heating increase.

Specific thermal characteristic buildings of any purpose, can be determined by the formula of N. S. Ermolaev

q beats \u003d P / S + 1 / H (0.9 k pt \u003d 0.6 k pl)(3.16)

where R - building perimeter, m; S- building area, m 2; H - building height, m; φ o- glazing coefficient (the ratio of the glazing area to the area of ​​vertical external fences); k st, k ok, k fri, k pl- heat transfer coefficients of walls, windows, floors of the upper floor, floor of the lower floor.

For staircases q beats usually accepted with a coefficient of 1.6.

For civil buildings q beats tentatively determine

q beats \u003d 1.163 ((1 + 2d) F + S) / V n,(3.17)

where d- the degree of glazing of the outer walls of the building in fractions of a unit; F- area of ​​​​external walls, m 2; S- building area in plan, m 2; V n - construction volume of the building according to the external measurement, m 3.

For buildings of mass residential development tentatively determine

q beats \u003d 1.163 (0.37 + 1 / N),(3.18)

where H - building height, m

Energy saving measures(Table 3.3) should be provided with work on the insulation of buildings during major and current repairs.

Table 3.3. Aggregated indicators of the maximum heat flow for heating residential buildings per 1 m 2 of the total area q o , Tue

Use of specific thermal characteristic.

In practice, the approximate heat output of the heating system is necessary to determine the heat output of the heat source (boiler house, CHPP), order equipment and materials, determine annual expense fuel, calculation of the cost of the heating system.

Approximate heat output of the heating systemQ c.o, W

Q c.o \u003d q beats Vn (t in 1 - t n B) a,(3.19)

where q beats- reference specific thermal characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 o C), adj. 2; a- coefficient of local climatic conditions, adj. 2 (for residential and public buildings).

Estimated room heat loss determined by (3.19) . Wherein q beats accepted with a correction factor that takes into account the planning location and floor (Table 3.4.)

Table 3.4. Correction factors for q beats

The influence of space-planning and constructive solutions buildings on the microclimate and heat balance of the premises, as well as the heat output of the heating system.

From (3.15)-(3.18) it can be seen that on q beats the volume of the building, the degree of glazing, the number of storeys, the area of ​​​​external fences and their thermal protection affect. q beats also depends on the shape of the building and the area of ​​construction.

Buildings of small volume, narrow, complex configuration, with an increased perimeter have an increased thermal characteristic. Cube-shaped buildings have reduced heat losses. The smallest heat loss is due to spherical structures of the same volume (minimum external area). The construction area determines the heat-shielding properties of the fences.

The architectural composition of the building should have the most favorable form in terms of heat engineering, the minimum area of ​​​​external fences, the correct degree of glazing (thermal resistance of external walls is 3 times more than glazed openings).

It should be noted that q beats can be reduced by the use of highly efficient and cheap insulation for external fences.

In the absence of data on the type of development and the external volume of buildings The maximum heat inputs for heating and ventilation are determined by:

Heat flow, W, for heating residential and public buildings

Q′ o max = q o F (1 + k 1)(3.20)

Heat flux, W, for ventilation of public buildings

Q′ v max = q o k 1 k 2 F (3.21)

where q o - an aggregated indicator of the maximum heat flow for heating residential buildings per 1 m 2 of the total area (Table 3.3); F- total area of ​​residential buildings, m 2; k 1 and k2- heat flow coefficients for heating and ventilation of public buildings ( k 1 = 0,25; k2= 0.4 (before 1985), k2= 0.6 (after 1985)).

Actual (installation) thermal power of heating systems, taking into account useless heat losses(heat transfer through the walls of heat pipelines laid in unheated premises, placement of heating devices and pipes near external fences)

Q′ s. o \u003d (1 ... 1.15) Q s. about(3.22)

Heat consumption for ventilation of residential buildings, without supply ventilation, do not exceed 5 ... 10% of heat costs for heating and are taken into account in the value of the specific thermal characteristic of the building q beats.

Test questions. one. What initial data must be available to determine the heat loss of a room? 2. What formula is used to calculate heat losses in rooms? 3. What is the peculiarity of calculating heat losses through floors and underground parts of walls? 4. What is meant by additional heat loss and how are they taken into account? 5. What is air infiltration? 6. What can be the heat input into the premises and how are they taken into account in the heat balance of the premises? 7. Write down an expression for determining the heat output of the heating system. 8. What is the meaning of the specific thermal characteristic of a building and how is it determined? 9. What is the specific thermal characteristic of a building used for? 10. How do space-planning decisions of buildings affect the microclimate and heat balance of premises?11. How is the installed capacity of a building's heating system determined?

An indicator of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a residential or public building at the stage of development of project documentation is the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, numerically equal to the consumption of thermal energy per 1 m 3 of the heated volume of the building per unit time with a temperature difference of 1 ° WITH, , W / (m 3 0 C). The calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building,
, W / (m 3 0 C), is determined according to the method, taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction area, the selected space-planning solutions, the orientation of the building, the heat-shielding properties of the enclosing structures, the adopted building ventilation system, as well as the use of energy-saving technologies. The calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building must be less than or equal to the normalized value, according to,
, W / (m 3 0 С):

≤
(7.1)

where
- normalized specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of buildings, W / (m 3 · 0 С), determined for various types of residential and public buildings according to table 7.1 or 7.2.

Table 7.1

, W / (m 3 0 С)

Notes:

With intermediate values ​​​​of the heated area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building in the range of 50-1000m 2, the values
must be determined by linear interpolation.

Table 7.2

Normalized (basic) specific flow characteristic

thermal energy for heating and ventilation

low-rise residential single-family buildings,
, W / (m 3 0 С)

Notes:

For regions with a value of GSOP=8000 0 C day or more, normalized
should be reduced by 5%.

To assess the energy demand for heating and ventilation achieved in the building project or in the building in operation, the following energy saving classes (Table 7.3) are established in% of the deviation of the calculated specific characteristic of the heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building from the normalized (base) value.

Design of buildings with energy saving class "D, E" is not allowed. Classes "A, B, C" are established for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of development of project documentation. Subsequently, during operation, the energy efficiency class of the building must be specified during an energy audit. In order to increase the share of buildings with classes "A, B", the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should apply economic incentives to both participants in the construction process and operating organizations.

Table 7.3

Energy saving classes of residential and public buildings

Estimated specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building,
, W / (m 3 0 C), should be determined by the formula

k about - the specific heat-shielding characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 0 С), is determined as follows

, (7.3)

where - actual total resistance to heat transfer for all layers of the fence (m 2 С) / W;

- the area of ​​the corresponding fragment of the heat-shielding shell of the building, m 2;

V from - the heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of buildings, m 3;

- coefficient taking into account the difference between the internal or external temperature of the structure from those accepted in the calculation of the GSOP, =1.

k vent - specific ventilation characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 ·С);

k life - specific characteristic of household heat emissions of the building, W / (m 3 ·C);

k rad - specific characteristic of heat input into the building from solar radiation, W / (m 3 0 С);

ξ - coefficient taking into account the reduction in heat consumption of residential buildings, ξ = 0.1;

β - coefficient taking into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system, β h = 1,05;

ν - coefficient of heat transfer reduction due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures; recommended values ​​are determined by the formula ν = 0.7+0.000025*(GSOP-1000);

The specific ventilation characteristic of the building, k vent, W / (m 3 0 С), should be determined by the formula

where c is the specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ / (kg ° C);

β v- coefficient of reduction of air volume in the building, β v = 0,85;

- average density supply air for the heating period, kg / m 3

=353/, (7.5)

t from - the average temperature of the heating period, С, according to 6, tab. 3.1, (see appendix 6).

n in - the average frequency of air exchange in a public building during the heating period, h -1, for public buildings, according to, the average value is taken n in \u003d 2;

k e f - coefficient of efficiency of the heat exchanger, k e f =0.6.

The specific characteristic of the household heat emissions of the building, k life, W / (m 3 C), should be determined by the formula

, (7.6)

where q life - the value of household heat emissions per 1 m 2 of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bresidential premises (A w) or the estimated area of ​​\u200b\u200ba public building (A p), W / m 2, taken for:

a) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of total area per person q life = 17 W / m 2;

b) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments of 45 m 2 of total area or more per person q life = 10 W / m 2;

c) other residential buildings - depending on the estimated occupancy of the apartments by interpolation of the q life value between 17 and 10 W / m 2;

d) for public and administrative buildings, household heat emissions are taken into account according to the estimated number of people (90 W / person) in the building, lighting (in terms of installed power) and office equipment (10 W / m 2), taking into account working hours per week;

t in, t from - the same as in formulas (2.1, 2.2);

A W - for residential buildings - the area of ​​​​residential premises (A W), which include bedrooms, children's rooms, living rooms, offices, libraries, dining rooms, kitchen-dining rooms; for public and administrative buildings - the estimated area (A p), determined in accordance with SP 117.13330 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, stairwells, elevator shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as premises intended for placement engineering equipment and networks, m 2.

The specific characteristic of heat gains into the building from solar radiation, k p ad, W / (m 3 ° C), should be determined by the formula

, (7.7)

where
- heat gains through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ/year, for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions, determined by the formula

- coefficients of relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings of windows and skylights, respectively, taken according to the passport data of the corresponding light-transmitting products; in the absence of data should be taken should be taken according to table (2.8); skylights with an angle of inclination of fillings to the horizon of 45 ° or more should be considered as vertical windows, with an angle of inclination of less than 45 ° - as skylights;

- coefficients that take into account the shading of the light opening, respectively, of windows and skylights by opaque filling elements, taken according to design data; in the absence of data, it should be taken from the table (2.8).

- the area of ​​light openings of the facades of the building (the blind part of the balcony doors is excluded), respectively, oriented in four directions, m 2;

- area of ​​light apertures of anti-aircraft lamps of the building, m;

- the average value of the total solar radiation for the heating period (direct plus scattered) on vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, respectively oriented along the four facades of the building, MJ / m 2, is determined by adj. eight;

- the average value of the total solar radiation for the heating period (direct plus scattered) to a horizontal surface under actual cloudiness conditions, MJ / m 2, is determined by adj. eight.

V from - the same as in the formula (7.3).

GSOP - the same as in formula (2.2).

Calculation of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy

for heating and ventilation of the building

Initial data

We will calculate the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a building using the example of a two-story individual residential building with a total area of ​​248.5 m 2. The values ​​\u200b\u200bof the quantities required for the calculation: t c = 20 С; t op = -4.1С;
\u003d 3.28 (m 2 С) / W;
\u003d 4.73 (m 2 С) / W;
\u003d 4.84 (m 2 С) / W; \u003d 0.74 (m 2 С) / W;
\u003d 0.55 (m 2 С) / W;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 2;
m 3;
W / m 2;
0,7;
0;
0,5;
0;
7.425 m2;
4.8 m 2;
6.6 m 2;
12.375 m2;
m 2;
695 MJ/(m 2 year);
1032 MJ / (m 2 year);
1032 MJ / (m 2 year); \u003d 1671 MJ / (m 2 year);
\u003d \u003d 1331 MJ / (m 2 year).

Calculation procedure

1. Calculate the specific heat-shielding characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 0 С), according to the formula (7.3) is determined as follows

W / (m 3 0 C),

2. According to the formula (2.2), the degree-days of the heating period are calculated

D\u003d (20 + 4.1)200 \u003d 4820 Сday.

3. Find the coefficient of heat gain reduction due to the thermal inertia of the enclosing structures; recommended values ​​are determined by the formula

ν \u003d 0.7 + 0.000025 * (4820-1000) \u003d 0.7955.

4. Find the average density of the supply air for the heating period, kg / m 3, according to the formula (7.5)

\u003d 353 / \u003d 1.313 kg / m 3.

5. We calculate the specific ventilation characteristic of the building according to the formula (7.4), W / (m 3 0 С)

W / (m 3 0 C)

6. I determine the specific characteristic of the household heat emissions of the building, W / (m 3 C), according to the formula (7.6)

W / (m 3 C),

7. According to the formula (7.8), heat gains through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ / year, are calculated for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions

8. According to formula (7.7), determine the specific characteristic of heat gains into the building from solar radiation, W / (m 3 ° С)

W / (m 3 ° С),

9. Determine the calculated specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, W / (m 3 0 С), according to the formula (7.2)

W / (m 3 0 C)

10. Compare the obtained value of the calculated specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building with the normalized (base),
, W / (m 3 0 С), according to tables 7.1 and 7.2.

0.4 W / (m 3 0 C)
\u003d 0.435 W / (m 3 0 C)

≤

The calculated value of the specific characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building must be less than the normalized value.

To assess the energy demand for heating and ventilation achieved in the building project or in the building in operation, the energy saving class of the designed residential building is determined by the percentage deviation of the calculated specific characteristic of the heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building from the normalized (base) value.

Conclusion: The designed building belongs to the “C + Normal” energy saving class, which is set for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of development of project documentation. The development of additional measures to improve the energy efficiency class of the building is not required. Subsequently, during operation, the energy efficiency class of the building must be specified during an energy audit.

Security questions for section 7:

1. What is the main indicator of the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a residential or public building at the stage of development of project documentation? What does it depend on?

2. What are the energy efficiency classes of residential and public buildings?

3. What energy saving classes are established for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of development of project documentation?

4. Designing buildings with which energy saving class is not allowed?

CONCLUSION

The problems of saving energy resources are especially important in the current period of development of our country. The cost of fuel and thermal energy is growing, and this trend is predicted for the future; at the same time, the volume of energy consumption is constantly and rapidly increasing. The energy intensity of the national income in our country is several times higher than in developed countries.

In this regard, the importance of identifying reserves to reduce energy costs is obvious. One of the ways to save energy resources is the implementation of energy-saving measures during the operation of heat supply, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. One of the solutions to this problem is to reduce the heat loss of buildings through the building envelope, i.e. reduction of thermal loads on DHW systems.

The importance of solving this problem is especially great in urban engineering, where only about 35% of all produced solid and gaseous fuels are spent on heat supply to residential and public buildings.

In recent years, an imbalance in the development of sub-sectors of urban construction has sharply become apparent in cities: the technical backwardness of engineering infrastructure, the uneven development of individual systems and their elements, a departmental approach to the use of natural and produced resources, which leads to their irrational use and sometimes to the need to attract appropriate resources from other regions.

The need of cities for fuel and energy resources and the provision of engineering services is growing, which directly affects the increase in the incidence of the population, leads to the destruction of the forest belt of cities.

The use of modern heat-insulating materials with a high value of heat transfer resistance will lead to a significant reduction in energy costs, the result will be a significant economic effect in the operation of DHW systems through a reduction in fuel costs and, accordingly, an improvement in the environmental situation in the region, which will reduce the cost of medical care for the population.

REFERENCES

Bogoslovsky, V.N. Building thermophysics (thermophysical basics of heating, ventilation and air conditioning) [Text] / V.N. Theological. – Ed. 3rd. - St. Petersburg: ABOK "North-West", 2006.

Tikhomirov, K.V. Heat engineering, heat and gas supply and ventilation [Text] / K.V. Tikhomirov, E.S. Sergienko. - M .: LLC "BASTET", 2009.

Fokin, K.F. Construction heat engineering of enclosing parts of buildings [Text] / K.F. Fokin; ed. Yu.A. Tabunshchikova, V.G. Gagarin. – M.: AVOK-PRESS, 2006.

Eremkin, A.I. Thermal regime of buildings [Text]: textbook. allowance / A.I. Eremkin, T.I. Queen. - Rostov-n / D .: Phoenix, 2008.

SP 60.13330.2012 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Updated edition of SNiP 41-01-2003 [Text]. – M.: Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.

SP 131.13330.2012 Building climatology. Updated version of SNiP 23-01-99 [Text]. – M.: Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.

SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 23-02-2003 [Text]. – M.: Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.

SP 54.13330.2011 Residential multi-apartment buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 31-01-2003 [Text]. – M.: Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.

Kuvshinov, Yu.Ya. Theoretical foundations for ensuring the microclimate of the room [Text] / Yu.Ya. Pitchers. - M .: Publishing house ASV, 2007.

SP 118.13330.2012 Public buildings and structures. Updated edition of SNiP 31-05-2003 [Text]. – Ministry of Regional Development of Russia, 2012.

Kupriyanov, V.N. Building climatology and environmental physics [Text] / V.N. Kupriyanov. – Kazan, KSUAU, 2007.

Monastyrev, P.V. Technology for the device of additional thermal protection of the walls of residential buildings [Text] / P.V. Monastery. - M .: Publishing house ASV, 2002.

Bodrov V.I., Bodrov M.V. and others. Microclimate of buildings and structures [Text] / V.I. Bodrov [i dr.]. - Nizhny Novgorod, Arabesk Publishing House, 2001.

GOST 30494-96. Buildings residential and public. Indoor microclimate parameters [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.

GOST 21.602-2003. Rules for the implementation of working documentation for heating, ventilation and air conditioning [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

SNiP 2.01.01-82. Building climatology and geophysics [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of the USSR, 1982.

SNiP 2.04.05-91*. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of the USSR, 1991.

SP 23-101-2004. Design of thermal protection of buildings [Text]. – M.: MCC LLC, 2007.

TSN 23-332-2002. Penza region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

21. TSN 23-319-2000. Krasnodar Territory. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

22. TSN 23-310-2000. Belgorod region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

23. TSN 23-327-2001. Bryansk region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2001.

24. TSN 23-340-2003. St. Petersburg. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

25. TSN 23-349-2003. Samara Region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

26. TSN 23-339-2002. Rostov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

27. TSN 23-336-2002. Kemerovo region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

28. TSN 23-320-2000. Chelyabinsk region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

29. TSN 23-301-2002. Sverdlovsk region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

30. TSN 23-307-00. Ivanovo region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

31. TSN 23-312-2000. Vladimir region. Thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

32. TSN 23-306-99. Sakhalin region. Thermal protection and energy consumption of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.

33. TSN 23-316-2000. Tomsk region. Thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

34. TSN 23-317-2000. Novosibirsk region. Energy saving in residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

35. TSN 23-318-2000. Republic of Bashkortostan. Thermal protection of buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

36. TSN 23-321-2000. Astrakhan region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

37. TSN 23-322-2001. Kostroma region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2001.

38. TSN 23-324-2001. Komi Republic. Energy-saving thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2001.

39. TSN 23-329-2002. Oryol Region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

40. TSN 23-333-2002. Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Energy consumption and thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

41. TSN 23-338-2002. Omsk region. Energy saving in civil buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

42. TSN 23-341-2002. Ryazan Oblast. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

43. TSN 23-343-2002. Saha Republic. Thermal protection and energy consumption of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

44. TSN 23-345-2003. Udmurt republic. Energy saving in buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

45. TSN 23-348-2003. Pskov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2003.

46. ​​TSN 23-305-99. Saratov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.

47. TSN 23-355-2004. Kirov region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

48. Malyavina E.G., A.N. Borshchev. Article. Calculation of solar radiation in winter [Text]. "ESCO". Electronic magazine of the energy service company "Ecological Systems" No. 11, November 2006.

49. TSN 23-313-2000. Tyumen region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

50. TSN 23-314-2000. Kaliningrad region. Standards for energy-saving thermal protection of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2000.

51. TSN 23-350-2004. Vologda Region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

52. TSN 23-358-2004. Orenburg region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

53. TSN 23-331-2002. Chita region. Energy efficiency of residential and public buildings. [Text]. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2002.

For thermal evaluation of design and planning solutions and for estimated calculation heat loss of buildings is used as an indicator - the specific thermal characteristic of the building q.

The value q, W / (m 3 * K) [kcal / (h * m 3 * ° C)], determines the average heat loss of 1 m 3 of the building, referred to the calculated temperature difference equal to 1 °:

q \u003d Q zd / (V (t p -t n)).

where Q zd - estimated heat loss by all rooms of the building;

V - the volume of the heated part of the building to the external measurement;

t p -t n - the estimated temperature difference for the main premises of the building.

The value of q is determined as a product:

where q 0 - specific thermal characteristic corresponding to the temperature difference Δt 0 =18-(-30)=48°;

β t - temperature coefficient, taking into account the deviation of the actual calculated temperature difference from Δt 0 .

The specific thermal characteristic q 0 can be determined by the formula:

q0=(1/(R 0 *V))*.

This formula can be converted into a simpler expression using the data given in the SNiP and taking, for example, the characteristics for residential buildings as a basis:

q 0 \u003d ((1 + 2d) * Fc + F p) / V.

where R 0 - heat transfer resistance of the outer wall;

η ok - coefficient taking into account the increase in heat loss through the windows compared to the outer walls;

d - the proportion of the area of ​​​​the outer walls occupied by windows;

ηpt, ηpl - coefficients that take into account the reduction in heat loss through the ceiling and floor compared to the outer walls;

F c - area of ​​outer walls;

F p - area of ​​the building in terms of;

V is the volume of the building.

The dependence of the specific thermal characteristic q 0 on the change in the design and planning solution of the building, the volume of the building V and the resistance to heat transfer of the outer walls β relative to R 0 tr, the height of the building h, the degree of glazing of the outer walls d, the heat transfer coefficient of the windows k he and the width of the building b.

The temperature coefficient β t is:

βt=0.54+22/(t p -t n).

The formula corresponds to the values ​​of the coefficient β t , which are usually given in the reference literature.

Characteristic q is convenient to use for thermal evaluation of possible design and planning solutions for the building.

If we substitute the value of Q zd into the formula, then it can be brought to the form:

q=(∑k*F*(t p -t n))/(V(t p -t n))≈(∑k*F)/V.

The value of the thermal characteristic depends on the volume of the building and, in addition, on the purpose, number of storeys and the shape of the building, the area and thermal protection of external fences, the degree of glazing of the building and the construction area. The influence of individual factors on the value of q is obvious from the consideration of the formula. The figure shows the dependence of qo on various characteristics of the building. The reference point in the drawing, through which all the curves pass, correspond to the values: q o \u003d O.415 (0.356) for the building V \u003d 20 * 103 m 3, width b \u003d 11 m, d \u003d 0.25 R o \u003d 0.86 (1.0), k ok =3.48 (3.0); length l=30 m. Each curve corresponds to a change in one of the characteristics (additional scales along the abscissa) with other things being equal. The second scale on the y-axis shows this relationship as a percentage. It can be seen from the graph that the degree of glazing d and the width of the building b have a noticeable effect on qo.

The graph reflects the effect of thermal protection of external fences on the total heat loss of the building. According to the dependence of qo on β (R o \u003d β * R o.tr), it can be concluded that with an increase in the thermal insulation of the walls, the thermal characteristic decreases slightly, while when it decreases, qo begins to increase rapidly. With additional thermal protection of window openings (scale k ok), qo noticeably decreases, which confirms the feasibility of increasing the heat transfer resistance of windows.

The q values ​​for buildings of various purposes and volumes are given in reference manuals. For civil buildings, these values ​​vary within the following limits:

The heat demand for heating a building can differ markedly from the amount of heat loss, therefore, instead of q, you can use the specific thermal characteristic of the heating of the building qot, when calculating which, according to the upper formula, the numerator is substituted not for heat loss, but for the installed heat output of the heating system Qot.set.

Q from.set \u003d 1.150 * Q from.

where Q from - is determined by the formula:

Q from \u003d ΔQ \u003d Q orp + Q vent + Q texn.

where Q orp - heat loss through external enclosures;

Q vent - heat consumption for heating the air entering the room;

Q texn - technological and household heat releases.

Values ​​qfrom can be used to calculate the heat demand for heating a building according to integrated meters using the following formula:

Q \u003d q from * V * (tp-t n).

The calculation of thermal loads on heating systems according to enlarged meters is used for approximate calculations when determining the need for heat in a district, city, during design district heating etc.

All buildings and structures, regardless of type and classification, have certain technical and operational parameters that must be recorded in the relevant documentation. One of the most important indicators is the specific thermal characteristic, which has a direct impact on the amount of payment for the consumed thermal energy and allows you to determine the energy efficiency class of the structure.

The specific heating characteristic is usually called the value of the maximum heat flux, which is necessary to heat the structure with a difference between the internal and external temperatures equal to one degree Celsius. Average indicators are determined by building codes, recommendations and rules. At the same time, any nature of deviation from the standard values ​​allows us to talk about the energy efficiency of the heating system.

The specific thermal characteristic can be both actual and calculated. In the first case, in order to obtain data as close as possible to reality, it is necessary to examine the building using thermal imaging equipment, and in the second case, the indicators are determined using the table of the specific heating characteristics of the building and special calculation formulas.

Recently, the determination of the energy efficiency class has been a mandatory procedure for all residential buildings. Such information should be included in energy passport buildings, since each class has a set minimum and maximum energy consumption during the year.

To determine the energy efficiency class of a building, it is necessary to clarify the following information:

• type of structure or building;
• building materials that were used in the process of construction and decoration of the building, as well as their technical parameters;
• deviation of actual and calculated and standard indicators. Actual data can be obtained by calculation or by practical means. When making calculations, it is necessary to take into account the climatic features of a particular area, in addition, regulatory data should include information on the costs of air conditioning, heat supply and ventilation.

Improving the energy efficiency of a multi-storey building

Estimated data, in most cases, indicate the low energy efficiency of multi-apartment housing. When it comes to increasing this indicator, it must be clearly understood that it is possible to reduce heating costs only by carrying out additional thermal insulation, which will help reduce heat loss. Reduce heat loss in residential apartment building, of course, it is possible, but the solution of this problem will be a very time-consuming and expensive process.

The main methods for improving the energy efficiency of a multi-storey building include the following:

• elimination of cold bridges in building structures (improvement of performance by 2-3%);
• installation of window structures on loggias, balconies and terraces (method efficiency 10-12%);
• use of micro-systems of micro-ventilation;
• replacement of windows with modern multi-chamber profiles with energy-saving double-glazed windows;
• normalization of the area of ​​glazed structures;
• increasing the thermal resistance of the building structure by finishing the basement and technical rooms, as well as wall cladding using highly efficient thermal insulation materials (increased energy saving by 35-40%).

An additional measure to improve the energy efficiency of residential high-rise building it may become tenants to carry out energy-saving procedures in apartments, for example:

• installation of thermostats;
• installation of heat-reflecting screens;
• installation of heat energy meters;
• installation of aluminum radiators;
• installation of an individual heating system;
• reduction in ventilation costs.

How to improve the energy efficiency of a private house?

It is possible to increase the energy efficiency class of a private house using various methods. An integrated approach to solving this problem will provide excellent results. The size of the cost item for heating a residential building is primarily determined by the characteristics of the heat supply system. Individual housing construction practically does not provide for the connection of private houses to centralized systems heat supply, so heating issues in this case are solved with the help of an individual boiler room. The installation of modern boiler equipment, which is different high efficiency and economical work.

In most cases, gas boilers are used to heat a private house, but this type of fuel is not always appropriate, especially for areas that have not undergone gasification. When choosing a heating boiler, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the region, the availability of fuel and operating costs. Equally important from an economic point of view for the future heating system will be the availability of additional equipment and options for the boiler. Installing a thermostat, as well as a number of other devices and sensors, will help save fuel.

For the circulation of the coolant in autonomous heat supply systems, pumping equipment is mainly used. Undoubtedly, it must be of high quality and reliable. However, it should be remembered that the operation of equipment for forced circulation of the coolant in the system will account for about 30-40% of the total electricity costs. When choosing pumping equipment, preference should be given to models with an energy efficiency class of "A".

The efficiency of using thermostats deserves special attention. The principle of operation of the device is as follows: using a special sensor, it determines the internal temperature of the room and, depending on the indicator obtained, turns off or turns on the pump. The temperature regime and the response threshold are set by the residents of the house independently. The main advantage of using a thermostat is to turn off the circulation equipment and the heater. Thus, residents receive significant savings and a comfortable microclimate.

The installation of modern plastic windows with energy-saving double-glazed windows, thermal insulation of walls, protection of premises from drafts, etc. will also help to increase the actual indicators of the specific thermal characteristic of the house. It should be noted that these measures will help not only increase the numbers, but also increase the comfort in the house, as well as reduce operating costs.