Basic information about the stool. The history of the chair and stool

". In Russian it is borrowed through it. Taburett) - a piece of furniture for sitting one person without a back and armrests.

Stools are made from wood, metal, plastics, chipboard, MDF, plywood and other materials. The seat of the stool can be either hard (including lining made of abrasion-resistant material, such as plastic), or with a soft element upholstered in fabric or leather.

Design features

The main parts of the stool are the leg (support) and the seat. The legs of the stool can be connected to each other by the upper drawstrings and additionally by the lower legs.

Types of stools by functional purpose

• kitchen stool- a stool designed to perform work in the kitchen.
• for tourists- folding stool with a light, durable base, resistant to moisture and heat (aluminum tubes, etc.).
• bar stool- high stools, with support for the feet.
• for playing a musical instrument- stools, with a rotating, height-adjustable seat.
• special purpose- designed for a certain type of work, and having specific features (size, strength characteristics, coatings).

In Moscow, on Taganskaya Street, there is a monument to a stool: since April 3, 2007, the Museum of Furniture has been located in the former estate of the Arshenevsky brothers, in front of which a three-meter monument to a stool rises.

see also

Write a review on the article "Stool"

Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Stool

Russian military historians, as much as logic is obligatory for them, involuntarily come to this conclusion and, despite lyrical appeals about courage and devotion, etc., must involuntarily admit that the French retreat from Moscow is a series of Napoleon's victories and Kutuzov's defeats.
But, leaving the people's pride completely aside, one feels that this conclusion in itself contains a contradiction, since a series of French victories led them to complete annihilation, and a series of Russian defeats led them to the complete annihilation of the enemy and the purification of their fatherland.
The source of this contradiction lies in the fact that historians who study events from the letters of sovereigns and generals, from reports, reports, plans, etc., have assumed a false, never existing goal of the last period of the war of 1812 - a goal that allegedly consisted in was to cut off and capture Napoleon with his marshals and army.
This goal has never been and could not be, because it had no meaning, and its achievement was completely impossible.
This goal did not make any sense, firstly, because the frustrated army of Napoleon fled from Russia with all possible speed, that is, it fulfilled the very thing that every Russian could wish for. What was the purpose of doing various operations on the French, who were running as fast as they could?
Secondly, it was pointless to stand in the way of people who had directed all their energy to flee.
Thirdly, it was pointless to lose their troops to destroy the French armies, which were being destroyed without external causes in such a progression that, without any blocking of the path, they could not transport more than what they transferred in the month of December, that is, one hundredth of the entire army, across the border.
Fourthly, it was pointless to want to capture the emperor, kings, dukes - people whose captivity would have made the actions of the Russians extremely difficult, as the most skillful diplomats of that time (J. Maistre and others) recognized. Even more senseless was the desire to take the French corps, when their troops melted half to the Red, and the divisions of the convoy had to be separated from the corps of prisoners, and when their soldiers did not always receive full provisions and the prisoners already taken were dying of hunger.
The whole thoughtful plan to cut off and catch Napoleon with the army was similar to the plan of a gardener who, driving the cattle that had trampled his ridges out of the garden, would run to the gate and begin to beat this cattle on the head. One thing that could be said in defense of the gardener would be that he was very angry. But this could not even be said about the compilers of the project, because it was not they who suffered from the trampled ridges.

One of the first inventions of man was the stool. It is she, along with the bed and the table, that is the progenitor of everything we are sitting on now. Before the ancient man invented the stool, he sat on the ground. When people realized that it was cold and damp to sit on the ground, they began to put skins, bunches of grass or branches under themselves. The prototype of the chair was a log. But since it rides, someone thought of chopping it into pieces and sitting on the resulting log. Such a block was not very easy to carry from place to place, and they began to cut off unnecessary parts from the sides or bottom, so that it remained stable. Stools are backless chairs or short benches for one person only. In conditions of limited space in the premises, they are the most suitable furniture products, they take up little space. A wooden block is considered similar to a stool, it can act as seats or tables. It is made industrially from a debarked trunk of cedar, oak, or birch. The shape of the barrel is often used by modern designers in their work. It is very comfortable to sit on a log that is placed on the priest, but it is difficult to drag it. To make the stump lighter, its middle is undermined. This is how the stools got a “waist”, which is very convenient to grab onto. Similar patterns are still found among African tribes. Models with chiseled silhouettes look advantageous in absolutely any interior - both classic and modern.

The oldest examples of stools found date back to around 3000 BC. It was these ancient stools that later became the progenitors of chairs.

In ancient Egypt, wood was actively used to make furniture, including stools. Stools in those days were used in their everyday life even by kings and pharaohs. Moreover, not only ordinary, but also folding stools were in use, the seats of which were made of wood, and the legs resembled hooves and were made of elephant tusks.

Ancient samples of wooden furniture were found in Egyptian burials, which are more than 5 thousand years old. The masters of those times did not know lathes and owned frame-panel knitted structures. Much later turned furniture appeared in Mesopotamia. Because the tree rots, then the Egyptian finds have great luck. Among the more noble and important furniture was a simple stool, which went through all eras and styles. Changes in its design, shape were made at all times by artists, wood carvers, architects.

During the First Dynasty, the stool served as a throne for pharaohs. But the pharaohs of the Second Dynasty already had thrones with a back, and the stool faded into the background.

A little later, all the furniture makers from the banks of the Nile stretched a mat between the supports. Under the weight of the seated, it begins to deform exactly as needed. And the stability of this design will provide an x-shaped base.

The Romans made the mounts movable - this is how folding stools appear. Portable folding chairs traveled behind the senators to the various boardrooms. Later, they were transformed into camping chairs, and director's chairs also came from them.

Even later, a form in the form of a saddle appears, peeped from the nomads. The representative of the steppe peoples, in order not to sit on the cold ground, used the harness taken from the horses as a seat. In the middle of the last century, Achille Castiglioni was the very first to remove the seat from the bicycle and put it on a steel rod with a stand - it turned out to be a stool. The shape of the saddle stool was positively approved by physiotherapists: as such a seat will allow you to redistribute the load from the lumbar spine to the ischium. Therefore, there is no need to lean on the backs of chairs.

Gothic-style stools can be seen in medieval miniatures and paintings by old masters. Such a stool can be seen in one of the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is a seat, located on two legs-struts, carved, wide and flat. At the bottom there is one crossbar, two more carved crossbars are located under the seat. The whole structure was assembled without a single nail.

Mass production of stools began in the 30s of the last century. In those years, the ingenious simplicity of stools, bordering on perfection, conquered many - a round seat and plywood legs in the shape of the letter “L” were the height of elegance. And thanks to the simple technology and the minimum number of parts, the production of stools was very cheap. Historians find symbolic features in such a stool. For example, a round wooden seat symbolizes the sun, the legs of a stool represent rays. Thus, the house appeared its own sun, hoarfrost alone. In addition, the environmental friendliness of such furniture was a big plus. And these stools are easy to store. You can simply stack them one on top of the other and put them in the pantry.

At the French court, luxurious, silk-covered chairs played an important role in palace ritual. At the royal reception, everyone was required to stand. Only a few ladies of the court were granted the "right of the stool" by the king, that is, the right to sit in his presence.

A miracle of folk design - a one-legged stool with straps for tying around the waist. When a lazy shepherd pastured his goats on a slope, he did not even need to take a stool in his hands - he constantly carried it on himself, and stopping to sit down, he simply stuck his leg into the ground.

Well, it’s hard not to remember the stool in connection with the work of Ilf and Petrov, with the light hand of which moonshine received another name - stool. In their novels there is a constant opposition of a noble chair to a prosaic stool. The stool becomes a social detail that describes office life.

Stools are very popular to this day, and the variety of shapes, sizes and colors is simply amazing.

Stools are the largest group of pieces of furniture. Now stools are almost any seat without backs and armrests. A modern stool is made from a variety of materials (wood, plastic, metal, leather, fabric, etc.). A soft and hard stool is produced, with a round, square or rectangular seat, which rests on 3-4 legs and stands on two frames.

A separate category is made up of “one-legged”, the so-called screw chairs on a single central support. Very often they rotate, and some of them are also able to rise to a height from the traditional 40 cm to 80-85 cm. Bar stools are, of course, a special variety.

Modern stools are bright, colorful, functional details that can transform the interior of any kitchen. For this, the choice of a stool for the kitchen or living room should always be approached with special attention, as they must ideally fit into the design idea of ​​​​the room.

In our online store you can find stools and chairs in the Chairs section http://website/index.php?categoryID=611&sort=Price&direction=ASC

As soon as the person straightened his back and began to walk, he began to look for an opportunity to sit down and restore strength. There is cold, wet ground underfoot, and a more comfortable way to land had to be found.

Architecture became the progenitor of furniture. One of the first building forms was a dolmen - these are two stones covered with a flat slab. It was on this principle that a stool was created - the first type of furniture in our history. As thousands of years ago, so now the stool was a seat connected to 2, 3 or 4 supports - legs. No back, no armrests.

The ancient history of the stool

Ancient Egyptian stools

The history of the simplest seat begins for us about 5,000 years ago in ancient Egypt. Egyptian furniture was very low compared to modern, and especially stools. Historians say that, most likely, the reason for such diminutiveness was the small growth of people of early civilizations: withThe average height of a man is 159 cm, women - 153 cm.

The stool was a common piece of furniture and was used for a wide variety of purposes.

rice. one(source: pinterest)

Egyptian reliefs show that the appearance of the child took place on a stool, which may have had a hole in the seat.

Women in the process of childbirth were often portrayed because they did not see anything reprehensible in this. (Fig. 1)

A little later, in the middle of the III millennium, the stool became an attribute of the rich classes, and even the pharaohs did not disdain them, using pillows for softness. At this moment, a tiny back appears (Fig. 2) - a prototype of a chair, but this is the beginning of another story.

rice. 2 (source: ancientartpodcast.org)

The chairs were made of wood. Ivory, inlay and leather were used as decor for especially rich people.

fig.3 (source:dialogplus.su)

This folding stool (fig. 3)ebony with ivory inlay- from the tomb of Tutankhamen.

A simple stool has turned into a rather complex object that becomes a work of art. Slaves and peasants were content with their own knees or simply squatted (Fig. 4).

fig.4 (source: thepyramids.org)

Mesopotamia

Civilization in Mesopotamia developed simultaneously with the Egyptian, so their furniture had a lot in common. The first seats - stools - appeared here aboutaround 3100-2370 BC, as evidenced by the remains of paintings on ceramics.

Chairs and stools were available only to the nobility, while ordinary Mesopotamians lived at ground level, using carpets and cushions.

Modern residents are reminded of the ancient people with box-shaped stools with lattice side panels made of reeds (Fig. 5). Historians note that this pattern is used by the inhabitants of Iraq today when weaving boxes for storing vegetables and fruits. This craft has been alive for more than 4,000 years with minor changes.

rice. 5 (source:melma.ru)

Later, already in the Assyrian period, images of a stool near the table during meals began to appear. The chair with a comfortable reclining back, which was used in Egypt, has not yet appeared here. But there are drawings of high straight chairs, on which kings and courtiers sit strictly vertically. This not very ergonomic option testified to the status, but was hardly a source of comfort.

Stool in Ancient Greece

The earliest representation of a chair in the Aegean period is a relief of a harpist (Fig. 6). The type of such a chair resembles Mesopotamian or Egyptian furniture, but no images to confirm or refute the theories of historians have survived. So the first stools in this region are a mystery.

rice. 6

The palace of Knossos of King Minos has much more to tell us. In the period 2000-1000. BC. here the future European civilization was born, and the structure of life remotely resembled our days. The main surviving piece of furniture is the royal throne surrounded by stone benches. But as for stools, here people sat on approximately the same products as the ancient Egyptians.

rice. 7(source: pinterest)

Crete-Mycenaean period, which lasted from 1600-1200. BC. left few traces behind. In the era of the Trojan War and the travels of Odysseus, most of the legends and stories passed exclusively from mouth to mouth. And therefore - no reliable information. And yet Linear B, which is still being deciphered, gives us the knowledge that Achilles and Hector could well use benches, chairs and stools. But what they looked like is the question.

classical greeceis the variety of furniture and the abundance of sources from which we learn about the first appearance of the classic armchair, about the anatomically curved backs that we still use, about thrones created in the Egyptian style.

All seats were light and could be easily moved from place to place. Mobile furniture also included a stool, as close as possible to human forms, that is, comfortable, and not just status.

The seat remains the property of the wealthy, but its use becomes a daily part of the lives of men and women of noble birth.

rice. 8(source: pinterest)

The Greeks sat on two types of stools:

1. Difr or difros, from other Greek. δίφρος had four perpendicular legs and a rectangular seat, which was covered with a pillow or rug for the greatest comfort.
2. Another chair is difros okladdias from other Greek. δίφρος ὀκλαδίας, - in which the legs intersect, was most often foldable, which facilitated travel and military campaigns (Fig. 9).

rice. 9 (source: Wikipedia)

In general, from the VIII to I centuries. BC. the type of furniture has not changed. Greek masters became a guide for all subsequent eras, and during this period something radically new was hardly invented.

Greek stools have received the widest distribution on Earth: they were adopted by the Romans, dispersed throughout Asia Minor, in Italy, in the south of Russia, in North Africa and in the East.

The stools were quite high, so most often they used a special footboard.

rice. 10 (source: pinterest)

Romansdid not affect the development of stools, and seats in general. Rather, they preserved the Greek heritage, adding only ornaments and decorations to their taste. Particularly popular was mobile furniture - folding stools, which traveled for their noble owners through numerous military campaigns and meeting rooms.

Byzantiumgave a Christian accent to Hellenistic sophistication. Now, on an antique stool, lined with pillows, the Old Testament character Joshua could sit, stopping the sun. As, for example, on a relief made in Constantinople in the 10th century (Fig. 11).

rice. 11 (source: pinterest)

Medieval stools

The barbarians who ravaged Rome were quite puzzled when they discovered piles of objects of a completely incomprehensible purpose. Stools, chairs, inlaid benches and royal thrones, as well as sculptures and baths, meant absolutely nothing to them. If they wanted to sit down, they sat down on the ground.

And yet the classical art was not lost, the Christians took some of the pagan forms and transformed them. Asceticism - a favorite word of the Christian Middle Ages - concerned not only thoughts. The furniture becomes massive, and soon its main purpose again becomes exclusively a demonstration of status. Greek ergonomics can only wait for better times.

The Gothic stool was the most common type of furniture. The nobles and the wealthy practically abandoned thrones and chairs in favor of this neat but inconvenient item. The stools were assembled without a single nail. Carved wide and flat legs-struts served as a support, the seat was a flat board. No anatomical excesses.

rice. 12 (source: mywebroom.com)

The inhabitants of medieval Europe were not only restrained in the pursuit of pleasure, but also practical. Thanks to the combination of these two qualities, a unique product appeared - a stool-chest. They sat on it, they kept things in it. By the way, in Ancient Russia they also gravitated towards multifunctionality that is fashionable today. The chest could replace not just a seat, but an entire bed.

rice. 13 (source: pinterest)

Meanwhile, only the spiritual and intellectual elite of the Middle Ages, the monks, continue to sit on the chairs. Ordinary people could rest on an overturned bucket.

It is to the monks that we owe the development of furniture, as they adjusted it to their “learned” needs: the need to work quickly and easily at a desk. So in the XIV century a swivel chair and the same stool appeared (Fig. 14).

rice. 14 (source: 1stdibs.com)

New time and its stools

In the 16th century, handicraftski are looking for ancient ideals and try to give the furniture a sophisticated look, make it more pleasant and more comfortable for the human body. Tastes were dictated by the nobility, not the clergy, and therefore aesthetics and comfort were again in honor.

And yet England was rather ascetic and reserved. For example, this stool was created in the 17th century. (Fig. 15), but in terms of its functionality it did not differ much from the medieval one.

rice. 15 (source: pinterest)

Meanwhile, the first upholstered furniture appears in France - armchairs, poufs, sofas and stools - the property of the royal palace, the pride of Versailles. The stools of the Sun King era looked more like modern pouffes and were created for relaxing in the boudoir.

rice. 16 (source: pinterest)

Chairs played a big role in the royal ceremonial, where everything was regulated to the smallest movement. And yet, in the presence of the king, all courtiers were required to stand. Only selected court ladies had the honor of being honored with the “right of a stool”, that is, sitting in the presence of His Majesty. It is possible that such stools were used in these cases.

America had already been discovered, and therefore in the 18th century the influence of the New World was clearly felt. At that time, the masters of Pennsylvania were especially famous. The cabinetmaker's stool by Reginald Lewis (Fig. 17) - practical and refined - still haunts antique dealers. Today it is exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but in 2008 at Sotheby's auction there was a real struggle for it. The lot price was $5.2 million!

fig.17 (sourcep-i-f.livejournal.com)

Napoleonic stools

In general, before the Napoleonic era, stools differed little from each other. Commoners were content with rough wooden furniture, they could rest on a stump, and the aristocracy sat on silks. The return of furniture to its origins - to the restrained aesthetics of antiquity - we owe to the first French Emperor. The colossal interest in the Hellenistic world, excavations and discoveries returned the stool strangled with velvet to its original appearance.

rice. eighteen (

CREATIVE PROJECT

ON THE SUBJECT "TECHNOLOGY"

"STOOL"

Completed:

8th grade student

MBOU secondary school №51

Nozdryukhin Alexander.

Supervisor:

technology teacher

Valentine

Olegovych.

Voronezh

1. From the history of the appearance of the stool………………….3-6.

2. Justification of the arisen need …………....7.

3. Material selection…………………………………….8.

4. Tools and fixtures………………...…9.

5. Sizes of the stool…………………………….....……………………………………………………10.

6. Drawing of a stool…………………………………....…11.

7. Technological map ………………………... 12-13.

8. Safety regulations………………………………………………………………14-15.

9. The order of work.…………………………………………………………………………………16-17.

10. Evaluation of work….…………………………..………18.

11. Economic calculation….…………..……………..19.

12. Literature used………..…………………20.

From the history of the appearance of the stool.

Stool- a piece of furniture for sitting one person without a back and armrests.

One of the first inventions of man was the stool. Before the ancient man invented the stool, he sat on the ground. When people realized that it was cold and damp to sit on the ground, they began to put skins, bunches of grass or branches under themselves. The log became the prototype of the stool. But since it rides, someone thought of chopping it into pieces and sitting on the resulting log. Such a block was not very easy to carry from place to place, and unnecessary parts were cut off from the sides or bottom of it, so that it remained stable.

In conditions of limited space in the premises, stools are the most suitable furniture products, they take up little space. A wooden block is considered similar to a stool; it can act as seats or tables.

The oldest examples of stools found date back to around 3000 BC.

In ancient Egypt, wood was actively used to make furniture, including stools. Stools in those days were used in their everyday life even by kings and pharaohs. Moreover, not only ordinary, but also folding stools were in use, the seats of which were made of wood, and the legs resembled hooves and were made of elephant tusks.

Ancient samples of wooden furniture were found in Egyptian burials, which are more than 5 thousand years old.

During the First Dynasty, the stool served as a throne for pharaohs.

Even later, a form in the form of a saddle appears, peeped from the nomads. The representative of the steppe peoples, in order not to sit on the cold ground, used the harness taken from the horses as a seat. In the middle of the last century, Achille Castiglioni was the very first to remove the seat from the bicycle and put it on a steel rod with a stand - it turned out to be a stool. The shape of the saddle stool was positively approved by physiotherapists: how such a seat will allow you to redistribute the load from the lumbar spine to the ischium

Mass production of stools began in the 30s of the last century. In those years, the ingenious simplicity of stools, bordering on perfection, conquered many - a round seat and plywood legs in the shape of the letter “L” were the height of elegance. And thanks to the simple technology and the minimum number of parts, the production of stools was very cheap. Historians find symbolic features in such a stool. For example, a round wooden seat symbolizes the sun, the legs of a stool represent rays. Thus, the house appeared its own sun, hoarfrost alone. In addition, the environmental friendliness of such furniture was a big plus. And these stools are easy to store. You can simply stack them one on top of the other and put them in the pantry.

At the French court, luxurious, silk-covered chairs played an important role in palace ritual. At the royal reception, everyone was required to stand. Only a few ladies of the court were granted the "right of the stool" by the king, that is, the right to sit in his presence.

A miracle of folk design - a one-legged stool with straps for tying around the waist. When a lazy shepherd pastured his goats on a slope, he did not even need to take a stool in his hands - he constantly carried it on himself, and stopping to sit down, he simply stuck his leg into the ground.

Stools are very popular to this day, and the variety of shapes, sizes and colors is simply amazing.

Stools are used for various purposes and for various jobs and therefore are:

kitchen stool - a stool designed to perform work in the kitchen.

· for tourists - a folding stool with a light, durable base, resistant to moisture and heat.

· bar stool - high stools, with support for the feet.

· for playing a musical instrument - stools with a rotating seat adjustable in height.

special purpose - intended for a certain type of work, and having specific features (size, strength indicators, coatings).

Stools are made of wood, metal, plastics, chipboard, MDF, plywood and other materials. The seat of the stool can be either hard (including lining made of abrasion-resistant material, such as plastic), or with a soft element upholstered in fabric or leather.

Interesting Facts

In Moscow, on Taganskaya Street, there is a monument to a stool. Since April 3, 2007, a furniture museum has been located in the former estate of the Arshenevsky brothers, in front of which a three-meter monument to a stool rises.

Similar information.

A, m. STOOL and, f. tabouret m. 1. A chair with a square or round hard seat without a back. BASS 1. Bench. Mounds. The chair is a bench, without a lean. Dal. One canape, twelve armchairs, two crimson velvet stools, sheathed with braid ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (French tabouret). Chair, bench without back and handles. Electric stool. In physics: a small stool with glass legs, used to isolate a person or thing that wants to be electrified. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

STOOL, stool, male, and STOOL, stool, female. (French tabouret). Kind of bench with a square or round seat without a back, upr. instead of a chair. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

STOOL, a, husband. and STOOL, and, wives. Seat on four legs without a back for one person. Wooden stool. | adj. stool, oh, oh and stool, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Husband, French chair bench, without leaning. Round stool under the piano. Stool cushion. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 9 difros (3) furniture (87) pate (3) ... Synonym dictionary

stool- Furniture product for sitting one person, without a back and armrests. [GOST 20400 80] Topics furniture production Generalizing terms types of furniture by functional purpose EN stool DE HockerUngepolstert FR tabouret ... Technical Translator's Handbook

stool- a common word, an everyday thing, necessary in the economy, and there is nothing, it would seem, entertaining in it. But if you delve into the history of the word, unexpected facts will be revealed. The French tabouret originally meant a pillow for ... ... Entertaining etymological dictionary

Genus. item a (for example, Leskov). Loans. through it. Taburet from French. tabouret, art. French tabour (Kluge Götze 608; Littmann 89; Hamilscheg, EW 827) ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

Books

• Finishing and repair of a country house,. What could be better than your own spacious house with a large and well-groomed garden plot?! This book will help both beginners and already experienced craftsmen to independently build ...
• Do-it-yourself furniture, A. G. Mernikov. This edition is a real find for those who want to comprehend the art of creating furniture with their own hands. With our practical tips, you can make your own…