What are these dwellings made of? Project "Different human dwellings"
Social and personal development. Theme "History of the dwelling"
Target: generalization of children's ideas about the features of a person's dwelling, depending on the area, natural and climatic conditions in which he lives.
Tasks: Clarify children's ideas about the houses of people inhabiting the Earth: traditional dwelling people of the North - chum, yaranga; in the steppes and deserts - yurts; Russian people living in the forest region build huts; in the south of Russia and Ukraine - mud huts; North Americans (Eskimos) live in igloos.
Contribute to the understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between the way of dwelling and climatic conditions, the materials available, the way of life of people.
Develop cognitive interest, the ability to reflect information in productive activities.
How to build a reliable house
The man didn't know yet.
In the primitive world complex
He was looking for his home.
He suffered from the winter cold,
The beast of prey threatened him.
The man needed a home
Where would he live in peace,
Where would he prepare food,
Ate and rested peacefully.
He wanted to have a home
Where would you stop being afraid.
And in the worries of the gloomy
Man sometimes dreamed
As with heavy prey
Returns home.
How does the family welcome him?
Sitting close by the fire...
And now he knows for sure
It's time to find him a home!
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Eskimo dwelling - igloo Igloo - round house, which is built from turned large pieces of dense snow. In it, northern housewives managed to achieve the maximum possible comfort and coziness. Fur skins were laid out, a fire was kindled. It became warm and light. Walls from fire cannot melt, as the severe frost outside does not give them such an opportunity. Large snow slabs were prepared for the construction of the walls. Then a circle was marked on the snow and the first layer was laid out on it. The next rows were laid with a slight slope inside the house, forming an oval dome. Gaps were left between the snow slabs. They were not joined closely. The cracks were then rubbed with snow and fastened with a special lamp with seal oil. The heat from the burning lamp melted inner surface walls, the cold froze the water, forming an ice crust. The door to such a dwelling was made (cut through) very low, or a tunnel was dug out in the snow. The inlet was in the floor and had to crawl to get home. The houses were made quite small - at the maximum point of the dome it barely fit standing man. So it was easier to heat houses and save valuable heat. A hole was cut in the dome to let in the air necessary for breathing. The family usually slept in front of him on beds made of snow blocks covered with skins. Thus, the Eskimos built entire villages from the snow. Interestingly, even in a short, cool summer, the dense snow that makes up the walls does not have time to melt. Now, of course, the igloo is becoming more of a romance than a necessity. Many modern people happy to go north to try to spend the night in a snow house built by their own hands.. |
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Desert dwelling - yurt Yurt (tirme) is a portable dwelling of the Bashkirs. The skeleton of the yurt was easily disassembled and a short time was installed again. Things in the yurt were placed along the walls, leaving the middle free. In the center there was a place for a hearth. Under the hole in the dome, a shallow hole was dug in the ground, and a tripod for the boiler was installed above it. The hole was lined with stone, and the cauldron rested on a stone base in the form of an open ring. The floor in the yurt was covered with dry grass. The living space was organized relative to the center. On the far side of the yurt, behind the hearth, there was a place of honor. Felt and rugs were spread over the grass here. In this part, they received guests and arranged homemade meals. In the arrangement of things and utensils, a certain order was observed. Right side Yurts were considered women's. Here there were cupboards and benches, there were tursuks with koumiss, casseroles with ayran and honey, boxes and baskets with curds, dishes and food supplies were stored. On the left side of the yurt, more elegant, stood on wooden coasters forged chests with property. A bed was folded up on them: blankets, pillows, colored rugs sewn onto felt. Outdoor harness, saddles, weapons were hung on the walls, smart clothes. In the yurts of wealthy Bashkirs one could find low beds with carved wooden backs. Interior decoration yurts depended on the degree of prosperity of the family: the richer it was, the more numerous, more colorful were household items. The decoration of special guest yurts was luxurious. The entire floor was covered with carpets here, the walls were decorated. Quilted bedding and pillows were laid out on top of them. On a stand at the entrance there was a vessel with koumiss, ladles for treats hung. Visiting guests were received in such yurts, family celebrations were celebrated. White yurts were considered the most solemn. White felt covers covered housing for receiving guests. The yurt, covered with light felt, testified to the wealth of the family. Wagons on wanderings always lined up in a row and were fenced in several pieces or all together with a fence of poles so that the cattle did not come close to the wagons. However, fences were rarely arranged in the steppe. |
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Chum - the dwelling of the inhabitants of the tundra Chum is the dwelling of nomadic peoples engaged in reindeer herding. In Komi-Zyryan it is called `chom`, in Nenets - `mya`, in Khanty `nyuki hot. Reindeer herders chose lighter materials for its manufacture in order to make it easier to move from one camp to another. In the old days, the chum was covered with birch bark tires `yedum`. Currently, such coatings are not used by reindeer herders. Advances in modern industry have allowed reindeer herders to use tarpaulin, which is faster to make and easier to transport. The materials for the manufacture of the plague are convenient for frequent moves, they serve to protect against external influences. In the center of the chum there is an oven, which serves as a source of heat and is adapted for cooking. The heat from the furnace rises and prevents precipitation from penetrating into the chum: they evaporate from the high temperature. In the summer, it is difficult to carry a stove, so a small `volney bi` fire is used instead, the smoke of which also repels mosquitoes. Opposite the entrance, in front of the tent, there is a `dzhadzh` shelf, on which there are icons and other items especially revered by the owners. The dwelling of reindeer herders is the most suitable for harsh conditions. The chum is always warm and cozy. There is nothing superfluous here and everything is adapted for life to pass in its measured rhythm, associated with constant nomadism on the tundra. In the chum device, everything is designed for quick and easy transportation, protection from negative external influences (cold, mosquitoes). The way of life of reindeer herders regulates warmth and order in the dwelling. Chum is a unique and at the same time universal dwelling for reindeer herders. |
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Hut-hut |
Izba |
Modern city houses |
Cottage |
Hut - common name rural houses in the southern settlements Eastern Slavs: in Ukraine, as well as in Belarus and in the south of Russia. A mud hut is called a hut built on adobe or straw technology, or combining these types of housing construction.
Hut-hut for centuries was traditional dwelling Ukraine. In the construction of the hut, local building materials were used, such as clay, straw, reeds, and wood. Walls traditional mud hut consist of a frame (thin branches of a tree, or even brushwood) or mud bricks and are coated with clay (hence the name). Traditionally, the hut is whitewashed with chalk (white clay) inside and out. The hut must have shutters that close in the heat. The floor in the hut, as a rule, is earth or plank (with a high underground).
Izba - traditional dwelling of Russians. The hut was built from logs, since wood was the most affordable and convenient material for construction. The roof is sloping so that snow does not linger on it in winter. Required element each hut has a stove for heating the dwelling, so a pipe is visible above the roof.
At present, the apartment of a city dweller already in an average city is mainly provided with cold and hot water, domestic gas, has a sewerage system and is electrified.
An igloo is built from snow blocks. Snow is compacted, because in this state it is lighter than ice. Air is trapped between the snowflakes in these snow panels. It protects from the cold and there is a lot of air between its snowflakes. Air is a poor conductor of heat and a good insulator against cold.
The igloo is built from the inside. To do this, the blocks cut with a hacksaw are arranged in a circle. Blocks should not bottom corners touch each other. Because of this, the structure may lose stability, and the house will collapse. To prevent this from happening, small triangular holes are left in these places. Then they can be easily patched up. Vertical joints also do not have to match. Otherwise, a long crack is formed in this place along the entire length. Blocks are not recommended to be moved. Protruding parts better later cut with a hacksaw.
To prevent the structure from melting, the outside air temperature must not exceed 0°C. This condition is easily fulfilled. Indeed, for the Arctic regions, such temperatures are quite common. Inside the house does not melt even if it is heated with lamps. This is made possible by the rounded shape of the roof: water does not drip, but is absorbed into the walls. Therefore, it is dry inside the snow hut.
A vent is punched into the dome for ventilation. As a rule, on the contrary, a couch is built from the same blocks. And finally, cut out the door.
Why is the inside of an igloo warm?
To keep the room warm, the door to the hut should be below the floor level. In this case, oxygen enters, and exits carbon dioxide. The Eskimos heated themselves in their dwellings and cooked food with the help of a device for burning melted fat - a fat pan. Live fire they used only for cooking or tea. At the same time, the temperature there was never lower than 5 degrees Celsius. This temperature is quite comfortable to endure, if you also take cover warm blanket from fur. If you sleep on animal skins, it will be even warmer. After all, it is an excellent thermal insulator. In addition, it does not allow the snow floor to melt.
The colder it is outside, the higher the temperature in the igloo. This is due to the ability of wet snow to lose its heat-shielding properties. Frost, freezing the inner surface of the walls that had begun to thaw. Thus, the temperature outside the needle and inside it is balanced. In addition, the snow dome has very little thermal conductivity. Therefore, to maintain a small above-zero temperature, human heat is sufficient.
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Harsh nature in the northern regions. Caught in winter time on a snowy plain or in a forest, it is not so easy to hide from the weather. But the Eskimos, the native inhabitants of Alaska, have long known how to keep the warmth and comfort of the hearth even in severe frosts. To do this, you just need to build a snow house - an igloo.
The igloo is the original Eskimo hut, which is entirely made of snow. The shape of the igloo resembles a rounded dome made of neatly folded snow blocks. Required attribute such a hut is a low door. Assembled from snow, the Eskimo dwelling is able to retain heat for a long time, while one lit candle is enough to heat the air in the room.
Over the centuries, the Eskimos got the hang of building real settlements from snow blocks. Some buildings are used exclusively for housing, others are reserved for household needs. During a blizzard or snowstorm, being in an igloo is much safer than in an ordinary tent. Strong snow walls are able to withstand both severe frost and strong wind. In the usual weather conditions for the Far North, such a hut, installed at the beginning of winter, is quite capable of standing until mid-spring.
You can make a needle yourself, using the knowledge and experience gained by the inventive North American people. First you need to select and prepare a flat area, the snow on which is the deepest and most dense. A circle is carefully drawn in the snow. Along this contour, you need to lay the main layer of snow blocks.
Optimal size one "brick" - 50 cm long, 40 cm wide, 10-15 cm thick. Separate blocks are cut in deep snow with a long knife or shovel, swinging a little to separate from the base. Masonry is carried out traditional way used in construction brick buildings. The gaps between the blocks are covered with snow. Also, make sure that the vertical joints between blocks in adjacent rows do not match. In order for the structure to take the form of a dome, each next row is laid with a certain slope inside the structure.
Despite the simple technology, it is best for a beginner to work on the igloo with the help of a partner. This will avoid flaws when laying "bricks" and speed up the construction process. Special attention give the last few rows that make up the arch of the needle; they must be mounted especially carefully and accurately.
After the walls are built, it remains to punch a hole in the dome (it will provide air ventilation), as well as to cut a small hole in the lower part of the hut. If you are building a snow hut for the first time, be prepared that it will take you at least three to four hours. It remains to climb into the new cozy home and take a well-deserved rest.
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A twin sewing machine needle is essentially two needles in one holder. When using it on the front side, you will get two lines with even lines, and on the wrong side - one zigzag.
You will need
- sewing machine, twin needle, thread 2 spools
Instruction
With the help of a double needle you can: embroider, sew on braid, form tucks, perform a thread reliefs with cord, hem the jersey. Depending on the fabric option, they are divided into three types - jeans, and stretch. The numbering of double needles differs from ordinary needles in that the gap between them, expressed in millimeters, is additionally indicated. This device will allow you to embroider two patterns at the same time, parallel to each other. It is possible to thread the upper threads of different
People have long learned to use the material that is nearby for their needs.
(the video is even more refreshing, so watching and dreaming about snow is a must:)
What is an igloo
The igloo, translated from Inuktitut (as most Inuit Canadian dialects are called), means "the winter dwelling of the Eskimos." The igloo is a domed building with a diameter of 3-4 meters and a height of approximately human height. They build it from what is at hand, and in the winter tundra, only snow is at hand from building materials ... From snow or ice blocks compacted by the wind, they erect a needle. If the snow is deep, the entrance to the igloo is made in the floor, and a corridor is cut through to the entrance. If the snow is not deep enough, you have to make an entrance in the wall, and an additional corridor of snow blocks is completed to it.
Alone, an Eskimo builds a spacious snow hut for his entire family in three-quarters of an hour. The strongest blizzard in the hut is not audible. The snow bricks stick together tightly, besides, the hut freezes from heating inside. They say the needle can even support the weight polar bear.
From the point of view of physics
As a result of heating, the inner surfaces of the walls are melted, but the walls do not melt. The colder it is outside, the higher the heat that the needle can withstand from the inside. After all, wet snow loses its heat-shielding properties and passes the cold more easily. Having made its way through the thickness of the block, frost freezes the inner surface of the walls that has begun to melt, and temperature pressure balances inside and out.
In general, the thermal conductivity of a snow dome is low, and it is easy to maintain a positive temperature in a hut, often the heat generated by sleeping people is enough for this. In addition, the snow hut absorbs excess moisture from the inside, so the igloo is quite dry.
Secrets of the Inuit
So, an igloo is an arctic dwelling in which you can survive even without heating.
It is known that Finnish snipers and mountain rangers of the German Wehrmacht were trained in the skills of building an igloo. Today, igloo huts are used in ski touring as emergency shelter in case of problems with a tent or a long wait for the weather to improve.
However, polar travelers did not immediately learn how to build an igloo. For a long time it was believed that only a native Eskimo could build an igloo.
The explorer of the Arctic and Antarctic, the Irish Shackleton, once complained about the difficult fate of the researchers southern mainland: "There are no Eskimos in Antarctica that we could hire, as Peary did, to build snow houses for us." So Amundsen, according to Shackleton, although he experienced a temperature of 62 ° C during an expedition to the North Magnetic Pole, was much happier: “It should be remembered that there were Eskimos with him who built a snow house for him every night.”
The Canadian Viljalmur Stefansson was the first to learn how to build an igloo in 1914. He wrote about this in his book and in articles, but even from them it was not easy to learn how to do it. The secret of building an igloo lay in the special shape of the plates, which made it possible to fold the hut in the form of a “snail”, gradually tapering towards the arch. The method of installing the slabs also turned out to be important - relying on the previous ones at three points.
Experience shows that for a person who knows how to build an igloo, it is enough to have a saw and a shovel to quickly build shelter, wherever night or bad weather overtakes him.
Life under the snow
The Eskimos skillfully turn their winter settlements into a complex complex of snow buildings and, in bad weather, can visit neighboring huts without leaving the surface. Rasmussen, in his book The Great Sledge Way, tells of snowy villages with covered passages between igloos, of entire architectural ensembles erected by the Eskimos with amazing speed, of large huts-houses.
“The main lodging could easily accommodate twenty people overnight. This part of the snow house turned into a high portal like a "hall" where people brushed off the snow. A spacious bright annex adjoined the main dwelling, where two families settled. We had plenty of fat, and therefore 7-8 lamps burned at a time, which is why it became so warm in these walls of white snow blocks that people could walk around half-naked to their fullest pleasure.
Snow hut interior
interior the igloo is usually covered with skins, sometimes the walls are also covered with skins. Grease bowls are used for heating and additional lighting.
The Eskimos cover the bed with a double layer of reindeer skins, and the bottom layer is laid with the mezra up, and upper layer- mezdra down. Sometimes under the skins they put old skin from a kayak. This three-layer insulation serves as a comfortable soft bed.
Sometimes windows of seal intestines or ice are arranged in the igloo, but even without that, the sun penetrates the igloo right through the snowy walls. soft light different shades.
At night, one candle lit in the hut brightly illuminates the snow-white vault, and at the junctions of bricks this light breaks through more thin layer snow.
Outside, in the frosty darkness of the night, the igloo glows in a web of blurred lines. This is truly an extraordinary sight. No wonder that Knud Rasmussen called the igloo "a temple of festive joy among the snowdrifts of the snowy desert."
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AT middle lane Russia, in Siberia - an abundance of forests. It is not surprising that from time immemorial our ancestors built their dwellings from wood. The huts of African tribes, like tiles, are covered with palm leaves. In mountain settlements, dwellings and even fences are made of boulders.
What is the igloo, the national home of the Eskimos, made of, in the middle of endless snowy deserts? That's right, from what is there in abundance, that is, from snow. It is from the frozen blocks of water that the igloo is built. Photos of these structures amaze with their ideal forms.
Description of the snow house
The igloo is a domed, ideally regular spherical structure, built of bricks cut from compressed snow. The shape of the building was not chosen by chance. A sphere is a geometric three-dimensional figure with the smallest ratio of surface area to internal volume. And this is important, since with a decrease in surface area, heat loss decreases.
In addition, the ideal spherical shape gives the structure of such a seemingly fragile material as snow, extraordinary strength. According to the stories of travelers, even for a polar bear, the problem is to break through the walls of this
The entrance to the house is a "dressing room" in the form of a tunnel. This design prevents the penetration of cold winds.
Procurement of material
Igloo - what is a similar structure in our time and in a modern city? Of course, no one offers to live in such a house, but why not frolic with children in the country, not to feel like a real conqueror of the north.
First you need to prepare building materials for the igloo. What are bricks for the dwelling of the Eskimos, what are they? There are three options for their preparation.
The classic version implies the presence of a powerful and fairly strong snow crust. In this case, with a snow (if, of course, there is one) or with an ordinary saw, bricks are cut out of the snow with sizes slightly smaller than a standard gas silicate block.
If the snow is wet, it is unlikely that it will be possible to cut it, but it is excellently molded. Craft standard bricks you can use a blank (a hastily knocked down rectangle from any material) or sculpt them manually, providing a standard size by eye.
And finally, if the temperature is below zero, the snow does not mold and the entire snow mass is loose, then a form is indispensable. Snow in the form will have to be laid and compacted, slightly moistening. After the block is rammed, the form is removed and the next one is filled in the same way. After a while, the bricks harden in the cold.
Construction process
The next step is to label construction site". You can easily achieve an even circle by sticking it into the center of the future structure and circling the circle with any piece of twine. After the outline of the needle is drawn, the first row is laid out from the prepared bricks.
You can just lay out row after row, but it will not be a completely natural needle. What needs to be done to build a building in accordance with all the rules?
All blocks in the first row different heights. The first lies down entirely, the value of all subsequent ones gradually decreases, and when the circle closes, their height goes to zero. Having built the first ring in this way, then you can simply take the blocks and stack them in a spiral.
When laying, it is necessary to ensure that each subsequent turn slightly collapses towards the center of the structure, forming a dome. The entire igloo house is built in this way, with the exception of the hole in the center of the dome. It is closed with a special block of a round conical shape from the inside of the building.
The hole - the entrance to the snow hut - in order to avoid the collapse of the wall, is made only after it becomes difficult to climb over the wall. Ideally, an assistant gives the builder blocks, and the entrance is cut through at the very end.
Finishing work
It is worth remembering that protection is not just from the cold, but from the severe northern frost - this is the task of the igloo. What is the quality of entry for her, therefore, is understandable. So, in order to prevent icy winds from penetrating the house, the entrance to it is built in the form of a tunnel, sometimes curved, so as not to leave cold air streams any chance.
What the needle is made of, the entrance is made of the same material. From the dome, two parallel rows of blocks are laid out and then built up. As in the case of the construction of the dome, each subsequent row is slightly closer to the center. This continues until the walls converge in a semicircle at the top.
And finally, after the dome and the entrance are ready, all seams are carefully smeared with snow. This finally seals the structure.
A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the old traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.
Dwellings of the peoples of the north
The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.
This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.
The chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with sacking in the summer, and skins in the winter. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Thanks to high temperature hearth, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.
The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.
Yakuts lived in it winter period time. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand, even in severe frosts its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.
The walls of the booth consisted of a large number windows, which were covered with ice before severe colds, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.
To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.
This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.
The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.
When building an igloo prerequisite was finding the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.
The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloo did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped to maintain comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks soaked up too excess moisture which kept the room dry.
Nomad dwellings
The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now she continues to be traditional house in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.
Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.
This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically do not change the indoor climate. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.
Dwellings of the peoples of Russia
This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.
The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.
The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity ground water made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:
Security. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.
The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.
The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served a good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.
Dwellings of the European part of our continent
The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.
It is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and its structural features were explained by the small area of forests.
The hut was built on wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.
This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served additional protection from enemies.
This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.
The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.
This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was a stone. Dwellings had round shape with a conical roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.
Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.
Indian dwellings
This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.
The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.
Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.
The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.
Ancient dwellings of other nations
This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.
Minka
The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, covered with clay. Inside main body Japanese house is one large room divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. AT Japanese house almost no furniture.
traditional dwelling different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, preserves history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.