Climate climatic zones of South America. mainland south america

South America is crossed by the equatorial, two subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones (Fig. 113).

IN equatorial belt is the western part of the Amazonian lowland and the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean. The climate here is constantly hot and humid.

IN subequatorial belt the Orinoco Lowland and the Guiana Plateau, the eastern and southern parts of the Amazonian Lowland, the northern and central parts of the Brazilian Plateau are located. This zone has hot, humid summers and dry, sometimes very hot winters. Especially a lot of precipitation is observed on the eastern slopes of the plateaus.

tropical belt covers the southeastern part of the Brazilian plateau, the northern part of the La Plata lowland. Here, depending on the seasons, the contrasts in temperatures increase, as well as in the amount of precipitation in coastal and inland areas. In the east of the Brazilian Plateau, the climate tropical wet, and in the hinterland and on the western coast of the mainland - tropical continental (desert). Such, in particular, as in the Atacama Desert, where there is no rain for several years in a row.

IN subtropical zone there are also differences in climate. In the east it is warm and evenly wet throughout the year, and in the interior - dry continental. formed on the Pacific coast Mediterranean climate type.

Unlike Africa and Australia, the southern part of South America is located in temperate zone. The climate here is formed under the influence of the western transfer of air masses and is characterized by clearly defined seasons. Climate in the west temperate maritime. Cyclones moving to the mainland from the west bring a lot of precipitation here. Their number annually is about 3000 mm. The temperature during the year is never negative.

In the east of the temperate zone is formed dry continental type of climate, which is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature. In winter, there are even frosts down to -3 ° C. Precipitation is much less: 250-300 mm.

In the Andes, climatic conditions change not only from north to south, but also with height. Here is formed alpine climate type. material from the site

Wind from the pampas. This is the name of pampero - a piercing cold south-west wind, formed during the invasion of cold Antarctic air from the south. This wind moves from the Andes through the pampas of Argentina and on to the Atlantic coast. Pampero is accompanied by rain and thunderstorms, the cooling rate reaches 30°C per day, the atmospheric pressure increases rapidly, and the clouds dissipate. A strong pampero breaks even the anchors of ships.

• Climate of South America quite diverse and varies from equatorial to moderate.
• In the Andes, the climate changes with altitude.

On this page, material on the topics:

• Climatic regions in the tropical zone of America

• Table type of climate, climatic zones of North America table

• Winds of the subtropical belt of North America (Mediterranean

• South America position of the territory in the climate zone

• south america climate zones table temperate continental

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climate-forming factors

CLIMATE AND INLAND WATER OF SOUTH AMERICA

LECTURE 3

1. Climate-forming factors

2. Types of climate in South America

3. Inland waters

South America is located on both sides of the equator, but most of it lies in the southern hemisphere. The widest part of the mainland is located between the equator and the southern tropic; its narrowed and dissected tip lies in subtropical and temperate latitudes.

The geographical position determined the high amounts of solar radiation in almost the entire territory of the mainland. Most of it receives 120 - 160 kcal / cm² (5,000-6,700 MJ / m²) per year, in the far south this value drops to 80 kcal / cm² (3,300 MJ / m²). The radiation balance of the earth's surface has a negative value in the winter season only south of 45 °S.

An important factor in climate formation in South America, as well as in North America, is its orography. The importance of the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans off the coast of the mainland is great. The Guiana and Brazilian currents create a winter positive anomaly of the order of 3 °C off the coast of America. The Peruvian cold current reduces the temperature in the equatorial zone by 4 °C compared to the average for these latitudes.

The most important type of atmospheric circulation for most of South America is the trade wind circulation in both hemispheres. On the western periphery of the Atlantic highs, masses of relatively moist tropical air are carried out.

The western margin of the mainland is subject to the influence of the eastern periphery of the South Pacific High and the associated southerly and southwesterly winds and trade winds for a considerable distance.

The extreme south of the mainland is affected by the western transfer of temperate latitudes.

South America is located for the most part within the equatorial, both subequatorial, southern tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.

1. equatorial climate includes almost the entire Amazonian lowland, adjacent parts of the Guiana Highlands and the Orinoco lowlands. This belt is characterized by abundant rainfall and uniform high temperature (+24, +28 °C) throughout the year. Annual precipitation amounts range from 1,500 to 2,500 mm; on the slopes of the Andes and on the Pacific coast, they increase to 5,000 - 7,000 mm per year.

2. subequatorial belt It occupies the Orinoc lowland, the Caribbean coast, a significant part of the Guiana Highlands and the Guiana Lowland, the southern part of the Amazonian Lowland and the north of the Brazilian Highlands. A distinctive feature of the subequatorial climate is the seasonal distribution of precipitation. In the southern hemisphere, the rainy season lasts from December to May, and its duration increases towards the equator. In the north, the rainy season lasts from May to December.

3. Tropical climate zone enters only the southern hemisphere, occupies the east and southeast of the Brazilian Highlands. The eastern part of the region is characterized by a humid climate, thanks to the trade winds, which bring rainfall throughout the year from the Atlantic. Inside the mainland (Gran Chaco Plain), the climate is arid, with a summer maximum of precipitation and a pronounced winter period. Coast of the Pacific Ocean between 5 and 30° S lies in the climate of coastal deserts and semi-deserts. With high relative humidity (89%), very little precipitation will fall here.

4. Territory south of 30 °C S is within the limits subtropical climate zone. The southeast of the mainland has a uniform humid subtropical climate. In summer, northeast winds of a monsoon character bring moisture; in winter, precipitation is associated with cyclonic activity along the polar front. Summers in these areas are hot, winters are mild.

The inland regions of the subtropical belt (Western Pampa) are characterized by an arid subtropical climate. Precipitation occurs mainly in summer and is of convective origin. In winter, the temperature can drop below 0 °C.

The Pacific coast has a climate with dry, cool summers and mild, rainy winters.

5. In the temperate zone is the region of Patagonia. The amount of precipitation in Patagonia does not exceed 250 - 300 mm. In winter, there are severe colds due to the penetration of cold air from the south. In the extreme southwest of the mainland and on the coastal islands, the climate is moderately warm, oceanic. Annual sums of precipitation everywhere exceed 2,000 mm.

Climate types of South America - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Climate types of South America" ​​2017, 2018.

Since the equator passes through the northern part of South America, the mainland is mainly located in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical climatic zones. Only the southern part of the mainland is in the subtropical and temperate zones. (Fig. 109).

IN equatorial climate zone during the year, equatorial air masses dominate and an area of ​​low atmospheric pressure is formed. Throughout the year, the air temperature almost does not change and is about +24 °C. It rains daily from noon to four o'clock in the afternoon. Here they are even used to making appointments without naming the time, but simply saying: “after the rain”. During the year, 1500-3000 mm of precipitation falls.

subequatorial belt It is influenced by two air masses: humid and warm equatorial air masses in summer, dry and hot tropical air masses in winter. Therefore, here, as in similar climatic zones in Africa and Australia, there is a wet period in summer and a dry period in winter. Wet summer here is called inverio, dry and hot winter verano.

Tropical climate zone in South America it occupies much smaller territories than in Africa and Australia. Within its boundaries, two climatic regions are distinguished. Takes up large spaces maritime area, located on the territory of the Brazilian flat-rya. Under the influence of the Southeast trade winds, more than 1003 mm of precipitation falls here throughout the year. Annual amplitudes of air temperature fluctuations are small. Dry and sultry continental area stretches in a narrow strip along the western coast, as if repeating the outlines of the cold Peruvian Current. Here, in the Atacama Desert, there are significant daily temperature differences (20-25 ° C). To the almost complete absence of precipitation (37 mm per year) rarefied air, ultraviolet radiation and hurricane winds are added.

IN subtropical zone there are also certain differences. A typical subtropical Mediterranean climate is formed only on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Here, under the influence of tropical air masses, summers are dry and hot. Winter is cooler (+10...12 °С ) and humid, which is caused by the inflow of air masses from temperate latitudes. In the east of the mainland, which is influenced by the trade winds, the climate nautical, warm and humid throughout the year, in the interior - dry continental.material from the site

IN temperate zone There are two types of climate: nautical in the west and continental in the east. On the western slopes of the Andes in the temperate zone, where moist sea air comes with westerly winds, there is a lot of precipitation (from 2000 to 7000 mm per year). It's a warm winter here (+8 ° C) and cool summer (+16 ° FROM). Beyond the mountains, on the Patagonia plateau, there is little rainfall. They are brought only by the wind that crosses the Andes. The annual rainfall is up to 300 mm per year. Summer is warm (+18 °С), winter is cold (0 °С). There are frosts, and sometimes snow falls.

In the Andes, climatic conditions depend on altitudinal zones. The higher the mountains, the colder. Humidity first increases with height and then decreases. At the foot of the mountains, the climatic conditions correspond to the climatic conditions of the zone in which they are located. The tops of the mountains are often covered with snow and ice.

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