Medicinal plants. The use of peas on the farm
Peas belong to the Fabaceae family, genus Pisum. In culture, a common species is cultivated pea (Pisum sativum). It includes several subspecies, the main of which are common peas - with white flowers and light seeds, and field peas - often with speckled seeds. Field pea - forage plant with red-violet flowers and dark angular seeds, it is less demanding on soils, can grow on sandy soils . The genus Pisum does not differ in the variety of forms compared to other cultures. However, its classification has changed many times.
According to the old classification, recognized by P. M. Zhukovsky, all forms of peas were assigned to two species - sowing peas (P. sativum L) and field peas (P. arvense L). However, this classification has been repeatedly revised.
According to R. Kh. Makasheva, the genus Pisum L. consists of the following species: P. formosum - beautiful pea (the only perennial species that grows wild in the mountains); P. Fulvum - red-yellow pea (known in the wild); P. Syriacum – Syrian pea (in wild flora) and P. sativum – common pea (cultivated and wild forms).
Common peas are cultivated mainly. According to the modern classification, the sowing subspecies is ssp. sativum consists of several groups of varieties (convar).
The main groups of varieties of grain peas: convar. vulgare - common, convar. sativum - sowing and convar. mediterranicum - Mediterranean; vegetable: convar. melileucum - honey-white and ruminatum - ruminated; stern: convar. speciosum - beautiful.
Peas are characterized by a rod root system, penetrating into the soil up to 1.0–1.5 m, s a large number lateral roots, which are located mainly in the upper fertile layer. It is here that up to 80% of the plant's root system is concentrated. On the roots, in the nodules, there are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They are contained in the soil or in fertilizers (nitragin, rhizotorfin), which are used to treat seeds before sowing, if peas are sown in this area for the first time. These nodule bacteria have the ability to absorb nitrogen from the air and synthesize physiologically active substances, including B vitamins.
The stem of the pea is round, indistinctly tetrahedral, hollow inside, usually decumbent, of various heights (below 50 cm - dwarf forms; 51–80 cm - semi-dwarf forms; 81–150 cm - middle length; more than 150 cm - high), depending on soil and climatic, weather conditions and cultivation technologies.
The leaf is complex, has a petiole, 2–3 pairs of leaflets, a pair of antennae (3–5, sometimes up to 7), which are modified leaflets. The sum of leaflets and tendrils is relatively constant. With the help of antennae, it clings to any support that allows the stem to grow in an upright position.
Peas can have several types of leaves: paired, pinnate or acacia (more than 6 leaflets). They rarely have antennae, but if not, then the leaf may be leafless or mustachioed, and then it consists of a cutting that passes into a multiply branched main vein, ends with antennae, there are no leaves.
The inflorescence is a brush, and in fasciated forms it is a false umbrella. On the peduncle of the lower fertile node, a bud first appears, and then a flower opens. This process goes from bottom to top along the plant and is extended in time, and therefore there are buds and flowers at the same time.
Flowers with double perianth. The corolla is of a moth type and consists of 5 petals: a sail or flag (reversely wide-ovoid or narrowed, as if cut off in the lower part), two oars or wings (elongated crescent-shaped) and a boat formed as a result of fusion of 2 petals.
The color of the corolla in grain and vegetable varieties is white, while forage and green manure varieties are pink of varying intensity: red-purple, red-violet, greenish-red-violet and rarely white. The sail is painted weaker than the wings. The color of the flower is determined by the wings.
Calyx is bell-shaped, joint-leaved, swollen on the upper side, with 5 teeth (2 upper ones are much wider than 3 lower ones). Forms with colored rim have anthocyanin pigmentation.
The flower has 10 stamens (one free and 9 fused to half into a stamen tube). Ovary nearly sessile, with up to 12 ovules;
Pea fruit - bean, consists of two wings with three to ten seeds.
Seeds are round, angular-round, oval-elongated, spherical, flat or irregularly compressed. The surface is smooth, sometimes with fine-meshed wrinkling of the seed coat or small pits on the cotyledons, wrinkled. The color is light yellow, yellow-pink, less often green, orange-yellow (waxy), monochromatic brown with a single (purple mottling, spotting or brown marbling) or double (brown marbling in combination with purple mottling or spotting) pattern. Thickness, width and length in the range of 3.5–10 mm. The weight of 1000 seeds is 100…350 g depending on the variety and cultivation conditions.
Depending on the presence of the so-called parchment layer in the bean shells, which usually consists of 2-3 rows of lignified and 1-2 rows of non-lignified cells, peeling and sugar or vegetable forms of peas are distinguished. Shelling varieties of peas crack when dry, sugar (vegetable) varieties do not crack and are more difficult to thresh. They are often used whole (green) beans.
The shape of the beans of the shelling group is varied: straight, slightly curved, curved, saber-shaped, concave, sickle-shaped. In the sugar group of varieties, in addition, they distinguish bead-shaped (the valves are narrow, tightly fit the seeds) and xiphoid (the valves are wide, much larger than the diameter of the seeds of the form). The shelling and sugar groups of peas are easily distinguished by their green beans. Beans of the sugar group (without a parchment layer) are easily broken (even dry), and shelling beans with a parchment layer are more difficult to break.
In general, peas are an early ripening leguminous crop with a growing season of 70–140 days. Peas are self-pollinating crops, but cross-pollination occurs during hot, dry summers. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots begin to form 7–10 days after germination, and during the period from flowering to ripening, their intensive growth occurs. When cultivating peas, it is necessary to take into account such features as a lodging stem, as well as extended periods of flowering and ripening. In many varieties of peas, the fruits crack when ripe. These shortcomings are overcome both by agrotechnical methods and by selection.
Biological features of peas
Light requirements.
Peas are long-day plants. Varieties of early ripening almost do not react to the shortening of the day. Most of the pea varieties cultivated in our country are long-day plants, so the period from germination to flowering passes more quickly in the northern regions. But the flowering period - ripening in years with excessive moisture and low air temperature, as a rule, is delayed.
heat requirements.
Peas are a light-loving culture of a long day; with a lack of light, a strong inhibition of plants is observed.
It is relatively cold-resistant and relatively undemanding to heat. The sum of effective temperatures during the growing season is 1150–1800°C. Seeds germinate at 1–2°C, but seedlings appear on the 20th day, often weakened. Optimum temperature– 4–5°С, at 10°С seedlings appear in 5–7 days. Seedlings easily tolerate short-term frosts up to 4-5 degrees, which allows you to sow peas in early dates; during the fruiting period, temperature drops to minus 2–4 ° C are detrimental. Optimum temperature during the formation period vegetative organs 14–16°C, during the formation of generative organs 18–20°C, for the development of beans and seed filling 18–22°C. If peas are sown at 20–25°C, then seedlings appear on the 4th–5th day.
For the normal development of seedlings, a temperature of 5 ° C is sufficient. Seedlings of most varieties tolerate frosts down to -4 C. All this indicates the possibility and expediency of sowing peas in the early stages.
Vegetative organs are well formed at a low temperature (12...16 C). Heat requirements increase during the period of fruit formation (up to 16 ... 20 C), and during the growth of beans and seed filling - up to 16 ... 22 C. Hot weather(above 26 C) is unfavorable for crop formation. The sum of active temperatures of the most common varieties during the growing season is only 1200 ... 1600 C, which is why the range of peas in our country is so wide.
moisture requirements.
Peas are demanding on moisture, responsive to irrigation, the transpiration coefficient is 400–500. Soil moisture should not fall below 70-80% of the lowest moisture capacity. In high-yielding varieties of peas, the transpiration coefficient is 500–1000, which is 2 times higher than that of grain crops. The critical period in relation to moisture is the period of flowering - fruit formation.
For swelling and germination, 100 ... 120% of water is needed from the dry weight of seeds, i.e. 2–2.5 times more than for cereals. The need for moisture in peas gradually increases as it grows and reaches its greatest value by the beginning of flowering. Peas tolerate excessive moisture satisfactorily, but at the same time, the growing season is delayed. Lack of water reduces the yield of pea grain. Therefore, all agrotechnical measures, especially in arid regions, should be directed to the maximum accumulation of moisture in the fields. early sowing in a moist soil layer with a leveled field surface creates conditions for rapid, uniform swelling of seeds and the appearance of friendly seedlings. The lack of moisture in the soil, as noted in a number of works, leads to minimal formation of nodules on pea roots. With a decrease in soil moisture to 40% or less (HB), i.e. below the moisture content of capillary rupture, the formation of nodules significantly slows down, their “dumping” is observed, respectively, the number and mass of nodules are significantly reduced, and as a result, the active symbiotic potential decreases.
During the periods of budding, flowering and setting of beans, peas need moisture, the lack of water at this time causes the flowers and ovaries to fall off. Variation in the yield of peas is mainly due to the variability in the number of beans formed per unit area. Favorable moisture conditions during this period are especially important for the formation of a high yield.
soil requirements.
Peas make high demands on soils. The best soils for peas are chernozem medium-bound loams and sandy loams with a neutral or close to neutral reaction of the soil solution. Dense, clayey, swampy, and light sandy soils are of little use.
It germinates well on fertile soils, where soil density = 1.2 g/cm³, on chernozem, gray forest and cultivated sod-podzolic soils of medium granulometric composition, characterized by good aeration. On acidic and heavy floating soils, the symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microflora is weakened and plants experience nitrogen starvation. Soils with high acidity (pH below 4.5) are unfavorable for peas. Peas grow well at pH = 7–8.
Peas take out a large amount of nutrients (from 1 t - 45–60 kg of nitrogen, 16–20 kg of phosphorus, 20–30 kg of potassium), so it is recommended to apply mineral fertilizers in the ratio 1:1:1.5. Due to the ability of many varieties to develop quickly, this crop can be used in busy fallow and in intermediate crops. Like other pulses with feathery leaves, peas do not bring cotyledons to the surface, so relatively deep seeding is possible.
Phases of growth and development of culture.
Peas are the most early-ripening grain legumes. The growing season ranges from 65 to 140 days. Self-pollination occurs in the phase of a closed flower, but in years with hot and dry summers open bloom, and cross-pollination may occur. The flowering phase lasts 10–40 days. Vegetative growth proceeds most intensively from budding to flowering. The growth of green mass reaches a maximum during the period of fruit formation. Root nodules are formed when 5–8 leaves are formed on the plant (1.5–2 weeks after germination). Maximum nitrogen fixation was noted during mass flowering.
The growth rate of peas depends on varietal characteristics, on conditions of temperature, humidity and the availability of nutrients.
In pea plants, the phases of germination, budding, flowering and maturation are noted. The last phases are marked by tiers, since flowering and ripening occur sequentially from the bottom up the stem. At the same time, generative organs located on different tiers are located on different stages organogenesis.
In the growing season of peas, the initial and final stages are distinguished, when there is no photosynthesis: the first stage is sowing - seedlings and the second is ripening, when the leaves are completely yellowed and the seeds have already been filled, but the moisture content in the seeds is still high.
From germination to the beginning of ripening, four periods are distinguished in the development of peas, each of which is characterized by qualities important for the formation of the crop.
The first period (from germination to the beginning of flowering) lasts 30–45 days for peas, depending on the variety and environmental conditions. At this time, the density of plants is determined. At first, the leaf surface grows slowly, and then faster and faster, nodules form and function.
The second period (flowering and fruit formation) lasts 14…20 days. At this time, the leaf surface and biomass rapidly grow, continue and by the end of the period, the growth of plants in height is completed, flowering and fruit formation occur simultaneously. At the end of this period, the maximum leaf area is noted and the main indicator is formed that determines the future harvest - the number of fruits per plant and per unit area. This is a critical period in the formation of the crop, when due to lack of moisture, low symbiosis activity or other limiting factors, fruit set may decrease.
During the third period, the growth of fruits occurs, which by its end reach maximum dimensions. At this time, the number of seeds per unit area is determined. Daily increments of biomass are high, as in the second period. At the end of the third period, the maximum yield of green mass during the growing season is noted. In the second and third periods, sowing as a photosynthetic system functions with the greatest intensity. At the same time, plants, especially tall ones, lie down.
In the fourth period, seed filling occurs. There is an outflow of plastic substances, especially nitrogen, from other organs into the seeds. The increase in seed mass is the main process of this period, which completes the formation of the crop. During this period, such an element of productivity as the mass of 1000 seeds is determined. Then the sowing enters the ripening period, when the moisture content of the seeds gradually decreases. Depending on the variety and cultivation conditions, the growing season can be 70 ... 140 days. Due to the ability of many varieties to develop quickly, this crop can be used in a busy fallow and in intermediate crops. Like other cereals legumes with feathery leaves, peas do not bring cotyledons to the surface, so a relatively deep seed placement is possible. Pea is a self-pollinating plant, in hot weather partial cross-pollination is possible. a small amount plants, but when grown for seed, spatial isolation is not required.
tillage
In all soil-climatic zones of Ukraine, the system of basic tillage for peas should provide for its maximum cleaning from weeds and leveling the field.
The main tillage should include stubble breaking and plowing. After early plowing, especially in the southern regions, as weeds appear, one to three cultivations are carried out with harrowing to level the surface, loosen the soil and destroy weeds. On slightly weedy soils, before plowing, one stubble plowing is carried out to a depth of 7–8 cm with a disk cultivator LDG-15. In the event of the appearance of root-weed weeds (field spurge, field thistle, field bindweed), after two weeks, a second peeling is carried out with share tools to a depth of 10–12 cm, and then plowing with plows with skimmers.
The greatest effect in the fight against root weeds after early harvested predecessors (winter, early spring grain, corn for silage) is achieved by combining tillage with the use of decoctions or tinctures (vegetable extracts), which is very important in ecological and biological cultivation technology. The order of work is the following. The fields after harvesting are immediately peeled to a depth of 10–12 cm. After the mass appearance of weed rosettes (in 10–15 days), they are re-treated, and 12–15 days after such treatment, chiselling is carried out.
If the field is littered with rhizomatous weeds, the tillage system should be different: disking along and across with heavy disc harrows BDT - 7.0 to a depth of 10–12 cm weed..
In the steppe regions of Ukraine, where a significant part of pea crops is placed after corn for grain, to ensure a higher quality of plowing, the fields after harvesting the predecessor should be treated with heavy disc harrows. This allows you to better grind and embed root residues in the soil.
The depth of plowing for peas depends on local conditions. On chernozems infested with perennial weeds, plowing to 25–27 cm should be practiced. In other cases, it is necessary to plow 20–22 cm, 18–20 cm, or to the depth of the arable layer.
In zones subject to wind erosion, with a long warm post-harvest period, layer-by-layer tillage is carried out, including 1–2 stubble loosening with flat cutters KPSh-9 to a depth of 8–10 cm and one deep loosening with flat cutters KPG-2–150, KPG-250 for 22– 25 cm.
In areas where summer droughts often occur, pea yields are more dependent on the reserves of productive moisture accumulated at the time of sowing. Therefore, in winter, on the areas allotted for peas, it is necessary to carry out snow retention in order to accumulate as much moisture in the soil as possible.
The main goal when carrying out pre-sowing tillage for peas is to create a well-loosened, finely cloddy soil layer to a depth of 8–10 cm and perfect alignment fields. Deviation from these technology requirements in terms of the depth and quality of loosening adversely affects the observance of the optimal depth of seeding, and the unevenness of the field predetermines crop losses during harvesting.
For pre-sowing tillage and sowing, caterpillar tractors DT-75M, T-4A and wheeled tractors of the MTZ-80, 82 type should be used: they compact the soil less. Energy-saturated tractors K-701, T-150K, having a high specific pressure of the wheels on the soil, should be used only in extreme cases.
Peas should be sown as early as possible - as soon as the soil ripens. This rule must be observed in all major areas of crop cultivation. With early sowing, pea plants use the autumn-winter moisture reserves in the soil more productively. The gap between pre-sowing tillage and sowing should be minimal. The smaller it is, the higher the quality of sowing.
Pea seeding rates used in different zones of the country are different. They range from 0.8 to 1.4 million viable seeds per hectare and depend on many factors: the mechanical composition of the soil, climate, sowing time, variety characteristics, planned crop care operations. For grain varieties of peas on light soils, the norm of germinating seeds is 1 million pieces/ha, and on heavy soils 1.2 million pieces/ha.
When cultivating long-stemmed cutting varieties for seeds, the optimal rates of germinating seeds are 0.8–0.9 million pieces/ha. In the Central Black Earth zone of Ukraine, the seeding rate is 1.2–1.4 million units/ha, in the conditions of the Crimea - 1 million germinating grains per ha (250–270 kg/ha). If two or three times harrowing of crops is envisaged, the rate should be increased by 10 - 15%. When setting the seeders to the seeding rate, it is necessary to ensure that the length of the working part of the sowing machine coils is the largest, and the speed of their rotation is the smallest.
Particular attention should be paid to the depth of embedding pea seeds in the soil. For swelling and germination, they require water in an amount of 100–120% of their mass. Since the top layer dries out quickly after pre-sowing treatment, sufficient moisture is provided only with deep seed placement. With shallow incorporation, especially in dry weather, field germination is sharply reduced, the root system develops worse, and plant damage increases when crops are harrowed. The optimal seeding depth is 6–8 cm. On light soils or under conditions of rapid drying of the upper layer, it is increased to 9–10 cm. And only on heavy soils is it possible to sow to a depth of 4–5 cm.
Sowing should be done with row seeders (SZ - 3.6, SZA - 3.6, SZP - 3.6), as they are deeper than narrow-row ones, cover the seeds and clog less on wet soil. For better penetration of the openers into the soil in the tracks of tracks or wheels of tractors DT-75, MTZ of all modifications and YuMZ, it is advisable to install a ripper on the lower links of the rear linkage mechanism. It is a beam and hinged sections of the working bodies from the KRN-4.2 cultivator with chisels for loosening the soil compacted by the tractor. Light or medium harrows are installed on the hitch in the tracks of wheels or caterpillars to level the surface behind the ripper. In order to ensure a large depth of the coulters, increase the pressure of the springs on the rods. For the same purposes, the speed of movement of the sowing units should not exceed 5–6 km/h.
In dry weather, after sowing, it is necessary to roll with ZKSH-6 ring-spur rollers. This helps to pull moisture into the upper layers of the soil and provides more friendly early shoots. The soil surface remains quite loose and swims less when it rains.
Weeds can cause great damage to peas. The grain yield from overgrowing of crops with weeds is reduced by 30–40%. The simplest effective method of weed control is crop harrowing. With one pre-emergence harrowing and one or two on seedlings, it is possible to destroy up to 60–80% of annual weeds. In addition, it eliminates the crust, loosens the soil well, and reduces moisture loss. Harrow only in dry weather. Before germination, the soil is loosened four to five days after sowing, when the weeds are in the phase of white threads, and the roots have begun to form in the pea seeds, but the stalks have not yet appeared. Harrowing on seedlings of peas is carried out in the phase of three to five leaves, with mass germination of weeds in the daytime, when the plants lose turgor. When the tendrils of plants are linked, harrowing is stopped. Processing is carried out only across the rows or diagonally, with harrows with well-drawn sharp teeth. In this case, the bevel of the teeth should be directed towards the movement of the unit, and the speed should not exceed 4–5 km/h. Usually, on light soils, light harrows ZBP-0.6A or mesh BSO-4A are used, and on medium and heavy soils, medium tooth harrows BZSS - 1.0. In units for harrowing, a tractor DT-75 or MTZ - 80 and a hitch SG-21 are used, thereby reducing the specific pressure on the soil of the wheels and tracks of the tractor.
Harvesting is the most complex operation in pea cultivation technology. Before it, they do not use, neither retardants, nor others chemicals, stimulating and accelerating the ripening of pea beans.
It has been established that the accumulation of dry matter by pea plants is completed, depending on weather conditions, with an average grain moisture content of 40 to 57%. The grain harvested during these periods after ripening in rolls reaches its maximum mass. In wet years, the filling of grain ends, as a rule, at more high level humidity - 50–70%.
The best sowing qualities of seeds were obtained by mowing peas with a grain moisture content of 40–45%, 35–40%, when the number of ripe beans reaches 60–80%. This period provides a more reliable preservation of the sowing qualities of seeds during ripening in rolls, and it can be recommended as optimal time separate harvesting of pea crops.
The optimal duration of the harvesting period is three to four days. With such terms of work, the maximum yield and minimum losses are ensured, high quality seeds are obtained. Pea harvesting is carried out by harvesters ZhRB - 4.2, mowers KS - 2.1 with devices PB - 2.1 and PBA-4 ..
High-quality seeds of the Damir 3 pea variety released in the Crimea were used as seed material in the studies. In the Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine - since 2000. Damir 3 variety due to such properties and characteristics as cold resistance (withstands frosts down to -6, -8 Cº in the phase 3–5 leaves), short stem (plant height 50–70 cm, first internodes shorter than in long stem varieties by 2–3 times, number of internodes – 13–14, up to the first inflorescence – 8), strength and density of stems , the presence of a large number of tendrils (increased adherence of plants by tendrils is observed already in the period of formation of 6–8 leaves), a high yield index (grain-to-straw ratio) is the most technologically advanced. Variety of peas of mustachioed type, high standard. Plant length is medium to long. The first internodes are shorter than in long stem varieties, the number of internodes is 13–18. It is characterized by good strength and density of stems, as well as the presence of a large number of tendrils, which leads to good adhesion of plants. Lodging resistance is high.
Such properties of Damir 3 peas determine its suitability for a progressive harvesting method - direct combining.
The pea variety Damir 3 is drought-resistant, resistant to lodging and diseases (peronosporosis, ascochitosis, root rot). Beans (9-11 pieces, maximum 15 pieces) are concentrated in the upper part of the plants, ripen almost simultaneously. The growing season is 80–90 days. Shatter resistance is high. Weight of 1000 grains 250–270 g. Protein content 24.6–26.5%. Maximum yield in Ukraine - 48.9 q/ha.
Elements of agricultural technology
Predecessors - grain cereals, sugar beet, corn.
The sowing date is the earliest for the region.
The seeding rate is 1.1–1.2 million germinating grains per 1 ha.
Sowing depth - 5-7 cm.
Rolling crops.
Chemical protection against weeds and pests with recommended preparations.
Pea fertilizer
The experience of many years of research around the world shows that more than half of the increase in crop yields due to scientific and technological progress in production is provided by the use of fertilizers. Today, in the context of the economic crisis in production, they are trying to save money on fertilizers or refuse to use them at all, which entails a decrease in grain yields to 13–16 centners per hectare. Nutrient intake occurs during the growing season with varying degrees of intensity.
Nitrogen is absorbed by plants over a long period - from germination to ripening, but its greatest amount is during budding - fruit formation. According to Yu. A. Chukhnin, during the period of flowering - fruit formation, about 37–40% of nitrogen from its total consumption is absorbed.
The maximum nitrogen content in plants usually falls on the flowering phase, i.e. when its fixation by nodule bacteria is most intensive. After flowering, the relative nitrogen content decreases slightly. During the filling period - seed ripening in plants, nitrogen is redistributed - it decreases in leaves and stems and increases in beans. In peas, the accumulation of nitrogen due to fixation from the atmosphere, depending on growing conditions, ranges from 42 to 78% of the total consumption of this element from the environment.
Phosphorus in the greatest amount enters plants in a relatively short period of time - from flowering to seed ripening. During this period, plants absorb 60–62% of phosphorus from its total content in the plant, and symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen contributes to good absorption of phosphorus. Peas are characterized by a high ability to absorb phosphorus from hard-to-reach soil compounds. A good supply of potassium increases the use of phosphorus reserves in the soil. According to the same data, the highest content of phosphorus in plants is observed at a young age (seedling phase - 6–7 leaves), by flowering its content decreases, and again slightly increases in the fruiting phase. Mature seeds contain 2.5–3 times more phosphorus than straw.
Potassium, unlike nitrogen and phosphorus, is most intensively absorbed in the early phases of vegetation. By the beginning of flowering, pea plants absorb up to 60% of potassium from its total consumption. The content of potassium in plants gradually decreases from early age to maturation. In seeds and straw, the content of potassium is almost the same. Potassium deficiency, which manifests itself mainly on light soils, causes a decrease in nitrogen fixation and impairs the movement of nitrogenous substances from vegetative organs to seeds. Therefore, phosphorus and potash fertilizers should be applied in autumn before plowing. They improve the development of plants and enhance the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Calcium plays an important role in plant life. With its lack, growth rates decrease, the development of the root system worsens. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the calcium content in plants increases towards the end of the growing season.
It is known that nodule bacteria develop well on cultivated soils with a neutral or slightly acid reaction of the medium and with a high supply of phosphorus, potassium and molybdenum.
In a number of works, the positive effect of phosphorus and potash fertilizers on leguminous crops, and in particular on peas. Their joint use of 40 - 60 kg a.i. each per 1 ha of gray forest soils or leached chernozems increases the protein content in pea grain by 1–2% and crop yield by 2–3 c/ha.
Microelements, especially molybdenum, play an important role in the life of nodule bacteria. It is part of such enzymes as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, etc., which are actively involved in the fixation of molecular nitrogen. nodule bacteria, in the reduction of nitrates to ammonia, in providing plants with it.
In various literary sources, it is recommended to carry out seed inoculation (the use of nitragin), while the accumulation of proteins increases by 2–6% of the seed mass. The greatest effect from infecting legume seeds with nitragin is obtained on well-cultivated, non-weedy soils, on calcareous or non-acidic podzolic soils fertilized with manure or phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Nodule bacteria are demanding on moisture, therefore it is necessary to sow inoculated seeds in the best agrotechnical terms, preventing the soil from drying out. The use of nitragin is more effective in areas of sufficient moisture or when irrigated in dry conditions. The activity of nitragin sharply weakens with time, and therefore it must be used in the year of production.
Academician I. S. Shatilov in his research shows that the maximum consumption of nutrients by peas does not fall on the period of full seed ripeness, when we calculate the removal of nutrients with the harvest, but on earlier phases of vegetation. In his studies, the maximum consumption of nitrogen exceeds the removal with a crop by 32.7–37%, phosphorus by 34–39.7%, potassium by 66.3–70%, calcium by 32.4–37.8% and magnesium - by 50.7–58.5%. In accordance with this, Academician I. S. Shatilov recommends that the calculation of fertilizer doses for a given pea crop be carried out not according to the removal, but according to the maximum consumption of the main elements of mineral nutrition.
According to A. A. Ziganshin, not only the presence of nutrients in the soil, but also their content in a certain ratio, corresponding to the biological requirements of the culture, is important for peas. On the fertile soils a desirable ratio between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N:P:K) is 1:1:1.5.
Peas use nitrogen unevenly during the growing season. Under favorable conditions for leguminous rhizobia symbiosis most nitrogen (70–75% of total consumption) can be obtained by plants as a result of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the air. In this case, peas do not need the use of nitrogen fertilizers, for initial development it uses the nitrogen of the cotyledons and soil.
A number of studies have established an improvement in the formation of legume-rhizobium symbiosis with greater nitrogen-fixing activity by introducing rhizospheric bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Inoculation of legumes with Pseudomonas increases the yield and the amount of nitrogen in the plants. The greatest increase in the mass of pea plants, including grain, as well as the removal of nitrogen by the crop, was established during complex inoculation with nodule bacteria R. leguminosarum and Pseudomonas bacteria in comparison with the associative diazotrophic bacterium Klebsiella.
Common pea is a plant of the legume family. Cultivated as a food and fodder crop, grown in industrial scale. The characteristic of varietal diversity allows planting peas in regions with a changeable climate.
Description
A dark green herbaceous stem 0.7–1.4 m long winds along supports or spreads along the ground. Smooth pinnate leaves are divided into lobes, the bottom of the leaf blades is covered with feeding veins. A branched bast-shaped rhizome is located close to the soil surface.
Source: Depositphotos
Peas are cultivated in regions with a variable climate
White or pinkish flowers are collected in inflorescences of 2-7 pieces. Flowering begins 30–35 days after sowing and continues until early August.
The fruit is a flattened green pod containing 2 to 10 seeds. Dense spherical peas are arranged in 2 rows.
Long mustaches grow along the entire length of the stem, with the help of which the plant is fixed on a support.
The composition of fresh peas includes proteins, fats, carbohydrates, phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc. The product is rich in vitamins B, A, C. Pea fruits and leaves are used in cooking for soups, salads, side dishes and preservation.
Varieties
Peas differ in varietal diversity, productivity and climatic preferences. It grows in all regions of Russia. Prefers open areas with plenty of sunlight.
Popular varieties:
- Atlant 2. The stem reaches 1 m in length. edge sheet plate jagged. White flowers are fixed on strong petioles. Curved beans contain 4-8 peas. The plant is resistant to powdery mildew. Ripened fruits do not crumble under the influence of rain and wind. Peas are recommended for cultivation in regions with a warm climate.
- Glyans. Stem 65–75 cm high is covered with thin mustaches. white flowers located on the peduncle in pairs. White-pink peas are smooth and even. The duration of the growing season is 70–80 days. The plant is shade tolerant and wind resistant.
- Madonna. High-yielding mid-season plant, the growing season is 70-75 days. The height of the stem ranges from 65 to 95 cm. The maximum yield is 4.7 t/ha. Peas are drought tolerant, tolerate night frosts.
- Gotovsky. High-yielding variety of upright peas. 5-6 tons of fruits ripen per 1 ha. The plant is grown in regions with warm and temperate climate. Cultivated in Siberia and Altai. The culture is resistant to fruit rot and root mold.
Peas are transportable, do not deform during transportation. Keeps fresh for 5-7 days.
Peas - annual plant grown on an industrial scale. Unpretentious varieties are cultivated in risky farming areas.
Peas
Botanical description. In culture, a common species is cultivated pea (Pisum sativum L.). It includes several subspecies, the main of which are common peas (ssp. Sativum) - with white flowers and light seeds, and field peas, or pelushka (ssp. Arvense), with red-violet flowers and dark, often speckled seeds. Field pea is a fodder plant, it is less demanding on soils, it can grow on sandy soils.
The root system is pivotal. The stem is usually decumbent. The leaves are compound paired, ending in branching tendrils. Stipules are large, covering the stem. There are semi-leafless forms in which the stipules are preserved, and the leaves are reduced to antennae. There are completely leafless forms, in which not only leaflets are reduced, but also stipules. Flowers are located at the nodes of the stem. The fruit is a bean with three to ten seeds. The mass of 1000 seeds is 150-250 g, depending on the variety and cultivation conditions.
Seed peas have shelling and sugar varieties. Sugar varieties lack the parchment layer in the bean shells. These varieties are cultivated in vegetable growing. Shelling varieties with a hard parchment layer in the bean shells are grown for grain.
Features of biology. heat requirements. Peas are a long day plant. It is relatively cold hardy. For the normal development of seedlings, a temperature of 5 ° C is sufficient. At 10 °C shoots appear in 5-7 days. Seedlings of most varieties tolerate frosts down to -4 ° C. All this testifies to the possibility and expediency of sowing peas in the early stages.
Vegetative organs are well formed at a low temperature (12-16 °C). Heat requirements increase during the period of fruit formation (up to 16-20 °C), and during the growth of beans and seed filling - up to 16-22 °C. Hot weather (above 26 °C) is unfavorable for crop formation. The sum of active temperatures for the most common varieties during the growing season is only 1200-1600 ° C, which is why the range of peas in our country is so wide.
moisture requirements. Peas are demanding on moisture. For swelling and germination, 100-120% water is needed from the dry weight of seeds. Early sowing in a moist layer of soil with a leveled field surface creates conditions for rapid, uniform swelling of seeds and the appearance of friendly seedlings. During the periods of budding, flowering and setting of beans, peas need moisture, the lack of water at this time causes the flowers and ovaries to fall off. Variation in the yield of peas is mainly due to the variability in the number of beans formed per unit area. favorable conditions moisture availability during this period is especially important for the formation of a high yield.
soil requirements. Peas make high demands on soils. It grows well on chernozem, gray forest and cultivated soddy-podzolic soils of medium granulometric composition, characterized by good aeration. On acidic and heavy floating soils, the symbiosis is weakened and the plants experience nitrogen starvation.
Depending on the variety and growing conditions, the growing season can be 70-140 days. Due to the ability of many varieties to develop quickly, this crop can be used in a busy fallow and in intermediate crops. As in other legumes with pinnate leaves, peas do not bring cotyledons to the surface, so relatively deep seed placement is possible. Pea is a self-pollinator; when growing it for seeds, spatial isolation is not required.
When cultivating peas, it is necessary to take into account such features as a lodging stem, as well as extended periods of flowering and ripening. In many varieties of peas, the fruits crack when ripe. These shortcomings are overcome both by agrotechnical methods and by selection.
Phases of growth and development. In pea plants, the phases of germination, budding, flowering and maturation are noted. The last phases are marked by tiers, since flowering and ripening occur sequentially from the bottom up the stem. At the same time, generative organs located on different tiers are at different stages of organogenesis.
In the growing season of peas, the initial and final stages are distinguished, when there is no photosynthesis: the first stage is sowing - seedlings and the second is ripening, when the leaves are completely yellowed and the seeds are already filled, but the moisture content in the seeds is still high.
From germination to the beginning of ripening, four periods are distinguished in the development of peas, each of which is characterized by qualities important for the formation of the crop.
The first period (from germination to the beginning of flowering) lasts 30-45 days for peas, depending on the variety and environmental conditions. At this time, the density of plants is determined. At first, the leaf surface grows slowly, and then faster and faster, nodules form and function.
The second period (flowering and fruit formation) lasts 14-20 days. At this time, the leaf surface and biomass rapidly grow, continue and by the end of the period, the growth of plants in height is completed, flowering and fruit formation occur simultaneously. At the end of this period, the maximum leaf area is noted and the main indicator that determines the future harvest is formed - the number of fruits per plant and per unit area. This is a critical period in the formation of the crop, when due to lack of moisture, low symbiosis activity or other limiting factors, fruit set may decrease. With the help of subsequent agrotechnical measures, it is impossible to increase the yield if there are few beans during this period. Excessive growth of the vegetative mass at this time adversely affects the formation of seed yield.
During the third period, the growth of fruits occurs, which by its end reach their maximum size. At this time, the number of seeds per unit area is determined. Daily increments of biomass are high, as in the second period. At the end of the third period, the maximum yield of green mass during the growing season is noted. In the second and third periods, sowing as a photosynthetic system functions with the greatest intensity. At the same time, plants, especially tall ones, lie down.
In the fourth period, seed filling occurs. There is an outflow of plastic substances, especially nitrogen, from other organs into the seeds. The increase in the mass of seeds is the main process of this period, which completes the formation of the crop. During this period, such an element of productivity as the mass of 1000 seeds is determined. Then the sowing enters the ripening period, when the moisture content of the seeds gradually decreases.
A pea yield of 3 t/ha can be obtained with a plant density of 0.8 million/ha at harvest. At the same time, each plant should have 5-6 beans and 15-20 seeds for harvesting, with a weight of 1000 seeds of 200-250 g.
vegetable peas
biological features. Vegetable pea is an annual herbaceous plant. The stem is hollow, simple or standard, 15 to 250 cm high, decumbent without support. The leaves are compound, pair-pinnate, having one to three pairs of leaflets and branching tendrils at the end. Pea inflorescence - a brush, consists of 1-2 flowers, in standard varieties - up to 5-7. Inflorescences are located in the axils of the leaves, starting from the fifth or sixth in early varieties and higher in later ones. The flowers are white, pink, purple or violet, moth type. The fruit is a bean, according to the structure it can be of three types: peeling, semi-sugar and sugar. There are two layers in shelling bean shells: outer fleshy and inner leathery (parchment). In semi-sugar beans, the parchment layer is weakly expressed, in sugar-type varieties it is absent. Sugar beans are 10-15 cm long, juicy, fleshy, very sugary and are eaten whole fresh or after cooking. Seeds are of three types: rounded (smooth), transitional and wrinkled (brain), the weight of 1000 seeds is from 170 to 350 g.
Pea is a self-pollinating plant, however, in the southern regions in hot years, cross-pollination is possible. The root system of peas is powerful, deeply penetrating into the soil, capable of assimilating mineral compounds that are sparingly soluble and inaccessible to cereals not only from the arable, but also from deeper soil layers, however, the bulk of the roots are concentrated in the arable soil horizon. Being a nitrogen-fixing crop, peas leave behind in the root and crop residues from 50 to 100 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha, which corresponds to the nitrogen content of 10-20 tons of manure. Therefore, peas, like other legumes, good predecessor many vegetable crops.
The plant is cold hardy. Seeds of smooth-grained varieties begin to germinate at a temperature of 1-2 °C, brain - 4-6 °C. Seedlings tolerate short-term frosts up to 5-6 °C. The optimum temperature for seed germination and plant development is 18-20 °C. The culture is moisture-loving, but at the same time sensitive to stagnant water, it suffers greatly from the proximity of groundwater to excess moisture. On heavy soils with prolonged rainfall, the plants turn yellow, the root system dies off. Heat and drought lead to significant crop losses. At high humidity air increases the risk of infection of plants with fungal diseases.
Varieties and hybrids zoned for cultivation in the Belgorod region:
Peas:
Orlovchanin. The All-Russian Research Institute of the section of leguminous and cereal crops was bred. Belongs to the variety Seminamum. The plant is semi-dwarf, 60-85 cm high. Large white flowers, oval elongated light yellow seeds. The seed scar is white, fused with the seed stalk. Features - non-shattering and limiting the growth of the stem. Mid-season, vegetation period 68-88 days. The weight of 1000 seeds is 232-306 g. The average yield is 29.8-42.5 q/ha.
Talovets-60. Breeding of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central ChP named after Dokuchaev. Belongs to the Vulgare variety. Height 65-105 cm. The shape of the beans is straight, slightly curved. The seeds are light green, the seed scar is oval black. The average yield is 28-31 c/ha, the maximum is 45.9 c/ha. Weight of 1000 seeds 224-235 g.
Hard worker. Breeding of the state agricultural regional experimental station, Lugansk. Belongs to the variety Ecaducum. Height 45-75 cm. Beans are straight. Seeds are yellow-pink with a matte tint. The seeds remain with the seed scar and do not crumble. Mid-season. Vegetation period 54-67 days. The average yield on HSU is 16.7-32.3 c/ha.
The farm cultivates peas of the Truzhenik variety.
Vegetable peas:
In Russia, 48 varieties of vegetable peas have been released, 18 of them are VNIISSOK breeding.
Varieties of sugar peas: mid-early grade Inexhaustible 195, mid-season Pervenets, mid-late varieties Zhegalova 112, Sugar 2, are recommended for cultivation in almost all areas of our country.
For industrial zones for the production of green peas (Central Black Earth and North Caucasian regions), early-ripening canning varieties are recommended: Alpha, Berkut, Vera, Voronezh green, Sovinter 1, Tropar, Yurga, mid-ripening: Adagumsky, Viola, Izumrud, Fragment, Khavsky pearls , mid-late: Sunrise, Perfection 653.
Vegetable peas are not cultivated on the farm.
Peas are usually divided into 3 main subspecies: shelling, brain and sugar. It's perfect different plants, which have their own purpose, cultivation features and different taste qualities.
- the most popular type of plant, which is grown by all farms and enterprises for subsequent sale as grain or seed. It has a smooth surface, is easily divided into two parts in half, which greatly simplifies its further processing on peeling and grinding machines.
Shelling peas are used as animal feed (pea groats and peel are especially valuable - they have an increased calorie content and a lot of vitamins), in the food industry (whole peas, split peas, pea groats), as well as for starch production. The cotyledons of the plant have increased content of this substance, but, at this time, contain practically no sugars. Peas of this species are practically not used for planting in the country, as it is difficult to sell in small volumes, and its taste in green is much worse than other varieties.
- one of the most popular types of plants, it is very often planted at home for delicious beans. In a state of absolute technical ripeness, the seeds have a wrinkled appearance, due to which they received their characteristic name. But they are brought to ripeness only at seed stations, and at home they are consumed in food in a state of wax ripeness - green pea. The peas are large, sweet and early. This type of seed pea is used mainly for conservation (green peas on the shelves of the store), eating green (mostly salads) and just for delicacy of sweet vegetables right on the bushes.
- the most popular product among summer residents and gardeners. It is they who love to eat children and adults, they throw it into salads and eat it right with the pod for food. Most significant advantage of this species is the absence of a parchment layer in the pods, due to which the whole bean can be eaten without peeling it from the wings.
All varieties of peas equally successfully "take root" and acclimatize in our latitudes. Therefore, when choosing a variety, first of all, it is worth deciding for what purpose you are going to grow peas.
The best varieties of shelled peas
Alpha- an early ripe variety of shelling peas with a yield of up to 45 kg / ha, subject to good irrigation. Technical ripeness occurs in 80-110 days. The beans are up to 7-8 centimeters long, the whole grain is round, large (up to 10 mm in radius). Stem height up to 50 cm - dwarf plant. At good care for legumes, the mass of a thousand seeds reaches 270 grams - an excellent specific gravity.
Atlant- a good variety of peas with a potential yield of up to 55 c/ha, the average yield is about 25-32 c/ha on breeding plots. The bushes are erect, tall, the beans are up to 12 centimeters long, but the specific gravity of 1000 seeds does not exceed 230 grams. The variety is quite sweet, contains up to 8.2% sugars. One of the few varieties of shelled peas that can be harvested both for grain and for preservation like green peas.
Viola- in the territory of the Russian Federation is considered one of the best mid-season varieties, since it has relatively high yield(average - 35 kg / ha), resistant to many diseases and not afraid of drought. Technical ripeness occurs 70 days after germination, the variety is erect, reaches a height of 80 cm, and the number of beans per 1 bush, as a rule, ranges from 15 to 25. The sugar content is 7%, the weight of 1000 seeds is no more than 228 grams.
Emerald- an early ripe variety, the yield of which in our climate zone does not exceed 30 c/ha, but it is quite sweet in green form. It enters the stage of technical readiness 90-110 days after sowing or 60 days after germination. its seeds irregular shape after drying, however large, and due to this it is grown by many farms.
Premium - if you need to get the maximum yield per unit area, then it is Premium help you realize your plans. Due to the fact that up to 45-50 beans are formed on one bush, with good watering it can easily produce up to 50 centners / ha, and this is far from a record, since the potential yield of the variety reaches 65 centners / ha, which seems incredible for peas. The height of the bush does not exceed 80 cm, they are voluminous and upright. The beans have a medium curved appearance, technical ripeness occurs 55-60 days after germination from the ground.
Tropar - a variety of Caucasian selection, which has been successfully grown for several years in Russia and neighboring countries. It is perfectly acclimatized in our latitudes and does not require special care during the growing season. The only negative is the relatively low yield - up to 25 kg / ha, which can really be obtained with average care. The plant is practically not destroyed by pests, and the beans are highly resistant to tuber weevil.
Fragment- mid-season (65 days from full shoots to harvest), characterized by good resistance to diseases of legumes and unpretentious to predecessors. With standard fertilizer with ammonia and organic matter, it can produce up to 35-40 c/ha, it requires a lot of moisture, so planting in areas without irrigation is not recommended. The beans have a curved appearance, completely filled with round grains. The variety can be used both for obtaining ordinary grain and for peas, the yield of which from beans is up to 45%. Bushes are upright.
These are the main shelling types of peas, which in most cases are planted on the territory of Russia. Remember that it is better to avoid the production of foreign breeding plots, as the plant must be acclimatized in our climate zone and at least 2-3 years to be successfully grown under different weather conditions. By purchasing foreign hybrids, you are always at risk.
The best varieties of brain peas
Belladonna- late-ripening peas, quite resistant to frost, so you can plant at the first thaw in February. With good care, it can produce up to 40 centners per hectare, which is a fairly good indicator. The beans are sweet, slightly curved, the seeds are rounded, up to 10 mm in diameter.
Debut proved to be excellent when grown in hot regions, where droughts often occur in spring with extremely high temperatures. Drought resistance is one level higher than other varieties, although it is worth noting the relatively low yield of the variety - only up to 25 kg / ha and no more, even with perfect plant care. One of the advantages is resistance to pests, in particular to weevil and codling moth - even without treatment with pesticides, peas are almost not damaged by them.
Kelvedon- one of the best varieties peas, which can often be seen on supermarket shelves. It is often used in industry for import, as it is well processed and has a high percentage of sugar - up to 9%. One of the plant's many benefits is its resistance to powdery mildew.
honey cake It has the largest number sugar from all varieties of green peas - up to 9.5%, but its yield cannot please experienced gardeners- only 18-19 q/ha. It is grown exclusively for country needs and home conservation, and on an industrial scale it has not become so popular.
sweet giant- green peas with a growing season of up to 60 days after receiving the first shoots. It has large curved beans, averaging 7-8 centimeters in length. The whole grain is oval, slightly flattened at the "poles". The weight of 1000 seeds is 270 grams. The average yield is up to 25 q/ha. The variety is whimsical to weather conditions, does not like too hot environment and requires constant watering.
sugar varieties
Zhegalova 112- This is a hybrid bred in Russia. It is in extreme demand among summer residents, since not only the grain has a very sweet taste, but also the pod itself. On average, up to 50 pods are formed per 1 bush, depending on how the watering was done, and whether there was a drought during the growing season of the plant. green peas Zhegalova 112 resistant to pests, but without treatment with pesticides, it is exposed to the invasion of the weevil in the stage of wax ripeness of the grain. The sugar content is 9.9%.
Inexhaustible - A drought tolerant variety of sweet peas that has large green pods that are often used to decorate salads or to be used in first courses. Due to the low content of sinewy fibers in the shells, peas are very tasty and are always used with beans. There are up to 9 seeds in one bean, all of them pour well and do not deform at the stage of wax ripeness. Up to 11% sugar.
Scar- one of the sweetest hybrids (up to 12% sugar in the grain), which has a good acclimatization on the territory of the Russian Federation. The mass of 1000 seeds reaches 280 grams, and the yield is up to 32 kg / ha, provided that the plant is well watered and fertilized throughout the growing season. Up to 30-40 pods 9-10 centimeters long are formed on each bush, up to 9 peas in one pod, 8-9 mm in diameter.
Sugar 2 - late-ripening variety with a period from germination to readiness in 85 days. The full vegetation period is 110-120 days. The sugar content is no more than 12%, often less, since such an indicator requires a lot of sun and drip irrigation plants. It has very good taste qualities, the beans are sweet and elastic, perfect for adding to vegetable and fruit salads.
firstborn– big bush(up to 120 cm high!), from which it is very convenient to collect sweet beans. The yield reaches 35 kg / ha, with good care and foliar feeding in the first month of the growing season, a larger harvest is possible. The variety is unpretentious to droughts, very well withstands small frosts that can occur in the first month of spring. Treatment with pesticides is mandatory, as the beans are often exposed to pests. Weight of 1000 seeds - 220-240 grams, percentage sugar - up to 11%.
When choosing a variety, it should be remembered that productivity is not the main indicator, and it depends on the quality of plant care and timely pest control by 50-60%. It is best to take proven varieties of Russian selection, which give at least a little peas, but they are stable!
The stem of the pea is round, indistinctly tetrahedral, hollow inside, usually lodging, of various heights (below 50 cm - dwarf forms; 51–80 cm - semi-dwarf forms; 81–150 cm - medium length; more than 150 cm - high), depending on the soil- climatic, weather conditions and cultivation technology.
The leaf is complex, has a petiole, 2–3 pairs of leaflets, a pair of antennae (3–5, sometimes up to 7), which are modified leaflets. The sum of leaflets and tendrils is relatively constant. With the help of antennae, it clings to any support that allows the stem to grow in an upright position.
Peas can have several types of leaves: paired, pinnate or acacia (more than 6 leaflets). They rarely have antennae, but if not, then the leaf may be leafless or mustachioed, and then it consists of a cutting that passes into a multiply branched main vein, ends with antennae, there are no leaves. Peas are characterized by a tap root system that penetrates the soil up to 1.0–1.5 m, with a large number of lateral roots, which are located mainly in the upper fertile layer. It is here that up to 80% of the plant's root system is concentrated. On the roots, in the nodules, there are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They are contained in the soil or in fertilizers (nitragin, rhizotorfin), which are used to treat seeds before sowing, if peas are sown in this area for the first time.
The inflorescence is a brush, and in fasciated forms it is a false umbrella. On the peduncle of the lower fertile node, a bud first appears, and then a flower opens. This process goes from bottom to top along the plant and is extended in time, and therefore there are buds and flowers at the same time.
Flowers with double perianth. The corolla is of a moth type and consists of 5 petals: a sail or flag (reversely wide-ovoid or narrowed, as if cut off in the lower part), two oars or wings (elongated crescent-shaped) and a boat formed as a result of fusion of 2 petals.
The color of the corolla in grain and vegetable varieties is white, while forage and green manure varieties are pink of varying intensity: red-purple, red-violet, greenish-red-violet and rarely white. The sail is painted weaker than the wings. The color of the flower is determined by the wings.
Calyx is bell-shaped, joint-leaved, swollen on the upper side, with 5 teeth (2 upper ones are much wider than 3 lower ones). Forms with colored rim have anthocyanin pigmentation.
The flower has 10 stamens (one free and 9 fused to half into a stamen tube). Ovary nearly sessile, with up to 12 ovules;
Pea fruit - bean, consists of two wings with three to ten seeds.